APPENDIX D

FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT

THE ETHNICITY DATA ONLINE RESOURCE

General caveats Rounding procedures: Throughout most of the report figures are rounded to the nearest thousand or other convenient unit. This may result in a total disagreeing slightly with the total of the individual items as shown in a graph or table. Some figures will not be rounded, for example where finer detail is required, or where information is quoted from an original source. Data Limitations: Disaggregation of data by variables such as sex, age and geography is limited. Statistical significance is not presented for most of the data in the report, unless otherwise stated. This is because of the small sample sizes for some surveys used in the report, with margins of error compromising the statistical robustness of the data, particularly for smaller sized ethnicities such as Middle Eastern, Latin American and African communities. Liability Statement: While all care and diligence has been used in processing, analysing and extracting data and information in this report, the Office of Ethnic Affairs gives no warranty that it is error free and will not be liable for any loss or damage suffered as a result of the use, directly or indirectly, of information in this report.

Office of Ethnic Affairs: ethnic population groups of interest

The term 'ethnic' (matawaka), in the context of the mandate for the Office of Ethnic Affairs, refers to any segment of the population within New Zealand society with cultural values, customs, beliefs, languages, traditions and characteristics that differ from the wider society. This includes people from New Zealand born and established communities, recent migrants and refugees and people with multiple ethnic identities.1 This resource presents data based on ethnicity, including other ethnic population groups that fall outside the Ethnic Affairs’ portfolio, such as Māori, Pacific peoples and New Zealand Europeans. 2

Asian ethnicities The Asian ethnic group includes Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Southeast Asian and other Asian ethnicities, and is New Zealand’s third largest ethnic group. In 2006, the total number identifying as Asian was 354,549. As a proportion of the total population, the Asian ethnic group has grown from three percent in 1991 to 10 percent in 2006. This equates to a 225 percent increase in numbers between 1991 and 2006. The Asian ethnic group is predominantly made up of Chinese and Indian ethnicities. In 2006, those identifying as Chinese made up 39 percent of the total Asian ethnic group, while Indians (including Fijian-Indians) made up 27 percent. From 2001 to 2006 the number of people identifying as Indian or Korean each grew by 62 percent and Chinese grew by 39 percent.

1 While this definition can include Māori and Pacific peoples, they are served by Te Puni Kōkiri (Ministry of Māori

Development) and the Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs. 2 Please see Interpreting Ethnicity Data and its Limitations (pg…) which provides definitions of ethnicity and

information about Statistics NZ ethnicity classifications and standards.

Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnicities The Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnic group (MELAA) consists of a diverse range of nationalities and ethnicities, with little commonality in terms of culture, language and other aspects of ethnic identity. The MELAA group was established as a Statistics NZ level one ethnic group in 2006.3 The number of people identifying as a MELAA ethnicity (for example, as Chilean) is very small. Combining a disparate range of ethnicities with small numbers allows for a critical mass of numbers, increased visibility and robustness in statistics.4 At less than one per cent, the MELAA group is a very small proportion of the total population in New Zealand. Despite this small percentage, there has been a significant increase in the number of people identifying with ethnicities that make up the MELAA group in the decade to 2006. In 1996 the number of people identifying as MELAA was 15,288. In 2006 this had increased to 34,743 people. The six largest ethnicities in the MELAA group were African (nfd),5 Iraqi, Iranian/Persian, Arab, Somali and Latin American (nfd).

Continental European ethnicities Continental European ethnicities include Dutch, German, Italian, Spanish, Serbian and Russian, among others. In 2006, the largest Continental European ethnicity was Dutch with 28,641 people. Apart from those identifying as German (with just over 10,000 people), all other Continental European ethnicities each had less than 5000 people in 2006.6 Continental European ethnicities that fall under the Office of Ethnic Affairs’ mandate are not categorised as a separate Statistics NZ ethnic group, unlike the Asian and MELAA ethnic groups described above. Instead, the Statistics NZ ‘European’ ethnic group is most commonly used. This grouping contains all Continental European ethnicities and also includes New Zealand European, UK/Irish Republic, South African, Zimbabwean, Australian and North American ethnicities.7

