exposure to ecdysone agonist-treated surfaces …natres.psu.ac.th/service/sweb/tell/20070320.pdf ·...
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Entomology Program AreaDivision of Plant Sciences
University of MissouriColumbia, Missouri 65211 USA
Bruce A. Barrett, PhD
bybybybybybybyby
Exposure to Ecdysone Agonist-Treated
Surfaces Negatively Affects
Reproduction and Orientation in Adult
Moths
Review
Prothoracic Prothoracic Prothoracic Prothoracic glandsglandsglandsglands Corpus Corpus Corpus Corpus allataallataallataallata
ecdysoneecdysoneecdysoneecdysone juvenile hormone (JH)juvenile hormone (JH)juvenile hormone (JH)juvenile hormone (JH)
Insect Endocrine SystemInsect Endocrine SystemInsect Endocrine SystemInsect Endocrine System
Types of MoltTypes of MoltTypes of MoltTypes of Molt
Larva Larva Larva Larva ---- LarvaLarvaLarvaLarva Larva Larva Larva Larva ---- PupaPupaPupaPupa Pupa Pupa Pupa Pupa ---- AdultAdultAdultAdult
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EcdysteroidsEcdysteroidsEcdysteroidsEcdysteroids
(e.g., ecdysone)(e.g., ecdysone)(e.g., ecdysone)(e.g., ecdysone)
- stimulate vitellogenesisstimulate vitellogenesisstimulate vitellogenesisstimulate vitellogenesis
- stimulate spermatogenesisstimulate spermatogenesisstimulate spermatogenesisstimulate spermatogenesis
- initiates apolysisinitiates apolysisinitiates apolysisinitiates apolysis
- cuticle productioncuticle productioncuticle productioncuticle production
MoltingMoltingMoltingMoltingReproductionReproductionReproductionReproduction GrowthGrowthGrowthGrowth
---- initiate evagination initiate evagination initiate evagination initiate evagination
of imaginal discsof imaginal discsof imaginal discsof imaginal discs
division of epidermal cellsdivision of epidermal cellsdivision of epidermal cellsdivision of epidermal cells
Review
Ecdysteroid agonist insecticidesEcdysteroid agonist insecticidesEcdysteroid agonist insecticidesEcdysteroid agonist insecticidesEcdysteroid agonist insecticidesEcdysteroid agonist insecticidesEcdysteroid agonist insecticidesEcdysteroid agonist insecticides
Tebufenozid
e (RH(RH(RH(RH----5992)5992)5992)5992)
Tebufenozid
e (RH(RH(RH(RH----5992)5992)5992)5992)
Methoxyfenozide(RH(RH(RH(RH----2485)2485)2485)2485)
Methoxyfenozide(RH(RH(RH(RH----2485)2485)2485)2485)
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Mouthparts are trapped within old head capsule and cannot be sheMouthparts are trapped within old head capsule and cannot be sheMouthparts are trapped within old head capsule and cannot be sheMouthparts are trapped within old head capsule and cannot be shed,d,d,d, larvalarvalarvalarva starves to death.starves to death.starves to death.starves to death.
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Review
Mimic ecdysone and accelerates the molting process resulting in Mimic ecdysone and accelerates the molting process resulting in Mimic ecdysone and accelerates the molting process resulting in Mimic ecdysone and accelerates the molting process resulting in a premature, lethal molt.a premature, lethal molt.a premature, lethal molt.a premature, lethal molt.
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From the
literature . . .Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result
in nonin nonin nonin non----lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism.
Spruce budworm (Spruce budworm (Spruce budworm (Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferanaChoristoneura fumiferanaChoristoneura fumiferanaChoristoneura fumiferana) ) ) )
larvae fed sublethal doses of larvae fed sublethal doses of larvae fed sublethal doses of larvae fed sublethal doses of fenitrothionfenitrothionfenitrothionfenitrothion (OP) . . .(OP) . . .(OP) . . .(OP) . . .
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resulted inresulted inresulted inresulted in reduced fecundityreduced fecundityreduced fecundityreduced fecundity in adults in adults in adults in adults
(Alford & Holmes 1986).(Alford & Holmes 1986).(Alford & Holmes 1986).(Alford & Holmes 1986).
ExamplesExamplesExamplesExamples::::
Tufted apple bud moth (Tufted apple bud moth (Tufted apple bud moth (Tufted apple bud moth (Platynota idaeusalisPlatynota idaeusalisPlatynota idaeusalisPlatynota idaeusalis) larvae ) larvae ) larvae ) larvae
fed sublethal doses of fed sublethal doses of fed sublethal doses of fed sublethal doses of fenoxycarbfenoxycarbfenoxycarbfenoxycarb (JH mimic) . . .(JH mimic) . . .(JH mimic) . . .(JH mimic) . . .
From the
literature . . .
resulted inresulted inresulted inresulted in reduced fecundity and fertilityreduced fecundity and fertilityreduced fecundity and fertilityreduced fecundity and fertility
in adults (in adults (in adults (in adults (Biddinger Biddinger Biddinger Biddinger & Hull 1999).& Hull 1999).& Hull 1999).& Hull 1999).
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ExamplesExamplesExamplesExamples::::
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Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result
in nonin nonin nonin non----lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism.
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Adult diamondback moths (Adult diamondback moths (Adult diamondback moths (Adult diamondback moths (Plutella xylostellaPlutella xylostellaPlutella xylostellaPlutella xylostella) sprayed ) sprayed ) sprayed ) sprayed
with with with with sublethal sublethal sublethal sublethal does of does of does of does of carbarylcarbarylcarbarylcarbaryl ((((carbamatecarbamatecarbamatecarbamate) had a ) had a ) had a ) had a
decrease in fecunditydecrease in fecunditydecrease in fecunditydecrease in fecundity (Kumar & Chapman 1984).(Kumar & Chapman 1984).(Kumar & Chapman 1984).(Kumar & Chapman 1984).
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ExamplesExamplesExamplesExamples::::
From the
literature . . .
Adult female bollworm (Adult female bollworm (Adult female bollworm (Adult female bollworm (Helicoverpa zeaHelicoverpa zeaHelicoverpa zeaHelicoverpa zea) treated with ) treated with ) treated with ) treated with
sublethal doses of sublethal doses of sublethal doses of sublethal doses of permethrinpermethrinpermethrinpermethrin (synthetic (synthetic (synthetic (synthetic pyrethroidpyrethroidpyrethroidpyrethroid) ) ) )
attracted fewer malesattracted fewer malesattracted fewer malesattracted fewer males than untreated females . . .than untreated females . . .than untreated females . . .than untreated females . . .
. . . treated males were . . . treated males were . . . treated males were . . . treated males were less likely to respondless likely to respondless likely to respondless likely to respond to to to to
pheromone traps than untreated males (Moore 1988).pheromone traps than untreated males (Moore 1988).pheromone traps than untreated males (Moore 1988).pheromone traps than untreated males (Moore 1988).
