Dagondon, Vanessa OlgaDate of experiment: June 27, 2013Nablo, Janica Mae Date of submission: July 15, 2013Palmitos, Isabel

Experiment # 1properties of matter

I. INTRODUCTIONIn identifying the properties of matter, there should be an application of the different laboratory techniques. Given with different kinds matter, they also have specific characteristics. An example of which is the boiling point. Boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid boils. Aside from the boiling point matter also have different melting points. Melting point is the temperature at which the substance changes from a solid to a liquid form.

Another way of identifying matter is through its density. Density is the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume and it can be calculated by dividing its mass by its volume.

This experiment tackles different properties of matter such as boiling point, melting point, and density. Different substances are used and its properties are observed. Such properties will be used to identify different kinds of matter.

II. METHODOLOGY

A. Boiling PointMaterials used: 25mL of isopropyl alcohol, 50mL distilling flask, iron stand, iron ring, iron clamps, condenser, Bunsen burner, thermometer, beaker, cork, wire gauze.The initial temperature of a 25 mL isopropyl alcohol was recorded. Then, it was transferred to a distilling flask. Afterwards, the distillation set-up was put up (the set up was composed of the Bunsen burner on an iron stand under the iron ring and wire gauze; the distilling flask with a bored cork and thermometer containing the isopropyl alcohol above the iron ring; the condenser; and a beaker at the end of the condenser). The set up was heated using a Bunsen burner. The temperature was recorded every minute until the isopropyl starts to boil and then two more minutes thereafter. The distillate collected in the beaker was transferred on the distilling flask and the process was repeated. B. Melting PointMaterials used: test tube, sulfur powder, oil, thermometer, Bunsen burner, iron ring, iron stand, wire gauze, iron clamp, 250 mL beaker.1-gram of sulfur was put into a dry test tube. Then the test tube was clamped into the oil bath (the oil bath was composed of the Bunsen burner set up and a 250 mL beaker filled with oil). The thermometer was put on a bored cork and then on the test tube. The oil bath was heated and just like on the 1st experiment, the temperature was recorded every minute until such time that the sulfur on the test tube will be in liquid state and then two minutes thereafter. C. Density of a liquidMaterials used: Florence flask with a rubber stopper, distilled water, isopropyl alcohol.First, the Florence flask must be cleaned thoroughly and no droplets of water must be visible from cleaning it (to be sure, acetone was poured on the Florence flask). Then, the Florence flask with its rubber stopper was weighed on a balance. The mass was recorded. After, the flask was filled with water up to the brim. It was made sure that there was no excess water outside the flask. It was again weighed and the mass was recorded. Then, the flask was emptied and cleaned again and was filled with isopropyl alcohol. It was weighed and was recorded, as well. D. Density of a solidMaterials used: Florence flask (from the latter experiment), lead metal.Small chunks of lead metal half-filled the Florence flask. The flask was then weighed and the mass was recorded. Afterwards, the flask was filled with water (still, the lead metals were on the flask but the rubber stopper was already replaced by the metals). It was again weighed and the mass also recorded.

III. DATA AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Boiling Point

Figure 1. Plot of the boiling point curve of isopropyl alcohol for the first distillation

Figure 2. Plot of the boiling point curve of isopropyl alcohol for the second distillation

An isopropyl alcohol was heated and its temperature was recorded. The initial temperature for the first distillation process was 30 C. Every after one minute, the temperature increased from 30C to 40C to 70C. After two minutes and thirty seconds, the isopropyl alcohol boiled. The recorded temperature during that time was 80C. Two minutes after boiling, a temperature of 80.1C was recorded.For the second distillation process, it was recorded that the initial temperature was 29C. For every after one minute, its temperature increased from 29C to 50C to 79C. When it reached a temperature of 80C, it was observed that the alcohol boiled. After two minutes, its temperature was 80.1C. Comparing the two graphs, it can be observed that the graphs had some similarities. Figure 1 and Figure 2 had similar increasing trend. Also, both of which had its boiling point at 80C. Isopropyl alcohols expected boiling point was 82.5. Calculating for its percent error, the percent error of the boiling point was -3.0303%.