Interpreting Ethnicity data and its limitations The ethnicity data used in this report has been sourced from Statistics New Zealand (Statistics NZ) and administrative and survey data from other government agencies. Most data, including Statistics NZ’s data, is grouped using a total count method where individuals are counted in each ethnic group they identify with. This means percentages often add up to more than 100 percent. Ethnicity is self-perceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group. Sometimes, administrative and survey data from government agencies do not use a total count method. Instead individuals may be grouped according to a prioritised system. For example, if someone identifies as being both Chinese and Māori, under the prioritised ethnicity method, they are classified as Māori for the purposes of analysis.8

3 For an explanation of Statistics NZ level one ethnic groups see Interpreting Ethnicity Data and its Limitations on

pg…. 4 Statistics NZ combined MELAA ethnicities into a single ethnic group so that it was separated from the ‘Other

ethnicity’ group. From 2006 the ‘other ethnicity’ group contained the ‘New Zealander’ ethnicity classification. 5 ‘Nfd’ means not further defined, please see Notes at the end of this chapter for an explanation of this term. 6 It is possible that people of Continental European origin may have identified themselves as ‘European (nfd)’ in

the Census (this had a total of 21,855 responses in 2006). 7 For consistency, most graphs, figures and tables in this report do not include a separate Continental European

ethnic group. Rather, Continental European ethnicities are included in the Statistics NZ level one European category.

8 The aim of prioritisation is to ensure that where some need exists to assign people to a single ethnic group, that those of policy importance, or of small size, are not engulfed by the New Zealand European ethnic group.

2

Statistics NZ Ethnicity Standard and Classification System The 1in4 report adheres as much as possible to Statistics NZ’s Ethnicity Standard and Classification System.9 The current Official Statistics Ethnicity Standard, (Statistics NZ, 2005), defines ethnicity as the ethnic group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. Ethnicity is a concept quite separate and distinct from race, ancestry, nationality or citizenship, although it can incorporate elements of these concepts. In defining ethnicity, the Ethnicity Standard defines an ethnic group as one made up of some, or all, of the following characteristics:

• a common proper name • one or more elements of common culture which need not be specified, but may include

religion, customs, or language a unique community of interests, feelings and actions

gins or ancestry, and •• a shared sense of common ori• a common geographic origin.

Asian ethnic group consists of ethnicities such as hinese, Indian and Southeast Asian ethnicities.

, three and four categories, ith over 200 ethnic categories at the most detailed level of classification.

ic groups. These groups are the most commonly sed ethnic categories used throughout this report:

As detailed in the Ethnicity Standard, six high-level ethnic groups are used when summarising data (referred to as level one). These are: European, Māori, ‘Other’ ethnicity, Asian, Pacific peoples and MELAA. In 2006, the ‘Other’ ethnicity group consisted largely of people who identified their ethnicity as ‘New Zealander’. Most data in the report is presented as level one ‘ethnic groups’, which consist of a number of specific ethnicities. For example, the C The six level one ethnic groups can be further disaggregated into level twow The table below shows level one and level two ethnu

Level One Level Two

1. European 10. European nfd*

11. New Zealand European

12. Other European

2. Māori 21. Māori

3. Pacific Peoples 30. Pacific Peoples nfd*

31. Samoan

32. Cook Islands Maori

33. Tongan

34. Niuean

35. Tokelauan

36. Fijian

37. Other Pacific Peoples

4. Asian 40. Asian nfd*

41. Southeast Asian

42. Chinese

9 Statistics New Zealand, “Ethnicity Classification”. Retrieved from:

http://www.stats.govt.nz/statistical-methods/classifications-and-related-statistical-standards/ethnicity/default.htm

3

Level One Level Two

43. Indian

44. Other Asian

5. MELAA 51. Middle Eastern

52. Latin American

53. African

6. Other ethnicity 61. Other ethnicity (includes ‘New Zealander’ responses) Notes: * ‘nfd’ indicates that the ethnicity category is ‘not further defined’

•

also based on a United Nations mandated quota

Other related terms Not all agencies collect data based on ethnicity; other terms that feature in this report include:10

• Region of origin and nationality – these terms differ from ethnicity because they describe a geographic location rather than an aspect of cultural identity Migrants and refugees – these terms refer to people now residing in New Zealand who were born overseas. Migrants enter into New Zealand through specific immigration approval categories. Migrants in the context this report are permanent or long-term migrants, meaning they intend to live in New Zealand for longer than 12 months. New Zealand uses the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees’ definition of a refugee as someone who “owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country”.11 New Zealand accepts refugees according to humanitarian need and system (often referred to as ‘quota refugees’).