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Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result
in nonin nonin nonin non----lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism.
ExamplesExamplesExamplesExamples::::
Adult California Adult California Adult California Adult California fivefivefivefive----spined ips spined ips spined ips spined ips beetle treated with beetle treated with beetle treated with beetle treated with fenoxycarbfenoxycarbfenoxycarbfenoxycarb
(JH mimic) had a (JH mimic) had a (JH mimic) had a (JH mimic) had a reduction in fertility reduction in fertility reduction in fertility reduction in fertility (Chen & Borden 1989).(Chen & Borden 1989).(Chen & Borden 1989).(Chen & Borden 1989).
From the
literature . . .
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Eastern five-spined ips beetle (Ips grandicollis)
Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result
in nonin nonin nonin non----lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism.
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---- incorporated into dietincorporated into dietincorporated into dietincorporated into diet---- applied applied applied applied topicallytopicallytopicallytopically
Majority of studies on sublethal effects have theMajority of studies on sublethal effects have theMajority of studies on sublethal effects have theMajority of studies on sublethal effects have the insecticide being: insecticide being: insecticide being: insecticide being:
Few published reports on effects ofFew published reports on effects ofFew published reports on effects ofFew published reports on effects of exposure to treated surfacesexposure to treated surfacesexposure to treated surfacesexposure to treated surfaces....
From the
literature . . .
USDA-ARS IPBB (Germany)
Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result Low doses or exposure to insecticides may result
in nonin nonin nonin non----lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism. lethal effects on the target organism.
Sublethal effects of exposure to surfaces treated with Sublethal effects of exposure to surfaces treated with Sublethal effects of exposure to surfaces treated with Sublethal effects of exposure to surfaces treated with
ecdysone agonists on major tortricid apple pests.ecdysone agonists on major tortricid apple pests.ecdysone agonists on major tortricid apple pests.ecdysone agonists on major tortricid apple pests.
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Oriental
fruit Moth
Redbanded
Leafroller
Obliquebanded
Leafroller
Codling
Moth
Research Project
. . .
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Oriental fruit
Moth---- Grapholita molesta (Busck)Grapholita molesta (Busck)Grapholita molesta (Busck)Grapholita molesta (Busck)
- directdirectdirectdirect and indirect deciduous fruit pestand indirect deciduous fruit pestand indirect deciduous fruit pestand indirect deciduous fruit pest
- major pest of peach and applemajor pest of peach and applemajor pest of peach and applemajor pest of peach and apple
- larvae bore into shoots and fruitlarvae bore into shoots and fruitlarvae bore into shoots and fruitlarvae bore into shoots and fruit
OK State Extension
OFM fruit damageOFM fruit damageOFM fruit damageOFM fruit damageOFM shoot damageOFM shoot damageOFM shoot damageOFM shoot damage
Target species .
. .
Redbanded
Leafroller---- Argyrotaenia velutinana Argyrotaenia velutinana Argyrotaenia velutinana Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker)(Walker)(Walker)(Walker)
- indirect/direct deciduous fruit pestindirect/direct deciduous fruit pestindirect/direct deciduous fruit pestindirect/direct deciduous fruit pest
- primarily attacks appleprimarily attacks appleprimarily attacks appleprimarily attacks apple
- larvae feed of foliage and surface of fruitlarvae feed of foliage and surface of fruitlarvae feed of foliage and surface of fruitlarvae feed of foliage and surface of fruit
Obliquebanded
Leafroller---- Choristoneura rosaceana Choristoneura rosaceana Choristoneura rosaceana Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris)(Harris)(Harris)(Harris)
- direct deciduous fruit pestdirect deciduous fruit pestdirect deciduous fruit pestdirect deciduous fruit pest
- primarily attacks appleprimarily attacks appleprimarily attacks appleprimarily attacks apple
- larvae feed on surface of fruitlarvae feed on surface of fruitlarvae feed on surface of fruitlarvae feed on surface of fruit
Target species .
. .
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Codling Moth---- Cydia pomonellaCydia pomonellaCydia pomonellaCydia pomonella (L.)(L.)(L.)(L.)
- direct deciduous fruit pestdirect deciduous fruit pestdirect deciduous fruit pestdirect deciduous fruit pest
- major pest of apple and pearmajor pest of apple and pearmajor pest of apple and pearmajor pest of apple and pear
- larvae bore into fruitlarvae bore into fruitlarvae bore into fruitlarvae bore into fruit
Egg and neonateEgg and neonateEgg and neonateEgg and neonate ““““StingStingStingSting”””” damagedamagedamagedamage
““““EntryEntryEntryEntry”””” damagedamagedamagedamage““““EntryEntryEntryEntry”””” damagedamagedamagedamage
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Larvae in pupation cocoonsLarvae in pupation cocoonsLarvae in pupation cocoonsLarvae in pupation cocoonsLarvae in pupation cocoonsLarvae in pupation cocoonsLarvae in pupation cocoonsLarvae in pupation cocoons
Internal fruit damageInternal fruit damageInternal fruit damageInternal fruit damage
Target species .
. .
Objective:
Determine what effects adult exposure to surfaces treated Determine what effects adult exposure to surfaces treated Determine what effects adult exposure to surfaces treated Determine what effects adult exposure to surfaces treated
withwithwithwithecdysoneecdysoneecdysoneecdysone----agonists would have on moth fecundity and fertility.agonists would have on moth fecundity and fertility.agonists would have on moth fecundity and fertility.agonists would have on moth fecundity and fertility.
(Cydia pomonella)(Cydia pomonella)(Cydia pomonella)(Cydia pomonella)
Codling moth
(Argyrotaenia velutinana)(Argyrotaenia velutinana)(Argyrotaenia velutinana)(Argyrotaenia velutinana)
Redbanded
leafroller
(Choristoneura rosaceana)(Choristoneura rosaceana)(Choristoneura rosaceana)(Choristoneura rosaceana)
Obliquebanded
leafroller
Project A: Effects of ecdysone agonists
on moth reproduction.
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Assay #1
Continuous
exposure� Virgin adults (Virgin adults (Virgin adults (Virgin adults (<<<<48 h old) placed in cage (1F, 2M) lined48 h old) placed in cage (1F, 2M) lined48 h old) placed in cage (1F, 2M) lined48 h old) placed in cage (1F, 2M) lined
with treated mesh screening.with treated mesh screening.with treated mesh screening.with treated mesh screening.
� OOOOviposition sites were treated apple or foliage; eggviposition sites were treated apple or foliage; eggviposition sites were treated apple or foliage; eggviposition sites were treated apple or foliage; egg
counts every 24 h until female death.counts every 24 h until female death.counts every 24 h until female death.counts every 24 h until female death.
