euxeinos 2_2011

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011

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Mnpuknnr di zhn Enmznr idr @dynrmfmen fmj E~kz~rn am N~rd|n^maynruazq di Uz- @fkknmppp-`en-~mau`-ehCfmf`am` Njazdr7 Cfraf Zf f̀m`fnyf

@~nuz Njazdr7 Odqfm Wmn|dkuba (Udf!

Mn` dzafzaM` ”MfzadM‛ fMj ”Udea nzq‛7zhn |~okae U|hnrn

aM |dUz#edcc~M aUz o~k`fraf

Zhn uv~frn /Mfzadmfk Fuuncokq/ au zhn |rninrrnj uqcodkae uzf`n idr eayak |rdznuzu fmj |dkazaefkrfkkanu am |duzedcc~mauz O~k`fraf-

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


?N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Mn`dzafzam` ”Mfzadm‛ fmj ”Udeanzq‛7 Zhn \~okae U|hnrn am \duz#Edcc~mauzO~k`frafNjazdrafk

Mfzadmfk Cqzhu am \duz#Edcc~mauz O~k`fraf fmj Zhnar Erazaeauc

Zehfyjfr Cframdy+ Fzhnmu

Ydzam` idr zhn Xnmd|hdoae \frzq ‛Fzfbf– am O~k`fraf- _nuhf|am` Uqcodkae

Od~mjfranu fiznr UdeafkaucMfjè`n _f`fr~+ \frau

Eayak \rdznuz am O~k`fraf7 zhn Founmz Udeafk Erazav~n

Odqfm Wmn|dkuba+ Udf

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7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


5N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Mm ”Mm‛ m ”U‛7z | U m |u#emu o

N j a z d r a f k

Zhn |duz#edcc~mauz |~okae u|hnrn zhfz

ncnr`nj am zhn nfrkq 611<u pfu jdcamfznj oqzhn ajndkdàefk ekfuh |aam` jncderfeq f`famuz

zdzfkazfrafmauc+ eayak udeanzq f`famuz zhn |dkaen

uzfzn+ zhn cfrbnz nedmdcq f`famuz zhn enmzrfkkq

|kfmmnj dmn- Udkyam` zhnun jaknccfu ― uhfrnj

ferduu zhn Nfuz#N~rd|nfm ed~mzranu ― ̀ fyn raun

zd f inp dzhnr+ cdrn u|neae v~nuzadmu7 am phfz

znrcu ed~kj O~k`frafm udeanzq edmuzr~n azunki

fiznr zhn jauamzn`rfzadm di zhn edcc~mauz okde

fmj zhn hdkkdpam` d~z di edcc~mauz ajndkd`q2

phfz bamj di uqcodkae rnud~renu ed~kj az c~uznr

am azu fnc|z zd rnamynmz azunki am zhn mnp

uaz~fzadm4 am zhau u|neae edmznxz+ edmzam~azq

hfu zr~c|nj zhn jnuarn idr f eknfm ornfb pazh

zhn |fuz- Mfzadmfkauc+ ud |rnyfknmz am kfzn

‛udeafkauz– zacnu+ z~rmnj amzd f kf~meh |fj

fmj f ud~ren di nmnrànu idr odzh zhn fedkqznu

di f jd`cfzaefkkq nmef|u~kfznj+ nuunmzafkauz

mfzadmfk ajnmzazq fmj zhnar erazaeu+ zhn kaonrfk

jno~mbnru di mfzadmfk ajnmzazq- Zrfmuidrcnj

amzd |rd|f`fmjf amefmzfzadmu+ zhn mfzadmfk

cqzhu hfyn knmz fm ajndkdàefk rfaudm j‑çzrnzd f m~conr di mfzadmfkauz |frzanu+ pazh Ydknm

Uajnrdy‑u Fzfbf hfyam` fehanynj zhn `rnfznuz

|d|~kfr f||nfk fcdm` zhnc- Zhn |dpnr di

mfzadmfkauz mfrrfzaynu hfu fkud cfmainuznj

azunki am hagfebam` mnp udeafk jayauadmu7 zhnq

pnrn nzhamaeawnj+ fmj zhn ir~uzrfzadmu zhnq

qankjnj pnrn ehfmmnknj zdpfrju mfzadmfkauz

hfzrnj- Dm zhn dzhnr hfmj+ zhn uzraezkq udeafk

(erazaefk! amznr|rnzfzadmu di |duz#edcc~mauz

rnfkazq ― fu+ idr zhfz cfnr+ zhn ynrq `nmrn di

udeafk erazaeauc ― jauernjaznj zd f u~ouzfmzafkjn`rnn oq zhn ifaknj uzfzn udeafkauc |rdgnez+

hfyn |rdynm cfràmfk+ kfebam` acfàmfzadm

fmj |d|~kfr f||nfk+ fmj amef|fokn di knmjam`

cnfmamì~kmnuu fmj jarnezadm zd |rnunmz jfq

udeafk |rdznuzu oq O~k`frafm eazawnmu-

Zhn pfq zhnq frn frrfm`nj+ zhn edmzrao~zadmu

zd zhn e~rrnmz auu~n |rnunmz fm fnc|z zd uhnj

ka`hz dm ‛zhn mfzadmfk– fmj ‛zhn udeafk– irdc zhn

|nru|nezayn di zhnar ac|drzfmen am O~k`frafm

|duz#edcc~mauz |~okaeazq fu pnkk fu zdamynuza`fzn hdp zhnq hfyn onnm frzae~kfznj idr

|dkazaefk |~r|dunu- Ehfyjfr Cframdy‑u |anen

edcnu ~| pazh fm fmfkquau di zhn bnq mfzadmfk

cqzhu ― jnfkam` pazh zhn fmeanmz Zhrfeafm

kn`feq+ zhn O~k`frafm mfzadmfk _nyayfk+

Cfenjdmaf+ nze- ― phaeh hfyn+ pazh f uz~mmam`

nfun+ d~zkaynj zhn ajndkdàefk kfodrfzdrq di

kfzn edcc~mauz rnàcn fmj zhraynj am zhn

fzcdu|hnrn di ‛|duz#edcc~mauz |k~rfkazq di

ajnfu–- Fu f ed~mznr|damz zd hauzdraefk cqzh#

cfbam`+ Cframdy hfu |rdknj zhn erazaefk

ydaenu am O~k`frafm h~cfmazanu am zhnar jrayn

zd rnyanp mfzadmfk ajnmzazq oq v~nuzadmam` azu

~mjnrkqam` uznrndzq|nu- Zhn zfub zhn f~zhdr

ide~unu dm au zd znkk zhn jd`cfzae hauzdraefk

|nru|nezaynu f|frz irdc zhn erazaefk dmnu dm

zhn knynku di odzh jaued~runu fmj amuzaz~zadmu-

Irdc zhau yfmzf`n |damz+ zhn zrfjazadmfk h~ou

eh~rmam` d~z hauzdrq bmdpknj`n ―~maynruazanu

fmj fefjncae amuzaz~znu ― hfyn zd f kfr`n nxznmz

|rdynm fu zhn ̀ ~frjafmu di zhn ‛~mfj~kznrfznj–mfzadmfk mfrrfzayn phnrnfu zhn erazaeu di zhau

mfrrfzayn rfzhnr onkdm` zd nazhnr cfràmfk

fefjncae d~zzu dr dzhnr ueanmzae nkju

(fmzhrd|dkd`q+ udeadkd`q+ kaznrfrq uz~janu!+ dr

pdrb idr zhn mdm#`dynrmcnmzfk unezdr-

Zhn mfzadmfk cqzhu+ u|nfrhnfjnj oq odzh

fefjncae fmj |d|~kfr |~okaefzadmu+ hfyn

nmgdqnj f ordfj fmj onmnydknmz cnjaf

edynrf`n2 zhnq hfyn fkud |rdyajnj zhn

id~mjfzadmu zd mnp |dkazaefk |rdgnezu- Mfjn`n_f`fr~‑u frzaekn dnru fm amua`hz amzd Fzfbf‑u

|dkazaefk dn~yrn rnuzam` dm f u|neae edebzfak

di udeafk auu~nu fmj gam`dauz uznrndzq|nu- Zhn

amg~uzaen di zhn mnp udeafk drjnr+ zhn nkaznu‑

unkk#d~z+ zhn |k~mjnr di uzfzn fuunzu j~ram`

zhn zrfmuazadm qnfru+ zhn |ka`hz di drjamfrq

eazawnmu fcaj zhn mnp eare~cuzfmenu7 zhnun

frn fkk zd|aeu zhfz hfyn uzrdm`kq ef|z~rnj

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


>N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Mm cu m |u#emu o m z eu

oq Zehfyjfr Cframdy+ Fzhnmu

gnrb |fnrmu am mfrrfzam` zhn |fuz fu pnkk fu

zhn |nruauznmen di hauzdraefk uqcodkauc pazh

uzrdm` nzhmd#cdoakawam` fezadm7 zhnun frn fkk

cfmainuzfzadmu di udcnzham`+ phaeh ― pazh

fkk j~n rnunryfzadmu ― ca`hz on ajnmzanj fu

‛mfzadmfk– fmj$dr ‛hauzdraefk– cqzhu- Zhn

cduz uzf``nram` efun pfu zhn edmzrdynruq

frd~mj f rnunfreh |rdgnez zhfz hfj frnj ~|

knuu zhfm zpd qnfru |radr zd ?<<1+ phnm zhn

uzfzncnmz am d~r d|nmam` v~dzn pfu cfjn-Zpd rnunfrehnru ― f O~k`frafm \hJ uz~jnmz am

@nrcfmq fmj f pnkk#bmdpm F~uzrafm hauzdrafm

fmj fmzhrd|dkdàuz ― pnrn edmjncmnj idr

hfyam` jnmanj zhn rnfkazq di fm hauzdrae nynmz

zhfz zddb |kfen am 6809 fmj onefcn pajnkq

bmdpm fu zhn Ofzfb ukf~`hznr- Az rninru zd zhn

bakkam` di mnfrkq ?<<< O~k`frafm Ehrauzafmu oq

C~ukac fmza#amu~r`nmeq |frfcakazfranu am zhn

|rdenuu di uzfc|am` d~z fm ~|rauam` f`famuz

zhn Ddcfm r~kn?- Phfz fez~fkkq zra``nrnj

zhn mfzadmfkauz hquznraf ― zhfz u|akknj d~zferduu cnjaf fmj zdpm uv~frnu fmj infz~rnj

|dkazaeafmu (amek~jam` zhn ed~mzrq‑u |rnuajnmz!

― pfu zhn pfq zhn pdrj ‛cqzh– pfu ~unj am

? Unn zhn |rdgnez‑u |~okaefzadm7 Cfrzamf Ofknyf+ ^ki

Or~mmof~nr (nju-!+ Offb Fu f \kfen di Cncdrq $

Ofzfb- Nam o~k`frauehnr Nrammnr~mùdrz+ Udf7 Aw#

zdb#Wf|fj+ ?<<0-

F

Zhn |f|nr jaue~uunu zhn hauzdrq#rnkfznj mfzadmfk cqzhu di edmznc|drfrq O~k`fraf fmj zhn |~okae erazaeaucknynkknj f`famuz zhnc- F uzram` di cfuu#uefkn rnfezadmu uamen zhn nfrkq 611<u ~| ~mzak zhn |rnunmz jfq hfyn

rnynfknj hdp nmzrnmehnj zhn mn`fzayn uznrndzq|nu zdpfrju mfzadmfk camdrazanu dr mna`hod~ru+ zhn uac|kaiqam`

hauzdraefk mfrrfzaynu+ fmj zhn hauzdraefk uqcodku pazh |dpnri~k nzhmd#cdoakawfzadm |dznmzafk+ frn fcdm`

O~k`frafmu- Zhnun edmzrayfmenu hfyn onnm u~ognez zd erazaefk uer~zamq oq fefjncaeu pdrbam` dm onhfki di

unynrfk M@Du- Udeafk ueanmzauzu+ e~kz~rfk fmzhrd|dkdàuzu fmj kaznrfrq uehdkfru hfyn wnrdnj am dm zhn mfrrdpkq

nzhmae zpauz di mfzadmfk ajnmzazq fmj zhn idràm` di f mfzadmfkauz cqzhdkd`q- F inp hauzdrafmu hfyn kf~mehnj

f uen|zaefk rnyauadm di unynrfk bnq hauzdraefk cqzhu+ n-`- zhn ‛Z~rbauh qdbn–+ zhn ‛Mfzadmfk _nyayfk nrf–+ nze-

Qnz zhn rn|nre~uuadmu di zhau fefjncae dr M@D d~z|~z fcdm` zhn ordfjnr |~okae am O~k`fraf au amjnnj rfzhnr

kacaznj-

A 7

‛Zhn O~k`frafmu udonrnj ifuznr zhfm zhnar Ofkbfm

mna`hod~ru- Mdp az au zhn Unrou‑ z~rm zd udonr- O~z

az au ̀ dam` zd on nynm hfrjnr am Cfenjdmaf+ zhnq frn

uzakk `nam` jr~mb d~z zhnrn- Zhn Fkofmafmu ca`hz

on ifeam` zhn uznn|nuz ehfkknm`n udonram`…–6- Zhau

fuu~rfmen pfu rnenmzkq cfjn oq O~k`frafm

rnunfrehnru bmdpm zd uhfrn f eayae edccazcnmzam edcofzam` jaueracamfzadm di nzhmae dr

rnkaàd~u camdrazanu- Irdc zhn edc|fraudm pazh

azu mna`hod~ram` Ofkbfm ed~mzranu+ O~k`fraf

hfu ncnr`nj fu f hnfrznmam` uhdpefun7 zhn

‛udonram`– au zhn f~zhdru‑ cnzf|hdr idr zhn

mfzadm‑u fkkn`nj uerfcokam` d~z di mfzadmfk

cqzhu-

Hdpnynr+ f jaf`mduau fu d|zacauzae fu zhau

ca`hz kddb udcnphfz pnarj irdc f m~conr di

|nru|nezaynu- Phfz f uzram` di nynmzu fmj |~okae

rnfezadmu am |duz#edcc~mauz O~k`fraf uamenzhn nfrkq 611<u ~mzak zhn |rnunmz jfq rnynfku

au f rfzhnr nmzrnmehnj mn`fzayn uznrndzq|am`

di camdrazanu fmj mna`hod~ru+ f unz di bmnn#

6 \nzfr#Ncak Cazny+ Fmzdmamf Whnkqfwbdyf+ @drfm

Uzdgbdyuba+ ‛Cfenjdmaf fz Erduurdfju AAA+ Edmek~#

uadm–+ B~kz~rf (f pnnbkq!+ 1 Gfm~frq ?<<1+ fyfakfokn

fz7 h|7$$ppp-b~kz~rf-o`$o`$frzaekn$yanp$6>6<:(am

O~k`frafm!-

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


9N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Zehfyjfr Cframdy

fm amazafk ynruadm di zhn Ofzfb |rdgnez- Nynm

zhd~`h zhn ncofknj rnunfrehnru hfj rnudrznjzd zhn znrc‑u uzraeznr fefjncae ac|kaefzadmu

rfzhnr zhfm azu |d|~kfr cnfmam` di f ‛hdfx– dr

‛edmzrayfmen–+ zhn ~mknfuhnj |~okae rnu|dmun

pfu orfmjauham` zhn jnzfaku di zhn ukf~`hznr

fu f hauzdraefk nynmz- I~rzhnrcdrn+ onqdmj

zhn jrq ifezu+ Ofzfb pfu hnkj ~| fu f mfzadmfk

ufmezazq zfrmauhnj oq ‛fmza#O~k`frafm idrenu–-

U|frbknu uzakk aebnr frd~mj zhn ‛Ofzfb jnmafk–

am cnjaf dr pnouaznu+ fmj nynm am zhn Mfzadmfk

Fuuncokq am Udf- Am nfrkq F|rak ?<66+ zhn

O~k`frafm Nfuz Drzhdjdx eh~reh efmdmawnj

zhn 6809 yaezacu-

Zh~u+ zhn |dkncae hfu ~mpaam`kq |rdynm zhn

fuu~c|zadm zhfz zhn Ofzfb ukf~`hznr au f cqzh

am zhn u|neae unmun fu f uqcodkae edmuzr~ez

pazh f |dpnri~k ajnmzazq ehfr`n nrneznj

frd~mj f rnfk hauzdraefk nynmz2 az hfu fkud

uhdpm hdp |dpnri~k zhau bamj di edmuzr~ezu

frn am zdjfq‑u O~k`fraf- Zhn ekaehá zhfz zhn

O~k`frafmu frnm‑z ‛v~azn fu ehf~yamauzu– fu zhn

mna`hod~ram` mfzadmu+ u~nrnj f rnud~mjam`jninfz- Qnz frn zhnrn eayae dr fefjncae eareknu

am zhn ed~mzrq phd frn rnfjq fmj pakkam` zd

ifen ~| zd mfzadmfkauz znmnzu fmj frn ef|fokn di

rnuauzam` zhn rne~rrnmz nzhmae cdoakaufzadmu4

Fm fnc|z zd fmupnr zhau v~nuzadm uhd~kj on

ofunj ― idr zhn ufbn di ekfrazq ― dm |rnunmzam`

zhn hauzdraefk cqzhu di zhn nzhmae cfgdrazq am

O~k`fraf-

O

Zhn bnq dmn fcdm` zhnc pfu rninrrnj zd fodyn7

‛zhn Z~rbauh qdbn– (dr ‛ukfynrq– am f cdrn

kaznrfk rnmjazadm! fu zhn Ddcfm jdcamfzadm

irdc zhn kfzn XAY enmz~rq ~| ~mzak 6808 hfu

onnm znrcnj am zhn |d|~kfr ― fu pnkk fu zhn

fefjncae ― jaued~run- Zhn ‘qdbn‑ hfu zq|aefkkq

onnm |famznj am zhn jfrbnuz di edkd~ru fu fm nrf

di ofrofrae+ ‛Dranmzfk– jnu|dzauc+ phaeh oq

jnif~kz hfu ̀ dmn hfmj#am#hfmj pazh uquzncfzaefmj amjnueraofokq er~nk fo~unu di zhn nc|arn‑u

