EOG Review 2011

5 levels of organization

• Cells• Tissue• Organs• Organ System• Organisms

4 Charateristics of life

• Reproduce• Organized• Develop/Grow • Respond to the environment

3 needs of life

• Energy-food• Materials-clothes• Living space-shelter

Cells

• Basic unit of life

Cell Theory (3 Parts)

• Every thing is made-up of 1 or more cells• Cells carry out the functions needed to

support life• Cells come only from other living cells

Multicellular

• Organisms made-up of many cells

Unicellular

• Organisms made-up of only 1 cell

2 Broad Categories of Cells

• Prokaryotic• Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells (characteristics)

• Unicellular• No nucleus• No membrane-bound nucleus

• Example: bacteria

Eukaryotic (characteristics)

• Multicellular • Some are single-celled ( protist)• Nucleus• A distinct membrane bound nucleus

organelles

• Examples: Plants and Animals

Picture of Plant Cell

Picture of Animal Cell

Cell Division

• Cell Division occurs in all organisms , but performs different functions.

• Unicellular organisms reproduce cell division.• In multicellular organisms, cell division is

involved in growth , development ,and repair , as well as in reproduction.

Cell Cycle

Interphase :• Is the part of the cell cycle during which a cell

is not dividing .• Much activity takes place in this phase of the

cells life

Viruses

• Non-living Organisms• Consist of a protein coat ( protection) capsidExamples:Chicken pox SmallpoxAIDS HerpesPolio Common ColdInfluenza

Picture of Viruses

Bacteria

Shapes of Bacteria

• Coccus-Round• Bacillus – Rod• Spirillium- Spiral

Images

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirillium

Bacteria

• Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that can be harmful to the host in which it lives by reproducing and damaging tissue.

• When bacteria cause disease they are called pathogens

Helpful Bacteria

• Food Production• Sewage Treatment• Industrial chemical production• Nitrogen Fixers• Cleaning up the Environment• Supply Vitamins we need in our intestines

Harmful Bacteria

• Strep throat• Whooping cough• Botulism• Salmonella• Ear Infections• Bacterial Pneumonia

Immune System and Disease

• Diseases that spread from one person to another are called contagious diseases

• How diseases Spread• Direct contact• Indirect contact

Vectors and Carriers

• An animal that carries disease is called a vector

• Examples:• Rats Mosquitoes• Cats • Ticks • Dogs• Fleas

Pictures of Vectors and Carriers

Louse( Lice) Flea

MosquitoesBeetle

Vectors and Carriers

• Mosquitoes- malaria• Ticks- Lyme Disease• Tseste Fly- African Sleeping Sickness

What Do Bacteria and Viruses have in common ?

• The rate at which they multiply and reproduce.

Bacteria and Viruses Reproductive Potential

• Bacteria and viruses can grow in large numbers in a very short time frame. When cells divide, the cells made continue to divide

• Example: 1 cell becomes 2• 2 cells become 4• 4 cells become 8• 8 cells become 16

Formula to predict number of Microbes

• N= N₀ x 2˚

• N= number of microbes• N˚= original population number• n= number of generations• Example: If an original population contained

50 bacteria, after 5 generations the final population would be ?

Antibodies

• Substances produced by our bodies which help us against diseases by attacking pathogens

Natural Immunity

• Natural immunity is what you are born with

• Example: sickle-cell anemia

Acquired Immunity

• Acquired Immuni ty is something that people get later in their lives

Vaccinations

• Introduction of a small amount of a pathogen into the body

How do you treat bacterial infections?

• Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics

• Antibiotics: Drugs that kill harmful bacteria

How do you treat viral infections?

• Viral infections can be treated with anti-viral medications.

• These antiviral medications are not a cure for the viral disease but only help with the symptoms of the disease

Toxicity

• Toxicity: Potential negative effect on an organism

Exposure

• Exposure: The exposure is how frequently we have come into contact with a chemical

Dose

• Dose: The amount of a chemical we are exposed to.

Potency

• Potency is the strength /power of a chemical

Susceptibility

• Everyone has genetic differences except identical twins, that make some people more susceptible to getting sick from chemicals than other people