(Cydia pomonella)(Cydia pomonella)(Cydia pomonella)(Cydia pomonella)
Codling moth
(Argyrotaenia velutinana)(Argyrotaenia velutinana)(Argyrotaenia velutinana)(Argyrotaenia velutinana)
Redbanded
leafroller
(Choristoneura rosaceana)(Choristoneura rosaceana)(Choristoneura rosaceana)(Choristoneura rosaceana)
Obliquebanded
leafroller
Project A: Effects of ecdysone agonists
on moth reproduction.
Cydia pomonellaCydia pomonellaCydia pomonellaCydia pomonella
Mean Fecundity
Mean % Fertility
ControlControlControlControl
TebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozide
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide
ControlControlControlControlControlControlControlControl
TebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozide
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide
74.5 a74.5 a74.5 a74.5 a
39.6 b39.6 b39.6 b39.6 b
17.5 c17.5 c17.5 c17.5 c
58.4 a58.4 a58.4 a58.4 a
6.6 b6.6 b6.6 b6.6 b
0.4 c0.4 c0.4 c0.4 c
Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia velutinanavelutinanavelutinanavelutinana
142.5 a142.5 a142.5 a142.5 a
62.5 b62.5 b62.5 b62.5 b
51.9 b51.9 b51.9 b51.9 b
83.7 a83.7 a83.7 a83.7 a
29.7 b29.7 b29.7 b29.7 b
9.5 c9.5 c9.5 c9.5 c
Choristoneura rosaceanaChoristoneura rosaceanaChoristoneura rosaceanaChoristoneura rosaceana
467.6 a467.6 a467.6 a467.6 a
216.3 b216.3 b216.3 b216.3 b
157.8 b157.8 b157.8 b157.8 b
86.4 a86.4 a86.4 a86.4 a
29.3 b29.3 b29.3 b29.3 b
7.6 c7.6 c7.6 c7.6 c
Means followed by the same letter in the same column per parametMeans followed by the same letter in the same column per parametMeans followed by the same letter in the same column per parametMeans followed by the same letter in the same column per parameter are not significantly different (Fisherer are not significantly different (Fisherer are not significantly different (Fisherer are not significantly different (Fisher’’’’s PLSD Test, P<0.05; s PLSD Test, P<0.05; s PLSD Test, P<0.05; s PLSD Test, P<0.05;
Continuity Adjusted ChiContinuity Adjusted ChiContinuity Adjusted ChiContinuity Adjusted Chi----Square Test, P<0.05)Square Test, P<0.05)Square Test, P<0.05)Square Test, P<0.05)
Assay #1
Continuous
exposure (both
sexes)
Journal of Economic Entomology 92: 1039-1044
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 94: 75-83
9
Project A: Effects of ecdysone agonists
on moth reproduction.
Assay #2
Treated x Nontreated
Pairings� Virgin adults (Virgin adults (Virgin adults (Virgin adults (<<<<48 h old) placed in treated cage (by sex). 48 h old) placed in treated cage (by sex). 48 h old) placed in treated cage (by sex). 48 h old) placed in treated cage (by sex).
� After 24 h, paired with nontreated partner in nontreatedAfter 24 h, paired with nontreated partner in nontreatedAfter 24 h, paired with nontreated partner in nontreatedAfter 24 h, paired with nontreated partner in nontreated
cage with apple or plastic strips (oviposition sites). cage with apple or plastic strips (oviposition sites). cage with apple or plastic strips (oviposition sites). cage with apple or plastic strips (oviposition sites).
� EEEEgg counts every 24 h until female death.gg counts every 24 h until female death.gg counts every 24 h until female death.gg counts every 24 h until female death.
XXXX
Reproduction of a treated moth paired with a Reproduction of a treated moth paired with a Reproduction of a treated moth paired with a Reproduction of a treated moth paired with a nontreated nontreated nontreated nontreated moth?moth?moth?moth?
Mean % Fertility
ControlControlControlControl
TebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozide----MMMM
TebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozide----FFFF
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide----MMMM
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide----FFFF
Mean Fecundity
86.3 a86.3 a86.3 a86.3 a
87.6 a87.6 a87.6 a87.6 a
78.7 b78.7 b78.7 b78.7 b
74.4 b74.4 b74.4 b74.4 b
79.0 b79.0 b79.0 b79.0 b
ControlControlControlControl
TebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozide----MMMM
TebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozideTebufenozide----FFFF
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide----MMMM
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide----FFFF
97.7 a97.7 a97.7 a97.7 a
65.5 65.5 65.5 65.5 abababab
26.8 b26.8 b26.8 b26.8 b
39.1 b39.1 b39.1 b39.1 b
21.9 b21.9 b21.9 b21.9 b
74.9 a74.9 a74.9 a74.9 a
52.8 b52.8 b52.8 b52.8 b
13.0 c13.0 c13.0 c13.0 c
76.7 a76.7 a76.7 a76.7 a
18.8 c18.8 c18.8 c18.8 c
235.2 a235.2 a235.2 a235.2 a
117.9 b117.9 b117.9 b117.9 b
6.4 c6.4 c6.4 c6.4 c
48.8 c48.8 c48.8 c48.8 c
1.2 c1.2 c1.2 c1.2 c
Choristoneura rosaceanaChoristoneura rosaceanaChoristoneura rosaceanaChoristoneura rosaceanaCydia Cydia Cydia Cydia pomonellapomonellapomonellapomonella
73.0 b73.0 b73.0 b73.0 b
78.7 a78.7 a78.7 a78.7 a
66.8 c66.8 c66.8 c66.8 c
50.5 d50.5 d50.5 d50.5 d
4.6 e4.6 e4.6 e4.6 e
84.0 a84.0 a84.0 a84.0 a
59.7 a59.7 a59.7 a59.7 a
47.4 a47.4 a47.4 a47.4 a
56.2 a56.2 a56.2 a56.2 a
4.2 b4.2 b4.2 b4.2 b
Argyrotaenia velutinanaArgyrotaenia velutinanaArgyrotaenia velutinanaArgyrotaenia velutinana
Means followed by the same letter in the same column per parametMeans followed by the same letter in the same column per parametMeans followed by the same letter in the same column per parametMeans followed by the same letter in the same column per parameter are not significantly different (Fisherer are not significantly different (Fisherer are not significantly different (Fisherer are not significantly different (Fisher’’’’s PLSD Test, P<0.05; s PLSD Test, P<0.05; s PLSD Test, P<0.05; s PLSD Test, P<0.05;
Continuity Adjusted ChiContinuity Adjusted ChiContinuity Adjusted ChiContinuity Adjusted Chi----Square Test, P<0.05)Square Test, P<0.05)Square Test, P<0.05)Square Test, P<0.05)
Assay #2
Treated x Nontreated
Pairings
Journal of Economic Entomology 92: 1039-1044
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 94: 75-83
10
Key results
Project A: Effects of ecdysone agonists
on moth reproduction.