B. Melting Point

Figure 3. Plot of the melting point curve of sulfurFigure 3 showed the graph of the melting point of a Sulfur powder. The initial temperature was recorded. Every after one minute, the temperature was also observed and noted. The initial temperature was 30C. After one minute, it increased into 32.5C. From 32.5C, the temperature changed to 38C to 48C to 60C to 82C to 85C to 100. Seven minutes after the start of heating, the sulfur melted. The recorded temperature during that period was 104C. In the experiment, the melting point of the sulfur was 104C. Sulfurs expected melting point was 115.2C. The percent error for the experiment was -9.722%.C. Density of a Liquid

Table 1. Weight of Florence flask with liquid substancesEmpty Florence flask 37.3604 grams

Florence flask with distilled water94.9430 grams

Florence flask with isopropyl alcohol84.5521 grams

An empty Florence flask was weighed using a top loading balance. The recorded weight was 37.3604 grams. After weighing, the empty Florence flask was filled with distilled water and then weighed again. The weight of the Florence flask with distilled water was 94.9430 grams. The distilled water was then changed to isopropyl alcohol. The recorded weight of the Florence flask with isopropyl alcohol was 84.5521 grams. Given the density of water, the room temperature, and the mass of water in the flask, the volume of the flask can be calculated. The calculated volume was 57.58 mL. Using the calculated volume of the Florence flask and the mass of the isopropyl alcohol, the density of the alcohol was also then computed. The computed density was 0.819 g/mL. The percent error for the experiment was 4.20%. D. Density of a Solid

Table 2. Weight of Florence flask with solid and liquid substancesFlorence flask with lead metal73.5358 grams

Florence flask with lead metal and water127.8060 grams

After the isopropyl alcohol, the Florence flask was then added with small chunks of lead metal. The noted weight of the Florence flask with lead metal was 73.5358 grams. After it was weighed, water was then added into the flask. Florence flask with lead metal and water weighed 127.8060 grams. The computed density of the lead was 1.10 g/mL. The expected density of a lead was 11340 kg/m3. The percent error of this experiment was -90.3%.

IV. CONCLUSIONIn heating the isopropyl alcohol to the time it boiled, it could be seen that the temperature as it reached its boiling point has an average of 80C. The melting point of the sulfur powder is 104C, since that was the temperature when the powder turned to liquid. The density of the lead is 11340 kg/m3 and 1 g/cm3for the water from getting their mass/volume.Boiling point, melting point and density are physical properties since the matter being tested remains the same before and after the process. Getting the density of a substance could be obtained by having the value of its mass/ its volume. All of the properties can be used to identify a sample of matter since different matters have different and specific boiling points, melting points and densities.

V. REFERENCES[1] "Density." Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.[2] "Boiling Point." Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.[3] Encarta Dictionary[4] Google.com[5] http://mathisfun.com/numbers/-percentage-error.html

Computations:A.

* 100actual expected expectedIsopropyl Alcohol% error =

* 10080C 82.5C 82.5C% error =

% error = -3.03%B.

actual expected expectedSulfur

* 100% error =

* 100104C 115.2C 115.2C% error =

% error = -9.72%C. Density of Liquid1. Volume of flask: ?*Density of water = 1 g/mL*Mass of water = (Florence flask w/ water) (Empty Florence flask) = (94.9430g) (37.3604g) = 57. 5826 g

Volume = Mass / Density = (57. 5826g) / (1g/mL) = 57.5826 mL

2. Density of isopropyl alcohol : ?

*Volume of Florence flask = 57.5826 mL

*Mass of isopropyl alcohol = (Florence flask w/ isopropyl alcohol) (Empty Florence flask) = (84.5521g) (37.3604g) = 47.1917 g

Density = Mass / Volume = (47.1917 g ) / (57.5826 mL) = .819 mL

actual expected expected

* 100% error =

* 100.819g/mL .786g/mL .786g/mL% error =

% error = 4.2%D. Density of Solid*Mass of Pb and water = (Florence flask w/ Pb & water) - (Empty Florence flask) = (127.8060g) (37.3604g) = 90.4456g*Mass of H2O = (Florence flask w/ H2O) - (Empty Florence flask) = (94.9430g) (37.3604g) = 57.5826 g*Mass of Pb = (Florence flask w/ Pb) - (Empty Florence flask) = (73.5358g) (37.3604g) = 36.1754 g*Volume of water = [(Mass of Pb and water) (Mass of H2O)] / (Density of H2O) = [(90.4456g) (57.5826 g)] / (1 g/mL) = 32.863 mLDensity of Pb = Mass / Volume = (36.1754g) / (32.863mL) = 1.10 g/ mL

actual expected expected

* 100% error =

1.10g/mL 11.34g/mL 11.34g/mL

* 100% error =

% error = -90.3%