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Ole Joul o the Cete o Govece Cultue EuopeUvest o St. Gllewww.gce.usg.ch, www.euxeos.chMgg Eto M Tggev

Guest Eto: Ulch Schm (St.Glle)

Corruption and informal praCtiCesin russia

Cete o Govece Cultue Euope

Uvest o St.Glle

LandiS & Gyr

STifTUnG

7 / 2012
http://www.gce.unisg.ch/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/St.Gallenhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/St.Gallenhttp://www.gce.unisg.ch/

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C

Etol

Coupto ioml Pctces russElena Denisova-Schmidt, University of St.Gallen

3

4

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C i pcc r

b Ele desov-Schmt, Uvest o St. Glle

the octos the coopete wth o egul

bss though gt vouches wth vlue o

pehps 500 rubles (bout CHf 15) - whch

mght be stbute sevel tmes .

fom ethcl pespectve, russ lw po-

hbts phmceutcl comp om po-

viding direct nancial support to a hospital.

a ect oto, such s though th

pt (e.g. club o ptets ssocto) sstll possblt, howeve. Cose the ex-

mple o hosptl uegog eovto: its

budget is unfortunately not sucient to mod-

eze the stuctue, so th-pt sso-

ciation might make an oer of new furniture

(hosptl bes, exmto chs, etc.) o

the coto tht the hosptl bus cet

mout o ugs om oe o the ssoctos

sposos, o ceses the umbe o ptets

tht e o teest to the sposos.

fom cultul pespectve, some scholshve gue tht weste cocept o co-

upto mght ot be pplcble to the est o

the wol, becuse coupto s lso cul-

tue bse pheomeo. The mght be ght:

What is and is not corrupt might dier from

cout to cout. a pomet cse pot

s the powe etwok o the russ peset

Vlm Put. O ppe, Put ol ows

moest ptmet o 77 m2 smll ch

(coage). However, he is allowed to build new

vlls plces usg stte us. new es-

eces e, o exmple, bult o tetol

evets hel russ. The summt o the as-

Pacic Economic Cooperation (APEC) of Sep-

tembe 8-9, 2012, whch wll tke plce the

russ f Est, wll eque ew cove-

to cete wth estmte costs o bout 200

million EUR. To date, more than ten houses

The 19th cetu russ wte nko-l Gogol s s to hve lmete oce:There are two misfortunes in Russia: fools

os. fome peset dmt Meve-

ev ecetl e othe msotue: co-

upto.1 all stte lees, om the russ

Tss though the Sovet Geel Secetes

to the cuet Pesets, hve bee tg

to ght corruption. So far, they have not hadmuch success: i ts 2011 ex o 183 cou-

tes, Tspec itetol ke rus-

s coupto o p wth nge, Togo,

Ug othe coutes 143 plce.

Coupto oml pctces e te-

gl pt o russ busess le.

1. Do o orrupo

It is not only very dicult to measure corrup-tion but also hard to dene it. Transparency

International denes corruption as the abuse

o etuste powe o pvte g. acem-

cs, o the othe h, mght use jucl,

ethical or other denitions depending on their

scple the esech questos ske.

as see om jucl pespectve, russ

lw tets gt to ecso mke wth

vlue o moe th 3,000 rubles (bout CHf

90) s bbe. Howeve, the lw oes ot

spec how ote t s llowe to mke such

gts whch gves get mout o wggle

room for creative Russian businesspeople.

fo exmple, some phmceutcl compes

mght use ths loophole the lw to suppot

1 hp://korrespondent.net/russia/1282099-

uk-oog--koupc-meveev-zvl-

glve-be-ossccesse 30 august 2012
http://korrespondent.net/russia/1282099-duraki-dorogi-i-korrupciya-medvedev-nazval-glavnye-bedy-rossiihttp://korrespondent.net/russia/1282099-duraki-dorogi-i-korrupciya-medvedev-nazval-glavnye-bedy-rossiihttp://korrespondent.net/russia/1282099-duraki-dorogi-i-korrupciya-medvedev-nazval-glavnye-bedy-rossiihttp://korrespondent.net/russia/1282099-duraki-dorogi-i-korrupciya-medvedev-nazval-glavnye-bedy-rossiihttp://korrespondent.net/russia/1282099-duraki-dorogi-i-korrupciya-medvedev-nazval-glavnye-bedy-rossiihttp://korrespondent.net/russia/1282099-duraki-dorogi-i-korrupciya-medvedev-nazval-glavnye-bedy-rossii

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Puts powe s bse o pesol eltos

sstem o lolt. Kshtovsk (2008)conrms that almost 80% of all administrative

postos e hel b Puts people. albts

Emol (2011) evelope scheme o

epesetg Puts es ke postos

govemet busess stuctues (see fg-

ue 1). The two uthos ve Puts es

into four categories: 1) people with shoulder

bos (.e., om Puts cee the KGB);

2) people om St. Petesbug wthout shoul-

e bos (Puts cee the St. Petesbug

government); 3) cooperative Ozero (the soc-

et Put hs es estblshe cosol-

tg the dachas e St. Petesbug); 4) chl-

dren, relatives and friends of svoi liudi (Egl.:

our people).