1. The mean fecundity and fertility of adult moths exposed to t1. The mean fecundity and fertility of adult moths exposed to t1. The mean fecundity and fertility of adult moths exposed to t1. The mean fecundity and fertility of adult moths exposed to treated surfaces of reated surfaces of reated surfaces of reated surfaces of
tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide (at field rates), whether for etebufenozide and methoxyfenozide (at field rates), whether for etebufenozide and methoxyfenozide (at field rates), whether for etebufenozide and methoxyfenozide (at field rates), whether for entire life or for 24 hr, are ntire life or for 24 hr, are ntire life or for 24 hr, are ntire life or for 24 hr, are
significantly reduced.significantly reduced.significantly reduced.significantly reduced.
4. Depending on species, the negative influence of methoxyfenoz4. Depending on species, the negative influence of methoxyfenoz4. Depending on species, the negative influence of methoxyfenoz4. Depending on species, the negative influence of methoxyfenozide on adult fecundity ide on adult fecundity ide on adult fecundity ide on adult fecundity
and fertility appears to be both maleand fertility appears to be both maleand fertility appears to be both maleand fertility appears to be both male---- and femaleand femaleand femaleand female----based.based.based.based.
3. Depending on species, the negative influence of tebufenozide3. Depending on species, the negative influence of tebufenozide3. Depending on species, the negative influence of tebufenozide3. Depending on species, the negative influence of tebufenozide on adult fecundity and on adult fecundity and on adult fecundity and on adult fecundity and
fertility appears to be femalefertility appears to be femalefertility appears to be femalefertility appears to be female----based.based.based.based.
2. Methoxyfenozide had a significantly greater affect in reduci2. Methoxyfenozide had a significantly greater affect in reduci2. Methoxyfenozide had a significantly greater affect in reduci2. Methoxyfenozide had a significantly greater affect in reducing adult moth fertility ng adult moth fertility ng adult moth fertility ng adult moth fertility
than tebufenozide.than tebufenozide.than tebufenozide.than tebufenozide.
5. Constant exposure to methoxyfenozide5. Constant exposure to methoxyfenozide5. Constant exposure to methoxyfenozide5. Constant exposure to methoxyfenozide----treated surfaces significantly reduced the treated surfaces significantly reduced the treated surfaces significantly reduced the treated surfaces significantly reduced the
longevity of adult male moths.longevity of adult male moths.longevity of adult male moths.longevity of adult male moths.
EcdysteroidsEcdysteroids
(e.g., ecdysone)
Mating BehaviorMating Behavior1. Chemical communication1. Chemical communication
A. Exocrine glandsExocrine glands:
- produce sex pheromones
- located beneath cuticle
B. Chemoreceptors:
- found on antennae, MP, legs
- stimulate vitellogenesis
- stimulate spermatogenesis
- initiates apolysis
- cuticle production
MoltingReproduction Growth
- initiate evagination
of imaginal discs
division of epidermal cells
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Objective:
Determine what effects adult exposure to surfacesDetermine what effects adult exposure to surfacesDetermine what effects adult exposure to surfacesDetermine what effects adult exposure to surfaces treated treated treated treated
with ecdysonewith ecdysonewith ecdysonewith ecdysone----agonists would have on femaleagonists would have on femaleagonists would have on femaleagonists would have on female attractivenessattractivenessattractivenessattractivenessand male responsiveness.and male responsiveness.and male responsiveness.and male responsiveness.
Project B: Effects of ecdysone
agonists on moth orientation.
(After Haynes & Birch 1985)
���� Virgin moths (0Virgin moths (0Virgin moths (0Virgin moths (0----24 h old) placed in cages with a treated 24 h old) placed in cages with a treated 24 h old) placed in cages with a treated 24 h old) placed in cages with a treated
liner for 48 h.liner for 48 h.liner for 48 h.liner for 48 h.
���� The liners were treated with water, surfactantThe liners were treated with water, surfactantThe liners were treated with water, surfactantThe liners were treated with water, surfactant or or or or
methoxyfenozide.methoxyfenozide.methoxyfenozide.methoxyfenozide.
���� Moths were then exposed to wind tunnel tests.Moths were then exposed to wind tunnel tests.Moths were then exposed to wind tunnel tests.Moths were then exposed to wind tunnel tests.
Exposure cages with plasticExposure cages with plasticExposure cages with plasticExposure cages with plastic----mesh liners.mesh liners.mesh liners.mesh liners.
4.5 x 9 cm4.5 x 9 cm4.5 x 9 cm4.5 x 9 cm
Project B: Effects of ecdysone
agonists on moth orientation.
Assay #1: Wind
Tunnel
1. water
water2. surfactant
surfactant3. methoxyfenozide
surfactant4. methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide5. surfactant
methoxyfenozide
Wind Tunnel Combinations
Female Male
Wind tunnel at Horticulture and Wind tunnel at Horticulture and Wind tunnel at Horticulture and Wind tunnel at Horticulture and Agroforestry Agroforestry Agroforestry Agroforestry Research Center.Research Center.Research Center.Research Center.
12
���� Female Female Female Female ‘‘‘‘callingcallingcallingcalling’’’’ cage (w/4cage (w/4cage (w/4cage (w/4----5 females) placed upwind, 5 females) placed upwind, 5 females) placed upwind, 5 females) placed upwind,
male male male male ‘‘‘‘releasereleasereleaserelease’’’’ cage (8cage (8cage (8cage (8----10 males) placed 1 m downwind.10 males) placed 1 m downwind.10 males) placed 1 m downwind.10 males) placed 1 m downwind.
Project B: Effects of ecdysone
agonists on moth orientation.
Assay #1: Wind
Tunnel
Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.
Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.
Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.Downwind male release cage.
Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.Upwind female calling platform.
Project B: Effects of ecdysone
agonists on moth orientation.
Assay #1: Wind
Tunnel
Smoke tests using titanium tetrachloride (TiClSmoke tests using titanium tetrachloride (TiClSmoke tests using titanium tetrachloride (TiClSmoke tests using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4444) confirmed ) confirmed ) confirmed ) confirmed
plume position (laminar flow) within wind tunnel.plume position (laminar flow) within wind tunnel.plume position (laminar flow) within wind tunnel.plume position (laminar flow) within wind tunnel.
QuickTime™ and aMotion JPEG OpenDML decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
���� Female Female Female Female ‘‘‘‘callingcallingcallingcalling’’’’ cage (w/4cage (w/4cage (w/4cage (w/4----5 females) placed upwind, 5 females) placed upwind, 5 females) placed upwind, 5 females) placed upwind,
male male male male ‘‘‘‘releasereleasereleaserelease’’’’ cage (8cage (8cage (8cage (8----10 males) placed 1 m downwind.10 males) placed 1 m downwind.10 males) placed 1 m downwind.10 males) placed 1 m downwind.