Further information about how to correctly interpret ethnicity data can be found from Goodyear R.K. (2009), The differences within, diversity in age structure between and within ethnic groups, Wellington, Statistics NZ.

ECHNICAL NOTES

eb links have also been provided for most data-sets, to access further technical information.

tatistics New Zealand – Census

th of the Census is its ability to provide data

T The following section provides selected general and technical information about the data-sets (Census, survey, and administrative data) use in this resource. Wd

S The Census is the official count of how many people and dwellings there are in New Zealand. It takes a snapshot of the people in New Zealand and the places where we live. The Census provides a unique source of detailed demographic, social and economic data relating to the entire population at a single point in time. The key strengfor small geographic areas and small population groups.

10 The Department of Labour, for example, uses terms such as ‘migrants’, ‘refugees’ and ‘region of origin’ when

collecting data because of their requirements for setting immigration policy. 11 The UNHCR 1951 Refugee Convention. Retrieved from:

http://unhcr.org.au/unhcr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=179&Itemid=54

4

The Census covers all dwellings in New Zealand on 7 March 2006 and every man, woman, child and

w Zealand, including ousekeeping staff, uniformed military personnel or members of diplomats’ families are included in the

nd territorial waters on census night).

reported more than one ethnic group have

er category.

e f possible answers or not clearly stated.

rules have been applied to the data by randomly rounding cells to a multiple of three.

thnicity is the ethnic group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. Ethnicity is a

s New Zealand. Statistics New ealand’s data is grouped using a total count method where individuals are counted in each ethnic

oples, Asian, Middle Eastern/Latin American nd African (MELAA), and Other. Each of these groups is made up of individual ethnicities. For the

Zealander, Māori and Pacific peoples. For the most part that means e ethnicities that we are interested in are the ‘Asian’ and ‘MELAA’ ethnicities, and ethnicities for

o this (notably the South African ethnicity), which ave been highlighted here.

The h, British (nfd), Australian, European (nfd),

baby alive in New Zealand on 7 March 2006 who was on New Zealand soil; on a vessel in New Zealand waters; or on a passage between New Zealand ports. Overseas residents and other people in diplomatic residences in NehCensus, as are foreign military personnel and their families located in New Zealand on Census night including foreign warships in New Zeala(

thnicity is based on total response method. People who E

been counted in each applicable group.

ther/NZ Ethnicity includes the New ZealandO

ata results and totals do not include people whose responses were unidentifiable, outside the scopDo Confidentiality

Ethnicity Emeasure of cultural affiliation, as opposed to race, ancestry, nationality, or citizenship. Ethnicity is self-perceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group. The ethnicity data used in this report has been sourced from StatisticZgroup they identify with. Ethnicity is self-perceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group (with up to six ethnic responses counted in official collections). Ethnicity groupings have been defined using the groupings supplied in the 2006 Census data. These include the classifications: European, Māori, Pacific Peasake of accurate analysis we have often referred to New Zealand European as its own grouping, while it technically falls under the classification of European. Communities of interest: The Office of Ethnic Affairs’ responsibility is for New Zealand’s ‘ethnic’ communities. For the purposes of this report this includes ethnicities outside of New Zealand European, British and Irish, New thcontinental-Europe. There are several exceptions th

individual ethnicities for each ethnic group are:

European - New Zealand European, English, Dutc•South African (nec), Scottish, Irish, German, American, Canadian, Russian, French, Welsh, Italian, Zimbabwean, Croatian, Greek, Swiss, Polish, Danish, Spanish, Romanian, Celtic (nfd), Afrikaner, Hungarian, Serbian and Other European.