Coupto s ote

cosee wth

the cotext o -

sttutol theo.

i ech socl com-

mut thee eot ol oml

but lso oml

sttutos exs-

tece (noth, 1990).

ioml sttu-

tos m be moe

o less evece,

but togethe wth

oml sttutos,

they inuence the

uctos o stte le the stte

geel (see fg-

ue 2). ioml -

sttutos mght clue coupto, pesol

networks; clans and maa; kompromat (the col-

lecto o compomsg evece), telephoe

justce, o oml pessue om epeset-

tves o eel egol uthotes;

have been built in dierent Russian regions

om the stte buget.2 The sme hols tuefor Putins ocial income. He declares earn-

gs 140,000 USd pe e, but hs el otue

s cosebl hghe, wth estmtes up to 40

bllo USd.3

Putin does not interact with curious journal-

ists directly. His sta usually does this. More-

ove thee s specl polc whe coveg Pu-

ts ctvtes. Joulsts who o ot hee

to these ules mght lose the jobs eve

the lves (Tegubov, 2003, 2004). accog

to the Commiee to Protect Journalists, Russia

s oe o the most geous coutes to wok

as a journalist. Physical aacks occur often and

t s lmost mpossble to seek potecto.

2 h t t p : / / w w w . p u t i n - i t o g i . r u / p u t i n -

korrupciya-2/#4 accessed 30 August 2012

3 h t t p : / / w w w . r e u t e r s . c o m /

article/2011/12/22/us-russia-putin-income-

USTrE7BL12920111222,

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/21/

uss.topstoes3 ccesse 30 august 2012

Ele desov-Schmt

p wh h b

igo Sech (vce-peme), Sege ivov,(vce-peme), ae Kost (Bk VTB,CEO), nkol Tokev (Tset, CEO),Vlm iku (russ rlws,CEO), igo Levt (itetol apotSheemetevo, ecto), Sege Che-

mezov (rostecholog, CEO), VlmStzhlkovsk (nolsk nckel, CEO)

p s. pbg whh b

dmt Meveev (peset), Vkto Zub-kov (vce-peme), dmt Kozk (vce-peme), Gem Ge (Sbebk, CEO ecto), alekse Mlle (Gzpom,director), Vitalii Savelev (Aeroot, direc-

to), Sege Soltekov (Mego, CEO)

Ch, v v

atol Seukov (mste o eese),Vle Mus (Gzpom, bo mem-

be), ae Muov, (apot Pulkovo, St.Petesbug, CEO), alexe nekpelov(roset, ecto)

Cv oz

ae fuseko (mste o eucto),Sege fuseko (Letsgz, CEO), yuKovlchuk (ntol Me-Goup,

owe), Sege fuseko (russ ootblssocto, CEO),

p

fgue 1: Puts pesolweb o powe (pteveso o albts Emolev 2011)
http://www.putin-itogi.ru/putin-korrupciya-2/#4%20accessed%2030%20August%202012http://www.putin-itogi.ru/putin-korrupciya-2/#4%20accessed%2030%20August%202012http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/22/us-russia-putin-income-idUSTRE7BL12920111222http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/22/us-russia-putin-income-idUSTRE7BL12920111222http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/22/us-russia-putin-income-idUSTRE7BL12920111222http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/21/russia.topstories3%20accessed%2030%20August%202012http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/21/russia.topstories3%20accessed%2030%20August%202012http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/21/russia.topstories3%20accessed%2030%20August%202012http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/21/russia.topstories3%20accessed%2030%20August%202012http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/22/us-russia-putin-income-idUSTRE7BL12920111222http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/22/us-russia-putin-income-idUSTRE7BL12920111222http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/22/us-russia-putin-income-idUSTRE7BL12920111222http://www.putin-itogi.ru/putin-korrupciya-2/#4%20accessed%2030%20August%202012http://www.putin-itogi.ru/putin-korrupciya-2/#4%20accessed%2030%20August%202012

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Ele desov-Schmt

legsltve, jucl, bueuctc oms.

Informal institutions are socially shared rules,usually unwrien, that are created, communi-

cated, and enforced outside of ocially sanc-

tioned channels (Helmke/Levitsky, 2004, p.

727). Put othe w, oml pctces e

cocete steps o ssug ctvtes wth -

oml sttutos (desov-Schmt, 2011b).

Helmke/Levitsky (2004) enumerated the

sphees whch oml oml sttu-

tos ovelp ue wht ccumstces:

ioml sttutos mght occu eve whee

oml sttutos e exstece uc-

tion eectively. In this case informal institu-

oc

Coveget

dveget

Efectivef

i

accomotg

Complemet

Inefectivef

i

Competg

Substtutve

fgue 2:Tpolog o omlsttutos Helmke,Levtsk 2004, p. 728.

tos mght complemet oml sttutos,

for example, through loopholes in ocial laws

poceues, o the mght ccommote

oml sttutos b pplg some pc-

tices that deviate from ocial procedures but

o ot bek them, such s blt the USSr:

the use of informal networks to obtain goods

and services in short supply and to nd a way

ou oml poceues (Leeev 1998, p.