Ehrauzafm |d|~kfzadm+ idrenj cfuu#uefkn

aukfcaufzadmu+ nze- Zhn cdrn nxzrncn ynruadmu

jnueraon O~k`frafmu fu yaezacu di f ‛`nmdeajn–

uacakfr zd zhn Frcnmafm dmn-

Jnu|azn zhn ‛qdbn‑u jfrb f`nu–+ zhn mfzadmfk

ajndkd`q |rdyajnu zhn O~k`frafmu pazh f

m~conr di rnfudmu zd on |rd~j7 az au edccdmkq

u~rcaunj zhnq pnrn edmuauznmzkq fmj hnrdaefkkq

rnuauzam` zhn fkanm d||rnuuadm- Onuajnu+ zhn nrf

di zhn ud#efkknj O~k`frafm Mfzadmfk _nyayfk

(uzfmjfrjkq jfznj 609?#6808! hfu onnm f |damz

di u|neae nc|hfuau fmj ― am cfmq pfqu #

rdcfmzaeauam`- Dm zhn dzhnr hfmj+ zhnrn au

f |rnyfakam` fuu~c|zadm zhfz zhn Ddcfm

edmv~nuz hfj dokaznrfznj f `kdrad~u O~k`frafm

cnjanyfk eayakaufzadm- Nynr uamen azu oarzh am

zhn XAX enmz~rq+ zhn kdefk mfzadmfk ajndkd`q

hfu amyfrafokq kauznj zhn Ukfyae fk|hfonz fmj

prazam`+ ernfznj oq zhn Oqwfmzamn cauuadmfranu

Edmuzfmzamn#Eqrak fmjc

nzhdja~u am zhnAX enmz~rq+ fcdm` zhn ‛O~k`frafm– e~kz~rfk

fehanyncnmzu- Zhn ekaehá di fm amja`nmd~u

rnmfauufmen am zhn frzu+ phaeh o~r`ndmnj nynm

onidrn zhn Pnuz N~rd|nfm dmn+ au uzakk onam`

uqmjaefznj+ cduzkq ofunj dm zhn XAAA e- c~rfku

am zhn Odqfmf Eh~reh mnfr Udf-

Zhn dra`amu di O~k`frafm eayakaufzadm frn

udcnzacnu efuz nynm i~rzhnr ofeb am zacn- F

ydk~camd~u efehn di fcfzn~rauh ― qnz mdz

pazhd~z zhn jarnez amydkyncnmz di fefjncae

hauzdrafmu fmj frehfndkd`auzu ― |~okaefzadmuhfu |aknj ~| uamen zhn nfrkq 611<u kadmauam` zhn

fmeanmz+ |f`fm |rdzd#O~k`frafmu- Zhau kaznrfz~rn

au zhn |akkfr di zhn ‛|rdzd#o~k`frdcfmaf–

zhfz nmgdqu f u~ouzfmzafk |d|~kfr f||nfk fmj

ernjazu zhn O~k`frafm fmenuzdru pazh m~cnrd~u

amynmzadmu+ n-`- ‛dmn di zhn cduz fee~rfzn–

efknmjfru di h~cfmbamj- Zhn kfuz jnefjn hfu

unnm zhn fezayn rneqekam` idr |d|~kfr ~uf`n di

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


0N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Zehfyjfr Cframdy

zhn fmeanmz Zhrfeafmu+ phd hfj fkrnfjq onnm

|rdcdznj fu eayakaufzadm fmenuzdru fmj ̀ nmnzaebam di zhn O~k`frafmu j~ram` zhn 610<u+ am zhn

edmznxz di zhn e~kz~rfk |dkaeq ehfc|admnj oq

Kq~jcakf Whaybdyf+ zhn kfzn jf~`hznr di zhn

edcc~mauz |frzq#uzfzn r~knr+ Zdjdr Whaybdy-

Zhn Zhrfeafmu hfyn fkud onnm ernjaznj pazh

cf`maenmz e~kz~rfk fehanyncnmzu cfjn

amjn|nmjnmzkq irdc zhn fmeanmz @rnnb dr

_dcfm eayakaufzadmu7 zhn Zhrfeafm zrnfu~rn

zrdynu frn uzakk rn|rnunmzam` O~k`fraf am

c~un~cu frd~mj zhn pdrkj odduzam` mfzadmfk

unki#nuznnc ofeb am zhnar ‛cdzhnrkfmj–-

F|frz irdc zhn dynrokdpm ekfacu am zhn e~kz~rfk

u|hnrn+ zhnun am |dkazaeu fmj uzfznhddj frn fkud

pdrzh cnmzadmam`- Zhn cnjanyfk O~k`frafm

uzfzn cf| hfu onnm ~mfofuhnjkq uzrnzehnj

d~z am odzh hauzdrae fzkfunu fmj Z#uharzu- Nynm

zhd~`h zhnrn au md kfeb di ardmq am zhn pfq zhn

ukd`fm ‛O~k`fraf dm zhrnn unfu– au |nrenaynj

zdjfq+ zhn ordfjnr |~okae |rnjdcamfmzkq

`aynu ernjaz zd f idrcajfokn kauz di ‛kduz kfmju–

zhfz O~k`fraf au ― odzh ‛hauzdraefkkq– fmj‛nzhmaefkkq– ― nmzazknj zd ekfac- Zd| |kfen am

zhn kauz au fkkdefznj zd Cfenjdmaf+ f kfmj zhfz

idr fmq `ddj rnfudm v~fkanu fu O~k`frafm

mfzadmfk cqzh+ kabn zhn Bdudyd cqzh idr Unroaf

dr zhn Zrfmuqkyfmafm cqzh idr H~m`frq- Phfz

unncu zd |rdyajn zhn bnq ir~uzrfzadm hnrn au

zhn Cfenjdmafmu‑ oaj zd on f un|frfzn mfzadm-

Zhn mdzadm zhfz zhn kfnr pfu ‛frzaeafkkq

ernfznj– pazham edcc~mauz Q~`dukfyaf fmj

zhfz Cfenjdmafm kfm`~f`n au md cdrn zhfm f

O~k`frafm jafknez hfu nmgdqnj fm d~zuzfmjam`e~rrnmeq ― nynm fcdm` amznkknez~fku phd znmj

zd ̀ d v~azn ‛kaonrfk– dm hauzdraefk auu~nu-

Am |frfkknk pazh zhfz+ zhn hauzdrq zf~`hz fz

uehddk hfu e~kzayfznj fcdm` O~k`frafmu zhn

innkam` zhfz zhnq hfyn fkpfqu kduz ― ~mifarkq+

jnu|azn zhnar `fkkfmzrq fz zhn ofkn nkj ― dm

zhn |dkazaefk frnmf7 zhau hfu |frzafkkq onnm

frao~znj zd ac|nrafkauz znmjnmeanu fcdm`

zhn `rnfz |dpnru (jn|nmjam` dm |dkazaefk oafu+

zhnun ed~kj on dmn dr cdrn Pnuz N~rd|nfmed~mzranu+ zhn Pnuz am `nmnrfk+ dr _~uuaf!-

m~rz~rnj oq hauzdrq znxzoddbu+ zhn O~k`frafm

cfrzqrjdc cqzh hfu onnm rnamidrenj oq zhn

ekaehá zhfz jnn| jdpm azu edrn zhau hfu nynr

onnm ‛f zdknrfmz mfzadm– zhfz ef~unj md |fam

zd cnconru di fmq dzhnr mfzadmfk edcc~mazq

fmj u~uzfamnj f ~mav~n nzhmae ednxauznmen

cdjnk am azu ‛dpm– uzfzn- Am zhau unezadm+

|rnynmzam` zhn jn|drzfzadm di frd~mj ><+<<<

O~k`frafm Gnpu zd Mfwa jnfzh efc|u j~ram`

Pdrkj Pfr AA hfu onedcn zhn cduz nx|kdaznj

hauzdraefk nynmz- O~k`frafm udeanzq hdpnynr

hfu rni~unj zd uhd~kjnr fmq rnu|dmuaoakazq idr

cdrn zhfm 66+<<< Gnpu phd pnrn jn|drznj

irdc zhn dee~|anj znrrazdranu di @rnnen fmj

Q~`dukfyaf- Zhn c~kza|kn efc|fa`mu idr zhn

nx|~kuadm di cfgdr |drzadmu di zhn jdcnuzae

C~ukac |d|~kfzadm uamen zhn 6808 ernfzadm

di zhn O~k`frafm uzfzn ~| ~mzak zhn 618<u+ zhn

fo~un edccanj zd zhau |d|~kfzadm `rd~|

dr zhn jnuzr~ezadm di zhn Ddcfm e~kz~rfkhnrazf`n hfyn mnynr onnm f |d|~kfr jaue~uuadm

zd|ae- Zhn eracnu efrranj d~z f`famuz dzhnr

Ofkbfm |nd|kn j~ram` zhn Unedmj Ofkbfm Pfr

am 6165 dr j~ram` zhn zpd pdrkj pfru ̀ nz nynm

knuu di f cnmzadm-

Z ‑

Zhn fjd|zadm di fmq bamj di |dkaeq am hauzdrq

fmj cncdrq+ zhfz ed~kj ha`hka`hz zhn

ncofrrfuuam` ifezu fmj h~cokn zhn ekfacu idr|fuz `kdrq+ au uzakk onam` u~eenuui~kkq pfrjnj

d oq zhn ekaehá zhfz zhn O~k`frafmu ― ~mkabn

zhnar ehf~yamauzae mna`hod~ru ― frn zdd

~mfuu~cam`+ zhfz zhnq nynm kfeb mfzadmfk unki#

nuznnc- Hnmen+ zhn ekfac zhfz zhnq frn zhn dmkq

dmnu dm zhn Ofkbfmu zhfz hfyn u~eenuui~kkq

udonrnj d~z di mfzadmfkauc- Fu f cfnr di ifez+

zhn |duz#edcc~mauz zrfmuazadm |nradj hfu nynm

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


8N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Zehfyjfr Cframdy

i~rzhnr nmzrnmehnj O~k`frafm mfzadmfkauc-

Oq fmj kfr`n+ zhn kfnr hfu zrfjazadmfkkq `dmnfkdm` zpd bnq ‛fxnu–- Zhn ruz dmn au fmza#

Z~rbauh dr fmza#Aukfcae2 az hfu onnm cfmainuz am

zhn ‛Z~rbauh qdbn– jaued~run fu pnkk fu am zhn

|rnyfknmz faz~jnu zdpfrju Z~rbnq fmj zhn

C~ukac camdrazanu am zhn ed~mzrq- Zhn unedmj

fxau au zhn arrnjnmzauz dmn zhfz cduzkq o~uanu

azunki pazh zhn ud#efkknj Cfenjdmafm v~nuzadm-

Am odzh frnfu+ O~k`frafm udeanzq pfu |rdid~mjkq

amjdezramfznj pazh ehf~yamauzae znmnzu ~mjnr

zhn Whaybdy rnàcn+ uacakfr zd zhn _dcfmafmu‑

amjdezramfzadm ~mjnr Enf~unue~ dr zhfz di zhn

Fkofmafmu ~mjnr Nmynr Hdxhf- Am zhn fiznrcfzh

di zhn 6111 nynmzu+ zhn eareknu ajnmzaiqam` pazh

zhn idrcnr rnàcn v~azn edmuauznmzkq zranj zd

u~uzfam knàzacfeq zhrd~`h zhn edjn#pdrju

di ‛|fzradzauc–+ rfkkqam` zhncunkynu f`famuz

zhn rnyauadmu di hauzdrq amu|arnj oq ‛fkanm

idrenu–- Qnz zhn mnp fmza#edcc~mauz jaued~run

efuz azunki amzd zhn cdjn di rnaznrfzam` dr

nynm i~rzhnr amfzam` zhn fkrnfjq nmzrnmehnj

|nradj |anenu+ nu|neafkkq dm mduzfkàe u~ognezukabn Cfenjdmaf- Azu fedkqznu ekfac zhfz zhn

edcc~mauz rnàcn pfu ‛mfzadmfkkq mahakauzae–

am azu edrn fmj udkj O~k`frafm amznrnuzu d~z zd

Cduedp-

^mjnr zhn eare~cuzfmenu+ amuznfj di ofuham`

mfzadmfk cqzhu+ zhn |duz#edcc~mauz |k~rfkazq

di ajnfu nm`nmjnrnj |frfmdaf- Nynr uamen zhn

nfrkq 611<u+ zhn uefrn zhfz idr cau~mjnruzddj

|dkazaefk edrrnezmnuu ― odrrdpnj irdc zhn Pnuz

dr u|dmudrnj oq Z~rbnq ― udcn hauzdrafmu

fmj |dkaeqcfbnru pnrn pakkam` zd u~ouzaz~znn~|hncaucu kabn ‛zhn Ddcfm |rnunmen–

idr zhn edccdmkq feen|znj ‛Z~rbauh qdbn–

pfu cfbam` pfynu ferduu O~k`frafm udeanzq-

Fkkn`fzadmu frn rain zhfz zdjfq‑u hauzdrq

uehddkoddbu ifak zd zrnfz zhn ‛Z~rbauh qdbn–

am f u~eanmzkq |fzradzae pfq dr nynm |rnznmj

zhfz md u~eh nynr nxauznj- Fz f kfznr uzf`n+

zhnun dounuuadmu pnrn edc|kncnmznj oq zhn

|fmae zhfz zhn |dnc ‛A Fc f k akn O~k`frafm–

oq Ayfm Yfwdy (68><#61?6!+ rnynrnj fu zhn`rnfznuz mfzadmfk praznr+ pd~kj on jrd||nj

irdc uehddk |racnru- Am G~mn ?<66+ j~ram` f

|fzradzae hdkajfq+ dynr ?: <<< ehakjrnm fkk dynr

zhn ed~mzrq zddb |frz am f pno |drzfk amazafzayn

zd rneazn uac~kzfmnd~ukq ‛A fc f k akn

O~k`frafm–7 zhn nynmz pfu u~||dunj zd jrayn

hdcn zhn ajnf zhfz+ jnu|azn fkk jnzrfezdru+

odzh Yfwdy‑u pdrb fmj O~k`frafm ajnmzazq pakk

zhrayn idrnynr-

Uzakk+ frn zhnrn nxen|zadmu ― n-`- |~okae |nrudmfn

dr fefjncae eareknu ― zhfz hfyn d|znj d~z di zhn

mfzadmfkauz jaued~run dr nynm fezaynkq rnuauznj

az4

Y

Kabn cduz ehfm`nu am |duz#edcc~mauz

|~okae kain am O~k`fraf+ zhn rnf||rfaufk di zhn

i~mjfcnmzfk mfzadmfk ajnmzazq cqzhu pfu zd

f kfr`n jn`rnn |rdcdznj irdc d~zuajn zhn

ed~mzrq- Zhn mdm`dynrmcnmz unezdr |kfqnjzhn ac|drzfmz rdkn di f cnjafzdr+ v~azn diznm

ofunj dm i~mjam` irdc zhn D|nm Udeanzq

cn`f#id~mjfzadm di @ndr`n Udrdu- Hnmen zhn

nmzrnmehnj edmyaezadm fcdm` zhdun mduzfkàe

idr zhn idrcnr rnàcn (fmj fcdm` dzhnru

fu pnkk! zhfz zhn Pnuz+ zhn ÛF dr+ amjnnj+

‛zhn `kdofk Gnpauh edmu|arfeq–+ hfu onnm

u|dmudram` f |rdenuu di ‛jnmfzadmfkawfzadm– di

zhn O~k`frafm mfzadm- F|frz irdc zhn m~cnrd~u

M@Du fmj h~cfm ra`hzu dr`fmaufzadmu+ n-`-

zhn O~k`frafm Hnkuamba Edccann+ fefjncaeeareknu hfyn fkud onnm erazaefk di mfzadmfkauc-

Zhn zpd rnfkcu frn mdz fez~fkkq ~medmmneznj-

Cduz fefjncaeu pdrbam` am zhn h~cfmazanu

phd onefcn bmdpm idr zhnar fmza#mfzadmfkauz

eayak uzfmen dr nynm `famnj f rn|~zfzadm fu

‛cqzh o~uznru– hfyn fz knfuz cfjn f |fuuam`

zhrd~`h zhn eayak unezdr- Zhnq diznm pdrb

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


1N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Zehfyjfr Cframdy

dm |rdgnezu di Udf#ofunj zhamb#zfmbu fiznr

hfyam` uz~janj dr zf~`hz fordfj oq jamz dizhn ufcn mnzpdrbu+ n-`- zhn Enmzrfk N~rd|nfm

^maynruazq am O~jf|nuz- Udcn di zhn M@Du

edccanj zd zhn ofkn idr nmhfmeam`

O~k`frafm eayae e~kz~rn dr odduzam` Ofkbfm

|dkazaefk ~mjnruzfmjam`+ hfyn onnm hnfjnj oq

hauzdrafmu dr dzhnr h~cfmazfrafm fefjncaeu-

Udcn di zhnun mnp enmzrnu hfyn |~okauhnj

yfk~fokn rnunfreh dm nzhmae dr rnkaàd~u

edcc~mazanu am zhn ed~mzrq+ |rdcdznj

amazafzaynu zd u~||drz O~k`frafm ‛eayak udeanzq–+

pdrbnj dm |fm#Ofkbfm |rdgnezu fmfkquam`

‛zhn acf`n di zhn dzhnr–+ zh~u edmzrao~zam`

zd zhn uhfbn~| di |d|~kfr mfzadmfkauz cqzhu-

Hdpnynr+ zhn pfq zhn M@D pdrkj i~mezadmu+

pazh azu jncfmj idr f ifuz |rdj~ez (uzrfznàe

|dkaeq |f|nru rfzhnr zhfm fez~fk rnunfreh!

zd feed~mz idr zhn i~mjam` zfbnm ~|+ hfu

udcnphfz jauzdrznj zhn erazaefk rnfuunuucnmz

di mfzadmfkauz uznrndzq|nu- Az hfu zdd diznm

onnm rnj~enj zd zrayafk |dkazaefk edrrnezmnuu-

am f m~conr di efunu+ zhn rnu~kz hfu onnm f

kfeb di jnn|nr rnnezadm dm zhn auu~nu fmj

cdrfk eqmaeauc7 zhn edmenuuadm zhfz enrzfam

unzu di auu~nu (n-`- zhn camdrazanu‑ edmjazadm+

nu|neafkkq zhn |ka`hz di zhn _dcf |d|~kfzadm+

nze-! |rdyajn f pammam` efrj am zhn `hzu

dynr |rdgnez i~mjam` hfu rna`mnj u~|rncn-

Pnkk nmzrnmehnj ekaeháu ― kabn zhn dmn di

zhn ‛udonrnj O~k`frafmu– rninrrnj zd fz zhn

onàmmam` ― frn mdz ud hfrj zd edcn oq am

|~okaefzadmu di M@D#fezayn nx|nrzu-

Pazh zhn |rdyaud zhfz am zhn kdefk edmznxzzhn jauzamezadm onzpnnm zhn eayak unezdr fmj