5

• Asian - Chinese (nfd), Indian (nfd), Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Sri Lankan (nfd), Cambodian, Thai, Fijian Indian, Taiwanese, Vietnamese, Malay, Indonesian, Afghani, Asian (nfd), Pakistani, Eurasian, Bangladeshi, Malaysian Chinese, Laotian and Other Asian.

ab, Somali, Latin American (nfd) Assyrian, Middle pian, African (nec) and Other

et includes all of the people who stated each ethnic group, whether as their only ethnic

uestion used in the 1996 Census have resulted in data that is not consistent

riinco sistencies include:

• three responses. The 2001 and

•

can (nec). For the purposes of graphs in this with South African for 2006 Census results.

•cluded in the category Asian (nfd).

The 1991 data includes Not Specified. The 1996 and 2001 data includes Black, Other not further

fiable, Response Outside Scope and Not Stated.

• MELAA - African (nfd), Iraqi, Iranian/Persian, Ar

Eastern (nfd), Israeli/Jewish, Brazilian, Egyptian, Chilean, EthioMELAA.

‘Nfd’ indicates the category is ‘not further defined’. ‘Nec’ the category is ‘not elsewhere contained’. ‘Other’ Asian, European and MELAA refers to all individual ethnicities for each ethnic group that had less than 1,000 responses at the time of the 2006 Census. Each data sgroup or as one of several ethnic groups. Where a person reported more than one ethnic group, they have been counted in each applicable group. All figures are for the Census’ usually resident population. Ethnicity data has been output where the total number of responses in a category has exceeded 1,000. All remaining categories have been grouped as 'Other' (Asian/European/MELAA) and all responses have been included. Changes to the ethnicity qbetween 1996 and 2001, or between 1996 and 2006. For further information, refer to the ethnicity va able on the 2006 Census Information About Data webpage: http://www.stats.govt.nz/census. The

n

Ethnicity data for 1991 and 1996 has been output using up to006 data has been output using up to six responses. 2

‘Zimbabwean’ was a new category introduced for the 2006 Census. The 2001, 1996 and 1991

data for Zimbabwean is included in the category African (nec).

• Afrikaner was a new category introduced for the 2006 Census. The 2001, 1996 and 1991 data for Afrikaner is included in the category South Afriection Afrikaner has been amalgamateds

Eurasian was a category for the 1991 and 2006 Census. The 2001 and 1996 data for Eurasian is

in

• Ethiopian was a new category introduced for the 2006 Census. The 2001, 1996 and 1991 data for Ethiopian is included in the category African (nec).

• defined, Response Unidenti

6

Statistics New Zealand:

Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS) (unpublished data)

New Zealand Income Survey (NZIS)

also use June data to coordinate with the New Zealand Income Survey (NZIS), which an annual supplemental report to the HLFS.

ue to ampling errors being too high for any practical analytical purpose. We identify where these issues

we can on the remaining

as a possible ethnicity on gory.

is subject to sampling error.

vey.

ears and older.

up.

w Zealander category.

de people whose responses were unidentifiable, outside the scope

esults based on fewer than 1,000 people are suppressed as they are subject to sampling errors too high for most practical purposes.

ew Zealand Income Survey (June 2010), Statistics New Zealand ing Statistics

hnicity on forms. For the

ect to sampling error.

The HLFS is conducted quarterly in March, May, September and December. We include data that covers June 2009 through June 2010 to represent the variability across this time period as a result of recession. We is The HLFS suppresses data if there are fewer than 1,000 people included in any sub-population dsexist for the MELAA and Chinese groups, and then comment as best available data. Following Statistics New Zealand guidelines, ‘New Zealander’ is included

rms. For the purpose of our report, New Zealander is included in the Other Ethnicity catefo This is a sample survey and therefore the data Respondents complete the survey based on information for the week prior to the sur Data is based on the usually resident population aged 15 y Ethnicity is based on the total response method. People who reported more than one ethnic group have been counted in each applicable gro The MELAA group includes Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnicities.

ther/NZ Ethnicity includes the NeO

ata results and totals do not incluDof possible answers or not clearly stated. R

Data is not seasonally adjusted. The actual response rates, between 85.4% and 88.3% for June 2009 through June 2010 quarterly periods, were slightly lower than the target response rate of 90%.