13
���� After acclimation period males released, and 20 min later numberAfter acclimation period males released, and 20 min later numberAfter acclimation period males released, and 20 min later numberAfter acclimation period males released, and 20 min later number of trapped males recorded.of trapped males recorded.of trapped males recorded.of trapped males recorded.
Project B: Effects of ecdysone
agonists on moth orientation.
Assay #1: Wind
Tunnel
Upwind female calling cage and male trapping platform.Upwind female calling cage and male trapping platform.Upwind female calling cage and male trapping platform.Upwind female calling cage and male trapping platform.
water water water water water water water water waterwaterwaterwaterwaterwaterwaterwater
surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantaaaaaaaa surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozidebbbbbbbb surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide
surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactant MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide
Mean % of Males
Recaptured
Wind Tunnel Combinations
Female Male
39.3 ab39.3 ab39.3 ab39.3 ab39.3 ab39.3 ab39.3 ab39.3 ab
39.5 a39.5 a39.5 a39.5 a39.5 a39.5 a39.5 a39.5 a
36.3 ab36.3 ab36.3 ab36.3 ab36.3 ab36.3 ab36.3 ab36.3 ab
20.20.20.20.7777 cccc20.20.20.20.7777 cccc
27.27.27.27.5555 bcbcbcbc27.27.27.27.5555 bcbcbcbc
1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.
3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.
4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.
5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly differenMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly differenMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly differenMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Fishert (Fishert (Fishert (Fisher’’’’s PLSD, P<0.05)s PLSD, P<0.05)s PLSD, P<0.05)s PLSD, P<0.05)
aaaaLabeled Labeled Labeled Labeled field rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron Bfield rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron Bfield rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron Bfield rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron B----1956195619561956®®®®
bbbbEach Each Each Each methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as per label recommendations).per label recommendations).per label recommendations).per label recommendations).
Assay #1: Wind
Tunnel
33.33.33.33.9999 aaaa33.33.33.33.9999 aaaa
18.18.18.18.5555 bbbb18.18.18.18.5555 bbbb
29.4 a29.4 a29.4 a29.4 a29.4 a29.4 a29.4 a29.4 a
12.5 b12.5 b12.5 b12.5 b12.5 b12.5 b12.5 b12.5 b
15.1 b15.1 b15.1 b15.1 b15.1 b15.1 b15.1 b15.1 b
Choristoneura Choristoneura Choristoneura Choristoneura rosaceanarosaceanarosaceanarosaceana
Cydia Cydia Cydia Cydia pomonellapomonellapomonellapomonella
23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a23.3 a
14.4 b14.4 b14.4 b14.4 b14.4 b14.4 b14.4 b14.4 b
15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab15.3 ab
7.9 c7.9 c7.9 c7.9 c7.9 c7.9 c7.9 c7.9 c
5.8 c5.8 c5.8 c5.8 c5.8 c5.8 c5.8 c5.8 c
Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia velutinanavelutinanavelutinanavelutinana
Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 623-628
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 107: 133-140
14
Level of OFM Attractiveness &
Responsiveness.
Male Responsiveness/treatment(female data pooled)(female data pooled)(female data pooled)(female data pooled)
WaterWaterWaterWater 42.1 a42.1 a42.1 a42.1 a
SurfactantSurfactantSurfactantSurfactant 44.0 a44.0 a44.0 a44.0 a
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide 27.1 b27.1 b27.1 b27.1 b
Female Attractiveness/treatment(male data pooled)(male data pooled)(male data pooled)(male data pooled)
Mean %Mean %Mean %Mean %
Male RecaptureMale RecaptureMale RecaptureMale Recapture
WaterWaterWaterWater 41.5 a41.5 a41.5 a41.5 a
SurfactantSurfactantSurfactantSurfactant 39.8 a39.8 a39.8 a39.8 a
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide 31.8 a31.8 a31.8 a31.8 a
Assay: Wind Tunnel (2005 study)
(Grapholita molesta)(Grapholita molesta)(Grapholita molesta)(Grapholita molesta)
Oriental
fruit moth
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Journal of Economic Entomology 100: 72-78
Exposure cage with plasticExposure cage with plasticExposure cage with plasticExposure cage with plastic----mesh liner.mesh liner.mesh liner.mesh liner.
2.5 x 6 cm2.5 x 6 cm2.5 x 6 cm2.5 x 6 cm2.5 x 6 cm2.5 x 6 cm2.5 x 6 cm2.5 x 6 cm
���� Virgin moths (0Virgin moths (0Virgin moths (0Virgin moths (0----24 h old) placed in cages with treated 24 h old) placed in cages with treated 24 h old) placed in cages with treated 24 h old) placed in cages with treated
liner for 48 h.liner for 48 h.liner for 48 h.liner for 48 h.
���� Female cages attached to upwind end of tube, male Female cages attached to upwind end of tube, male Female cages attached to upwind end of tube, male Female cages attached to upwind end of tube, male
cages attached to downwind end.cages attached to downwind end.cages attached to downwind end.cages attached to downwind end.
Project B: Effects of ecdysone
agonists on moth orientation.
Assay #2: Orientation
Tubes
Glass orientation tubes inside wind tunnel.Glass orientation tubes inside wind tunnel.Glass orientation tubes inside wind tunnel.Glass orientation tubes inside wind tunnel. Male OBLR approaching caged female.Male OBLR approaching caged female.Male OBLR approaching caged female.Male OBLR approaching caged female.
���� Observations made on male sexual behavior and Observations made on male sexual behavior and Observations made on male sexual behavior and Observations made on male sexual behavior and
distances traveled in tubes.distances traveled in tubes.distances traveled in tubes.distances traveled in tubes.
15
water water water water water water water water waterwaterwaterwaterwaterwaterwaterwater
surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantaaaaaaaa surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozidebbbbbbbb surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide
surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactant MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide
Mean % of Male Wing-
fanning and Upwind
Orientationcccc (< 1 min)
Wind Tunnel Combinations
Female Male
73 a73 a73 a73 a73 a73 a73 a73 a
50 50 50 50 abababab50 50 50 50 abababab
40 b40 b40 b40 b40 b40 b40 b40 b
30 b30 b30 b30 b30 b30 b30 b30 b
38 b38 b38 b38 b38 b38 b38 b38 b
1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.
3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.
4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.
5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly differenMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly differenMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly differenMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Fishert (Fishert (Fishert (Fisher’’’’s PLSD, P<0.05)s PLSD, P<0.05)s PLSD, P<0.05)s PLSD, P<0.05)
aaaaLabeled Labeled Labeled Labeled field rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron Bfield rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron Bfield rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron Bfield rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron B----1956195619561956®®®®
bbbbEach Each Each Each methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as per label recommendations).per label recommendations).per label recommendations).per label recommendations).