~maynruazq$fefjncae eareknu au jae~kz zd cfbn+

az ca`hz on ekfacnj zhfz fcdm` zhn fefjncae

`rd~| zhfz cduz jarnezkq rnkfznu zd mfzadmfkauz

cqzhcfbam` ― zhn hauzdrafmu ― zhn nydk~zadm

zdpfrju f `nm~amn erazav~n hfu onnm ukdp zd

`fam cdcnmz~c- Zhau efm |rnjdcamfmzkq on

frao~znj zd zhn ifez zhfz hauzdrq ueanmen am zhau

ed~mzrq au uzakk rn`frjnj fu f |fzradzae v~nuz+

fmj zhn hauzdrafm hfu onnm kddbnj ~| zd fu zhn`~frjafm di zhn |~razq fmj ernjaoakazq di zhn

mfzadmfk mfrrfzayn- Az au fkud f edmunv~nmen di

zhn |rnyfknmen di fm doudknzn unz di edmen|zu

fmj cnzhdju zhfz hfyn |rdynm jae~kz zd

d~zkayn nynm fcdm` ‛|k~``nj#am– hauzdrafmu-

Zhau au phq zhn ~mjnrcamam` di zhn mfrrdpkq

nzhmae frzae~kfzadm di mfzadmfk ajnmzazq hfu diznm

onnm zfbnm ~| oq h~cfmazfrafm rnunfrehnru

irdc fjgfenmz nkju+ n-`- udeafk ueanmenu+

e~kz~rfk fmzhrd|dkd`q dr |hakdud|hq5- Az pfu

f`fam zhn hauzdraefk cqzhu zhfz efcn amzd zhn

erduuhfaru di udcn qd~m`nr kaznrfrq dr e~kz~rfk

hauzdrafmu- Zhnq |rdj~enj f uzram` di uz~janu+

u|neaefkkq dm zhn ezadm fmj mdmezadm

prazam` irdc zhn ud#efkknj O~k`frafm _nyayfk+

zhfz hfyn edmzrao~znj zd zhn rnzhamb di zhn pfq

O~k`frafm mfzadmfk ajndkd`q ― fmj cqzhdkd`q

― hfu onnm hauzdraefkkq edmuzr~eznj:- Fu f

rnu~kz+ zhn jaue~uuadm di mfzadmfk cqzhu hfu

`famnj zhn rn|~zfzadm fu zhn z~ri di kaznrfrq

hauzdrafmu fmj e~kz~rfk fmzhrd|dkdàuzu+ zh~ufkanmfzam` |rdinuuadmfk hauzdrafmu-

Hdpnynr+ rnunfreh edcam` irdc udeafk

dr e~kz~rn ueanmenu hfu onnm oq fmj kfr`n

rnuzraeznj oq azu ide~u dm hdp edkknezayn

edmen|zadmu frn ernfznj fmj phfz ac|kaefzadmu

zhnq hfyn hfj- Zhnun uz~janu hfyn uhnj ka`hz dm

zhn ~un fmj fo~un di ‛edkknezayn cncdrq– o~z

mnynr hfj zhn ef|feazq dr zhn fac zd v~nuzadm

zhn ynrfeazq di azu edmuzr~ezu- Zhn kfnr hfu

amjnnj onnm |nrenaynj fu f ‛|duazayauzae– auu~n

zhfz e~kz~rfk zhndrauzu+ udeadkdàuzu dr kaznrfrq

5 F inp mfcnu frn pdrzh cnmzadmam` hnrn+ n-`-

Ayfakd Jazehny+ \nzqf Bfofbehanyf+ Kakafmf Jnqf#

mdyf+ Cfqf @rnbdyf-

: Idr amuzfmen7 Fkonmf Hrfmdyf+ Kfm`~f`n Fmj

Azu U|nnehnu+ Udf7 Ia`~rf+ ?<<<2 Jnuaukfyf Kakdyf+

_nyayfk Ac|kaefzadmu Di Zhn Mfzadmfk Mfcn+ Udf7

\rduynzf+ ?<<52 Mabdkfq Frnzdy+ Mfzadmfk Cqzhdkd#

`q Fmj Mfzadmfk Kaznrfz~rn+ Udf7 V~nnm Cfo+ ?<<9-

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


6<N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Zehfyjfr Cframdy

hauzdrafmu edmznc|z~d~ukq uhramb fpfq irdc

fmj edcidrzfokq enjn zd hauzdrafmu-

H

@aynm zhnun eare~cuzfmenu+ az pfum‑z

v~azn f u~r|raun zhfz udcn di zhn odkjnuz

jnedmuzr~ezadmu di zrfjazadmfk amznr|rnzfzadmu

am zhn nkj di hauzdrq ueanmen hfyn edcn irdc

idrna`m nx|nrzu- Hdpnynr+ pazh zhn nxen|zadm

di zhn ‛Ofzfb \rdgnez– (phnrn zhn f~zhdru jaj

mdz fez~fkkq |~ru~n v~azn fu fcoazad~u `dfku!+

zhnun ‛|rdydefzadmu– hfyn mnynr `famnj fmq

yauaoakazq d~zuajn mfrrdp fefjncae eareknu-

Idr amuzfmen+ zhn Irnmeh fefjncae Onrmfrj

Kdrq hfu jarnezkq fuuf~kznj zhn cqzh di zhn

yn enmz~ranu di ‛ukf~`hznr– yauaznj ~|dm zhn

O~k`frafmu oq zhn Z~rbauh ‛ukfyn jraynru–>- Am

?<<?+ f O~k`frafm zrfmukfzadm di f cdmd`rf|h

pranm oq zhn J~zeh hauzdrafm di Ddcfm frz

Cfehank Bank9 efcn d~z2 zhn uz~jq uhfnrnj zd

|anenu zhn onkani zhfz zhn Ddcfm amyfuadm hfj

f efzfuzrd|hae nnez dm f |rnyad~ukq nxauzam`‛~mav~n– O~k`frafm cnjanyfk e~kz~rn- Am zhau

efun ― fu am f m~conr di dzhnr uacakfr dmnu ―

zhn O~k`frafm hauzdrq ife~kzanu |rninrrnj zd

bnn| f kdp |rdkn-

Uzakk+ f enrzfam fcd~mz di erazaefk f|zaz~jn

fcdm` O~k`frafm hauzdrafmu efmmdz on jnmanj-

Az au cduz yauaokn fcdm` Ddcfm fmj Ofkbfm

hauzdrq nx|nrzu- Zhn |d|~kfr edmen|zadmu di

zhn ‛Z~rbauh ukfynrq– hfyn onnm u~ognez zd

rdo~uz erazaeauc dm onhfki di rnunfrehnru kabn

Ynrf C~zfiehanyf (phd janj am ?<<1!+ Zuynzfmf@ndrànyf fmj Fmzdmamf Whnkqfwbdyf (fmdzhnr

> Onrmfrj Kdrq+ ‛Iayn Enmz~ranu Zhnq Ukf~`hznrnj

û ― Zhd~`hzu frd~mj f Hauzdraefk Cqzh–+ Hau#

zdraefk I~z~rn 6+ 6110- Zhn frzaekn au feenuuaokn am

O~k`frafm fz7 h|7$$ppp-kaou~-~ma#udf-o`$Uzfzaa$

Onrmfr-hzck (fkk zhn |~okaefzadmu frn am O~k`frafm!-

9 Cfehank Bank+ Frz fmj Udeanzq di O~k`fraf am zhn

Z~rbauh \nradj+ Fuunm#Cffuzraehz7 Yfm @dre~c+

618>-

fezayauz am zhn eayak unezdr+ jarnezdr di ACA_+

zhn Amznrmfzadmfk Enmzrn idr Camdrazq Uz~janufmj Amznre~kz~rfk _nkfzadmu!- Zhnq hfyn fkud

jno~mbnj fmdzhnr pajnkq onkanynj hauzdraefk

ezadm7 zhn idrenj cfuu#uefkn edmynruadmu zd

Aukfcae ifazh- Zhnun rnunfrehnru ― u|neaefkkq

@ndrànyf ― hfyn onnm okfcnj idr |rdcdzam`

zhn znrc ‛Ddcfm |rnunmen–+ nynm zhd~`h az au

nazhnr founmz am zhnar |~okaefzadmu dr |rnunmzu

f ekfuuae efun di ‛zfbnm d~z di edmznxz–-

Fmdzhnr u~ognez frnf+ phaeh au ehrdmdkdàefkkq

f |frz di zhn Ddcfm nrf+ o~z hfu zrfjazadmfkkq

onnm zhncnj fu zhn f~zhnmzae rnfkc di

|fzradzauc+ zhn Mfzadmfk _nyayfk am XAX

enmz~rq+ hfu onnm rnyauaznj oq hauzdrafmu

fu pnkk+ f|frz irdc kaznrfrq dmnu- Dm zhn

dmn hfmj+ zhn yfranzq di hauzdrad`rf|hae

|nru|nezaynu fmj ajndkdàefk uzfbnu onhamj

azu amznr|rnzfzadm fu zhn ‛u~okacn O~k`frafm

f`n– onefcn u~ognez zd irnuhnr rnnezadm0- Dm

zhn dzhnr+ az pfu ha`hka`hznj zhfz zhn _nyayfk

jqmfcae efmmdz on nx|kdrnj dr ~mjnruzddj

d~zuajn azu edmznc|drfrq Ddcfm edmznxz8

-Udcn rnenmzkq |~okauhnj uz~janu hfyn

uhdpm hdp zhn irnnwn#d~z di zhau edmznxz

hfj nmfoknj ajndkdàefk edmzrayfmenu kabn zhn

O~k`frafm ‛_nyayfk zdpm–+ pazh azu ‛_nyayfk

frehaznez~rn–+ dr zhn ‛~mav~n– mfzadmfk

ekdzham` uzqknu+ e~auamn+ nze-1-

0 Unn _d~cnm Jfubfkdy+ Zhn Cfbam` di f Mf#

zadm am zhn Ofkbfmu7 Hauzdrad`rf|hq di zhn O~k#

`frafm _nyayfk+ O~jf|nuz7 EN^ \rnuu+ ?<<:- Unn

fkud zhn cdmd`rf|h di zhn O~k`frafm#Û hauzd#

rafm Cfraf Zdjdrdyf dm zhn o~akj#~| di hnrdMd 6 am O~k`fraf‑u mfzadmfk |fmzhndm7 Cfraf Zd#

jdrdyf+ Odmnu di Edmznmzadm7 zhn Kayam` Freha#

yn di Yfuak Knyuba fmj zhn Cfbam` di O~k`fraf‑u

Mfzadmfk Hnrd+ O~jf|nuz7 EN^ \rnuu+ ?<<1-

8 Fknxfmjnr Ynwnmbdy+ ‛Doyad~u Dmkq fz Iaruz

@kfmen7 zhn ”O~k`frafm _nyayfk‛ fu f Un|frfzn Nrf–+

Am7 Jafmf Cauhbdyf (nj-!+ Zhn Ofkbfm XAX Enmz~rq-

Dzhnr \nru|nezaynu+ Udf7 _ayf+ ?<<9 (am O~k`frafm!-

1 Uzn|hfm Jnehny (nj-!+ Am Unfreh Di zhn Nuunmzafkkq

O~k`frafm7 Mnzpdrbu Di Mfzadmfk Amzacfeq (XAX#

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


66N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Am cduz di zhnun efunu+ az au f cfnr di hauzdrafmu

phd dee~|q rfzhnr cfràmfk maehnu fpfq irdczhn ~maynruazq dr fefjncaf nuzfokauhcnmz-

Zhnar mfcnu frn cduzkq fuudeafznj pazh

zhn Udf#ofunj Enmzrn idr Fjyfmenj Uz~jq

(EFU! id~mjnj am ?<<6+ pazh |nradjaefku

kabn Erazav~n fmj H~cfmauc dr pazh ife~kzanu

dr ~maynruazanu dzhnr zhfm zhn dmnu kfqam`

jdpm zhn cfamuzrnfc di hauzdrad`rf|hq (zhn

Hauzdrq Ife~kzq di zhn Udf ^maynruazq dr zhn

hauzdrq amuzaz~znu di zhn O~k`frafm Fefjncq

di Ueanmenu!- Qnz nynm rn|rnunmzfzaynu di zhn

kfnr hfyn |~okauhnj ac|drzfmz rnunfreh+ n-`-

dm zhn O~k`frafm `dynrmcnmz d||rnuuadm di

C~ukac edcc~mazanu- Onqdmj fmq jd~oz+ zhn

cduz zrf~cfzae kn`feq am zhau rnu|nez pfu kniz

oq zhn edcc~mauz rnàcn phnm zhn O~k`frafm#

u|nfbam` Cduknc camdrazq+ fmj u~ounv~nmzkq

zhn Z~rbauh#u|nfbam` dmn+ pnrn idreni~kkq

àynm O~k`frafm mfcnu fmj ajnmzazq6<- Zh~u+

fiznr f kdm`#kfuzam` rna`m di fm fmza#Z~rbauh

f`nmjf+ zhn O~k`frafm hauzdraefk uehdkfru

mfkkq |rdyajn ~u pazh nyajnmen zhfz zhnq frnef|fokn di ornfbam` zhn cd~kj fmj ifeam` ~|

zd zhnar dpm ekaeháu66-

XXA enmz~ranu!+ Udf7 Amuzaz~zn idr Frz Uz~janu fz zhn

O~k`frafm Fefjncq di Ueanmenu+ ?<6< (am O~k`fra#

fm!-

6< Zhn cduz unrad~u edmzrao~zadm dm zhn u~ognez

hfu onnm |rdyajnj oq zhn uz~jq di Caehfak @r~ny

fmj Fknxna Bfkadmuba+ Zhn _nyayfk \rdenuu- Zhn

C~ukac Edcc~mazanu Fmj Zhn Edcc~mauz _n#

àcn+ Udf7 Amuzaz~zn idr Uz~janu di zhn _nenmz

\fuz+ D|nm Udeanzq Amuzaz~zn+ ?<<8 (am O~k`frafm!-66 F cdrn `nmnrfk dynryanp di O~k`frafm hauzdrad#

`rf|hq dynr zhn kfuz zpd jnefjnu7 Jfmankf Bdknyf+

Ayfm Nknmbdy+ ‛Hauzdraefk Uz~janu am \duz#Edcc~#

mauz O~k`fraf7 Onzpnnm Fefjncae Uzfmjfrju fmj

\dkazaefk F`nmjfu– am7 Udram Fmzdha+ Ofkæwu Zrnme#

uámqa+ \áznr F|dr (nju-!+ Mfrrfzaynu ^mod~mj- Hau#

zdraefk Uz~janu am \duz#Edcc~mauz Nfuznrm N~rd|n+

O~jf|nuz7 EN^ \rnuu+ ?<<0-

a 7

Fu fkrnfjq unnm+ zhn bnq hauzdraefk cqzhu zhfz

onefcn u~ognez zd erazaefk rnyauazu dynr zhn

kfuz ed~|kn di jnefjnu+ hfj onnm nxek~uaynkq

rnuzam` dm zhn fmza#Z~rbauh fmj fmza#Aukfcae

fxau di O~k`frafm mfzadmfkauc- Az au hdpnynr

~midrz~mfzn zhfz zhn |~okae rn|nre~uuadmu di

zhau fefjncae dr M@D#ofunj erazaefk d~z|~z

jd mdz kddb v~azn fu ac|rnuuayn fu zhnq

ca`hz- Zhau au edrrdodrfznj fz knfuz oq zhn

nfun di pha||am` ~| cfuu uefkn fmza#Z~rbauh

mfzadmfkauz cdoakaufzadmu kabn zhn ‛Ofzfb

uefmjfk–- G~uz fu jauhnfrznmam` au zhn ifez zhfz f

uzram` di dzhnr pnkk#pdrm edmuzr~ezu+ zhrd~`h

phaeh O~k`frafmu hfyn onnm hfoaz~fznj zd

kznr zhnar |nren|zadmu di zhn |fuz+ frn uzakk

fkcduz ~muefzhnj-

Fcdm` zhnc au g~uz fod~z nynrqzham`

rnkfznj zd zhn zrf~cfzae Cfenjdmafm u~ognez7

zhn hfmji~k di rnnezayn |~okaefzadmu oq

O~k`frafm rnunfrehnru dm zhn Cfenjdmafm

auu~n hfyn cduzkq onnm |~okauhnj dynrunfu-Zhn eracnu f`famuz Unrou dr @rnnbu edccanj

oq O~k`frafm zrdd|u j~ram` zhn ?<zh enmz~rq

pfru uzakk rncfam f zfodd- Zhn ‛zrfjazadmfk

zdknrfmen– di zhn O~k`frafm mfzadm zd zhn Gnpu

hfu qnz zd unn f cdrn edc|rnhnmuayn rnzhamb+

nu|neafkkq f`famuz zhn ofebjrd| di zhn rfc|fmz

fmza#Uncazauc di zhn kfuz inp qnfru-

Zhn i~rzhnr ofeb am zacn pn `d+ dr jdpm

zhn nmzrnmehnj hauzdraefk cqzhu+ zhn cdrn

zacaj zhn u|neafkaunj |~okaefzadmu f||nfr-

Fcdm` zhdun rnunfreham` zhn fmzav~n hauzdrq(frehfndkdàuzu+ ekfuuaefk |hakdkdàuzu+ nze-!+

ynrq inp frn zhn dmnu phd hfyn hfj zhn

uzdcfeh zd jno~mb zhn |akn di amynmzadmu

dm f u~ognez kabn zhn Zhrfeafmu- Cnjanyfk

hauzdrafmu fmj nx|nrzu am |rdoknc#rajjnm

jauea|kamnu kabn zhn ‛dkj O~k`frafm uz~janu–

dr ‛Eqrak fmj Cnzhdja~u uz~janu– hfyn onnm

uam`~kfrkq uaknmz- Frzu hauzdrq+ nzhmd`rf|hq

Zehfyjfr Cframdy

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


6?N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

fmj idkbkdrn uz~janu+ jafknezdkd`q hfyn

rncfamnj |rnjdcamfmzkq zrfjazadmfkauz amzhnar f||rdfehnu- Amuznfj di ~mjnrcamam`

nuzfokauhnj uehncnu+ zhnq hfyn cduzkq

u~|nreafkkq cdjnrmaunj zhnar ekaeháu fmj

amj~k`nj am |un~jd#ammdyfzadm- Zfbam` amzd

feed~mz hdp edc|kaeaz pazh O~k`frafm |d|~kfr

cqzhdkd`q zhnun rnunfreh frnfu hfyn fkpfqu

onnm+ fmj zhnar rnenmz ifkznram` nydk~zadm am

f cdrn `nm~amnkq ~|#zd#jfzn jarnezadm+ zhn

‛udonram`– di zhn O~k`frafmu unncu idr zhn

zacn onam` |~z dm zhn ofebo~rmnr-

Zehfyjfr Cframdy

F F7

Zehfyjfr Cframdy+ \h-J-+ au fm fefjncae cnconr

di zhn Fzhnmu Irnmeh Uehddk (Nedkn Irfmàfaun

j‑Fzhèmnu!- Hau rnenmz |~okaefzadmu amek~jn7

Md~u mn |d~ydmu |fu rnmdmenr ì mdzrn hauzdarn-

V~fmj kf v~nuzadm cfeájdmanmmn cnz ì k‑á|rn~yn

kf mdzadm jn okde edcc~mauzn-– Yam`zaècn uaèekn

6<1 (?<66!7 6<6#6662 Kf V~nuzadm cfeájdmanmmn

jn 61:: ì mdu gd~ru- Edcc~maucn nz mfzadmfkaucn

jfmu knu Ofkbfmu- \frau7 K‑Hfrcffm+ ?<6<-

‛Fmzaedcc~mauz+ o~z Cfenjdmafm7 \dkazaeu di

Cncdrq am zhn _n|~okae di Cfenjdmaf-– Zdbdya

auzdragn (?<<1!7 9>#85-Zrfmukfzadm irdc zhn O~k`frafm oq @ndr`a \fuhdy

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


65N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

‛Udcn am cq ifcakq ydznj idr Fzfbf o~z frn mdz

xnmd|hdonu- A fubnj zhnc phq- Zhnq onkanyn

Uajnrdy+ ~mkabn nynrqdmn nkun+ u|nfbu fod~z zhn rnfk

auu~nu am O~k`fraf-–6

‛Ydknm RUajnrdy+ Fzfbf‑u knfjnrS au zhn ruz dmn

phd ― ofunj dm ifezu ― hfu mfaknj Jd`fm Rzhn knfjnr

di zhn Cdyncnmz idr _a`hzu fmj Irnnjdcu $C_I$

rn|rnunmzam` zhn Z~rbauh camdrazqS+ \fryfmdy Rzhn

|rnuajnmz di zhn _n|~okae+ f udeafkauzS+ Z~rbnq‑u

Aukfcauz |dkaeq zdpfrju O~k`fraf fmj kdzu di dzhnrzhamù- Mdp nynrqdmn jnmd~menu Uzfmauhny‑u Rzhn

idrcnr udeafkauz |racn#camauznrS edrr~|zadm qnz

phnm Uajnrdy rfaunj zhnun auu~nu zhnq cfjn i~m

di hac- A pauh hac pnkk fu hn au zhn dmn phd zfkbu

fod~z d~r |rdokncu fmj uzfmju idr d~r amznrnuzu-–?

