Expressionism Architecture

"Colored glass destroys hatred",

"Without a glass palace life is a

burden", "Glass brings us a new

era, building in brick only does

us harm"-

Paul ScheerbartGlass Pavlian,1914

(Bruno Tayt)

What is Expressionism? Expressionism is a term that artises in the early 20th

century around a group of painters, mainly German and centered in Munich, who sought to convey deep emotional content using significant amounts of abstraction but without losing figural subject matter.

Color played a major role in their work. They also sought to convey a new and different kind of emotional content, often verging on complex psychology and psychic struggle.

Expressionism isExpressionism is the way of expressing

something in and around something that

you feel emotionally, from all the things

that happen pheomenally.

Expressionism is not a clearly defined term and may have more than one definition. It can often overlap other kinds of content and formal choices. Nevertheless, there is a certain quality about it that usually allows us to recognize it. Expressionist forms are often sculptural, sometimes irrational, usually personal and idiosyncratic. But they are also often distorted. The notion of identifying “expressive” qualities in a building is not necessarily the same as identifying

Expressionistic form can also convey spirituality

as well as psychology and it is important to

evaluate a potentially expressionist form

carefully before pronouncing a verdict.

An architectural movement that developed in

Europe during the first decades of the 20th

century.

The term "Expressionist architecture" initially

described

the activity of the German, Dutch, Austrian,

Czech and

Expressionism architecture

Characteristics Arts and Crafts movement and Art

Nouveau influenced expressionists

Art nouveau, principally a decorative

convention

turned to bionic and geomorphic forms.

Caspar David

Friedich’s Das

Eismeer

(The Sea of Ice)

1921, Walter

Gropius's

Monument to the

March Dead

expressionistic” qualities. A building may convey

some intentional meaning through its

form(“expressive”).

Sydney Opera house

1957-73 (Jorn Utzon)

Lotus Temple,1986

(fariborz sahba)

Distorted form for emotional effect,

subordination of realism

Haus Duldeck in Dornash

1915 (Rodolf Steiner &Hermann

Ranzenberger)

An underlying effort at achieving the new,

original,and visionary.

Einstein Tower in Potsdam

near Berlin,1919-22

(Erich mendelson)

Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as caves,

mountains, lightning, crystal and rock formations. As

such it

is more mineral and elemental than florid and organic

which

characterized its close contemporary art nouveau.

JFK International Airport in New York,

1956-62

(Eero Saarinen)

National Museum of the

American Indian,2004

(Douglas Cardinal‘s)

Forms in something more gothic rather than

classic, which

resulted in forms and shapes that are

individualistic from the

other forms of architecture around that time

Expressionist use of Monolithic materials.

Hohenzollernplatz

Church berlin 1930

((fritz höger

Grundtvig's Church,

1927

(Peder

Vihelm&Jensen

klint)

Expressionism Architects

Erich Mendelsohn

Peter Behrens

Fritz Höger

Rodulf Stiener

Erich Mendelsohn

Erich Mendelsohn (21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953)

was a German architect, known for his expressionist architecture in the 1920s, as well as for developing a dynamic functionalism in his projects for department stores and cinemas

One of the most important of the architects who are considered to be expressionists is Erich Mendelsohn who turned out countless drawings that are essentially thumbnail sketches of buildings based on the expressive capacity of form.

Mendelsohn also found music to be a major source of inspiration for his work and made drawings that in essence expressed the content of specific musical works.

Architecture career At the end of 1918, upon his return from World War I , he

settled his practice in Berlin. The Einsteinturm and the hat factory in Luckenwalde established his reputation

The Hat Factory was commissioned in 1921, Mendelsohn'sdesign included four production halls, a boiler, a turbine house, two gatehouses and a dyeing hall

As early as 1924 Wasmuths Monatshefte fürBaukunst produced a booklet about his work. In that same year, along with LudwigMies van der Rohe and WaltarGropius , he was one of the founders of the progressive architectural group known as Der ring

Buildings

Steinberg hat factory, Herrmann & Co, Luckenwalde (1921-1923) with a strict

Schocken department store,Nuremberg (1925-1926)

Einstein Tower

The Einstein Tower (German: Einsteinturm) is an

astrophysical observatory in the Albert Einsein

Science Park in Potsdam, Germanybuilt by Ericch

Mendelson. It was built on the summit

ofthePotsdam Telegraophenberg to house a

solertelescope

The exterior was originally conceived in concrete,

but due to construction difficulties with the complex

design and shortages from the war, much of the

building was actually realized in brick, covered with

stucco.

The complexity of shapes that make up the tower reflects on the one hand, a great sense of artistic freedom and, secondly, follows the ideas of Mendelsohn on what he called "functional dynamics", although it never came to define objectively, can be interpreted in their works in general as a clear desire for continuous and integrated forms.

Continuing its forms modulate the light throughout the day by generating a series of unique and original futuristic visions. It is considered not only an advanced lab but also a monument "firmly supported on the ground but also ready to fly or take a leap," a product of the aerodynamic shapes that compose it.

Fritz Höger

Fritz Höger

(12 June 1877 – 21 June 1949)

was a German architect from Bekeneihe

he became known for his Brick

Expressionist style of architecture.

Architecture career

Höger is renowned for his use of Brick, in particular Brick Expressionism. Höger opened his own architecture office in 1907,

he received many commissions for private homes around Hamburg. It was during this time that Höger established his style with the use of bricks

n 1920 Höger published "The essence of the modern brick building" with Fritz Schumacher

Buildings

Hohenzollernplatz Church berlin ,1930

Chilehausin Hamburg, 1924

The modern design was much under debate already long before the constructions started.

The basic structure of the church is a concrete skeleton, clad by the façades, finely structured on the long sides and of even masonry on the narrow sides

The entrance at the western side is flanked both sides by the cladding of the two round staircases. A semicircular flight of stairs leads to the ogival main portal.

The ogival form of the girders grants the interior a kind of Gothic

Peter Behrens

Peter Behrens (14 April 1868 – 27 February 1940)

was a German architect and designer. He was

important for the modernist movement, and

several of the movement's leading names

(including Ludwig Mies van der rohe,Le

Corbusier and Walter Gropius) in earlier

stages of their careers.

Buildings

AEG Turbine Factory, 1908–1909

Rudolf Steiner

Rudolf Steiner (27 February 1861 – 30 March 1925)

was an Austrian phelosopher,social reformer ,architect and esoterist.

One of the most fascinating and important of the architects who are usually named as expressionists

A man who called himself a spiritual scientist

He edited the scientific works of the German Romantic poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

In his research on Goethe, he became aware of Goethe’s theory of color and his plant studies leading to the concept of metamorphosis.

Buildings

First Goetheanum Dornach, Switzerland ,1919

The first Goetheanum, a monumental double-domed wooden structure, richly carved and painted

made of reinforced concrete

based on an architectural concept in which each element, form and color bears an inner relation to the whole and the whole flows organically into its single elements in a process of metamorphosis.

was destroyed by fire in 1922

Second Goetheanum,Dornach Switzerland,1928

In 1924 Rudolf Steiner presented his model for a second Goetheanum – the present one – made of reinforced concrete

it was the first large-scale building to employ this material for sculptural forms

High colored windows and the central west window indicate the large Main Auditorium and emphasise the uniqueness of its artistic and architectural qualities. A glance inside – reveal the expressive power of architecture, interior design, color and space.

The Goetheanum is like a work of sculpture or a living thing. It is a center for Culture and encounter.

Done By

Yazid HamodaAl-Albayt UniversityFacility of engineering

Department of ArchitectureStudent No :1300703006