1).

ioml sttutos come to beg whe

oml sttutos o ot ucto popel.

i some cses, oml sttutos mght

substtute o compete wth oml sttutos.

fo stce, whe ou fech people wee

kppe Chech 1997, the fech

peset Jcques Chc pesoll ske theruss peset Bos yelts o help. yelt-

s ws ot ble to mge t, but Leo Blu-

nov the thief in law4 ws ble to ssst

obtg the elese o these people: all cme

home lve helth. Wth eg to co-

upto, oml sttutos usull compete

wth oml oes, becuse oe to ucto,

lw must be boke.

2. Masurm o orrupo

Coupto s pheomeo tht s usull

hidden, and can be dicult to document.

Thee e some methoologcl tools o me-

sug coupto, though. Kkls (2005)

suggests the ollowg stumets:

1. repesettve socologcl suves

2. Targeted surveys of rms, experts, and of-

cials

3. The complto o cse stu t4. The collecto o ethogphc s-

couse t

5. revews b the pess

2.1 Rprsa soologal surys

accog to Kkls (2005) epesettve

socologcl suves e mjo souce o

gtheg t. Ths techque ctes u-

lwul cts people e volve , the e-

quec how ctos juge t. Ths tool usu-ll helps to scove low-level coupto

eve cotexts.

4 Thief in law the godfather of the

Russian maa

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tem o the mgemet o publc sttutos

s stll evelopmet russ. Bbe chave many forms: cash (money in envelope),

gts (cogc o chocolte) o oto to

th pt. it epes o m ctos: the

tue o the publc sttuto, the tsk ee-

e to be oe, the people volve , most

importantly, their perception of bribery. For

exmple, oug pets, thus, mght be ske

to mke volut oto o keg-

tes, the chle o those who gve ge-

eousl wll get plce mmetel e

ot put o the wtg lst. The stuto ses

om the ct tht thee e ot eough ke-

gtes6 to meet the em, the o ot

receive an adequate amount of nancial sup-

pot om the stte.

Sometimes people are forced to nd a way

around ocial procedures. The Russian army,

o exmple, s ot cosee to be ech-

g expeece o oug russs; o the co-

t, soles usull come home phscll

moll boke. Poo lvg cotos,ucle utue pospects s well s dedovshci-

na7 ll coutect the ese o the oug me

to serve their country. Ocials from the Mili-

t Commsst e usull uep8

hece look o tol souces o come

(desov-Schmt, 2011c).

6 due to pvtzto eoms, m

kegte clssooms wee puchse b

vuls e ot use s kegtesmoe.

7 Dedovshcina s pschcl phscl vo-lece ecte t oug ecuts. accog to o-

cial statistics, 149 cases of suicide were registered

the russ am 2009; seehp://inosmi.ru/

social/20110906/174294512.html

8 Sce Ju 1, 2012 the stuto hs

changed. Many ocials now receive a very good

sl.

Ele desov-Schmt

scgc svy h lv-C

J 27, 20075

1. Hve ou o membe o ou ml co-

tcte oe o moe o the ollowg publc -

sttuto the lst 12 moths?

2. i so, ou bbe somebo to solve ou

poblem?

People might oer bribes not because they

expect illegal things to be done or ignored,

but oe to spee up the pocess ot to

lose time waiting in queues: A sucient sys-

5 Ogl: hp://www.levada.ru/

press/2007062701.html ( russ)

fgue 3: Soco-

logcl Suve o

the Lev-Cete

om Jue 27, 2007

Bbe (% o espo-

ets who hcontacted ocials)

Cotcts (%

o espoets)

isttutos

Kegte 12 % 12 %

Schools

Hosptls

MucplHousing Oe

regsttoOce

Militsia (wthoutregstto

Oce)

MltCommsst

Socl SecutOces

Couts

Loclrepesettves

16 %

61 %

34 %

18 %

7 %

7 %

20 %

7 %

3 %

6 %

6 %

8 %

6 %

3 %

8 %

4 %

10 %

12 %
http://inosmi.ru/social/20110906/174294512.htmlhttp://inosmi.ru/social/20110906/174294512.htmlhttp://www.levada.ru/press/2007062701.htmlhttp://www.levada.ru/press/2007062701.htmlhttp://www.levada.ru/press/2007062701.htmlhttp://www.levada.ru/press/2007062701.htmlhttp://inosmi.ru/social/20110906/174294512.htmlhttp://inosmi.ru/social/20110906/174294512.html

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Ele desov-Schmt

2.2 Targd surys o rms, xprs, ad

oals

Targeted surveys of rms, experts, and o-

cls usull mesue coupto mog -

termediate and high-level public ocials and

poltcs. M kgs e bse o ths

approach (gure 4). They are usually conduct-

e o egul bss mght be see -

chronically and synchronically (see gure 4).