Assay #2:
Orientation Tubes
93 a93 a93 a93 a93 a93 a93 a93 a
90909090 aaaa90909090 aaaa
93 a93 a93 a93 a93 a93 a93 a93 a
63 b63 b63 b63 b63 b63 b63 b63 b
53 b53 b53 b53 b53 b53 b53 b53 b
Choristoneura Choristoneura Choristoneura Choristoneura rosaceanarosaceanarosaceanarosaceana
Cydia Cydia Cydia Cydia pomonellapomonellapomonellapomonella
60 a60 a60 a60 a60 a60 a60 a60 a60 a60 a60 a60 a
55555555 aaaa55555555 aaaa
57 a57 a57 a57 a57 a57 a57 a57 a57 a57 a57 a57 a
23 b23 b23 b23 b23 b23 b23 b23 b
33 b33 b33 b33 b33 b33 b33 b33 b
Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia velutinanavelutinanavelutinanavelutinana
ccccBehaviors Behaviors Behaviors Behaviors associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitability.associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitability.associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitability.associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitability.Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 623-628
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 107: 133-140
water water water water water water water water waterwaterwaterwaterwaterwaterwaterwater
surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantaaaaaaaa surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozidebbbbbbbb surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide
surfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactantsurfactant MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide
Mean Distance (cm)
Traveled (< 1 min)
Wind Tunnel Combinations
Female Male
43 a43 a43 a43 a43 a43 a43 a43 a
45 a45 a45 a45 a45 a45 a45 a45 a
33 33 33 33 abababab33 33 33 33 abababab
13 b13 b13 b13 b13 b13 b13 b13 b
13 b13 b13 b13 b13 b13 b13 b13 b
1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.
3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.
4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.
5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.
Assay #2:
Orientation Tubes
70 a70 a70 a70 a70 a70 a70 a70 a
63 a63 a63 a63 a63 a63 a63 a63 a
63 a63 a63 a63 a63 a63 a63 a63 a
23232323 bbbb23232323 bbbb
18 b18 b18 b18 b18 b18 b18 b18 b
Choristoneura Choristoneura Choristoneura Choristoneura rosaceanarosaceanarosaceanarosaceana
Cydia Cydia Cydia Cydia pomonellapomonellapomonellapomonella
65 a65 a65 a65 a65 a65 a65 a65 a65 a65 a65 a65 a
52 a52 a52 a52 a52 a52 a52 a52 a
47 a47 a47 a47 a47 a47 a47 a47 a47 a47 a47 a47 a
8 b8 b8 b8 b8 b8 b8 b8 b
5 b5 b5 b5 b5 b5 b5 b5 b
Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia Argyrotaenia velutinanavelutinanavelutinanavelutinana
Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 623-628
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 107: 133-140
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly differenMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly differenMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly differenMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Fishert (Fishert (Fishert (Fisher’’’’s PLSD, P<0.05)s PLSD, P<0.05)s PLSD, P<0.05)s PLSD, P<0.05)
aaaaLabeled Labeled Labeled Labeled field rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron Bfield rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron Bfield rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron Bfield rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron B----1956195619561956®®®®
bbbbEach Each Each Each methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as methoxyfenozide treatment solution contained the surfactant (as per label recommendations).per label recommendations).per label recommendations).per label recommendations).
16
Objective:
Examine sexual orientation behaviors of males Examine sexual orientation behaviors of males Examine sexual orientation behaviors of males Examine sexual orientation behaviors of males
(nontreated(nontreated(nontreated(nontreated
and treated) when given a choice of and treated) when given a choice of and treated) when given a choice of and treated) when given a choice of competingcompetingcompetingcompeting pheromone sourcespheromone sourcespheromone sourcespheromone sources(nontreated and treated females) in a wind tunnel.(nontreated and treated females) in a wind tunnel.(nontreated and treated females) in a wind tunnel.(nontreated and treated females) in a wind tunnel.
(Grapholita molesta)(Grapholita molesta)(Grapholita molesta)(Grapholita molesta)
Oriental
fruit moth
Project C: Effects of ecdysone
agonists on moth orientation.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
���� Virgin OFM moths (0Virgin OFM moths (0Virgin OFM moths (0Virgin OFM moths (0----24 h old) placed in cages with a 24 h old) placed in cages with a 24 h old) placed in cages with a 24 h old) placed in cages with a
treated liner for 48 h.treated liner for 48 h.treated liner for 48 h.treated liner for 48 h.
���� The liners were treated with water, surfactant and The liners were treated with water, surfactant and The liners were treated with water, surfactant and The liners were treated with water, surfactant and
methoxyfenozide.methoxyfenozide.methoxyfenozide.methoxyfenozide.
� Two female cages placed upwind in wind tunnelTwo female cages placed upwind in wind tunnelTwo female cages placed upwind in wind tunnelTwo female cages placed upwind in wind tunnel....
� Single male release cage downwind.Single male release cage downwind.Single male release cage downwind.Single male release cage downwind.
Exposure cage with plasticExposure cage with plasticExposure cage with plasticExposure cage with plastic----mesh liners.mesh liners.mesh liners.mesh liners.
4.5 x 9 cm4.5 x 9 cm4.5 x 9 cm4.5 x 9 cmAssay: Competing Pheromone
Sources
Male OFM orientingMale OFM orientingMale OFM orientingMale OFM orienting to calling females.to calling females.to calling females.to calling females.
Project C: Effects of ecdysone
agonists on moth orientation.
QuickTime™ and aMotion JPEG OpenDML decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aMotion JPEG OpenDML decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
17
Assay: Competing Pheromone
Sources
Time Male OFM released in wind tunnel spent displaying
sexual excitability behaviors.
Mean Time (seconds)Mean Time (seconds)Mean Time (seconds)Mean Time (seconds)
Female Cage Contact
WaterWaterWaterWater 28.5 a28.5 a28.5 a28.5 a 28.5 a28.5 a28.5 a28.5 a
SurfactantSurfactantSurfactantSurfactant 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 abababab 34.1 a34.1 a34.1 a34.1 a
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide 17.3 b17.3 b17.3 b17.3 b 8.5 b8.5 b8.5 b8.5 b
Upwind Plume Orientations
WaterWaterWaterWater 21.7 a21.7 a21.7 a21.7 a 13.4 a13.4 a13.4 a13.4 a
SurfactantSurfactantSurfactantSurfactant 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 bcbcbcbc 21.9 a21.9 a21.9 a21.9 a
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide 8.3 c8.3 c8.3 c8.3 c 7.9 b7.9 b7.9 b7.9 b
Female TreatmentsFemale TreatmentsFemale TreatmentsFemale Treatments(male data pooled)(male data pooled)(male data pooled)(male data pooled)
Male TreatmentsMale TreatmentsMale TreatmentsMale Treatments(female data pooled)(female data pooled)(female data pooled)(female data pooled)
Journal of Economic Entomology 100: 72-78
Key results
1. Males exposed to methoxyfenozide1. Males exposed to methoxyfenozide1. Males exposed to methoxyfenozide1. Males exposed to methoxyfenozide----treated surfaces were not as responsive (via treated surfaces were not as responsive (via treated surfaces were not as responsive (via treated surfaces were not as responsive (via
flight or walking) to calling females as were nontreated males.flight or walking) to calling females as were nontreated males.flight or walking) to calling females as were nontreated males.flight or walking) to calling females as were nontreated males.