NThe NZIS is compiled in June each year as a supplemental report to the HLFS. FollowNew Zealand guidelines, ‘New Zealander’ is included as a possible et

urpose of the 1 in 4 report, New Zealander is included in the Other Ethnicity category. p This is a sample survey and therefore the data is subj

7

Respondents complete the survey based on information for the week prior to the survey.

ears and older.

more than one ethnic group have een counted in each applicable group.

icity includes the New Zealander category.

Statistics New Zealand: General Social Survey 2008 (GSS)

Data is based on the usually resident population aged 15 y Ethnicity is based on total response method. People who reported b

The MELAA group includes Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnicities.

Other/NZ Ethn Note, totals include people whose ethnicity was not specified.

Ethnicity Ethnicity is the ethnic group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. Thus, ethnicity is self-perceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group. Ethnicity is a measure of cultural affiliation, as opposed to race, ancestry, nationality or citizenship.

Total responses counts the number of responses, not the number of people. People with responses that fall into more than one group are counted once in each ethnic group at level one of the standard ethnicity classification. A person may specify more than one ethnicity; therefore, the sum of individual cells in a table may add to more than the total population. For example, people of Samoan, Tongan, and German ethnicities would be counted (when outputting at the highest level of the classification) once in the Pacific ethnic group and once in the European group.

Single and combination responses cover both people who reported only one ethnic group and people with combination ethnic groups. People are counted just once in the ethnic group that applies to them, according to the ethnic group or combination of ethnic groups they have reported. For example, for outputs of ethnic group, ethnic groups may include European/Māori, or Māori/Pacific. This means that the total population will be equal to the usual subject population for that variable, as individuals are counted once only.

The survey received few New Zealander responses. These are categorised in the Other Ethnicity group, which makes up 2 percent of the sample.

ounger median age structures than the European grouping.

Su

Ethnic groups have different age structures and immigration patterns that can have some impact on high-level outcomes. For example, the Māori, Pacific, and Asian ethnic groups have y

rvey population The target population for the NZGSS is the usually resident population aged 15 years and over in private dwellings in the North Island, South Island or Waiheke Island of New Zealand.

The rg ta et population includes:

• New Zealand usual residents temporarily overseas

8

• New Zealand usual residents temporarily staying elsewhere in New Zealand (including other permanent and temporary private dwellings, institutions, and non-private dwellings; and people who have no fixed abode, but were found in private dwellings on the household enumeration date)

• people in the New Zealand armed forces if they reside in a private dwelling • young adults at boarding schools (young adults who fall into this category are not surveyed in

the personal questionnaire, but are included as members of the household in the household questionnaire).

Further technical information can be found at the web link below: http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/Households/nzgss_HOTP2008/Technical%20Notes.aspx

Quality of Life Survey 2008 National Report This is a multi-agency research project, exploring quality of life issues in New Zealand. It is a partnership between 12 New Zealand Local Government Councils and the Ministry of Social

is to measure residents’ perceptions of overall quality of life. The

range of emographic, socio-economic and geographic characteristics. A number of measures were put in place to

rcent achieved in the 2006 Quality of Life Survey. uotas were used to ensure the sample was representative by age, gender and ethnicity.

uotas were also set to ensure the 12 cities participating in the research had sufficient sample sizes for nalysis at sub-group level (i.e. each had a sample size of 500). As a result of this, at a National level, four

cities were under-represented (Auckland, Manukau, Christchurch and the Rest of New Zealand).

Development. The aim of the surveyQuality of Life Survey measures New Zealand residents’ perceptions of: quality of life; health and wellbeing; crime and safety; community, culture and social networks; council decision making processes; environment; public transport and lifestyle – work and study. The Quality of Life Survey is carried out every two years as a collaborative effort by the Quality of Life Project and the Ministry of Social Development.