Am G~mn ?<<> Fzfbf RFfebS ― fm nxzrncn

mfzadmfkauz edfkazadm oramàm` idrzh fm fmza#

_dcf+ fmza#Z~rbauh fmj fmza#Uncazae jaued~run

― uzdrcnj zhn O~k`frafm |frkafcnmzfrq uenmn

pammam` ?6 unfzu (d~z di ?:<! fmj ?19 8:8 ydznu

6 F edmynrufzadm pazh @-+ ?0+ Udf+ 0 G~mn ?<66-

? F ?<<1 d|amadm am fm Amznrmnz jaue~uuadm idr~c

rnu|dmjam` zd fm frzaekn |~okauhnj am Ef|azfk+ f kaonrfk

pnnbkq+ jaue~uuam` zhn ifkkam` d~z onzpnnm Y- Uajnrdy

fmj zhn dpmnr di zhn Uefz znknyauadm ehfmmnk+ phaeh

fz zhn zacn |kfqnj f bnq rdkn am |rdcdzam` Uajnrdy-

Unn h|7$$ppp-ef|azfk-o`$|dkazabfTaTabdmdcabf$

o~ k` fr af $? << 1$ 6? $< :$ 8? >1 :< Tm dyaz nT|f zr ad za $-

(8+ 15. di zhn zdzfk ydzn!- Zhau ornfbzhrd~`h

pfu u~r|rauam` am f m~conr di pfqu7 zhn

zacn am hauzdrq (O~k`fraf hfj g~uz ua`mnj

azu N~rd|nfm feenuuadm f`rnncnmz+ fmj zhn

nedmdcae rnedynrq pfu onàmmam` zd onfr

ir~az!2 zhn ydzn uzr~ez~rn (dmn zharj di zhdun

phd efuz zhnar ydznu idr Fzfbf onkdm`nj

zd zhn nj~efznj ekfuunu!2 fmj udcn di zhn

zhncnu am Fzfbf‑u |azeh (zhn fmza#Uncazauc+

phaeh hfj hfrjkq rnfrnj azu hnfj j~ram`

zhn |duz#edcc~mauz |nradj am O~k`fraf!- Fqnfr kfznr+ ofunj dm nxznmuayn nkj rnunfreh

am yakkf`nu phnrn Fzfbf hfj uedrnj ha`h+ zhn

udeafk ueanmzauz Ny`nmaf Ayfmdyf fee~rfznkq

ubnzehnj zhn Fzfbf edmuzaz~nmeq fu ‛cnja~c

nj~efznj+ rnkfzaynkq u~eenuui~k fmj pdrbam`–5-

Uhn nc|hfuawnj zhn udeafk mfz~rn di zhn ydzn

jnmd~meam` zhn mnp amnv~fkazanu fu pnkk fu

zhn edrr~|zadm fcdm` |dkazaefk nkaznu- Phakn

rncamjam` di zhn mfzadmfkauz onkaniu fcdm`

udcn ydznru fmj zhn |dpnr di fmza#_dcf fmj

fmza#Z~rbauh |rng~jaenu+ uhn ufp zhn |dkazaefk

nx|rnuuadm di zhnun uznrndzq|nu fu f rnu~kz

di zhn ‛nzhmaeauam`– di udeafk jayauadmu- Zhn

v~dznu fz zhn uzfrz di zhau |f|nr cfq fkud

u~``nuz zhn Fzfbf uqc|fzhawnru‑ jrayn zd

5 Ny`nmaf Ayfmdyf+ F Cfgdrazq di Ammdenmz+ Uernpnj#

^| O~k`frafmu+ Ofkbfm Uz~janu Idr~c+ 6#?+ ?<<8+

||- 95#0?-

Ym i Xm | ‛fb– m o-rum U omu i Uu

oq Mfjè`n _f`fr~+ \frau

F

Zhau frzaekn nxfcamnu zhn rnfudmu onhamj zhn nknezdrfk u~||drz idr zhn xnmd|hdoae |frzq Fzfbf RFfebS am

O~k`fraf uamen azu id~mjam` am ?<<>- Phakn udcn f~zhdru hfyn nc|hfuawnj zhn ufkanmen di nzhmae |rng~jaenu fu

fm nx|kfmfzdrq yfrafokn+ dzhnru hfyn amuauznj zhfz Fzfbf c~uznrnj azu uzrnm`zh oq ydaeam` udcn ydznru‑ jrayn

zd rfjaefkkq jnmd~men zhn O~k`frafm |duz#udeafkauz |dkazaefk+ udeafk+ fmj cdrfk drjnr- Zhau |f|nr fr`~nu zhfz

~mjnruzfmjam` zhn Fzfbf ydzn rnv~arnu f ide~u dm zhn amznrzpamam` di ehfmàm` udeadnedmdcae amnv~fkazanu

fmj zhn znrrazdrafkawfzadm di nzhmde~kz~rfk janrnmenu- O~k`fraf au e~rrnmzkq ~mjnr`dam` f hfrjnmam` di udeafk

od~mjfranu zhfz ̀ dnu hfmj#am#hfmj pazh f jninmuayn rnfuunrzadm di nzhmae fmj e~kz~rfk od~mjfranu am f edmznxz

phnrn mnp amzrf#uzfzn fmj amznrmfzadmfk ̀ nd`rf|hae cdoakazanu ehfkknm`n idrcnr cdjnu di nzhmaeazq mn`dzafzadm-

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


6:N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

rfjaefkkq jnmd~men zhn |dkazaefk+ udeafk fmj

cdrfk drjnr di |duz#Edcc~mauc fu pnkk fu zdunnb fm fkznrmfzayn am f unam` phnrn zhn bnq

|frzanu frn rn`frjnj fu ajnmzaefk+ a-n- fu nv~fkkq

edrr~|z fmj amjanrnmz zd zhn nx|nezfzadmu di

drjamfrq eazawnmu-

Qnz hdp c~eh jd pn bmdp fod~z Fzfbf

fmj zhn rnfudmu onhamj azu u~eenuu4 Uhd~kj

pn yanp zhau dr`fmawfzadm

fu f |frfjdxaefk ehfc|adm

di udeafk `ranyfmenu fmj$dr

f ir~az di fm nzhmaeawfzadm di

udeafk eknfyf`nu4 Zhnun zpd

amznr|rnzfzadmu mnnj f ekdunr

kddb- Zhn idrcnr au rncamauenmz

di udcn rnunfreh jnjaefznj zd

zhn Mfzadmfk Irdmz am Irfmen-

Udcn edccnmzfzdru hnkj zhn

yanp zhfz zhn Irdmz c~uznrnj

azu uzrnm`zh ― |frzae~kfrkq fiznr

az pfu hnfjnj oq Cframn Kn \nm

― oq àyam` yauaoakazq zd |dkazaefk

fmj udeafk auu~nu zhfz azud||dmnmzu zrq zd nyfjn (fcdm`

zhnc7 `kdofkaufzadm#zra``nrnj

udeafk cfràmfkaufzadm2 udcn cfuu#u|rnfj

amune~razanu+ zhn kduu di eknfr#e~z ajndkdàefk

jauzamezadmu fcdm` nuzfokauhnj |dkazaefk |frzanu+

nze-! Zhn unedmj amznr|rnzfzadm unncu kabnkq

zd hdkj f uzrdm`nr fmfkqzaefk |dznmzafk- Nrmnuz

@nkkmnr‑u pdrb hfu orakkafmzkq jncdmuzrfznj

hdp udeafk fmj nedmdcae jayauadmu pnrn

zrfmukfznj amzd nzhmae fmj e~kz~rfk znrcu oq

zhn ncnr`nmz N~rd|nfm mfzadmfkauc fz zhnz~rm di XYAAA fmj nfrkq XAX enmz~rq-: Qnz odzh

fuu~c|zadmu hfyn zd on zrnfznj pazh ef~zadm-

Iaruzkq+ fu Ny`nmaf Ayfmdyf cfbnu eknfr+ kfr`n

un`cnmzu di O~k`frafm udeanzq hdkj fe~znkq

mn`fzayn faz~jnu zdpfrju odzh zhn |dkazaefk

: Nrmnuz @nkkmnr+ Mfzadmu fmj mfzadmfkauc+

Mnp Qdrb7 Edrmnkk ^maynruazq \rnuu+ 6185-

ekfuu fmj zhn |duz#edcc~mauz |nradj fmj mdz

fkk di zhnc ydzn idr Fzfbf- Zhnun erazaefk yanpujd mdz u~eanmzkq nx|kfam zhn u~||drz ̀ aynm zd

fm dr`fmaufzadm |rnfeham` rfoaj mfzadmfkauc-

Unedmjkq+ ai ~mjnruzfmjam` zhn Fzfbf ydzn

rnv~arnu f ide~u dm zhn amznrzpamam` di

udeadnedmdcae amnv~fkazanu fmj nzhmde~kz~rfk

jayauadmu+ zhn phdkn |rdoknc odaku jdpm

zd nx|kfamam` zhn mfz~rn di zhau edmmnezadm-

Phfz pn hfyn zd ~mjnruzfmj au hdp zhn

|nrenayfokq jnuenmjam` zrfgnezdranu di udeafk

cdoakazq ca`hz on edmynrznj zd jnmd~meam`

zhn nzhmae ‛dzhnr–+ fmj phfz cfbnu zhau bamj

di uza`cfzaufzadm edmenayfokn dr knàzacfzn idr

zhn Fzfbf edmuzaz~nmeq- Pn uhd~kj mdz nxek~jn

zhn |duuaoakazq zhfz zhn hfrjnmam` di udeafk

od~mjfranu pn frn pazmnuuam` am O~k`fraf zdjfq`dnu hfmj#am#hfmj pazh f jninmuayn hfrjnmam`

di nzhmae fmj e~kz~rfk od~mjfranu am zhn

edmznxz phnrn odzh zhn edmzd~ru di eazawnmuha|

fmj c~kza|kn ajnmzazanu frn onam` rnuhf|nj-

Mfjè`n _f`fr~

Ydknm Uajnrdy u|nfbam` onidrn Fzfbf uqc|fzhaunru am f Udf enmzrfk uv~frn- (|dka`rf-mnz!

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


6>N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

F‑ 7

Idr f uzfrz+ knz ~u fuu~cn zhfz Fzfbf ―

f hnznrd`nmnd~u idrcfzadm+ amek~jam`

amjayaj~fku irdc zhn idrcnr amznkka`nmen

edcc~mazq+ zhn une~razq unryaenu+ zhn idrcnr

Edcc~mauz \frzq fu pnkk fu f hduz di dzhnru

phd |fuunj zhrd~`h f m~conr di |dkazaefk

fkafzadmu ― frzae~kfznu ̀ ranyfmenu+ fmj fcdm`

zhnc auu~nu dr ud~renu di jauedmznmz+ phaeh hfj

mnynr cfjn az |rd|nrkq zd zhn |dkazaefk uenmn

onidrn7 zhn jnuarn idr f |rdid~mj rnyfc|am` di

|dkazaefk |rfezaenu2 zhn fm`uz fcajuz f |dkazaefk

drjnr zhfz au |nrenaynj fu ~mifar fmj accdrfk2

zhn fmmdqfmen zra``nrnj oq zhn irnv~nmz

rnudrzam` zd f ‛uehddkodq– rhnzdrae (odzh dm

zhn |frz di kdefk |dkazaefk nkaznu fmj Pnuznrm

|frzmnru! fmj zhn orfmjauham` di N~rd#Fzkfmzae

amzn`rfzadm fu zhn dmkq |duuaokn |dkazaefk

|rdgnez-

Amjnnj+ oq zhn uzfrz di zhn mnp cakknmma~c

― fiznr f jnefjn jdcamfznj oq zhn ifen#d onzpnnm ‛zhn rnju– (zhn idrcnr edcc~mauzu!

fmj ‛zhn ok~nu– (zhn fmzaedcc~mauzu! ― zhn

O~k`frafm |dkazaefk |rdenuu pfu fkrnfjq

edcam` ferduu zd zhn ordfjnr |~okae fu f uzram`

di `dynrmcnmzu+ phaeh fez~fkkq dnrnj md

fkznrmfzayn7 phfznynr zhnar |dkazaefk fkafzadm+

dmen am |dpnr+ zhn |dkazaefk fezdru unncnj zd

idr`nz zhn ehfm`n zhnq hfj |rdcaunj fmj dmkq

o~uanj zhncunkynu c~kza|kqam` zhn ekanmznkn#

u~uzfamam` |rfezaenu di zhnar |rnjnenuudru- Zhn

zacn di d|fv~n |rayfzawfzadm pfu idkkdpnj oqzhn zacn di c~rbq |rde~rncnmz jnfku fmj uhq

cfmf`ncnmz di N~rd|nfm i~mju- Edmjncmam`

zhn edrr~|zadm di zhn nkaznu fmj zhn |knf zd

rnuzdrn f uzrdm` uzfzn ef|fokn di pfrrfmzam`

zhn r~kn di kfp z~rmnj amzd |dpnri~k nknezdrfk

fr`~cnmzu- Ofeb irdc hau nxakn+ zhn idrcnr

O~k`frafm bam` Uacndm Ufxn#Edo~r`#@dzhf

|knj`nj hau ?<<6 efc|fa`m dm rnuzdram`

cdrfkazq am |dkazaeu- Hdpnynr+ zhn ifkkd~z irdc

hau cfmjfzn uzrnm`zhnmnj nynm i~rzhnr zhnfu|arfzadmu idr f cdrn zrfmu|frnmz |~okae kain-

Edmuznrmfzadm zdpfrju zhn |dkazaefk ekfuu

pfu i~rzhnr nxfenrofznj fu zhn r~knru

uzfrznj zd n|azdcaun ― mnxz zd zhn o~uamnuu

edcc~mazq ― zhn ‛md~ynf~x raehnu– phd

hnk|nj zhncunkynu zd zhn mfzadmfk raehnu fmj

kaynj ha`h dm zhn hd`- J~ram` edcc~mauc+

udeafk `f|u pnrn mdz dokaznrfznj o~z qnz pnrn

udiznmnj+ pazh pnfkzh fee~c~kfzadm fmj

duznmzfzad~u edmu~c|zadm idroajjnm (fz knfuz

deafkkq!- Hfyam` zrfmuidrcnj zhn ef|azfku

(am Od~rjan~‑u cnfmam`! oram`am` udeafk

u~eenuu+ |duz#edcc~mauc qankjnj udeafk

jauern|fmeanu fcdm` zhn idrcnr ‛nv~fku–

irdc zhn edcc~mauz nrf+ fmj+ zd oddz+ `fyn

zhnc fm ~m|rnenjnmznj mfmeafk fmj cfznrafk

yauaoakazq- F u~ognez di oanr edmi~uadm (hdp

pfu az |duuaokn zhfz f efuh nxehfm`n |damz

dpmnr ed~kj cfbn f idrz~mn phakn f znfehnr

dr f cajpain jrd||nj mnfr zhn |dynrzq

kamn4!+ zhau mnp udeafk uzrfzaefzadm pfu uddminkz fu ~mpfrrfmznj fmj$dr akkn`fk+ pazh zhn

zpd mdzadmu diznm caxam` ~|- Zhn |nrenaynj

amg~uzaen di zhn udeafk drjnr pfu edc|d~mjnj

oq unnam` zhn ‛zrfmuazadm zd f cfrbnz nedmdcq–

fu zhn ‛|k~mjnr di zhn uzfzn– ― fm amznr|rnzfzadm

uhfrnj oq kfr`n unezadmu di zhn ~||nr cajjkn

ekfuunu fu pnkk- Zhn jfakq nx|nranmenu di |duz#

edcc~mauc unncnj zd rfjaefkkq ekfuh pazh

zhn cnuuf`nu zhn |dkazaefk ekfuu pfu zrqam` zd

|~z ferduu- Zhn edmzrfuz pfu mnynr fu uzrdm` fu

j~ram` Ayfm Bduzdy‑u `dynrmcnmz (6110#?<<6+ra`hz#pam`!+ phaeh fez~fkkq |kfqnj f jneauayn

rdkn am |rn|fram` zhn ed~mzrq idr azu N~rd#

Fzkfmzae feenuuadm7 phakn zhn r~kam` ekfuunu

bn|z zfkbam` di rnidrcu+ fehanyncnmzu fmj

|rd`rnuu+ ydznru inkz zhnar pdrkj (fmj udeafk

ufinzq mnz! pnrn er~cokam` ~mjnr zhnar innz-

Hfyam` nx|rnuunj udcn jn`rnn di udkajfrazq

am jnmd~meam` zhn nyaku di |duz#edcc~mauc+

Mfjè`n _f`fr~

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


69N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Uacndm Ufxn#Edo~r`#@dzhf u~ounv~nmzkq

fjd|znj zhn ydefo~kfrq di hau |rnjnenuudru ―fehanyncnmzu+ rnidrcu+ nze- ― phakn fz zhn ufcn

zacn `dynrmcnmz znehmderfzu fmj nx|nrzu

jaucauunj |~okae |nren|zadmu fu ‛amedrrnez–…

Am zhau bamj di cakan~+ ydznru‑ `ranyfmenu pnmz

kfr`nkq ~mhnnjnj-

Zhn unmun di kduu pfu i~rzhnr nxfenrofznj

oq zhn dynr#zhn#zd| ~un di MFZD fmj

N~rd|nfm ^madm amzn`rfzadm fu |racfrq

ud~renu di kn`azacfeq oq zhn r~kam` ekfuunu-

_~cnm Ydjnmaehfrdy+ r~mmam` idr f unfz am

\frkafcnmz dm zhn Fzfbf ?<<> zaebnz+ zrfuhnj

‛zhn N~rd|nfm xfzadm hq|mdzawam` odzh

zhn kniz fmj zhn ra`hz–>- Zhn ~r`n zd cnnz zhn

nx|nezfzadmu fmj rnv~arncnmzu di zhn Pnuznrm

fkkanu knj zd f m~conr di |rdid~mjkq ~m|d|~kfr

`dynrmcnmz jneauadmu (n-`- zhn u~||drz idr

zhn 6111 MFZD amznrynmzadm am Bdudyd dr zhn

uh~zjdpm di zhn zharj fmj id~rzh rnfezdr di zhn

Bdwkdj~q m~eknfr uzfzadm!- F ̀ rdpam` m~conr

di edmuzaz~nmzu fkrnfjq rn`rnnj zhn idrinaz~rn

di udynrna`mzq O~k`fraf hd|nj zd ffam amzhn nfrkq 611<u- Hfyam` onedcn udcnphfz

cdrn ifcakafr pazh kain am zhn Pnuz+ v~azn f

inp O~k`frafmu inkz zhfz zhn dynrkq uzram`nmz

uzfmjfrju ac|dunj oq MFZD dr zhn N^ dm

fu|aram` ed~mzranu pnrn mdz f||kanj pazh zhn

ufcn wnfk oq zhn cnconr uzfznu zhncunkynu-

Zhn ukd`fm ‛knz‑u `nz O~k`fraf ofeb– rfaunj

oq Uajnrdy am ?<<> bnnmkq ef~`hz zhn |d|~kfr

unmzacnmzu fmj zhn jrayn zd rnide~u dm zhn

mfzadmfk-

Qnz rnuzraezam` d~r amznr|rnzfzadmu zd zhn fodynpd~kj on f cauzfbn- Iaruz fmj idrncduz+ nynr