All of the surveys use dierent methodology.

fo exmple, the Ti Coupto Pecepto

iex ks coutes tems o the egee

to whch coupto sperceived. respoets

e busesspeople cout lsts,

suves o esets (locl expttes) e

clue. Expttes wth pevous poes-

sol expeece othe Este Euope

coutes s well s Ch Bzl woul

perceive corruption in Russia dierently than

the collegues wth lmost zeo teto-

l expeece. Some suves show tht co-

upto hs ecle slghtl ecet es,

but ths s becuse people hve become use

to t cose coupto s pt o the

busess evomet russ (c. Hopks,

2011). nevetheless Tis Coupto Pecep-

to iex, togethe wth othe souces, po-

ves uque oppotut to compe t

om lmost ll the coutes the wol.

2.3 Th omplao o as sudy daa

The complto o cse stu t tegtes

vous mtels. i-epth lss wth t-

coupto expets commetes b ex-

pets pove vluble sght omto

o the lss. Oe o the exmples o ths

tpe o lss c be see the moto-

g epots me b GrECO (Goup o Sttes

gst Coupto, Coucl o Euope). Evl-

Stu isttuto

Coupto Peceptoiex

Tspecitetol

Wolwe Goveceictos - Coupto

cotol

Wol Bk

feeom House: ntos Tst -Coupto

feeom House

Ese o dog Busess Wol Bk

Suves o the busessclmte russ

Gem-russ Chmbeo Te Commece

Suve o russ ivest-met destto 2006

The PBn Comp

Busess Evomet Etepse Peomce

Suve (BEEPS)

EBrd

Stu isttuto

The Suves o coupto busess pctces

The Lev-Cete

The vestgtos o co-uptos oml

pctces the busessevomet

The indEM outo

iustl Suves G isttute

i sc:

r sc:

utg russ 2008, GrECO expets ou

tht coupto ws :

wespe sstemc pheomeo the rus-

sian Federation which aects the society as

whole, clug ts outos moe

specically the public administration and the

busess secto, s well s the publc sttu-

fgue 4: desov-Schmt (2011b)

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Ele desov-Schmt

tos plce to coutect coupto, such

s the lw eocemet geces the ju-c (GrECO 2008: 759).

GrECO utos pepe epot tht -

clue set o 26 ecommetos

ple to spect russ g the seco

hl o 2010 o ts complce wth these ec-

ommetos. Ths seco specto

ot hppe howeve; the vst ws esche-

ule o m esos, clug the russ

Prosecutor Generals Oce report, which stat-

e tht ol 12 o the ecommetos h

bee mplemete tht sevel coul ot

be fullled in any case (Adelaja, 2010, Kosten-

ko, 2010).

2.4 Th ollo o hograph ad

dsours daa

The collecto o ethogphc scouse

t usull coves vul expeeces

elg wth coupto, how el people

peceve tlk bout t. Ths tool povesmuch moe etle -epth omto

th wht s vlble though othe t col-

lecto techques somethg tht s ve m-

pott whe exmg such elcte topcs.

Leeev, o exmple, hs coucte sevel

vestgtos usg ths ppoch, exmg

blat (the use of personal networks and infor-

ml cotcts to obt goos sevces

short supply and to nd a way around formal

poceues) (Leeev, 1998), kompomt

(the use o compomsg omto -formal politics), double accountancy, dierent

nancial scheming, alternative enforcement

the use o lw (Leeev, 2006).

9 hp://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/

greco/evaluations/round2/GrecoEval1-2(2008)2_

RussianFederation_EN.pdf

2.5Rws by h prss

revews b the pess pouce bo ge

o mtel. The me coves some sc-

dals through many perspectives and dier-

ent views. All materials are structured in a

choologcl w. Selecte publctos

Russia, for example, might be inuenced by

cet goups o people hece shoul be

vewe wth cuto. nevetheless, ptcu-

ll o such elcte topc s coupto,

elble souces the mss me coul be

use to vlte sttemets me b tevew

ptes who wt to em omous, o

example. This is possible, however, only in fa-

mous cses. ach (2010) use ths ppoch

he book bout thee lge russ ete-

pses yukos, rusal nolsk nckel.

3. Dr ypologs o orrupo

Dierent typologies of corruption exist. Kark-

ls (2005), o exmple, stuctue couptointo three levels (see gure 5).

Public ocials can be bribed not only to bend

rules, but also to speed up the consider-

to o some ppewok (desov-Schmt,

2011b). nevetheless ll o these pctces

shoul be cosee the russ cotext.

Ovespeg o luxu cs, tvel, o ecep-

tos, o exmple, mght occu m og-

nizations in Russia, but without seing limits

o puchsg copote cs hosptlt

expetues, ll o these chges o coup-to lck eoceblt.