Representativeness of data Ideally the number of achieved interviews should represent the population of New Zealand on adincrease the response rate and ensure the sample is as representative as possible. A final response rate of 37 percent was achieved, an improvement on the 22 peQ Qa

Information about sample profiles, weighting and other technical information can be found in the Appendix of the Quality of Life 2009 National Report: http://www.bigcities.govt.nz/pdfs/Quality_of_Life_2008.pdf

New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey 2009 (NZCSS) Measures the amount of crime experienced by New Zealand residents over the age of 15 by asking them directly about their experience of criminal victimisation since the beginning of 2005. This survey is part of an ongoing research programme. The future work will provide important information about

ends in crime, as part of an alternative perspective to Police-recorded crime rates. The survey counts tr

9

all incidents of crime that are technically criminal (as they would be classified by the Police), and

he ethnicity of the respondent was assessed using a question virtually identical to that in the 2006

population tional representative sample of people aged 15 years and

s. Also excluded were members of the New Zealand armed forces, non-New Zealand iplomats and their non-New Zealand staff, members of non-New Zealand armed forces stationed in

sidents of offshore lands, except Waiheke Island.

response rate ease from the sample size of re from the main sample, and

,297 were from the Mäori booster sample. The overall response rate of the 2009 survey was 70 ercent.

includes unreported as well as reported crime. TCensus. Where respondents identified themselves as belonging to more than one ethnic group, each was used in analysis. Thus, a respondent who identified with both Maori and Pacific ethnic groups was included in both for analysis purposes.

SurveyThe NZCASS findings are based on a naover, who live in private households in New Zealand. The survey population excluded people usually resident in institutions, hospitals, retirement homes and prisondNew Zealand, overseas visitors in New Zealand for less than 12 months and reis

Sample size and The total survey sample size was 6,106 respondents. This was an incr

,416 in 2006. Of the 6,106 respondents in the 2009 survey, 4,809 we51p

Further technical information can be found in the NZCASS 2009 Technical Report: http://www.justice.org.nz/publications/global-publications/c/NZCASS-2009/documents/The%20New%20Zealand%20Crime%20and%20Safety%20Survey%202009%20Technical%20Report.pdf Additional technical information is available from the Ministry of Justice.

New Faces New Futures: New Zealand, Findings from the Longitudinal e 1 (2009)

the 2009 report come from interviews at oth Wave 1 and 2 (over 6,000 respondents). Wave 1 interviews were held between 1 May 2005 and

he target population was migrants (excluding migrants from Australia, Niue, Cook Islands and

Immigration Survey: New Zealand (LisNZ) – Wav LisNZ surveys migrants who have been granted permanent residence in New Zealand. Interviews were conducted with the same migrants at six months (Wave 1), 18 months (Wave 2), and 36 months (Wave 3) after taking up permanent residence. The figures inb30 April 2007 and Wave 3 interviews were held between 1 November 2007 and 31 October 2009. Longitudinal migrants are those who were interviewed in all three waves of the survey (5,144 respondents). As this is a sample survey, data is subject to sampling error. TTokelau and all refugees) who were at least 16 years old and were approved for permanent residence in New Zealand from 1 November 2004 to 31 October 2005.

10

The LisNZ survey was limited to migrants who lived on the North Island, South Island or Waiheke languages of the survey (English, Mandarin,

he response rate for Wave 1 was 66% (7,137 respondents out of 10.856 eligible migrants), Wave 2

r each wave was

ll estimates provided have been randomly rounded to 10 to protect the confidentiality of the spondents.

Island at wave 1 and spoke at least one of the designatedCantonese, Samoan, Korean, Hindi and Punjabi). Twas 85% (6,069 respondents) and the response rate for Wave 3 was 85% (5,144 respondents). Longitudinal weights were produced after each wave so that the achieved sample foweighted up to represent the longitudinal population of interest. Are Further technical and other information can be found at: http://dol.govt.nz/publications/research/lisnz/

Statistics New Zealand also publishes a series of short form reports using LisNZ data, called Hot off e Press (HOTP) for Wave 1 and Wave 3 findings. These can be found at:

_methods/completing-a-survey/faqs-about-our-thhttp://www.stats.govt.nz/surveys_andsurveys/longitudinal-immigration-survey-nz.aspx