2. 2. 2. 2. Females exposed to methoxyfenozideFemales exposed to methoxyfenozideFemales exposed to methoxyfenozideFemales exposed to methoxyfenozide----treated surfaces were just as attractive as treated surfaces were just as attractive as treated surfaces were just as attractive as treated surfaces were just as attractive as
nontreated females.nontreated females.nontreated females.nontreated females.
Projects B & C: Effects of ecdysone
agonists on moth orientation.
(After Haynes & Birch 1985)
3. Disruption of moth orientation through exposure to surfaces 3. Disruption of moth orientation through exposure to surfaces 3. Disruption of moth orientation through exposure to surfaces 3. Disruption of moth orientation through exposure to surfaces treated with treated with treated with treated with
methoxyfenozidemethoxyfenozidemethoxyfenozidemethoxyfenozide appears to be maleappears to be maleappears to be maleappears to be male----based.based.based.based.
4. Depending on species, exposure to surfactant4. Depending on species, exposure to surfactant4. Depending on species, exposure to surfactant4. Depending on species, exposure to surfactant----treated surfaces also negatively treated surfaces also negatively treated surfaces also negatively treated surfaces also negatively
impacts moth orientation.impacts moth orientation.impacts moth orientation.impacts moth orientation.
18
Negative effects on adult chemical communication in the field?Negative effects on adult chemical communication in the field?Negative effects on adult chemical communication in the field?Negative effects on adult chemical communication in the field?
Significant population reduction pressures?Significant population reduction pressures?Significant population reduction pressures?Significant population reduction pressures?
Potential Impacts?
Projects B
& C:
Effects of ecdysone agonists on
moth reproduction.
Projec
t A:
Effects of ecdysone agonists on
moth orientation.
���� Possible misdiagnosis of moth populations with pheromone trapsPossible misdiagnosis of moth populations with pheromone trapsPossible misdiagnosis of moth populations with pheromone trapsPossible misdiagnosis of moth populations with pheromone traps
(underestimating male density)? (underestimating male density)? (underestimating male density)? (underestimating male density)?
Potential Impacts?
19
USDA-ARSUSDA-ARS
Potential Impacts?
���� Monitoring problems further exacerbated when ecdysone agonistsMonitoring problems further exacerbated when ecdysone agonistsMonitoring problems further exacerbated when ecdysone agonistsMonitoring problems further exacerbated when ecdysone agonists
are used in conjunction with mating disruption? are used in conjunction with mating disruption? are used in conjunction with mating disruption? are used in conjunction with mating disruption?
The full utilization of ecdysone agonists in tree fruit pest manThe full utilization of ecdysone agonists in tree fruit pest manThe full utilization of ecdysone agonists in tree fruit pest manThe full utilization of ecdysone agonists in tree fruit pest management agement agement agement
programs is dependent on better understanding the sublethal impaprograms is dependent on better understanding the sublethal impaprograms is dependent on better understanding the sublethal impaprograms is dependent on better understanding the sublethal impacts cts cts cts
these types of insecticides have on the adult (nonthese types of insecticides have on the adult (nonthese types of insecticides have on the adult (nonthese types of insecticides have on the adult (non----target) stage.target) stage.target) stage.target) stage.
���� Possible misdiagnosis of moth populations with pheromone trapsPossible misdiagnosis of moth populations with pheromone trapsPossible misdiagnosis of moth populations with pheromone trapsPossible misdiagnosis of moth populations with pheromone traps
(underestimating male density)? (underestimating male density)? (underestimating male density)? (underestimating male density)?
Dr. Xiaoping Sun, University of MissouriDr. Xiaoping Sun, University of MissouriDr. Xiaoping Sun, University of MissouriDr. Xiaoping Sun, University of Missouri
Ms. Jennifer Hoelscher, Missouri Highway Patrol LabMs. Jennifer Hoelscher, Missouri Highway Patrol LabMs. Jennifer Hoelscher, Missouri Highway Patrol LabMs. Jennifer Hoelscher, Missouri Highway Patrol Lab
MrMrMrMr. Michael . Michael . Michael . Michael ReinkeReinkeReinkeReinke, Michigan State University, Michigan State University, Michigan State University, Michigan State University
Dr. Mark Ellersieck, University of MissouriDr. Mark Ellersieck, University of MissouriDr. Mark Ellersieck, University of MissouriDr. Mark Ellersieck, University of Missouri
Mr. Randy Thiessen, University of MissouriMr. Randy Thiessen, University of MissouriMr. Randy Thiessen, University of MissouriMr. Randy Thiessen, University of Missouri
Mr. Kevin Bishop, University of MissouriMr. Kevin Bishop, University of MissouriMr. Kevin Bishop, University of MissouriMr. Kevin Bishop, University of Missouri
Dr. David Biddinger, Pennsylvania State UniversityDr. David Biddinger, Pennsylvania State UniversityDr. David Biddinger, Pennsylvania State UniversityDr. David Biddinger, Pennsylvania State University
This research was funded through contributions from:This research was funded through contributions from:This research was funded through contributions from:This research was funded through contributions from:
Rohm and Haas CompanyRohm and Haas CompanyRohm and Haas CompanyRohm and Haas Company
Missouri Apple Merchandising CouncilMissouri Apple Merchandising CouncilMissouri Apple Merchandising CouncilMissouri Apple Merchandising Council
Missouri Agricultural Experiment StationMissouri Agricultural Experiment StationMissouri Agricultural Experiment StationMissouri Agricultural Experiment Station
Acknowledgments
Images (slide #4) used with kind permission of Images (slide #4) used with kind permission of Images (slide #4) used with kind permission of Images (slide #4) used with kind permission of HortNETHortNETHortNETHortNET, a product of , a product of , a product of , a product of
The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand LimiThe Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand LimiThe Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand LimiThe Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited.ted.ted.ted.
21
Review
Prothoracic Prothoracic Prothoracic Prothoracic glandsglandsglandsglands Corpus Corpus Corpus Corpus allataallataallataallata
ecdysoneecdysoneecdysoneecdysone juvenile hormonejuvenile hormonejuvenile hormonejuvenile hormone
Insect Endocrine SystemInsect Endocrine SystemInsect Endocrine SystemInsect Endocrine System
Insert field trap data with treated females
And get OFM data from Mike’s work.