Cheloukhe Kg (2007) k the most

coupte sphees o russ ecoom

pyramid (see gure 6).

fo exmple: russs lcesg ev-

ometl uthotes wee volve the

Skhl ii cse.10 The stte clme tht the

10 Skhl ii s oe o the lgest tegte

greeneld oil and gas projects.
http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/evaluations/round2/GrecoEval1-2(2008)2_RussianFederation_EN.pdfhttp://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/evaluations/round2/GrecoEval1-2(2008)2_RussianFederation_EN.pdfhttp://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/evaluations/round2/GrecoEval1-2(2008)2_RussianFederation_EN.pdfhttp://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/evaluations/round2/GrecoEval1-2(2008)2_RussianFederation_EN.pdfhttp://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/evaluations/round2/GrecoEval1-2(2008)2_RussianFederation_EN.pdfhttp://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/evaluations/round2/GrecoEval1-2(2008)2_RussianFederation_EN.pdf

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Bribery of public ocials to bend rules (citizen-

initiated; initialed by individual ocial; organizedextortion by group of ocials)

Obfuscation and over-regulation by ocilas (inoe to extot moe bbes; oe to ehcepowe cotol)

Misuse of licensing and inspection powers by o-cls (ptl ovelp wth subctegoes o 1 2)

Sel-sevg use o publc us (bouses he sles; ovespeg o luxu cs, t-vel, eceptos, equpmet, etc.; ppopte cs,ptmets, chs, etc.)

Proteering from public resources (selling oenvironmental assets; leasing oces, equipment,etc. o pesol g; usg publc emploees opvte wok; qus-pvtzto o stte-owe

etepses popet; pg exobtt boof directorsfees to self/cronies)

Malpractice and proteering from privatization publc pocuemet (steeg busess assets to self and cronies; disregarding conictso teest; bekg ules o compettve bg;tkg kckbcks bbes; coupt govemetsubsidies and tax write-os)

Inuence-peddling, manipulation of personnelecsos (eggg epotsm, cletelsm,votsm; extotg vos om subotes ojob ctes; sbotgg pesoel eom topeseve tu)

State capture, e.g., de facto takeover of stateinstitutions (building of personal efdoms; exploi-

tg publc sttutos o echmet o sel etwok)

fomg secet powe etwoks to collue coupt cts

Uemg electos poltcl competto(illicit campaign and party nancing; buyinghe poltcl vetsg; secetl cetgspheres of inuence for exploitation)

Misuse of legislative power (selling laws to pri-vte teests; blockg t-coupto legslto;elbetel pssg poo lws; eelcto o utto oversee executive branch; ineective parliamen-t vestgtos)

Corruption of the judical process(selling courtesco; lse posecuto, scpegotg; lck o

posecuto) Msuse o uts vestgto powes Usg kompomt o poltcl blckml Coupto o the me

LEVEL ii

LEVEL i

LEVEL iii

poject beg u t tht tme b Shell, Mtsu,

Mtsubsh woul mge the ecosstem.This was preceded by the sequence of conicts

between foreign companies and Russian o-

cls, ppetl tg to stop the busess

ctvtes b ll legl mes. i decembe 2006

the obvous m ws eche: The poject

ws tsee to ew mjo shehole,

Gzpom. Gzpom took the ecologcl pob-

lems ve seousl , 2008, ws eve

ecogze o ts ctvtes the potecto

o the Weste G Whle populto b

yu Tutev, the russ ntol resouces

Mste (desov-Schmt, 2010, desov-

Schmt, 2011b).

Bse o the empcl esech, Leeev

Sheksh (2011) woke out tpolog

showg cuet busess pctces use b

russ oeg compes opetg

russ egos. Those e clle:

Dinosaur practices

Predator practices

Black cash practices

fgue 5: Slghtl pte veso om Kkls (2005, p.

25)

Lceses quots o expots(ol, metls, eeg esouces)

Ministry of Finance tax osets

Socl sphee(sevce o buget ccouts)

Barter and natural oset ofebts egos(pluee 30-40% o totl

ebts)

rlw tspotto(the cost o tspotg thesame cargo can dier signi-ctl, epeg o the -gemets me wth the lo-cal public ocials)

agcultul sphee(preferential nancing, write-o of debts)

Figure 6: Slightly adapted version from Cheloukhine/King

(2007)

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Rat practices

Penguin practices Hook practices

1) Dinosaur practices are business practices

tht e cuetl el use but wee com-

mon in the early 1990s, in the rst stage of the

evelopmet o mket ecoom russ (c.

Leeev, 2006):

2) Predator practices are business practices

involving informal cash ow when dealing

wth stte cotollg ogs.