Nielsen Media Research Panorama Survey This is a random survey of 3,000 people aged 10 years and over per quarter. For this research people are asked to identify the types of charities, non-profit and other community organisations they have personally supported in the previous three months.

irect donation/sponsorship l

Support can be any of the following: DDonation of money to an appeaDonations of goods Volunteering and other support (such as purchasing products that support the charity/worthy cause). The results are based on respondents’ self-classification and perceptions, as well as their recall of their actions. Further technical information about the survey can be accessed at the following web-link: www.nielsenmedia.co.nz, keyword: Panorama.

The Social Report 2010 This is an annual series that builds on the social monitoring framReport 2001. The report uses a set of statistical indicators to m

ework first established by The Social onitor trends across 10 “domains”, or

mains provide a picture at a national, regional and territorial uthority level.

The first edition of the Social Report was produced in 2001 by the Ministry of Social Policy. In 2002, the Ministry of Social Development undertook a review, inviting people around the country to give their views on the role of the Social Report and the things that were important to them. In the same year,

areas of people’s lives. Together these doa

11

the report was updated and translated into an online format for the first time. Counting the 2002

sd.govt.nz/index.html

update, The Social Report 2010 is the 10th edition and the third to be published online only. Further technical and other information can be found online at: http://socialreport.m

ew Zealand Health Survey 2006/7 NThe NZ Health Survey measures self-reported physical and mental health status (including doctor-diagnosed health conditions), risk and protective behaviours for health outcomes, and the use of health care services, among the usually resident New Zealand population living in private dwellings. The 2006/07 NZ Health Survey is the fourth national population-based health survey. Previous NZ Health Surveys were conducted in 1992/93, 1996/97 and 2002/03. The 2006/07 survey involved face-to-face interviews in 12,847 households throughout New Zealand, with 12,488 adults (15 years and over) and the primary caregivers of 4921 children (aged from birth to 14 years). By comparison, the 2002/03 survey involved face-to-face interviews with 12,929 adults, the 1996/97 survey involved face-to-face interviews with 7862 adults and the primary caregivers of 1019 children and the 1992/93 survey involved telephone interviews with 7065 adults.

Survey population

A total of 98.9% of New Zealand’s 1.4 million permanent private dwellings (households) were eligible for participation in the NZ Health Survey. For practical reasons, a small number of households that

ere part of the defined target population were excluded from the survey population, but these have

locks with less than nine occupied dwellings (according to the 2001 New Zealand Census of

aiheke), such as those on other sparsely inhabited off-shore islands, on-shore islands, waterways ll number of households omitted, any possible bias is likely to be extremely

wbeen accounted for in the final estimates via the survey weights. Households not included were those in meshbPopulation and Dwellings), and those located off the main islands of New Zealand (North, South andWand inlets. Due to the smasmall. Further technical and methodological information can be found in the NZHS 2006/7 Methodology Report: http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/7680/$File/methodology-report-for-nz-health-survey-08.doc

Tracking Disparity: Trends in ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in mortality, 1981-2004

ew Zealand Census-Mortality Study (NZCMS) links mortality rThe N ecords for the three years following each Census back to the 1981 Census, thus creating five short-term cohort studies. The

ortthe la hich links Census data with mortality data. Mortality records

ere assembled for people aged 1-74 years on the previous Census night who died within three years f each Census since 1981. Ethnicity was determined by:

le ethnic group comparisons were carried out using three groupings based on sponse output: Māori, Pacific, Asian (where possible)

rep , “Tracking Disparity: Trends in ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in mortality, 1981-2004” is test updated report on this study w

wo• Multip

total re

12

• The remaining New Zealand population is used as a reference group, henceforth called

mber of census respondents that group).