Subsequent Subsequent electroantennagram electroantennagram studies have indicated that (at studies have indicated that (at
least for A. V.) the male antennae are still sensitive to the maleast for A. V.) the male antennae are still sensitive to the main in
components of the pheromone (Haynes & Barrett, unpublished components of the pheromone (Haynes & Barrett, unpublished
data).data).
22
Sublethal exposure to various chemicals has been reported to Sublethal exposure to various chemicals has been reported to
negatively impact the matenegatively impact the mate--locating process of moths (Floyd & locating process of moths (Floyd &
Crowder 1981, Linn & Crowder 1981, Linn & Roelofs Roelofs 1984, Haynes 1988, Moore 1988).1984, Haynes 1988, Moore 1988).
The full utilization of ecdysone agonists in tree fruit pest manThe full utilization of ecdysone agonists in tree fruit pest management agement
programs is dependent on better understanding the sublethal impaprograms is dependent on better understanding the sublethal impacts cts
these types of insecticides have on the adult (nonthese types of insecticides have on the adult (non--target) stage.target) stage.
Exposure to treatment surfaces
(by sex)a,b
Exposure to treatment surfacesExposure to treatment surfaces
(by sex)(by sex)a,ba,b
FemaleFemale MaleMale
Cydia pomonellaCydia pomonella
Mean % wing fanning,Mean % wing fanning,
upwind orientationupwind orientationdd
Mean distance Mean distance
traveled (cm)traveled (cm)
<1 min<1 min 10 min10 min <1 min<1 min 10 min10 min
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Fisher’s PLSD, P<0.05)aaFemale or male moths, 0Female or male moths, 0--24 h old, exposed to treated surfaces for 48 h prior to being as24 h old, exposed to treated surfaces for 48 h prior to being assayed.sayed.ccLabeled field rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron BLabeled field rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron B--19561956®®
ddBehaviors associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitabilitBehaviors associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitability.y.
bbTwenty (20) cages (replicates)/trmnt; each consisted of 2 caged Twenty (20) cages (replicates)/trmnt; each consisted of 2 caged F and 2 released M. New moths used each replicate.F and 2 released M. New moths used each replicate.
water water water water
water/surfactantwater/surfactantcc water/surfactant water/surfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide water/surfactantwater/surfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide Methoxyfenozide Methoxyfenozide
72.5a 55.0a72.5a 55.0a
50.0ab 53.1a50.0ab 53.1a
40.0b 64.0a40.0b 64.0a
30.0b 18.6b30.0b 18.6b
37.5b 20.1b37.5b 20.1b
42.5a 98.1a42.5a 98.1a
45.0a 92.1a45.0a 92.1a
32.5ab 96.3a32.5ab 96.3a
12.5b 47.1b12.5b 47.1b
12.5b 48.3b12.5b 48.3bwater/surfactantwater/surfactant Methoxyfenozide Methoxyfenozide
Orientation tube assayOrientation tube assay
1.1.
2.2.
3.3.
4.4.
5.5.
23
Exposure to treatment surfacesExposure to treatment surfaces
(by sex)(by sex)a,ba,b
FemaleFemale MaleMale
Argyrotaenia velutinanaArgyrotaenia velutinana
Mean distance Mean distance
traveled (cm)traveled (cm)
<1 min<1 min 10 min10 min <1 min<1 min 10 min10 min
60.0a 56.8a60.0a 56.8a
55.0a 65.5a55.0a 65.5a
56.7a 62.8a56.7a 62.8a
23.3b 43.0b23.3b 43.0b
33.3b 41.5b33.3b 41.5b
65.0a 83.8a65.0a 83.8a
51.7a 88.0a51.7a 88.0a
46.7a 88.0a46.7a 88.0a
8.3b 64.8b8.3b 64.8b
5.0b 62.5b5.0b 62.5b
Mean % wing fanning,Mean % wing fanning,
upwind orientationupwind orientationdd
Orientation tube assayOrientation tube assay
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Fisher’s PLSD, P<0.05)aaFemale or male moths, 0Female or male moths, 0--24 h old, exposed to treated surfaces for 48 h prior to being as24 h old, exposed to treated surfaces for 48 h prior to being assayed.sayed.ccLabeled field rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron BLabeled field rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron B--19561956®®
ddBehaviors associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitabilitBehaviors associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitability.y.
bbTwenty (20) cages (replicates)/trmnt; each consisted of 2 caged Twenty (20) cages (replicates)/trmnt; each consisted of 2 caged F and 2 released M. New moths used each replicate.F and 2 released M. New moths used each replicate.
water water water water
water/surfactantwater/surfactantcc water/surfactant water/surfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide water/surfactantwater/surfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide Methoxyfenozide Methoxyfenozide
water/surfactantwater/surfactant Methoxyfenozide Methoxyfenozide
1.1.
2.2.
3.3.
4.4.
5.5.
Exposure to treatment surfacesExposure to treatment surfaces
(by sex)(by sex)a,ba,b
FemaleFemale MaleMale
Choristoneura rosaceanaChoristoneura rosaceana
Mean distance Mean distance
traveled (cm)traveled (cm)
<1 min<1 min 10 min10 min <1 min<1 min 10 min10 min
92.5a 75.3a92.5a 75.3a
90.0a 62.1b90.0a 62.1b
92.5a 80.1a92.5a 80.1a
62.5b 31.4c62.5b 31.4c
52.5b 19.0c52.5b 19.0c
70.0a 103.8a70.0a 103.8a
62.5a 106.4a62.5a 106.4a
62.5a 100.8a62.5a 100.8a
22.5b 58.8b22.5b 58.8b
17.5b 55.0b17.5b 55.0b
Mean % wing fanning,Mean % wing fanning,
upwind orientationupwind orientationdd
Orientation tube assayOrientation tube assay
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Fisher’s PLSD, P<0.05)aaFemale or male moths, 0Female or male moths, 0--24 h old, exposed to treated surfaces for 48 h prior to being as24 h old, exposed to treated surfaces for 48 h prior to being assayed.sayed.ccLabeled field rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron BLabeled field rate (0.125% vol:vol) of Latron B--19561956®®
ddBehaviors associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitabilitBehaviors associated with tortricid male moth sexual excitability.y.
bbTwenty (20) cages (replicates)/trmnt; each consisted of 2 caged Twenty (20) cages (replicates)/trmnt; each consisted of 2 caged F and 2 released M. New moths used each replicate.F and 2 released M. New moths used each replicate.
water water water water
water/surfactantwater/surfactantcc water/surfactant water/surfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide water/surfactantwater/surfactant
MethoxyfenozideMethoxyfenozide Methoxyfenozide Methoxyfenozide
water/surfactantwater/surfactant Methoxyfenozide Methoxyfenozide
1.1.
2.2.
3.3.
4.4.
5.5.