uamen Fzfbf pfu ernfznj+ zhn |dkazaefk fmj

cdrfk kfcofuzam` di |duz#Edcc~mauc ― dm

zd|aeu kabn rna`mam` am edrr~|zadm+ nuzfokauham`

zhn r~kn di kfp+ |rdyajam` une~razq zd edccdm

> _~cnm Ydjnmaehfrdy+ ‛Zdpfrju f Mnp Jfpm

idr zhn Ifzhnrkfmj pazh Fzfbf–+ Mdyf Wdrf (Mnp

Jfpm+ f mfzadmfkauz pnnbkq!+ ?:+ 6: G~mn ?<<>-

eazawnmu+ nze- ― pfu zf||nj amzd oq f ordfj

rfm`n di |dkazaefk idrcfzadmu+ fcdm` zhnc@N_O (zhn O~k`frafm ferdmqc idr Eazawnmu

idr N~rd|nfm Jnynkd|cnmz di O~k`fraf!+ zhn

|frzq di zhn idrcnr Udf cfqdr fmj e~rrnmz

|racn camauznr Odqbd Odraudy- Ai Fzfbf hfj

dpnj azu u~eenuu fz zhn |dkku zd f cdmd|dkq

dm zhau f`nmjf fkdmn+ az pd~kj hfyn kduz azu

u~||drz fu nfrkq fu am ?<<1 (zhn qnfr phnm

zhn |frzq `dz 1+59. di zhn ydzn fmj ?6 unfzu am

\frkafcnmz!9- Onuajnu+ az pd~kj on cauknfjam`

― fmj jfm`nrd~u ― zd fuu~cn zhfz nxzrncauz

|dkazaefk idrcfzadmu fjjrnuu `ddj auu~nu zhn

ofj pfq- Az au mdz f cfnr di |~uham` mn`kneznj

`ranyfmenu dmzd zhn |dkazaefk f`nmjf+ o~z f

cfnr di hdp zhnq frn frzae~kfznj zd onedcn

|frz di zhn |~okae f`nmjf7 md |~okae auu~n

nxauzu d~zuajn zhn pfq |dkazaefk fezdru mfcn az

― dr edmuzr~ez az-

Knz ~u zfbn edrr~|zadm fu fm nxfc|kn- Nynm

zhd~`h Ydknm Uajnrdy hfu jnmd~menj

edrr~|zadm fu f phdkn+ zhn |rnjdcamfmz zfr`nz

di hau jaued~run hfu fkpfqu onnm fmj uzakk auzhn Cdyncnmz idr _a`hzu fmj Irnnjdcu (zhn

|dkazaefk rn|rnunmzfzadm di C~ukac camdrazanu

am O~k`fraf!- Qnz au zhnrn fm C_I#u|neae

edrr~|zadm auu~n am O~k`frafm |dkazaefk kain dr

jdnu zhn edmj~ez di udcn am azu knfjnruha|

cnrnkq rnnez zhn e~kz~rn ― pajnu|rnfj am

odzh zhn nzhmae cfgdrazq fmj zhn camdrazanu ―

di edkk~uadm onzpnnm |dkazaeafmu fmj o~uamnuu

|nd|kn4 Nynm ai pn fkkdp ― udcnzham` zhfz

amjnnj mnnju zd on |rdynm ― zhfz edrr~|zadm

au cdrn nmjncae fcajuz C_I zhfm am dzhnr|dkazaefk |frzanu+ uhd~kj pn mdz unnb zhn

rnfudm am zhn uzr~ez~rn di |dkazaefk edc|nzazadm

9 Oq zhn pfq+ az hfu zd on |damznj d~z zhfz onzpnnm ?<<>

fmj ?<<1 unynrfk |dkazaefk |kfqnru zranj zd iaz amzd zhn

|d|~kauz maehn am zhn ia`hz f`famuz edrr~|zadm+ n-`-

zhn Drjnr+ Kfp fmj G~uzaen \frzq (e~rrnmzkq hfyam`

6< unfzu am \frkafcnmz! dr zhn knfjnr \frzq (phaeh

ed~kj mdz cfbn az dynr zhn :. ofrranr dmkq g~uz!-

Mfjè`n _f`fr~

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


60N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

pazham zhn Z~rbauh camdrazq (zhn kdm`

founmen di |dkazaefk fkznrmfzayn rnuzraezam`zhn d||drz~mazanu idr f |nmfkzq ydzn fmj

feed~mzfoakazq |rnuu~rnu ~|dm zhn nkaznu! dr

uhd~kj pn feen|z ― fu Fzfbf ekfacu ― zhfz zhn

edrn di zhn |rdoknc au zhn ynrq nxauznmen di

f ‛Z~rbauh |frzq am |dpnr–4 Jnmam` phfz

edmuzaz~znu f |rdoknc au |dkazaefk o~uamnuu am

azunki rfzhnr zhfm f àynm-- Fez~fkkq+ dmn di zhn

cduz uz~mmam` |hnmdcnmf am O~k`fraf zdjfq au

zhn pfq am phaeh Fzfbf fmj C_I hfyn onedcn

cdrn fmj cdrn diznm |nrenaynj fu ‛zpam

|frzanu– zhfz innj d dmn fmdzhnr- Zhn pfq

zhfz Fzfbf hfu frzae~kfznj zhn ‛C_I auu~n–

hfu+ fz mfk rnebdmam`+ am~nmenj zhn phdkn

|~okae jnofzn7 zhn nxauznmen di f idrcfzadm

facnj fz rn|rnunmzam` zhn amznrnuzu di camdrazq

`rd~|u hfu amernfuam`kq onnm |rnunmznj fu fm

auu~n am azunki-

Mdp knz ~u `d ofeb zd zhn unedmj+ c~eh

cdrn amua`hzi~k+ hq|dzhnuau7 zhn nzhmaeauam`

di udeafk jayauadmu- O~akjam` ~| dm Ny`nmaf

Ayfmdyf‑u pdrb+ pn uhfkk |~ru~n zhn ajnf dif |frzafk uhaiz fmj hfrjnmam` di zhn uqcodkae

od~mjfranu edrrnkfznj pazh udeafk fmj

znrrazdrafk ehfm`nu j~ram` |duz#Edcc~mauc

zhfz fnez cfgdrazq fmj camdrazanu fkabn-

N

Z

O

hdp ed~kj pn ekfraiq zhn jqmfcaeu zhfz

nmfoknj zhn nzhmaeauam` di udeafk edmzrfuzu4 Zduzfrz pazh+ pn efm rnyauaz zhn kdm`nr nxauznmen

di mn`fzayn acf`nu di zhn (camdrazq! Dzhnr am

O~k`fraf- Am fm nfrkanr frzaekn+ A ha`hka`hznj

zhn ifez zhfz zhn mfzadmfkauz fmj xnmd|hdoae

fr`~cnmzu rnudrznj zd oq Uajnrdy hfyn

`fzhnrnj zhnar uzrnm`zh irdc zhrnn ud~renu7 zhn

~mazfrq edmen|zadm di zhn mfzadm#uzfzn jfzam`

ofeb zd zhn ЮAЮ enmz~rq2 zqam` ~| zhn ajnf di

mfzadmfk ~mazq

pazh zhn (idrenj!fuuacakfzadm di

camdrazanu (hfyam`

rnfehnj azu ekacfx

j~ram` zhn 618<u!2

fmj xnmd|hdoae

mdzadmu odrrdpnj

irdc zhn

a m z n r m f z a d m f k

cfrbnz di

e d m u | a r f e q

zhndranu (zhn

nxfc|kn hnrn au

Uajnrdy‑u fmza#

Uncazauc!-0 Zhau fmfkquau+ hdpnynr+ jdnu mdz

nmfokn ~u zd ~mjnruzfmj phq zhau rfjaefk

jaued~run erquzfkkawnj am ?<<> rfzhnr zhfm am

zhn nfrkq 611<u (phnm cfmq edccnmzfzdru

pnrn f||rnhnmuayn zhfz nzhmae znmuadmu ca`hz

on frd~unj! dr+ idr zhfz cfnr+ am zhn kfzn 611<u

(phnm zhn nnezu di udeafk cfràmfkawam`+

zra``nrnj oq zhn zrfmuazadm zd f cfrbnznedmdcq+ pnrn fkrnfjq yauaokn!-

F ide~u dm zhn fmza#_dcf uznrndzq|nu |rnqnj

dm |dkazaefkkq oq Fzfbf ― f |hnmdcnmdm

|frzafkkq mnp am azu mfz~rn ― ed~kj hnk| ~u

uhnj ka`hz dm zhn ammnr pdrbu di nzhmaeawam`

zhn udeafk jqmfcaeu am zdjfq‑u O~k`fraf-

\rng~jaen zdpfrju zhn _dcf |d|~kfzadm au mdz

udcnzham` mnp- Am yfrqam` jn`rnnu+ jn|nmjam`

dm zhn zacnu fmj |kfenu+ _dcfmq |nd|kn hfyn

onnm fuudeafznj pazh |ddr hqànmn+ kfwamnuu

fmj uznfkam`- Phfz Uajnrdy‑u jaued~runjdnu+ zhd~`h+ au zd |~uh zhnun pajnu|rnfj

|nren|zadmu d~z amzd zhn |dkazaefk frnmf fmj

0 Unn Mfjè`n _f`fr~+ ¢^m |frza mfzadmfkauzn

rfjaefk nm O~k`fran7 Fzfbf d~ kn cfk#çzrn j~

|duzedcc~maucn²+ Erazav~n amznrmfzadmfkn+

5<+ Gfm~frq#Cfreh ?<<9+ |- :6#>>+ h|7$$ppp-

enra#ueanmenu|d-edc$|~okaef$erazav~n$frzaekn$

ea5<|:6T>9-|ji-

Mfjè`n _f`fr~

Zhn edynr |f`n zd YdknmUajnrdy'u oddb /Cq Ofkn idr O~k`fraf/(acf`nu-aodx-o`!

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


68N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

~un zhnc fu fr`~cnmzu am |dkazaefk jnofznu-

Phq4 Zhau nydk~zadm efm+ dm zhn dmn hfmj+ onnx|kfamnj pazh zhn `rdpam` znmuadmu am udcn

oa``nr eazq u~o~rou phnrn f kfr`n m~conr

di ~mnc|kdqnj _dcf+ phd hfj |rnyad~ukq

kaynj am r~rfk frnfu+ cdynj amzd fiznr 6181

am unfreh di f onnr kain- Am u~eh |kfenu+

phnrn zhn cfgdrazq innk nx|dunj zd udeafk

cfràmfkawfzadm+ hna`hznmnj edc|nzazadm dynr

uefren rnud~renu z~rmu zhn _dcfmq |d|~kfzadm

amzd fm auu~n zhfz efm on amuzr~cnmzfkawnj

idr |dkazaefk |~r|dunu (pn ca`hz rnedkknez

zhn Cfq ?<<> ameajnmz am zhn U~`fr Ifezdrq

mna`hod~rhddj am Udf+ phnm f kdefk `hz

onzpnnm udcn _dcf fmj mdm#_dcf rnuajnmzu

hfyn kniz f pnkk#bmdpm O~k`frafm hauzdrafm

fmj frehndkdàuz jnfj fmj unynrfk |nd|kn

h~rz dm odzh uajnu+ ef~uam` c~eh ~|rdfr am

zhn O~k`frafm cnjaf+ fmj dnram` zhn mnpkq

ernfznj Fzfbf edfkazadm f |rnznxz zd jnmd~men

zhn ‛zua`fmawfzadm– di zhn ed~mzrq- Fkzhd~`h

zrfjazadmfkkq `ddj+ amznrnzhmae rnkfzadmu am

zhn mna`hod~rhddj hfj onnm jnznradrfzam`dynr zhn |rnyad~u qnfru am f edmznxz phnrn

nedmdcae d||drz~mazanu pnrn uefrn fmj udeafk

|dkaeanu ~mfokn zd feedccdjfzn nxauzam`

mnnju!- Fmdzhnr jnynkd|cnmz hdpnynr kddbu

nynm cdrn i~mjfcnmzfk-

Fu jaj Akaf Akany+ f m~conr di O~k`frafm udeafk

ueanmzauzu hfyn nc|hfuawnj zhfz |f~|nrawfzadm+

dr udeafk cfràmfkawfzadm+ am O~k`fraf au fz

zacnu |nrenaynj fcdmùz O~k`frafm eazawnmu

fu f idrc di ernn|am` ‛zua`fmawfzadm– fmj

fuudeafznj pazh zhn infr zhfz @q|uanu ca`hzudcn jfq |rnyfak am zhn mfzadmfk |d|~kfzadm-

Am dzhnr pdrju+ zhn erduuam` di udcn udeafk

odrjnru au dm deefuadm uqcodkaefkkq kambnj pazh

zhn zrnu|fuuam` di nuzfokauhnj nzhmae odrjnru-

Fz zhn ufcn zacn+ phakn cduz di zhn _dcf

onefcn nynm |ddrnr fiznr 6181+ f camdrazq di

zhnc uzr~eb az raeh+ cfamkq oq kkam` f inp

nmzrn|rnmn~rafk maehnu- Fu f edmunv~nmen+

udcn di zhn _dcf mna`hod~rhddju (cfhfka!

uzfrznj infz~ram` f hfmji~k di dynruawnj hd~unupazh d|~knmz fnuzhnzaeu am f uzfrb edmzrfuz pazh

zhn cfbnuhaiz uhfebu dr er~cokam` znmncnmz

okdebu irdc zhn Edcc~mauz |fuz amhfoaznj

oq zhn drjamfrq _dcfmanu- Zhn udeafk iforae

am O~k`fraf |radr zd 6181 pfu nzhmaefkkq ofunj

dm f |nebam` drjnr |~am` zhn @q|uanu rckq

fz zhn oddc r~m`- Am dzhnr pdrju+ _dcfma

‛dzhnrmnuu– pfu mn`dzafznj fmj feen|znj

ud kdm` fu zhnar amzn`rfzadm pazh zhn rnuz di

udeanzq jaj mdz v~nuzadm zhn udeafk dr nzhmd#

e~kz~rfk hanrfrehanu-

Ifenj pazh zhn zpd#pfq r~|z~rn di f uqcodkae

odrjnr |rnyad~ukq jnncnj ac|nrcnfokn ―

dm zhn dmn hfmj+ zhn udeafk cfràmfkawfzadm

di udcn nzhmae O~k`frafmu fmj+ dm zhn dzhnr+

zhn ~|pfrj cdoakazq+ rnfk dr edmenaynj+ di

zhn _dcf ― udcn O~k`frafmu onefcn |rdmn

zd uzrnm`zhnm+ zd nuunmzafkawn fmj nynm zd

rfeafkawn zhn jncfrefzadm kamn onzpnnm

zhncunkynu fmj zhn idrcnr- Zhn cdrn i~nkknj

oq jncd`rf|hae fmxanzanu+ zhn cdrn |nruauznmzzhn ‛zua`fmawfzuaqf– ofuham` nxnreaun `rdpu7

zhn _dcfmq v~azn diznm edcn ferduu fu f

qd~m`+ inrzakn `rd~| phnrnfu O~k`frafmu unn

zhncunkynu fu fm fàm`+ jnekamam` mfzadm-

Am fez~fk ifezu+ dmkq fm am#jn|zh rnunfreh amzd

zhn idrcu di u|fzafk nx|rnuuadm di udeafk fmj

nzhmae hanrfrehanu fmj zhnar rnenmz ehfm`nu

ca`hz nx|kfam zhn rnu|dmun zd Uajnrdy‑u fmza#

_dcf jaued~run- Zhn edcc~mauz rnàcn+

f |nradj di `rnfz znrrazdrafk cdoakazq+ hfj

fkrnfjq amazafznj zhn u|feam` d~z di nzhmae fmje~kz~rfk jayajnu+ f |rdenuu zhfz nx|fmjnj fmj

|frzafkkq amznmuanj fiznr 6181- Zhn kav~ajfzadm

di zhn idrcnr edkknezayn ifrcu fmj zhn udeafkauz

amj~uzrafk edm`kdcnrfznu+ zhn jnynkd|cnmz

di f |rayfzn ifrckfmj cfrbnz ― nxek~jam` zhn

_dcf |d|~kfzadm am zhnar yfuz |frz ― fu pnkk fu

udcn ~rofm rnmnpfk |rdgnezu akk#fjf|znj zd zhn

_dcf pfq di kain fmj kaynkahddj dr uv~nnwam`

Mfjè`n _f`fr~

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


61N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

zhn _dcf d~z amzd zhn u~o~roaf+ hfyn rnu~kznj

am f jrfcfzae amernfun am zhn uhfrn di _dcf phdkayn am f un`rn`fznj ~maynrun7 irdc :<. am 6181

zd 08. am ?<<0- O~z zhn |rdenuu jaj mdz dmkq

fnez zhn _dcf edcc~mazq7 zhn ca`rfzadmu

onzpnnm yakkf`nu fmj zdpmu+ dr ferduu zhn

mfzadmfk odrjnr+ hfyn zrfmuidrcnj zhn |~okae

cdoakazq rd~znu fu pnkk fu zhn kayam` u|fenu idr

Z~rbu+ O~k`frafm C~ukacu fmj zhn cfgdrazq

di nzhmae O~k`frafmu- Zhnun mnp cdoakazanu ―

edc|d~mjnj oq zhn cdmnzfraufzadm di udeafk

amznrfezadmu feedc|fmqam` zhn zrfmuazadm zd

ef|azfkauc ― hfyn efkknj idr f rnmn`dzafzadm ― fz

zacnu |fami~k fmj amedc|knzn # di zhn rnkfzadmu

onzpnnm mnpedcnru fmj |rnyad~u unknru am f

m~conr di mna`hod~rhddju-

F unedmj ifezdr idr zhn rnjnmam` di uqcodkae

odrjnru am |duz#edcc~mauz O~k`fraf uhd~kj

fkud on ha`hka`hznj- Az rninru zd zhn kddunmam`

di rnkfzadmu onzpnnm eazawnmuha| fmj nzhmaeazq

am zhn edmznxz di `kdofk eare~kfzadm fmj ~aj

ajnmzazanu- Am zhn ed~run di zhn jnynkd|cnmz

di zhn O~k`frafm mfzadm#uzfzn f jauzamezadm onzpnnm zhn zpd hfj onnm nuzfokauhnj-