Some companies might pay the representa-

tves o egol cotol eocemet bo-

ies (sanitation service, re inspection, police,

customs). fo exmple, oe lge tspot-

to comp locte oe russ ego

hs sevce cete ( uto ep shop, cwash, etc.) that provides services for useful

people such as the GIBDD (the Russian trac

polce) ee o chge. The mgemet o the

company explains: They (the trac police)

hve such smll buget o epg the

polce cs. i etu, the comp mght ex-

pect tht ll possble els wth the GiBdd

such as regular ocial checkups will go very

Extotg vos om job c-tes

Leasing company facilities, oces, equpmet o pesol come

Pg exobtt bo o ec-

tos' ees to coes Extoto o bbes b egolocials

Dinosaurpctces

smoothl.

3) Black cash practices are business practicesinvolving informal cash ow to other agen-

ces ctos (exclug stte cotollg

ogs).

Some Russian companies tend to pay ocial

and unocial salaries. Russian enterprises

hve log ttos o keepg two sets o

books: oe wth ctul esults o tel us-

ge oe wth ese esults o extel

audits and/or reports to the old Soviet minis-

tes. Thee e stll some esos o pg ocial and unocial ways, such as the reduc-

to o socl txto11 tol optos

o o-uthoze wok o hols, vc-

tos, ovetme hous. Ths ct o uo-

cial income is even accepted by international

bks opetg russ who pove los

o russ ctzes (desov-Schmt, 2008,

2011).

4) Rat practices are business practices allow-

g the usge o copote popet o pe-sol g.

Some russ mges ote use copote

popet (such s hosptlt expetues,

moble phoes, otebooks, expesve cs,

etc.) o the ow pvte es. Ths s cuse

11 Socl txto russ s hgh,

moutg to bout 28% t lest (beoe Ju 1,

2010) bout 32% t lest (te Ju 1, 2010).

Thus the, pctce o pg sles csh mght

cese.

Bbg epesettves o egolcotol eocemet boes -re inspection, police, customs, etc.

Extoto b the egol cotoland enforcement bodies - re ins-pecto, polce, customs, etc.

Use of telephone law - informal

pessue om eel egolocials Pessue om egol gove-

ments to nance their pet projects pogms

Pg o tx othe spec-tos wth pe-gee esults

Predatorpctces

Pg o mss me covege Buying court desicions Pmet o csh sles bou-

ses to vo socl chges Pg o povg sevces (tp

bo, mecl etc) to the mem-bes o egol executve bo

Pg posecutos o polce toope o close cml vestg-tos

Subses tx llowces omegol uthotes

Pg o povg sevces (tpsbo, mecl etc) to the mem-bes o egol legsltve bo

Black cashpctces

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s ssstg the ml membes close

es o russ mges, bulg epg the houses, o gg tps

lesue ctvtes o them.

Some oeg mges wokg russ

expats might arrange for such personal

tasks in ocial contracts with their Russian

emploees. fo exmple, the job escpto o

pesol ve o oe Geel Mge (o

meum sze comp, locte oe russ

Region) stipulates: The Personal Driver per-

oms the uctos o ve tepete

whle escotg the Geel decto

the membes o hs ml evlutes the

sks o geous stutos peoms ll

secut ctvtes to ssue the pesol se-

t o the Geel decto the membes

o hs ml whle wlkg, vg, ug

busess tps cultul evets.

6) Hook practices are business practices in-

tee to put oml pessue o compet-

tors, employees and ocials.

accog to the russ Lbo Lw, t s te-

ous tme-cosumg to temte em-

ploees. Hece m compes (ptcullmoe lge russ copotos tht et

elemets o Sovet copote cultue) mght

sk emploee to submt carte blanche es-

gto wthout sttg te gvg com-

panies greater control over their sta or sim-

plifying any possible cuing of sta numbers.

Ele desov-Schmt

most lkel ue to uzz pecepto o the

boundary between public and private in the

ms o m russs lso ue to the

wsh to emostte the posto o powe.

i cotst to the West, ths c go qute be-

o oml expecttos o usg comp

popet o pvte puposes.

5) Penguin practices are business practices

ssocte wth the usge o pesol et-

woks goo eltoshps.

Emplog eltves close es o h-

ing aliated vendors is another tradition

russ busess cultue. Thee e m

esos o ths, such s hgh pemum be-g plce o lolt o tust. Moeove, some

ew emploees mght be eltves close

es o othe ecso mkes mght

ask their networks for advice and help if nec-

ess.

Comp emploees mght be volve

the fulllment of not only their professional

utes, but lso o some pesol tsks, such

Usg comp emploees opesol ees (ssstg ml

membes, bulg epghouses, gg tps lesuectvtes)

Conict of interest of regional ma-ges, emplog eltves, hgalated vendors

Use o oml tes etwoksto secue govemet oes, co-tcts los om stte-owebks

Penguinpctces

Usg such oml tools s kom-promat and security departmentsmtels gst compettos o toput pressure on regional ocials

Usg such oml tools s kom-promat, krugovaya poruka (mutulcocelmet) the secutdepartments materials for mana-gg emploees

Hookpctces

regol mges ecevg kck-

bcks o othe oml ews(o exmple, expesve gts) omveos, supples, bues

Selectg wes o ope teeso the bss o oml elto-shps geemets

Hes o egol subvsosusg comp us to buexpesve cs, telephoes, to po tvel, etc.