(or age-by-ethnic) pecific mortality rates of the populations of interest are weighted by the age (or age-by-ethnic)

e or ethnic confounding.

who self-identify āori as one of their two or more ethnic groups.

only as a Pacific ethnic group, plus those

opean/Other: Pakeha, non-Māori, non-Pacific, non-Asian. This is a constructed group used for reference purposes. It largely comprises people of European ethnicities (including New

people with African, Middle Eastern and Latin American

European/other in the report.

lossary GMortality Rate: the number of deaths in a given three-year period for a given group, divided by the person-years observed in that group (ie, just less than three times the nuin Standardisation: Direct standardisation, a statistical procedure whereby the agesstructure of the standard population to generate standardised mortality rates. This allows the populations of interest to be compared without ag Standardised mortality rate: The mortality rate for a given group, standardised or weighted to an externally specified age structure (and sometimes also ethnic structure). Asian ethnic group: The group of people who self-identify only as an Asian ethnic group, plus those who self-identify an Asian ethnic group as one of their two or more ethnic groups. Māori ethnic group: The group of people who self-identify only as Māori, plus thoseM Pacific ethnic group: The group of people who self-identifywho self-identify a Pacific ethnic group as one of their two or more ethnic groups. Euranalytical Zealand European), but also includesethnicities, and other ethnicities – most notably, the growing ‘New Zealander’ group. Further technical information, such as record linkage, variable definitions and statistical methods can be found on pp. 1-20 of the report and can be found here: http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/6689/$File/tracking-disparity-inequalities-in-mortality-1981-2004.pdf

Asian Health Chart Book 2006

alth issues of particular portance to Asian peoples. Information is presented on more than 80 indicators covering four

status, health risk profile, social determinants of health and patterns of health service

The first comprehensive review of Asian health, and the first to systematically examine inequalities between Asian ethnic groups and between migrant and established Asian communities. The report adopts an indicator approach in order to focus attention on specific heimdomains: health utilisation.

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Ethnicity otal response output was used to categorise ethnicity in this report. A person is counted more than nce if he/she self-reports more than one ethnic identity. The ethnic groups included are Chinese, dian and Other Asian (combining Southeast Asians and all other Asians).

Age groups Indicators are stratified (where possible) into the following life-cycle stages: children (0–14 years) (sometimes disaggregated to 0–4 and 5–14 years), young people (15–24 years), young adults (25–44 years), middle-aged adults (45–64 years) and older adults (65+ years). Further technical information can be found here: http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/asian-health-chart-book-2006

ToIn

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Bibliography Morton, S.M.B., et. al., (2010), Growing Up in New Zealand: A longitudinal study of New Zealand children and their families. Report 1: Before we are born. Department of Labour Department of Labour (2010), Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre: First Steps to a New Future. Wellington. Masgoret, A-M, Merwood, P., and Tausi, M. (Department of Labour, 2009), New Faces, New Futures: New Zealand. Findings from the Longitudinal Immigration Survey: New Zealand (LisNZ) – Wave 1, Wellington. Ministry of Health Blakely, T., Tobias, M., Atkinson, J., Yeh, L-C., and Huang, K. (Ministry of Health, 2007), Tracking Disparity: Trends in ethnic and socio-economic inequalities in mortality 1981-2004, Wellington. Ministry of Health (2008), A Portrait of Health – Key results of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey, Wellington. Ministry of Health (2006), Asian Health Chart Book 2006, Public Health Intelligence Monitoring Report No. 4, Wellington. Ministry of Justice Ministry of Justice (2010), The New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey 2009 Main Findings Report, Wellington. Ministry of Social Development Ministry of Social Development (2011), The Social Report 2010, Wellington. http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/ Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) OECD (2010), OECD Factbook 2010: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-factbook-2010_factbook-2010-en Statistics New Zealand Goodyear, R.K. (Statistics New Zealand, 2009), The differences within, diversity in age structure between and within ethnic groups, Wellington. Statistics New Zealand, Ethnicity Classification.

http://stats.govt.nz/surveys_and_methods/methods/classifications-and-standards/classification-related-stats-standards/ethnicity.aspx Statistics New Zealand (April 2010), Hot off the Press: National ethnic population projections. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/NationalEthnicPopulationProjections_HOTP2006-26.aspx Statistics New Zealand (January 2011), Demographic Trends: 2010, Wellington. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/demographic-trends-2010.aspx United Nations (UN) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section, (2009), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm

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