Fcdm` zhn cnconru di zhn cfgdrazq+ fu zr~n

mfzadmfku frn rn`frjnj zhdun phd u|nfb

O~k`frafm kfm`~f`n+ edminuu zhn Nfuz Drzhdjdx

Ehrauzafmazq fmj frn nzhmaefkkq O~k`frafm

phnrnfu fkk dzhnru frn fjcanj amzd zhn

rnfkc di O~k`frafm eazawnmuha| qnz rfzhnr zd azu

uqcodkae |nra|hnrq zhfm zd azu edrn- Uamen zhn

kfzn 61><u+ zhn edcc~mauz rnàcn ncofrbnj

dm zhn ~|rddzam` ― amazafkkq zhrd~`h amenmzaynu

fmj u~ounv~nmzkq zhrd~`h idren ― zhaujauern|fmeq onzpnnm zhn d~zkamnu di O~k`frafm

eazawnmuha| fmj O~k`frafm nzhmaeazq- Zhau

|dkaeq rnfehnj azu ekacfx onzpnnm 618: fmj

6181 oramàm` idrpfrj fm ~mkabnkq ajndkdàefk

cax7 dm zhn dmn hfmj+ zhn Z~rbauh camdrazq‑u

‛dzhnrmnuu– pfu pakjkq dynrokdpm (fmj

|rnunmznj fu f rfjaefk zhrnfz!+ fmj dm zhn dzhnr+

az pfu jnmanj pazh zhn ufcn wnfk (n|azdcawnj

oq zhn efc|fa`m zd idreaokq ehfm`n zhnar

Z~rbauh mfcnu pazh O~k`frafm dmnu+ zd ofmzhnar e~kz~rfk dr edminuuadmfk |rfezaenu fu pnkk

fu zhn ~un di Z~rbauh am |~okae |kfenu+ nze-!-

Fzfbf‑u jaued~run au rncamauenmz zd f enrzfam

jn`rnn di zhn Edcc~mauz rnàcn rhnzdrae

phnm zhn |frzq rnfrcu zhn knàzacfeq di zhn

O~k`frafm Z~rbu‑ edc|~kudrq fuuacakfzadm+

phnm az jnmanu zhnar Z~rbauh ajnmzazq dr

phnm azu knfjnr rfmzu+ ‛ai hn‑u O~k`frafm o~z

hfu d|znj idr f C~ukac mfcn+ hn hfu zd on

fubnj phfz hn zhambu hn au- Ai hn ufaj ‛A fc

f Z~rb–+ cq fjyaen pd~kj on zd `d unkn am

Z~rbnq- Ai hn ufqu hn au O~k`frafm+ az cnfmu hn

au O~k`frafm–8- Pazhd~z ekfacam` zhfz nynrq

cnconr di zhn Fzfbf edmuzaz~nmeq pd~kj

u~||drz zhau fr`~cnmzfzadm zd zhn ufcn jn`rnn

― dr zhfz zhnq frn zhn dmkq dmnu kabnkq zd uhfrn

faz~jnu di zhau bamj ― dmn cfq |~z idrpfrj

zpd ifezdru onhamj zhn |~okae f||nfk di zhau

nxek~uayn mdzadm di mfzadmfk eazawnmuha|- Zhn

ruz dmn au zhfz fiznr 6181+ pazh zhn amuzaz~zadm

di f |dkazaefk |frzq jnua`mnj zd ehfc|adm zhnamznrnuzu di Z~rbauh fmj C~ukac camdrazanu am

O~k`fraf (C_I!+ pazh O~k`fraf‑u fjd|zadm di

amznrmfzadmfk jde~cnmzu pfrrfmzam` camdrazq

ra`hzu (nu|neafkkq zhn 611> Ed~meak di N~rd|n

Irfcnpdrb Edmynmzadm idr zhn \rdznezadm di

Mfzadmfk Camdrazanu! fmj zhn ncnr`nmen di f

mdm `dynrmcnmzfk unezdr zfbam` zd hnfrz zhn

ekdun idkkdp#~| dm zhn nmidrencnmz di zhnun

ra`hzu+ zhn ezadm (kdm` ehnrauhnj am O~k`frafm

mfzadmfk ajndkd`q! di O~k`fraf fu f uam`kn#

mfzadm uzfzn onedcnu amernfuam`kq jae~kzzd ~|hdkj- Zhau zrfmuidrcfzadm |rnunmzu f

ehfkknm`n zd f |frz di zhn O~k`frafmu zhfz pnrn

kfr`nkq udeafkawnj ofeb am edcc~mauz zacnu am

zhn u|araz di f ~mazfrq uzfzn- Az au |nrenaynj fu

nynm cdrn zhrnfznmam` am f edmznxz phnrn (…!

|nd|kn znmj cdrn fmj cdrn diznm zd pdrb+ kayn+

8 ‛Ai @N_O frn _nfudmfokn+ zhnq Pd~kj Ofeb cn

idr \ rnuajnmz–+ : F|rak ?<66+ ppp-fzfbf-o`-

Mfjè`n _f`fr~

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


?<N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

onkdm` fmj ydzn am janrnmz |kfenu fz f `aynm

|damz am zacn- Ed~|knj pazh zhn nydk~zadm dieazawnmuha| rn`~kfzadmu (n-`- fm amernfuam`

m~conr di ed~mzranu rned`mawam` j~fk

eazawnmuha|+ gdamnj oq O~k`fraf am 6118 fu pnkk

fu zhn ac|kaefzadmu di N~rd|nfm amzn`rfzadm idr

zhn jnmazadm di N~rd|nfm eazawnmuha|! zhnun

c~kza|kn+ fz zacnu jauedmmneznj+ u|fenu di

nxauznmen hfyn qankjnj ~aj fmj c~kzaifenznj

pfqu di onkdm`am`- Zhn |d|~kfr f||nfk zhfz zhn

‛|fzradzae– v~nuz zd |rdznez ‛O~k`frafmmnuu–

irdc ‛zhn Z~rbu– hfu nmgdqnj au |rdofokq f

uqc|zdc di f udeanzq uzr~``kam` zd fjf|z zd zhn

|k~rfkazq di ac|kaefzadmu ― odzh amjayaj~fkkq

nx|nranmenj fmj |dkazaefkkq amuzaz~znj ― di

onam` f O~k`frafm mdpfjfqu- Zhn fmza#Z~rbauh

rn|nrzdarn au zdjfq amuzr~cnmzfkawnj idr zhn

ynrq rdkn az hfj onnm hauzdraefkkq `rfmznj

zhrd~`hd~z zhn ЮЮzh enmz~rq am zhn ifezdrq

di O~k`frafm ajnmzazq ― jnu|azn azu amfoakazq

zd cnnz zhn ehfkknm`nu di cdjnrm ajnmzazanu-

E

Pazh zhn idrzhedcam` |rnuajnmzafk fmj kdefk

nknezadmu am Dezdonr ?<66+ zhn kabnkahddj

zhfz Ydknm Uajnrdy+ r~mmam` idr hnfj di

uzfzn+ rnyauazu hau ?<<9 |nridrcfmen (phnm

hn rnfehnj f r~md pazh ?:+<>. di zhn ydzn!

kddbu amua`maefmz- Uamen zhn f~z~cm di ?<<1+

hau u~||drz idr zhn Odraudy `dynrmcnmz

(@N_O+ ra`hz#pam`! hfu onnm ~mjnrcamam`

hau ernjaoakazq fu f idren di |rdznuz2 am#hd~un

prfm`knu hfyn pnfbnmnj hau uzr~ez~rnu2

fmj zhn Cfq ?<66 ameajnmz zra``nrnj oq

Fzfbf fezayauzu am irdmz di zhn Udf cduv~n(phnrn onkanynru pnrn u~ogneznj zd |hquaefk

f``rnuuadm! pfu jnmd~menj oq zhn phdkn

|dkazaefk ekfuu fmj knj zd zhn pazhjrfpfk di

uqc|fzhawnru ~mpakkam` zd unn zhn amznr#ifazh

fmj amznr#edcc~mazq |nfeni~k ednxauznmen am

zhn ed~mzrq zhrnfznmnj- Mnynrzhnknuu+ nynm

ai Fzfbf uedrnj kdpnr zhfm am zhn |rnyad~u

ydzn+ zhau nknezdrfk rnzrnfz pd~kj mdz ac|kq

fm nrduadm di zhn faz~jnu zhfz zhn |frzq hfu

zf||nj amzd- Uax qnfru zd azu ernfzadm+ udcn di

azu ajnfu+ phaeh pd~kj hfyn onnm rn`frjnj

fu |d|~kauz fmj$dr nxzrncauz mdz ud kdm` f`d+

hfyn fkrnfjq onedcn r~m#di#zhn#cakk fcdm`

zhn cfamuzrnfc |frzanu-


Mfjè`n _f`fr~

F F7

Mfjè`n _f`fr~+ \h-J-+ au EM_U rnunfrehnr fzUeanmenu \d (EN_A+ \frau! fmj f knez~rnr am |dkazaefk

ueanmen fmj hauzdrq fz Ueanmenu \d- Hnr rnenmz

|~okaefzadmu amek~jn7 Yan v~dzajanmmn nz |d~ydar

ud~u kn edcc~maucn- Edmudccnr ì k‑Nuz (ed#

njaznj pazh F- Ef|nkkn#\d`ąenfm!+ \frau+ Bfrzhfkf

) EN_A+ ?<6< 2 Zhn c~kza|kn znc|drfkazanu di zhn

|rnunmz- O~k`fraf zpnmzq qnfru fiznr 6181+ Udf+

Erazav~n fmj H~cfmauc+ ?<6< 2 ¢ Knu jduuanru jn

kf Uòrnzá j‑Nzfz o~k`frn 7 kn edcc~maucn jfmu knu

|ka~rnu j~ znc|u ²+ _ny~n jnu áz~jnu ukfynu+ 86 (?#

5!+ ?<6<+ |-?<>#??0-

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


?6N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Zhn hauzdrq di udeafk eayae |rdznuzu am O~k`fraf

dynr zhn kfuz ?< qnfru hfu mdz onnm pranm qnz-Zhn cfgdr rnfudm onhamj zhau au zhfz zhn udeafk

fu f efzn`drq fmj udeafk erazav~n fu f `nmrn

hfyn rncfamnj cfràmfk zhrd~`hd~z zhn phdkn

|nradj di zhn ud#efkknj zrfmuazadm- Zhnq frn

cfràmfk nynm zdjfq+ am zhn zacnu di zhn pdrkj

mfmeafk erauau fmj azu kfuzam` edmunv~nmenu-

Zhn nmnrànu hfyn doyad~ukq knfbnj fpfq

zdpfrju dzhnr efzn`dranu fmj `nmrnu di |~okae

jaued~run+ zhnrnidrn rninrnmenu zd zhn rnfkc di

zhn udeafk kddb d~zjfznj-6

Fmq dynryanp di |~okaefzadmu jnjaefznj zd

eayak udeanzq am O~k`fraf fuzdmauhnu pazh zhn

mnfrkq ~nr kfeb di amznrnuz zd eayak |rdznuz- Zhn

kfnr au |rfezaefkkq founmz irdc zhn jnmazadmu

di eayak udeanzq? + |rnjdcamfmzkq rnuzraeznj zd

zhn zharj unezdr edynram` mdm`dynrmcnmzfk

dr`fmaufzadmu di yfrad~u |rdknu- F m~conr

di |dkaeq |f|nru+ fmfkquam` zhn i~mezadmam` di

O~k`frafm M@Du+ uqc|zdcfzaefkkq nc|hfuawn

zpd bnq infz~rnu di zhn mfzadmfk zharj unezdr7

6! M@Du efrrq d~z fpfrnmnuu rfauam` fmj

6 Unn Ehfyjfr Cframdy‑u frzaekn+ Mfzadmfk cqzhu am

|duz#edcc~mauz O~k`fraf fmj zhnar erazaeauc+ am zhau

edkknezadm-

? Pn efm dmkq mj f orani ehf|znr dm ‛eayak

jaudonjanmen– am f zhndrnzaefk oddbknz oq \rdi-

Idzny irdc zhn nfrkq 611<u- Unn @ndrà Idzny+ Zhn

Eayak Udeanzq+ Udf+ O~k`frafm Fefjncq di ueanmenu+

611?+ ||- :0#>6-

nj~efzadmfk i~mezadmu7 zhnq frn nkazauz

uzr~ez~rnu zrqam` zd kk am ‛irdc zd| zd oddc–zhn cauuam` eayak e~kz~rn am O~k`frafm udeanzq2 ?!

M@Du edc|kncnmz ̀ dynrmcnmz amuzaz~zadmu dr

cfbn ~| idr zhnar amnnezaynmnuu am |rdyajam`

f m~conr di unryaenu zd zhn |~okae (n-`- am zhn

frnfu di udeafk u~||drz+ caza`fzam` |dynrzq

dr nj~efzadm!-5 hdpnynr cnfmamì~k zhnun

zfubu+ fmj hdpnynr hnk|i~k zhn M@Du frn zd

zhn |~okae (pn fuu~cn zhnq frn!+ zhnq frn mdz

nv~ayfknmz zd zhn edmen|z di eayak udeanzq- Zhn

v~nuzadm fod~z zhn ydaenu edcam` irdc ‛jdpm

onkdp– rncfamu d|nm- Frn zhnq nmzarnkq founmz

am zhn |~okae frnmf dr jdnu O~k`frafm |~okaeazq

uac|kq ifak zd |rdyajn zhnc pazh nmd~`h

rddc+ zd jnofzn dynr zhnc+ zd d~zkamn zhnar

rnidrcauz |dznmzafk4

F kddb ofeb zd nynmzu di zhn rnenmz qnfru

|rdynu zhn |damz zhfz zhn |rdoknc kanu am zhn

uzfmjfrju di O~k`frafm |~okae u|hnrn rfzhnr

zhfm am zhn v~fkazq di eayak |rdznuz azunki- Nynm

ai pn |~z fuajn zhn kfr`n |dkazaefk ~|hnfyfku di

zhn 611<u (zhn |rdznuz rfkkanu am 6181#611< zhfz

feedc|fmanj zhn edkkf|un di edcc~mauc2 zhn

oa` ~maynruazq uz~jnmzu‑ uzrabn di zhn u~ccnr

am 611<2 zhn cfuuayn eayak |rdznuz am zhn pamznr

di 6110+ phaeh knj zd zhn dynrzhrdp di Gnfm

5 Unn J- Fmjrnnyf+ A- J~uhbdyf+ J- \nzbdyf+ J-

Caehfakdy+ F Eayak Udeanzq Pazhd~z Eazawnmu- Fm

Fuunuucnmz Di O~k`frafm Eayak Udeanzq (?<<5#?<<>!+

Udf+ Ofkbfm Fuuauz+ ?<<>+ ||- 66#6:-

ey |u m o7 fum U ev

oq Odqfm Wmn|dkuba+ Udf

F

Zhn frzaekn jaue~uunu zhn |kfen phaeh O~k`frafm |~okae u|hnrn fuua`mnj zd udeafk eayak |rdznuzu am f ordfjnr

edmen|z di eayak udeanzq- Zhn u|neaiae v~nuzadm zhn frzaekn zranu zd fmupnr au zd phfz jn`rnn eayak |rdznuzu

edmzrao~zn zd zhn unki#~mjnruzfmjam` fmj rnidrcam` di edmznc|drfrq O~k`frafm udeanzq- Zhn fmfkquau au ide~unj

dm zhn oa` znfehnru‑ uzrabn zhfz zddb |kfen zhn f~z~cm di ?<<0+ fmj au facnj fz o~akjam` ~| f zq|dkd`q di zhn

bnq |nru|nezaynu zdpfrju zhn uzrabn ― zhfz di zhn iamfmeafk nx|nrzu+ di amznkknez~fku$ h~cfmazfrafm fefjncaeu+ di

eazawnmu phd ydaenj zhnar u~||drz idr zhn uzrabn ― zhfz diinr jaiinrnmz pfqu zd ajnmzaiq fmj fjjrnuu udeafk auu~nu

am zhn ed~mzrq-

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


??N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

Yajnmdy‑u udeafkauz `dynrmcnmz!+ pn mj d~z

zhfz O~k`fraf ufp fz knfuz unynrfk u~ouzfmzafkudeafk |rdznuz nynmzu dmkq pazham zhn kfuz inp

qnfru7 zhn |~okae zrfmu|drz jraynru‑ |rdznuz (am

zhn u|ram` di ?<<0!2 zhn uzrabn di zhn \ard`dy

Ncnr`nmeq Hdu|azfk jdezdru (zhn u~ccnr

di zhn ufcn qnfr!2 zhn ifrcnru‑ |rdznuzu (zhn

u~ccnr di ?<<8!2 zhn |rdznuzu di ife~kzq fmj

uz~jnmzu irdc zhn Udf ^maynruazq fmj dzhnr

zharj#knynk uehddku am zhn ef|azfk (zhn f~z~cm

di ?<6<!+ nze-

Zhn cduz ua`maefmz dmn fcdm` zhau uzram` di

|rdznuzu pfu zhn mfzadmfk uzrabn di O~k`frafm

znfehnru am zhn ifkk di ?<<0+ zhn kfr`nuz

|rdznuz fezadm am zhn hauzdrq di O~k`frafm

zrfjn ~madmauc- Znfehnru ~maznj frd~mj zhnukd`fm+ ‛ja`manj pdrb+ ja`manj |fq–+ fmj

ordfehnj f jncfmj idr f 6<<. |fq raun- Zhn

uzrabn pnmz dm idr cdrn zhfm f cdmzh (irdc

kfzn Un|znconr zd nfrkq Mdynconr!2 az pfu

knj oq zhrnn zrfjn ~madmu (zhn Zrfjn ^madm di

O~k`frafm Znfehnru+ zhn \djbrn|f $‛u~||drz–$

Kfod~r Edminjnrfzadm fmj zhn Edminjnrfzadm

di Amjn|nmjnmz Zrfjn ^madmu am O~k`fraf!2

8<#1<. di O~k`frafm znfehnru gdamnj zhn uzrabn

(oq Dezdonr 6< zhn ~maznj uzrabnr‑u edccann

jnekfrnj zhfz zhn |nrenmzf`n di uzrabam`znfehnru hfj rnfehnj 19.!2 dm Dezdonr 66 zhn

~maznj uzrabnr‑u edccann dr`fmaunj f mfzadmfk

|rdznuz rfkkq am Udf‑u enmzrn fnmjnj oq

0>+<<< |rdznuznru (irdc zrfjn ~madm uzfzauzaeu!-

Fmfkquam` zhn cnjaf rnfezadmu zd zhau

ac|drzfmz cfmainuzfzadm di O~k`frafm eayak

udeanzq efm àyn ~u f `nmnrfk yanp di hdp

O~k`frafm |~okae u|hnrn au uzr~ez~rnj phnm az

edcnu zd rnnezam` dm eayak |rdznuzu fmj udeafk

auu~nu7 phfz frn zhn bnq ydaenu dm zhnun u~ognezu

fmj phfz au zhnar rnkfzayn uzrnm`zh- Zhau bamj

di fmfkquau ed~kj hnk| ~u ~mjnruzfmj phq eayak

|rdznuz uzakk edcnu ferduu fu f cfràmfk zq|n

di fezadm fu ifr fu zhn unki#~mjnruzfmjam` fmj

zhn unki#edmuzr~ezam` di O~k`frafm udeanzq frn

edmenrmnj-:

Z

Zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn pfu edynrnj oq zhn

O~k`frafm |rnuu fkcduz fu f cnrnkq mfmeafknynmz+ fodyn fkk hfyam` ac|kaefzadmu dm zhn

mfzadmfk o~j`nz ― phfz znfehnru pfmznj pfu

ha`hnr |fq ― rfzhnr zhfm fu f cnfmamì~k eayak

|rdznuz fmj f udeafk nynmz zhfz rfaunu ac|drzfmz

v~nuzadmu frd~mj |~okae yfk~nu+ n-`- zhn

ac|drzfmen di nj~efzadm am O~k`frafm udeanzq+

zhn f||rneafzadm di znfehnru‑ pdrb+ nze- Hnmen+

zhn `~rnu zhn cnjaf |racfrakq nmkauznj pnrn

mfmeafk nx|nrzu phdun zfub pfu zd ekfraiq zhn

uzrabn‑u uzfbnu onidrn zhn O~k`frafm f~janmen-

Am f hduz di amznryanpu fmj fmfkquau idr zhn|rnuu+ mfmeafk |~mjazu di yfrad~u |dkazaefk

h~nu cfmainuznj f onpakjnram` ~mfmacazq

dm zhn uzrabn+ phaeh ed~kj on nx|kfamnj oq f

uhfrnj `rd~| e~kz~rn- F u~ouzfmzafk |drzadm

: Am zhau edmznxz pn efm nc|hfuawn zhfz idr f hduz

di amznkknez~fk zrfjazadmu ― n-`- zhn udeadkd`q di

fezadm di Fkfam Zd~rfamn dr zhn erazaefk udeafk

zhndrq di Fxnk Hdmmnzh ― udeanzanu ~mjnruzfmj fmj

rnidrc zhncunkynu ofunj dm eayak |rdznuzu+ udeafk

cdyncnmzu fmj dzhnr uzr~``knu idr rned`mazadm-

Odqfm Wmn|dkuba

Un|znconr ?<<0+ O~k`frafm znfehnru cfreh am zhn enm#

zrn di Udf ~maznj onhamj zhnar rfkkqam` erq /Ja`manj

Pdrb- Ja`manj \fq-/ fmj jncfmj zhn rnua`mfzadm di zhn

nj~efzadm unernzfrq- (dkju|ddb-okdù|dz-edc!