Ratpctces

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4. A-Corrupo Aos

4.1 Oal A-Corrupo Aos

The russ govemet hs ckowlege

the poblem o coupto touce

umbe o t-coupto mesues, o

exmple, b ppovg m tetol

ules, such s the Un Coveto gst

Coupto (2006), the OECd Coveto o

Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Ocials

itetol Busess Tsctos (2011)

b toucg ew russ lws, clu-

g the opto o russs ntol at-

Coupto Stteg (2010).

Russia now has its rst ever legal denition of

coupto:12

Coupto

a) misuse of ocial position, giving a bribe,

cceptg bbe, msuse o powe, comme-

cl bbe o othe ulwul use b

individual of his ocial position despite the

legtmte teests o socet the sttein order to obtain benets in form of money,

vlubles o othe popet o sevces o m-

tel tue, othe popet ghts o them-

selves o o th ptes, o ulwul pov-

sion of such benets to the specied person

othe vuls;

b) commiing acts referred to in subpara-

graph a of this paragraph, on behalf of or for

the benet of a legal person.

Moeove, russ hs luche t-coup-

to cmpgs me t mpovg the mgeof some of the state agencies most aected by

coupto. Oe such gec s the russ

polce: russ ctzes e most lkel to hve

paid a bribe to police ocers13. russ bus-

12 feel Lw o the russ feeto

No. 273 On Countering Corruption.

13 BriBEle (2009), Business Registry for

esspeople hve lso cte tht polce o-

cers are highly corrupt: About one quartero ll bbes ws gve to polceme (nel,

2007). Hence some signicant changes have

bee uetke the e-ogzto o the

russ polce, clug se come

other incentives for ocers and a reduction in

ect cotct wth membes o the publc

oe to elmte oppotutes o bbe

o the gou (igoev, 2010). atoll,

the me o russ polce hs bee chge

om militciia to politciia smbolc chge

tht shoul lso cotbute to the postve m-

ge o the russ polce14.

4.2 A-Corrupo aos prormd by

l soy

Cvl socet s stll evelopmet russ.

nevetheless thee e sevel t-coupto

movemets wokg gst coupto.

Anti-corruption NGOs contribute signicant-

l to ths chge, o exmple: indEM (io-mto Scece o democc fouto,

estblshe 1997), the Cete o at-

Coupto resech ittve (Ts-

pec itetol russ, estblshe

2000). Uotutel, russs 2006 nGO lw

hs mpee the wok o m nGOs, clu-

g those elg wth coupto. Excessve

bueuctc egultos ote mout to se-

vee hssmet o nGO ctvtes.

International Bribery and Extortion (BRIBEline) 2009Russia Report (TraCE itetol),hps://secure.

traceinternational.org/data/public/documents/

BRIBElineRussiaReport_2009-64650-1.pdf,

ccesse 22 Ju 2012

14 It might be also seen in a dierent context:

Some private companies might benet from this

chge the om o ew cotcts. The estmte

cost o ew uoms loe s bout 16.5 bllo

rUB.
https://secure.traceinternational.org/data/public/documents/BRIBElineRussiaReport_2009-64650-1.pdfhttps://secure.traceinternational.org/data/public/documents/BRIBElineRussiaReport_2009-64650-1.pdfhttps://secure.traceinternational.org/data/public/documents/BRIBElineRussiaReport_2009-64650-1.pdfhttps://secure.traceinternational.org/data/public/documents/BRIBElineRussiaReport_2009-64650-1.pdfhttps://secure.traceinternational.org/data/public/documents/BRIBElineRussiaReport_2009-64650-1.pdfhttps://secure.traceinternational.org/data/public/documents/BRIBElineRussiaReport_2009-64650-1.pdfhttps://secure.traceinternational.org/data/public/documents/BRIBElineRussiaReport_2009-64650-1.pdf

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Some postve chges coul be obseve

the busess secto too: the teests o smll meum-sze etepses e epesete

b othe nGO OPOra russ (The all-

russ no-Govemetl Ogzto o

Smll Meum Busess, estblshe

2002). i 2010 Gem compes opetg

Russia established the Corporate Ethics Initia-

tve o Busess the russ feeto.15

Moe th 50 compes belog to ths ll-

ce compes coem coupto

o ot ptcpte t. The stuto wth bg

business seems to be dierent, however. The

russ govemet egull teees

the ctvtes o m lge etepses. Ths

inuence is both direct and indirect, and has

been implemented by dierent authorities at

the eel, egol locl levels, but ll

cses t s legl.

Coluso

Corruption is more complex than is oftenthought hs mjo poltcl costs co-

sequeces (Kkls 2005, p. 9). Oe o these

cosequeces s the loss o tetol pes-

tge. The Tspec itetol iex

mght be oe cto o ths. russ hs

much hghe level o coupto th woul be

expecte o cout wth ts level o ecoom-

c evelopmet GdP pe cpt. The hgh

umbe o people levg the cout (eve

hghe th te the Octobe revoluto

1917) and the outow of capital abroad shouldwo the russ govemet s well. i the

Wol Bks Ese o dog Busess stts-

tcs, russ ks 123 out o 183 coutes.

