ATHIRA RAJAN NATURAL SCIENCEMTTC, PTPM.

MANUSCRIPT MAGAZINES

A manuscript magazine is a document written by handswhich are opposed to being printed or reproduced in someother way. Before the arrival of printing all documents andbooks were manuscripts.

Manuscripts are not defined by their contents which maycombine writing with mathematical calculations, maps,explanatory figure or illustrations.

PARTS OF MANUSCRIPTCover Fly leafIllustrationsShell mark or signature in holding library Deletion methods CollationHeaders and Footers QuiresPage Formats PaperOwner Signature InkDedications Page numerationCensor signature

TYPES OF MANUSCRIPTS

DiariesIncoming& copies of outgoing lettersSchool PapersNotebooksAccount BooksPress ClippingsAutograph

FIELD TRIP AND EXCURSION

An excursion is a trip by a group of people, usually madefor leisure, education, or physical purposes. It is often anadjunct to a longer journey or visit to a place, sometimes forother purposes.

Short excursions for education or for observations ofnatural phenomena are called field trips. One-dayeducational field studies are often made by classes asextracurricular exercises, e.g. to visit a natural orgeographical feature

ADVANTAGES OF FIELD TRIP AND EXCURSIONS

1. Helps to clarify the subject matter.2. Creates Interest.3. Establishes contact with outer world.4. Provide Entertainment.5. Developed scientific attitude.6. Helps in the collection of useful material.7. Generates spirit of cooperation.8. Provide opportunity for the selection of projects.

dISADVANTAGES OF FIELD TRIP AND EXCURSIONS

1. Preparation.2. Affordability.3. Transportation Cost.4. Medical Risks.

STEPS IN PLANNING A FIELD TRIP/ EXCURSIONS

i. Determining the educational goals for this trip.ii. Select a location and find out when they accept

school group.iii. Obtain your school board’s standardized letters for

parental permission as well as the standard tripplanning package.

iv. Talk to the principal and get permission to go.v. Contact the trip site and make or finalize your

reservations for the group.vi. Integrate the trip into the classroom program.

vii. Review safety and bus etiquette.vii. Send a letter to home.ix. Keep careful recordings according to your school’srequirements.x. Make alternate arrangements for the students whodo not go on the trip.xi. Recruit parent volunteers, family members andfriends to meet the pupil-teacher requirements of theBoard of Education for out of class activities.xii. Take careful attendance on the day of the trip.xiii. Remind the students of the expectations for thetrip, and for their behaviour.

COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROGRAMME

Community awareness is a process of developing aworld population that is aware of and concerned aboutthe total environment and its associated problems,various diseases, nutritional problems etc and which hasthe knowledge, skills, attitudes, motivation andcommitment to work individually and collectivelytowards solution of current problems and the preventionof new ones.Eradication of diseases, Natural Resources, Increase infood production, Better nutrition etc are variousawareness programmes. It helps in developing positiveattitudes and effective skills.

LIVING CORNERS

Living corners are areas where some animals and plantsare grown and reared.Aquarium, Vivarium and Terrarium are some examplesfor living corners.It helps the pupil to develop skill in observation, interestin plants etc.It also provides the pupil with a realistic representationof natural ecosystem.

PISCICULTURE(FISH FARMING)Pisciculture is the scientific method whereby fishes aregrown and cultivated in ponds, lakes, brakish water andsea water.It involves raising fish commercially in tanks orenclosures usually for food.The most important fish species used in pisciculture areCarp, Tilapia, Salmon and Catfish.

SIGNIFICANCE•Helps to cultivate fish stocks.• It is an eco-friendly method.

SIGNIFICANCE OF LIVING CORNERS

SIGNIFICANCE OF AQUARIUM- Aquarium is a small pondarranged in a room which provides opportunities for the unlimitedamount of spontaneous, undirected observation. Theinterdependence of plants and animals, locomotion, respiration etcof fish can be learned from aquarium.SIGNIFICANCE OF TERRARIUM- Terrarium is a live corner forrearing creatures living on the surface and below the surface of theearth. Usually earth worms, frogs, snails, and soil insects are reared.SIGNIFICANCE OF VIVARIUM- Vivarium is a live corner arrangedin school or at home where creatures living in the air are grown andreared. It provides opportunity for an unlimited amountof spontaneous, undirected observation and enjoyment.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF GARDENVEGETABLE GARDEN: An area dedicated to the cultivation of edibleplants. Most vegetable plants are annual in nature or grown assuch, but there are some perennials .The vegetable garden can varyfrom strictly utilitarian to highly ornamental.ORNAMENTAL GARDEN: Ornamental plants are plants that aregrown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape designprojects, as houseplants, for cut flowers and specimen display. Thecultivation of these, called floriculture, forms a major branch ofhorticulture.HERBAL GARDEN: Herbal are specially designed areas with plantsthat have medicinal values. Medicinal plants consider as a richsource of ingredients which can be used in drug development andsynthesis.