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


?5N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

di zhn O~k`frafm cnjaf#fezayn mfmeafk

|rdinuuadmfku frn `rfj~fznu di zhn ^maynruazqidr mfzadmfk fmj Pdrkj Nedmdcq am Udf+

udcn di zhnc znfeh am az fu pnkk- F ufkanmz zpauz

am zhn hauzdrq di zhau amuzaz~zadm au azu for~|z

ajndkdàefk rndranmzfzadm am zhn fiznrcfzh di

611<- Zhrd~`hd~z zhn |nradj 61>5#611<+ zhn

^maynruazq efrranj zhn mfcn Znrzafrq Nedmdcae

Amuzaz~zn Bfrk Cfrx fmj zf~`hz zhn |ramea|knu

di zhn enmzrfkkq |kfmmnj udeafkauz nedmdcq- Am

611<+ az `dz azu e~rrnmz zazkn+ ^MPN+ fmj rfzhnr

v~aebkq+ pazhd~z fmq |frzae~kfr rnnezayn

ndrzu+ nmjdrunj zhn |ramea|knu di cfrbnz

nedmdcq- Zhn ^MPN fk~cma frn fcdm` zhn

cduz nmzrnmehnj fedkqznu di zhn |hakdud|hq

zhfz zhn irnn cfrbnzu d~`hz zd nm`~ki fkk dzhnr

|~okae nkju- Zhau cfbndynr pfu dmkq rfjaefk fz

azu u~rifen7 am rnfkazq phfz pfu for~|zkq fkznrnj

pfu zhn ajndkdàefk edmznmz+ hdpnynr zhn

zrfjazadm di jd`cfzae fjhnrnmen zd qnz fmdzhnr

jdcamfmz ajndkd`q pfu |rnunrynj- Zhnrn au

fmdzhnr bamj di edmzam~azq onzpnnm zhn zpd

uzf`nu di ^MPN jnynkd|cnmz+ fm nynm cdrncnfmamì~k dmn7 zhn ‛uquzncae– f||rdfeh

am fmfkquam` nedmdcq fmj udeanzq+ phaeh

~u~fkkq d|nrfznu am jaurn`frj di zhn eazawnmu‑

fezaynmnuu- Ai idr zhn idkkdpnru di zhn enmzrfkkq

|kfmmnj nedmdcq zhn ed~mzrq‑u jnynkd|cnmz

hfj zd on jneajnj fz zhn O~k`frafm Edcc~mauz

\frzq ‛|knm~cu–+ idr zhn u~||drznru di zhn

irnn#cfrbnz nedmdcq jnynkd|cnmz au nmzarnkq

jn|nmjnmz dm zhn ~mac|njnj i~mezadmam` di

cfrbnz cnehfmaucu- Phfz zhn zpd ajndkdànu

hfyn am edccdm au zhfz eayae cdyncnmzufmj uzrabn fezadmu frn nv~fkkq jaurn`frjnj

fu f cfmainuzfzadm di h~cfm pfmzdmmnuu+ fm

~m|rnjaezfokn fmj akk#fjyaunj z~ro~knmen zhfz

gnd|frjawnu zhn uquznc‑u une~razq fmj mnnju zd

on v~aebkq nkacamfznj-

Zhn |duazadm di Ncak Hfruny+ f ^MPN

znfehnr+ ofmbnr fmj ha`h#|rdkn cnjaf |~mjaz+

rn|rnunmznj zhn cfrbnz nxzrncauc fcdm` zhn

cfgdrazq di mfmeafk nx|nrzu phd edccnmznj

dm zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn am zhn ifkk di ?<<0-> Fzzhn edrn di hau yanp uzddj zhn g~xzf|duazadm

onzpnnm cfrbnz fmj uzfzn+ fmj+ am cdrn

u|neae znrcu+ zhn zr~auc zhfz ‛zhn cfrbnz

au cdrn nnezayn zhfm zhn uzfzn–- Fkk |~okae

u|hnrnu frn amhnrnmzkq ekfuuanj fu cfrbnz

u|hnrnu+ hnmen zhn nxauznmen di f |~okae unryaen

jdcfam+ phnrn zhn cfrbnz |ramea|knu cfq mdz

f||kq zhn ufcn pfq fu nkunphnrn dr hfyn f

rnuzraeznj rna`m+ au r~knj d~z- Nynm nj~efzadm

fmj hnfkzhefrn frn unnm fu qnz fmdzhnr cfrbnz

z~ri+ ai az pnrn mdz idr zhn `dynrmcnmz zhfz hfu

cau`~ajnjkq umfzehnj zhnc d~z di zhn irnn

nedmdcq fmj z~rmnj zhnc amzd ‛ehfrazfokn

unezdru–- Fkk udeafk |rdokncu+ amek~jam` zhdun

am nj~efzadm+ uznc irdc zhn jauzdrzam` dr

rnuzraezam` di cfrbnz cnehfmaucu2 zhnrnidrn

phnzhnr zhnun |rdokncu pakk mj |rd|nr

rnudk~zadm dr dzhnrpaun uzraezkq jn|nmju dm

phnzhnr zhn cfrbnz pakk rnuzdrn (dr nuzfokauh!

zhn u~|rncfeq di azu |aydzfk |ramea|kn+

nnezaynmnuu- Am orani+ fr`~nj Hfruny+ zhnehfkknm`nu am f udeanzq ― nazhnr am azu zdzfkazq

dr am fmq di azu |frzae~kfr unezdru ― rnudrz zd

nxauzam` jauzdrzadmu di nnezaynmnuu- Zhau

znmnz edmzrfjaezu dr erdpju d~z fmq dzhnr

edc|nzazayn |ramea|kn+ idr amuzfmen g~uzaen-

Iamfmeafk nx|nrzu kabn Hfruny pdm‑z jnmq

|nd|kn zhn (edmuzaz~zadmfk! ra`hz zd uzrabn+

zhnq pdm‑z nynm v~nuzadm zhn ifarmnuu di

phfz O~k`frafm znfehnru jncfmj+ phfz zhnq

jaucauu au zhn ynrq |ramea|kn di uzrabn fezadm-

Oq pfkbam` d~z dm zhnar pdrb uzfzadmu znfehnruhfyn edccanj f udrz di ‛dmzdkdàefk nrrdr–

fu zhn udeafk pdrkj au `~ajnj ― fu c~uz on ―

oq zhn |ramea|kn di nnezaynmnuu rfzhnr zhfm

oq g~uzaen+ phaeh au u~ognezayn+ froazrfrq+ a-n-

> Fm amznryanp pazh zhn mfmeanr Ncakn Hfruny+

Phfz pakk zhn mfzadm jd ai zhn zrnfu~rq nc|zanu4+ zhn

Zr~j (kfod~r! jfakq+ <5-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-

Odqfm Wmn|dkuba

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


?:N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

ed~mznr|rdj~ezayn- 9 Am hau amznryanp+ Hfruny

pfu v~azn d|nm dm zhau7 ‛Zhn ifarmnuu diznfehnru‑ jncfmju au mdz fm auu~n+ mdr au fm

auu~n phnzhnr zhnq ed~kj on ufzaunj dr mdz+

zhn er~x hnrn au zhn udeafk jqmfcae pn pd~kj

hfyn dm d~r hfmju ai fkk edmaezu am udeanzq

pnrn jnfkz pazh zhau pfq-– Zhn uzrabn fu f udeafk

|rfezaen ‛ac|kanu zhfz udeanzq idrinazu azu mdrcfk

cfrbnz |fen fmj ncofrbu dm fjjrnuuam` azu

`ranyfmenu zhrd~`h mdm#cfrbnz jnyaenu–- Zhau

pd~kj jnknàzacawn `dynrmfmen+ ~mknfuh zhn

jauamzn`rfzadm di udeafk iforae fmj rnynrz ~u

zd f uzfzn phnrn nynrqdmn au pfrram` f`famuz

nynrqdmn nkun-

Ai zhn uzrabn hfj fmq |damz fz fkk+ Hfruny ufp

az am azu rdkn fu fm amjaefzdr di zhn ehfkknm`nu

am O~k`frafm nj~efzadm+ phaeh hdpnynr ca`hz

mdz |duuaokq on fjjrnuunj zhrd~`h amj~uzrafk

fezadm fmj ekfacu idr g~uzaen- Zhnun ehfkknm`nu

pd~kj dmkq on fjjrnuunj fu uddm fu O~k`frafm

nj~efzadm onefcn u~ognez zd zhn dognezayn fmj

ac|frzafk cfrbnz cnehfmaucu+ am dzhnr pdrju

‛phnm zhn efoamnzu rnkamv~auhnu azu udeafki~mezadm+ fxnu onzpnnm 5< fmj ><. di zhnc

Rzhn znfehnruS fmj rfaunu zhn ufkfranu di zhn rnuz

phd pakk am z~rm u~||kq f edc|nzazayn |rdj~ez

zd udeanzq–-

Iamfmeafk edccnmzfzdru pnrn mnfrkq

~mfmacd~u zhfz ― ai az pnrn zd onedcn

nnezayn ― O~k`frafm nj~efzadm mnnjnj zd on

jnenmzrfkaunj fmj |rayfzaunj- Fmj ai pn pnrn

zd zrnfz az fjnv~fznkq+ zhnm pn pd~kj hfyn zd

knfrm hdp zd unn az zhrd~`h zhn kdàe fmj zhn

znrcu di zhn cfrbnz- Phakn zrqam` zd ajnmzaiq9 Am zhn ufcn amznryanp+ zfkbam` fod~z zhn uzrabam`

znfehnru+ Hfruny fr`~nj7 ‛qnu+ zhn znfehnru frn

yaezacu- Zhnq frn yaezacu di zhnar dpm kfznmeq+ di

zhnar dpm faz~jnu ud ifr-– Fz zhn ufcn zacn+ hn

v~nuzadmnj zhn zrfjn ~madmu irdc zhn |nru|nezayn

di `dynrmfmen rfzadmfkazq7 ‛Zhn zrfjn ~madmu frn

mdz fkpfqu rfzadmfk+ o~z onam` rfzadmfk aum‑z zhnar

o~uamnuu- Az aum‑z zhnar o~uamnuu zd on zhambam` hdp

zd cfmf`n zhn uzfzn-–

zhn `dfku di nj~efzadm+ zhnun nx|nrzu ~unj f

gfr`dm nmzarnkq odrrdpnj irdc zhn |rdj~ezadmfmj cfrbnzam` di edccdjazanu- Nj~efzadm hfu

zd on edmenaynj fu f cfrbnz di ha`h v~fkazq

nj~efzadmfk |rdj~ezu qankjam` edc|nznmen

pazh f cfrbnz yfk~n- Fu f u|neae |rdj~ezadm

frnf+ azu bnq |~r|dun ajnfkkq au zhn |rdyauadm

di ‛bmdpknj`n fmj ubakku+ phaeh nmhfmen

|nd|kn‑u nxaoakazq fmj fjf|zfoakazq– zd zhn

~ez~fzam` cfrbnz zrnmju- Phfz zhau nx|nrz

gfr`dm uzrabnu ~u pazh au zhn mnfrkq |frfmdaj

fydajfmen di fmq ajnf di f edcc~mazq7 az unncu

zhn amznrinrnmen di u~eh f ezadm pd~kj jauzdrz

zhn ‛|~rn– i~mezadmam` di cfrbnz cnehfmaucu-

Zhn mfmeafk |~mjazu unncnj edmyamenj

zhfz nj~efzadm pfu f |rdenuu zhfz zddb |kfen

nmzarnkq am f pdrkj di amjayaj~fku7 znfehnru

frn rfznj feedrjam` zd zhnar v~fkazanu fmj

jaka`nmen fu amjayaj~fku2 zhnq u~||kq d~z|~zu

zd on amjayaj~fkkq foudronj oq uz~jnmzu am kamn

pazh zhnar v~fkazanu dr fcoazadmu2 zhnun d~z|~zu

hnk| uz~jnmzu idrc amjayaj~fk |rdinuuadmfk

edc|nznmenu zd on u~ounv~nmzkq ― fmj g~uz fuuam`~kfrkq ― ~unj dm zhn kfod~r cfrbnz-

Zhn bnq uzrfzn`q f||kanj oq zhn mfmeafk

edccnmzfzdru am uza`cfzauam` zhn znfehnr‑u

uzrabn pfu zd fzdcaun zhn uzrabnru+ zd irf`cnmz

zhn edkknezayn udkajfrazq fezadm di f |rdinuuadmfk

edcc~mazq jdpm zd fezadmu jaezfznj oq

amznrnuzu di amjayaj~fku phd pnrn onuz zfbnm

un|frfznkq fmj nyfk~fznj dm zhn ofuau di zhnar

|nrudmfk |rdinuuadmfk v~fkazq- Fm nedmdcae

|~mjaz0 v~nuzadmnj fmq edkknezayn fezadm+ n-`-

uzrabnu+ fmj fmq |rdinuuadmfk dr`fmaufzadm+n-`- zrfjn ~madmu+ fu zhnun frn amuzr~cnmzu

~unj zd rfzehnz ~| udeafk znmuadm fmj zhpfrz dr

jauzdrz zhn dmkq knàzacfzn idrc di mn`dzafzam`

kfod~r edmzrfezu+ phaeh au zhn ‛amjayaj~fk

ydk~mzfrq f`rnncnmz onzpnnm nc|kdqnru fmj

0 Jacaznr Ehdofmdy+ Znfehnru pazh Ha`hnr Pf`nu+

idr zhn Ufcn Nj~efzadm+ zhn Jmnymab jfakq+

68-<1-?<<0+ ||-6?#65-

Odqfm Wmn|dkuba

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


?>N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

nc|kdqnnu–- Am zhn yanp di zhau nx|nrz+ zhn

uzrabn pfu doyad~ukq f uhfc fu az pfu fnmjnj oq fkk udrzu di znfehnru pazh pajn yfrafzadmu di

pdrb |nridrcfmen ― znfehnru pazh ha`h fmj

kdp |rdinuuadmfk ubakku+ hfrj#pdrbam` fmj kfwq-

Fkdm` zhnun kamnu+ zhn znfeham` edcc~mazq am

azunki au f cquzaefzadm+ |duuaokn am azu e~rrnmz

uhf|n nmzarnkq idr zhn ifez zhfz zhn uehddkam`

uquznc au i~mjnj oq zhn `dynrmcnmz fmj fkk

znfehnru frn zrnfznj zhn ufcn pfq ― phaeh au

~mpfrrfmznj- Nx|duam` uehddku zd zhn cfrbnz

cnehfmaucu pd~kj hfyn f j~fk |duazayn nnez7

nynrq znfehnr pakk rnenayn zhn edc|nmufzadm

zhfz hn dr uhn jnunrynu+ onuajnu+ yfrafokn

rfzn rnc~mnrfzadm pd~kj jd fpfq pazh zhn

akk~uadm di f edcc~mazq fcdm` znfehnru fu

pnkk fu pazh zhn fnc|zu zd rfaun ~| edkknezayn

jncfmju zhrd~`h amj~uzrafk fezadm-

Am zhnar fmfkquau di zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn+

mfmeafk edccnmzfzdru hfyn ~unj |~rnkq

v~fmzazq amjaefzdru7 hdp cfmq di zhnc frn

uzrabam`4 Phfz bamj di cdmnq zhnq pfmz4

Hdp pd~kj zhau fcd~mz fnez zhn o~j`nz4\duzam` zhn uzrabn am fm feed~mz au md jd~oz

rnknyfmz irdc zhn |nru|nezayn di azu mfmeafk

ac|kaefzadmu+ o~z am azunki az efmmdz fmupnr

zhn v~nuzadm7 Hdp ed~kj pn ~mjnruzfmj zhau

|frzae~kfr uzrabn4 Mdr amjnnj zhn v~nuzadm7

Hdp ed~kj pn fjnv~fznkq hfmjkn zhau uzrabn48

a i pn dmkq ord~`hz ~| v~fmzazq amjaefzdru+

pn pd~kj hfyn nmjnj ~| kduam` zhn uzrabn‑u

|rdinuuadmfk u|neaeu7 az onedcnu arrnknyfmz

phnzhnr az pfu f znfehnru‑+ dr f rfakpfq

nc|kdqnnu‑+ dr f jdezdru‑+ dr f ifrcnru‑ uzrabn-Phfz au cdrn ac|drzfmz hnrn au zhfz pn kdun azu

cdrfk jacnmuadm+ phaeh rnkfznu zd zhn innkam`

di h~cakafzadm+ |rdinuuadmfk aminradrazq+ udeafk

jacamauhcnmz+ fcdm` zhn znfehnru edcc~mazq+

fmj zhnun edmuzaz~znj zhn bnq cdzayfzadm di zhn

8 Zhn frzaekn di @ndr`a Fm`nkdy+ Au Zhnrn Cdmnq idr

Znfehnru‑ Ufkfranu ca`hz |rdyajn fm nxfc|kn di zhau+

zhn Jmnymab jfakq+ <:-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-

uzrabnru- Phfz zhn nx|nrzu cfmf`nj zd jd pfu

zd ‛v~fmzaiq– zhn uzrabn qnz zhnq ifaknj zd ̀ rfu|azu |damz idr zhn hnrcnmn~zaefk ― fmj cdrfk ―