Geing a construction permit, for example,

15 h t t p : / / r u s s l a n d . a h k . d e / e v e n t s /

eventbeschreibungen/2010/corporate-ethics-

initiative-for-business-in-the-russian-federation/,

ccesse 30 august 2012

tkes 540 s eques 53 septe po-

ceues. O vege, 8000 expets (lwes,consultants, auditors and sta of the state ad-

mstto) e volve ocumetg the

ecoomc ctvtes o hpothetcl meum-

sze etepse Moscow.

Sce the collpse o the Sovet Uo, the rus-

s cvl sevce hs bee the stest gow-

g secto tems o totl emplomet. The

number of sta on the payroll of the federal

stte bllooe om bout 500,000 2001 to

lmost 900,000 t the begg o the 2010s.

To, becomg cvl sevt s mog the

most popul cee choces o oug rus-

sians. This is not an indicator of the arac-

tveess o the job s such, sce sles e

low most wok s ucetve mooto-

nous, leaving lile space for personal initia-

tive. Rather, it reects the fact that these posi-

tions oer easy money through opportunities

o kckbcks et extcto. Becuse

e tpe cetes souce o et extcto,

thee s o ush o bueucts to emove t.Qute to the cot, egul poceues e

sometimes articially complicated, delayed or

rigged. Eorts to thin out the bloated thicket of

ules egultos hve so petee out

with lile success, due to the inertia of the sys-

tem. While aiming at improving eciency, the

publc mstto eom o 2004 ot

mge to ess the moe pessg poblem

o oml pctces the cvl sevce tht

vitiate most aempts at introducing new pro-

cedures. In 2011, new eorts were launched totm russ bueucc. fome peset

Meveev oee tht the umbe o cvl

sevts be euce b 20% utl 2013

signed into eect legislation that stipulated

the oe-wow povso o lge umbe

o sevces to ctzes. it ems to be see,

however, whether this signies real change or

whethe t s mostl wow-essg tht -
http://russland.ahk.de/events/eventbeschreibungen/2010/corporate-ethics-initiative-for-business-in-the-russian-federation/http://russland.ahk.de/events/eventbeschreibungen/2010/corporate-ethics-initiative-for-business-in-the-russian-federation/http://russland.ahk.de/events/eventbeschreibungen/2010/corporate-ethics-initiative-for-business-in-the-russian-federation/http://russland.ahk.de/events/eventbeschreibungen/2010/corporate-ethics-initiative-for-business-in-the-russian-federation/http://russland.ahk.de/events/eventbeschreibungen/2010/corporate-ethics-initiative-for-business-in-the-russian-federation/http://russland.ahk.de/events/eventbeschreibungen/2010/corporate-ethics-initiative-for-business-in-the-russian-federation/

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esses the eppheome but ot the oot o

the poblem.Howeve, wtg o the russ stte to

tackle the problem of corruption is like seing

ox to keep the geese. Plpble chge s ot

gog to come bout wthout pessue om

bo llce o busess cvl socet c-

tos. recet evets seem to suggest tht thee

s cuse o hope: The potests gst elec-

toral fraud in the winter of 2011/2012 were the

bggest emosttos russ sce 1993.

The lck o ee electos ws ol the

pm coce o the suce. at eepe

level, the emosttos clle o moe po-

ltcl ptcpto me to bolsh the

Put sstem whch h ege to sel-

sevce stoe o the eltes. new me (socl

me, teet oums, blogs) seem to

be bekthough, especll mog oug

eucte russs. alexe nvl, the best-

kow russ t-coupto blogge16, hs

bee ble to g russ-we pomece

wth hs clls o poou eom o theruss stte. all ll the, russ socet

seems be o the w om pssve obseve to

ctve cto gst coupto.

About the author

d Ele desov-Schmt, MBa, s rus-

s schol wth poessol expeece

russ ust. She hs tught couct-

e esech t the Humbolt Uvest

Bel (Gem), the Ke isttute o theWooow Wlso Cete Wshgto, d.C.

(USa), the Gem isttute o itetol

and Security Aairs (Germany) and currently

at the University of St.Gallen (Swierland).

He m esech teests cove oml

16 hp://navalny.livejournal.com/, ccesse

30 august 2012

busess pctces, coupto coss-cul-

tul mgemet wth ocus o russ.recet publctos: Koupto u -

omelle Pktke m usssche Geschtsle-

be: fllbespele us e Scht uslsche

Uteehme. i: Russland-Analysen (2010),

n. 210, S. 8-10.; ioml Pctces russ.

State Inuence on Foreign Companies Operat-

g russ. i: Informal Relations from Demo-

cratic Representation to Corruption: Case Studies

from Central and Eastern Europe. Stugart: Ibi-

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