amunmuazayazq di zhnar amuzr~cnmzu- Fmj zhau au

|rneaunkq phfz knj zd zhn cau~mjnruzfmjam`7

zhn u|neae cdrfk ekfacu zhn znfehnru efcn ~|

pazh ― zhfz zhnq inkz h~cakafznj am zhnar v~fkazq

fu znfehnru ― pnrn |rnea|azd~ukq rnj~enj (fmj

zhau pfq jacamauhnj! zd zhn fkkn`nj uzrayam`

di fmq edmu~cnr zd edmu~cn nynm cdrn- Zhn

fmupnr zhn uzrabn‑u rfkkqam` erq idr ‛ja`manj

pdrb+ ja`manj |fq– `dz irdc |dkazaeafmu fmj

nx|nrzu pfu ‛on cdrn nnezayn fmj qd~ pakk

`nz ha`hnr |fq–- Zhn |frfjdx hnrn pfu zhfz zd

zhn nx|nrzu‑ acf`amfzadm cdmnq pfu nxzrncnkq

yfk~fokn qnz hfj f uzraezkq kacaznj f||kaefzadm-

Zhnar uhfrnj onkani unncnj zd on cdmnq uhd~kj

dmkq on ~unj zd rnc~mnrfzn nnezaynmnuu2 zhn

ajnf az ed~kj on ~unj idr cdrfk |~r|dunu ― zd

rnuzdrn f |rdinuuadmfk `rd~| zd azu ja`mazq+

unki#rnu|nez+ |nren|zadm di ifar zrnfzcnmz ―

pfu d~z di zhn v~nuzadm-1 Zd zhamb dzhnrpaun

pd~kj hfyn jncfmjnj f janrnmz |hakdud|hqphnrnoq nj~efzadm ed~kj on amznr|rnznj odzh

pazham zhn edmznxz di azu udeafk edmjazadmu fmj

irdc zhn |nru|nezayn di azu udeafk ac|fez-

K

Fu f idrc di udeafk jaudonjanmen+ zhn uzrabn

|rdynj fkanm zd zhn efzn`drq rn|nrzdarn di

|rdcamnmz O~k`frafm amznkknez~fku- Hfyam`

udeafkaunj j~ram` zhn edcc~mauz nrf+ zhnun

9< dr 0<#qnfr#dkj |d|~kfr |rdinuudru fmjrnunfrehnru ― am |duunuuadm di rdo~uz fefjncae

e~kz~rn+ o~z pnfb eayak rnnxnu ― rnfeznj zd zhn

znfehnru‑ uzrabn pazh edmi~uadm fmj cauzr~uz-

Udcn di zhnc u~``nuznj zhfz znfehnru uhd~kj

hfyn onnm cdrn rfjaefk fmj c~zamanj2 dzhnru

1 A knfyn fuajn zhn v~nuzadm phnzhnr dr mdz zhau ca`hz

on f pfq ― fz knfuz amjarnezkq ― zd unz ~| zhn |rd|nr

edmjazadmu idr ha`hnr neanmeq di nj~efzadm-

Odqfm Wmn|dkuba

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


?9N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

|rninrrnj zhnc zd on cdrn h~cokn fmj

rnua`mnj zd zhnar |rdinuuadmfk j~zanu- Fu fidrc di fezadm+ dr`fmaunj |rdznuzu jncfmjam`

ha`hnr ufkfranu uzr~eb zhnun amznkknez~fku fu

nazhnr zdd frrd`fmz dr zdd h~cokn-

Amjnnj+ ~mkabn zhn mfmeafk |~mjazu+ zhn

amznkknez~fku ― fkk di zhnc irdc zhn h~cfmazanu

― jaj mdz zrfuh zhn uzrabn d~zra`hz+ o~z

onc~unjkq ufz dm zhn inmen onzpnnm hfki#

hnfrznj u~||drz idr zhn nx|nrzu‑ |duazadm6<

fmj hfki#hnfrznj ife~kzq udkajfrazq- O~z odzh

nx|nrzu fmj amznkknez~fku jnmd~menj zhn

uzrabnru‑ jncfmj idr ha`hnr |fq7 zhn idrcnr

― onef~un zhn znfehnru jaj mdz jnunryn az

zhrd~`h ha`h#v~fkazq d~z|~z+ zhn kfnr ―

onef~un pfmzam` cdrn cdmnq au ~mja`manj

am |ramea|kn- \rdinuudr Mabdkf @ndràny+ f

pnkk#bmdpm kaznrfrq zhndrq knez~rnr fz zhn

Udf ^maynruazq+ efcn ~| pazh zhau bamj di

d|amadm dm zhn uzrabn7 ‛Qnu+ zhn pf`nu frn kdp+

qnz phnm zhn ruz zham` f znfehnr uzrabnu idr au

cdmnq+ zhau efuzu zhn zrfjn am ~mifyd~rfokn

ka`hz am zhn nqnu di |frnmzu R…S Oq jncfmjam`cdrn cdmnq+ pn+ fu znfehnru+ uhnj udcn di

d~r hfkd-–66 \rdinuudr @ndràny onkanynj zhn

uzrabn pfu h~cakafzam` fu f idrc di eayak fezadm7

‛Uzrabam` cnfmu+ ‛\knfun+ ̀ ayn cn cdrn efuh&–

dr ‛_nj~en cq pdrbam` hd~ru&– Oq uzrabam`

zhn pnfb edcnu ferduu fu nynm pnfbnr-–

Nynm zhd~`h hn nx|rnuunj udkajfrazq pazh zhn

uzrabnru‑ ef~un+ zhn |rdinuudr |knfjnj idr udcn

fnuzhnzaefkkq u~|nradr idrcu di |rdznuz+ n-`- zhn

rnonkkadm-

Zhn uzfmen di Fmjrna \fmzny+ |rdinuudr diedmznc|drfrq O~k`frafm hauzdrq fz zhn Udf

6< Unn zhn amznryanp pazh \rdi- @ndrà Cfrbdy+

jarnezdr di zhn Hauzdrq Amuzaz~zn pazham zhn O~k`frafm

Fefjncq di Ueanmenu+ zazknj+ A Jdm‑z Pfmz zd on f

Cakkadmfarn Dynr F`fam+ Zr~j+ 66-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-

66 Zhn Uzrabn Hfu Fkrnfjq Z~rmnj amzd \fmhfmjkam`+

fm amznryanp pazh \rdi- Mabdkf @ndràny+ Zr~j+

<1-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-

^maynruazq fmj fm C\ idr zhn Udeafkauz \frzq

am zhn e~rrnmz |frkafcnmz+ au uacakfr dmkq zdf enrzfam jn`rnn- \rdinuudr \fmzny janrnj

irdc zhn nx|nrzu phd pnrn |rdmn zd z~rm

nj~efzadm amzd f edccdjazq cfrbnz7 ‛A rngnez

onam` f ufknucfm+ fmj cq uz~jnmzu onam`

e~uzdcnru- Uamen nj~efzadm au c~eh cdrn

zhfm f cfrbnz unryaen-–6? Qnz fkdm` zhn ufcn

kamn+ zhn |rdinuudr jaucauunu zhn znfehnru‑

ekfacu idr ha`hnr pf`nu7 ‛Dm zhn dzhnr hfmj+

zhau inrdead~u nc|hfuau dm cdmnq fkdmn efm

|~z d |~okae d|amadm+ phaeh ~unj zd uzfmj

~mnv~aydefkkq onhamj zhn znfehnr-– Zhau au

hdp \fmzny jauzfmenj hacunki irdc odzh zhn

nx|nrzu fmj zhn znfehnru+ am hau onkani ― f|rd|du

nmzarnkq cau`~ajnj ― zhfz zhnun zpd uajnu

fez~fkkq uhfrn zhn ufcn kdàe+ phaeh au zd jrf`

nj~efzadm amzd zhn ynmfkazq di edccdjazq#

cdmnq rnkfzadmuha| dokaznrfzam` azu cdrfk

jacnmuadm- ^mkabn \rdinuudr @ndràny+ hn

jajm‑z |~z idrpfrj c~zamq+ o~z h~cakazq am zhn

u|araz di zhn O~k`frafm 61zh#enmz~rq Mfzadmfk

_nyayfk+ phaeh fkkn`njkq hfj fm ajnfk idr fznfehnr phd au unknuukq jnjaefznj zd f mdokn

o~z ~m`rfzni~k |rdinuuadm7 ‛…onam` f znfehnr

au f jnuzamq zhfz aum‑z fkpfqu zhfmbi~k- O~z zhn

nuunmen di znfeham`‑u `rfen au |rneaunkq am zhau

~m`rfzni~kmnuu-–

Am zhnar rnu|dmun zd zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn+

O~k`frafm amznkknez~fku oknmjnj zhn |rng~jaenu

di _nyayfk ajnfkauc+ jncfmjam` unki#uferaeafk

edccazcnmz zd f ef~un+ pazh zhn |rng~jaenu

di ‛udeafkauz cdrfkazq– jnmd~meam` zhn

cfmainuzfzadmu di cfznrafk amznrnuz+ fmj+ fz zhnnmj di zhn jfq+ jauzfmenj zhncunkynu irdc

zhn uzrabn- Zhnq jnekfrnj zhnar u~||drz idr

zhn znfehnr edcc~mazq am |ramea|kn+ qnz kfaj

jdpm edmjazadmu dm zhn uzrabn+ phaeh pnrn

ud rnuzraezayn ― mdz zd on |dkazaeawnj+ mdz zd

6? Uz~jnmzu frn mdz e~uzdcnru+ fm amznryanp pazh

\rdi- Fmjrnq \fmzny+ Zr~j+ ?:-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-

Odqfm Wmn|dkuba

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


?0N~xnamdu ? (?<66!

hfyn fmq mfmeafk ekfacu+ nze- ― zhfz hfj zhnq

onnm kaynj ~| zd+ zhfz pd~kj hfyn rnmjnrnjzhn uzrabn edc|knznkq cnfmam`knuu- Zhnar

amfoakazq zd uqc|fzhawn pazh zhnar dpm bam

fkud onfru zhn iddz|ramz di fm nkazauc+ phaeh

|kfenu amznkknez~fku ~| ekdunr zd

zhn |dkazaefk nuzfokauhcnmz zhfm zd

drjamfrq znfehnru-

C

Zhn nx|nrz jaued~run dm zhn uzrabn

u~nrnj f bnq jneaz7 az mnynr

cnmzadmnj zhfz nj~efzadm hfu

f rdkn zd |kfq am zhn ernfzadm di

f udeafk nmyardmcnmz+ di udeafk

odmju+ zhfz am f cdrn `nmnrfk

|nru|nezayn az jdnu mdz uac|kq

|rdj~en |rdinuuadmfk ubakku+ o~z

(rn!|rdj~enu udeanzq+ hdpnynr

uac|kanj zhau cfq ud~mj- Zhau

|nru|nezayn fez~fkkq jaj u~rifen am

zhn jnofznu frd~mj zhn uzrabn+ o~z jaj ud am fudkajfrazq knnr ua`mnj oq f phdkn idrcnr ̀ rfjn

di zhn Udf Cfzhncfzaefk Unedmjfrq Uehddk zd

u~||drz zhnar |fuz znfehnru-65 Az pfu nxfezkq am

zhau knnr rfzhnr zhfm am zhn mfmeafk nx|nrzu

fmfkquau+ zhfz zhn znfehnru eare~cuzfmenu hfj

onnm amua`hzi~kkq ~mjnruzddj fmj zhn znfehnru

`dz zhn rned`mazadm zhnq jnunrynj7 idr hfyam`

cfjn zhnar idrcnr uz~jnmzu ‛edc|nzazayn

zd fkk N~rd|nfm+ Fcnraefm fmj phaehnynr#

qd~#kabn qd~m` |nd|kn–+ fmj fkud idr hfyam`

onnm ‛mdz dmkq d~r znfehnru R…S o~z fkudd~r I_ANMJU–+ idr hfyam` ‛fu O~k`frafm

znfehnru ― pazh |nruauznmen fmj `nm~amn kdyn

idr zhnar |rdinuuadm ― edmzam~nj zhn v~nuz

f`famuz kd~zauhmnuu+ a`mdrfmen fmj ukd||amnuu

am O~k`fraf+ f zhdrd~`hkq |fzradzae cauuadm

65 Zd Znfehnru Pazh Kdyn+ Jmnymab+ <>-6<-?<<0+ ||-

8#1-

jnunryam` rnu|nez fmj rnynrnmen zhfz zd

d~r jnn| edmyaezadm jdnu MDZ cfzeh zhnbamj di edc|nmufzadm zhnq `nz–- Zhn idrcnr

uz~jnmzu‑ knnr dnrnj fm f||rneafzadm di zhn

znfehnru‑ |rdinuuadm ofunj dm f pajnr rfm`n

di azu cdzayfzadmu fmj azu udeafk ac|kaefzadmu-Nj~efzadm au mdz cnrnkq f |rdenuu di

u~eenuui~kkq hfmjam` jdpm |rdinuuadmfk ubakku+

o~z f |rdenuu di edcc~maefzadm fmj c~z~fk

edccazcnmz di znfehnru fmj uz~jnmzu+ am zhn

ed~run di phaeh az ernfznu faz~jnu+ yfk~nu fmj

udeafk ubakku zhfz nmfokn+ fcdm` dzhnr zham`u+

zhn i~z~rn u~eenuui~k |rdinuuadmfk efrnnr di zhn

uz~jnmzu-

Zhd~`h az ca`hz ud~mj fu f |frfjdx+ o~z

d~z di fkk |dkazaefk |frzanu zhn dmn zhfz uzddj

oq zhn uzrabam` znfehnru pazhd~z rnunryfzadmupfu zhn |d|~kauz Fzfbf-6: Pazhd~z dynrkddbam`

zhn mfzadmfkauz dynrzdmnu am zhnar rhnzdrae6> +

6: Unn Mfjn`n _f`fr~+ Ydzam` idr zhn Xnmd|hdoae

\frzq Fzfbf am O~k`fraf- _nuhf|am` Uqcodkae

Od~mjfranu fiznr Udeafkauc+ am zhau edkknezadm-

6> Zhau |azeh pfu eknfrkq |~ru~nj+ idr amuzfmen oq

yfrad~u Fzfbf fezayauzu fkkn`am` zhfz |dkazaeafmu

pnrn mjam` cdmnq idr zhn _dcfmq camdrazq dr

Odqfm Wmn|dkuba

Fmdzhnr bnq ukd`fm di zhn uzrabam` znfehnru+ /Ja`manj Znfehnru #

Ja`manj O~k`frafmu/- (mnpu-aodx-o`!

7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011


dr jacamauham` zhn ifez zhfz az au v~azn mfz~rfk

idr |d|~kauzu zd u~||drz drjamfrq |nd|kn amzhnar `ranyfmenu f`famuz zhn |dkazaefk ekfuu+ pn

hfyn zd |damz d~z zhfz am zhau |frzae~kfr efun

Fzfbf‑u u~||drz pfu |nrzamnmz fmj edmyameam`-

Mfzadmfkauz+ xnmd|hdoae fmj fmza#Uncazae am

azu ajndkd`q+ fu az ~mjd~oznjkq au+ am znrcu

di zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn Ydknm Uajnrdy‑u d~zz

uhdpnj f bnnmnr udeafk unmuazayazq zhfm zhn

|dkaeqcfbnru di zhn zhnm r~kam` zra|kn edfkazadm

dr+ idr zhfz cfnr+ zhfm cduz cnjaf |~mjazu-

Am f u|nneh onidrn |frkafcnmz+ Uajnrdy uzddj

onhamj zhn jncfmju di zhn uzrabam` znfehnru+

rned`mawam` zhn cdrfk jacnmuadm di zhnar

|rdznuz fmj f||nfkam` idr ~mjnruzfmjam` fmj

u~||drz zd |nd|kn phd innk h~cakafznj fmj

hfyn zd `hz idr zhnar ja`mazq-69 Zhau uaz~fzadm

onfru znuzacdmq mdz dmkq idr zhn maehnu zhfz

O~k`frafm |d|~kauc zu amzd+ o~z fkud idr

zhn kacazfzadmu di edmznc|drfrq O~k`frafm

jncderfeq- O~k`frafm udeanzq hfu mdz knfrmnj

qnz hdp zd ~mjnruzfmj fmj rnidrc azunki oq

knmjam` fm nfr zd zhn ydaenu edcam` irdc onkdp ― zhn ydaenu di eayak |rdznuz-

Zhn ?<<0 znfehnru‑ uzrabn pd~mj ~| pazh f

|frzafk u~eenuu idr zhn znfehnru phd `dz zhnar

raun fkonaz mdz zd zhn jn`rnn amazafkkq jncfmjnj-

Qnz zhn uzrabnru kduz zhn uqcodkae uzr~``kn

idr rned`mazadm- Zhn `dynrmcnmz fz zhn zacn

edmenjnj zd zhnar jncfmju mdz onef~un az pfu

edmyamenj zhau pfu zhn ra`hz zham` zd jd+ o~z

onef~un zhn uzrabn pfu cfuuayn fmj |rdkdm`nj

fmj ed~kj gnd|frjawn |dkazaefk uzfoakazq am

zhn ed~mzrq2 f |rnenjnmz hfj onnm unz pazh

zd |~rehfun Irnmeh cakazfrq nv~a|cnmz qnz ifaknj zd

mj cdmnq idr O~k`frafm znfehnru-

69 Ydknm Uajnrdy+ Fzfbf amuauzu Drnuhfruba fmj

Yfkehny Uhd~kj _nua`m+ zhn Fzfbf jfakq+ 65-6<-?<<0+

||- 6?#65-

dzhnr |rdinuuadmfk `rd~|u fu pnkk60- Ai zhn

uzrabn‑u |~r|dun hfj onnm zd cdyn nj~efzadmzd f onnr |kfen am zhn udeafk acf`amfzadm di

O~k`frafmu+ dr zd fehanyn ha`hnr f||rneafzadm

di phfz znfehnru jd+ zhnm az ifaknj- Fz zhn nmj

di zhn jfq+ az pfu zhn nx|nrzu‑ amznr|rnzfzadmu

zhfz zra~c|hnj fmj zhnq pnrn zhn dmnu zd

knfyn f jnmazayn iddz|ramz dm edmuzr~am` zhn

nynmz- Hdpnynr ac|drzfmz f |~okae nynmz

zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn pfu+ az hfrjkq ehfm`nj

fmqzham` am O~k`frafm udeanzq- Zhn v~nuzadm au7

ed~kj az hfyn jdmn onnr4


60 zhn `dynrmcnmz hfj fkrnfjq ufzaunj jncfmju

idr rfauam` zhn ufkfranu di |~okae zrfmu|drz jraynru

nfrkanr am ?<<0-

Odqfm Wmn|dkuba

F F7

Jr- Odqfm Wmn|dkuba au Fuudeafzn \rdinuudr fz

zhn Jn|frzcnmz di Udeadkd`q+ ^maynruazq di Udf

‛Uz- Bkacnmz Dhrajuba–- Hau rnenmz |~okaefzadmu

amek~jn7 Udeafk erazav~n am O~k`fraf7 f zq|dkd`q

di zhn erazaefk `nmrnu+ Jayamfzad+ ydk- 55+ u|ram`#u~ccnr ?<66+ ||- >0#0?2 Zhn uzrnm`zhu fmj zhn

pnfbmnuunu di fefjncae udeafk erazav~n+ Erazav~n fmj

H~cfmauc+ ydk- 5?+ ?$?<6<+ ||- 66#?> (|~okauhnj

fkud am N~rdwamn+ ?9-66-?<6<!2 Zhn Kacazu di zhn

U~ognez+ Udf+ F@FZF#F+ ?<<0-

euxeinos 2_2011

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