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I felt so happy that my

class mates chose me to

be the leader of project

3. So, we worked on this

project together, I hope

Group : Marwa Said Aisha Hussain Raham Mohammed Thariya Sulaiman Alaa Ahmed Saif Khalid

that you will enjoy read- Ahmed Saleh ing our "class magazine" ..

In our magazine, there

are three topics. The first

topic is about Engineer­

ing, the second topic is

about Science and the

third topic is about dif­

ferent topics. Our maga­

zine focuses on "Hydro­

power" which is based on

the theme Renewable

energy.

I want to thank my class­

mates for their efforts,

cooperation and patience

in doing project 3.

-

Mazin Khamis Group of :Shamsa H. Fatma Ali Noora Ali Marwa Ali Nawal Khalifa Sami Saleem Yahya Said Group of : Majada Basal Mazin Mohammed Shamsa Salim Mana I Aisha Yaqoob Abeer Juman Haith am

Hydropower

Desalination

Science fiction

Health and Safety

Mother tongue

Games

Transtormers ~ Transmission Hydropower is a renewable ~... unes energy source too. The sun

History It is stated in (Apogee Interac­tive, 2007) that since old times people have found ways to ex­ploit the energy produced by moving water. For example the water hurry was first used around 200 B.C. for tasks like gritting grain and irrigation. Over 2,000 years ago the Greeks used water as an energy source to turn water hurry for gritting wheat into flour. The running water would influx over the hurry into buckets attached to the hurry and forces the hurry to turn. It is also men­tioned in (Apogee Interactive, 2007) that In the early 1800's Americans and Europeans used water hurry in factories to power machines like in saws in lumber mills. Hydropower was later used to generate electric­ity. After the invention of the turbine in the early 1800' s and the generator in the late 1800' s, the first hydroelectric plant in the U.S. was built at Niagara Falls in 1879. Niagara Falls borders New York and Canada. The energy force from the falling water was used to turn a turbine in the dyke and generate electricity.

What is hydropower According to (Apogee interac­tive, 2007) hydropower is energy that comes from the force of moving water. The

d "h d II wor y ro means water.

heats the oceans turning it into water vapor. This is called evaporation. When the water vapor rises it turns into clouds. The cold air above the earth mixes with the clouds and releases rain or snow called pre­cipitation. This water cycle goes on forever making this a renew­able energy source. Also hydro­power is a clean and environ­mentally friendly source of energy. There is no fuel to burn so there are no harmful emissions put into the air. Flowing water creates energy that can be cap­tured and turned into electricity. This is called hydroelectric power or hydropower.

Electricity from Water Power The power of moving water is very powerful and a hydro plant uses that power to generate electricity. Hydro plants are built near moving water such as a river and also manmade facilities such as dyke that create moving water as stated in (Apogee Inter­active, 2007) the dyke are built on reservoirs or lakes and have gates that can open or close to control the water flowing over the dyke. The energy from hy­dropower changes. The falling water is gravitational energy, and then converts to mechanical energy as the power of the water turns the turbine. Also, it's mentioned in(Apogee Interactive, 2007) that the generator con­nected to the turbine rotates, changing the mechanical energy to electrical energy. The trans­formers convert the electricity to usable voltage levels. The elec­tricity is then sent through the transmission lines to distribution stations.

The use of hydropower is eco­nomical, helps conserve our fossil fuels, and is a clean, envi­ronmentally friendly source of energy. Mechanical Energy for Hydro

power Micro hydro power is possibly the least joint of the three readily used renewable energy sources, but it has the potential to produce the most power, more reliably than solar or wind power if you have the right site as stated in (Apogee interactive, 2007)this means having access to a river or creek that has a high enough flow to produce useable power for a good part of the year. Also, it is mentioned in the same source that micro hydro power is prob­ably the least joint of the three readily used renewable energy sources, but it has the potential to produce the most power, more reliably than solar or wind power if you have the right site. This means having access to a river or creek that has a high enough flow to produce useable power for a good part of the year. Many creeks and rivers are permanent, i. e., they never dry up, and these are the most suit­able for micro-hydro power pro­duction. A micro hydro turbine can take several forms, the most widely recognized of which would be the water wheel, used exten­sively for grain grinding up until this century. The Water motor has a patented switch that allows instant on/ off power control. This unique feature makes it practical and safe to run ma­.chines directly with waterpower In the future, we hope that the government will take more at­tention for hydropower, and all renewable energy.

What is desalination ? It is mentioned in (Free dictionary,2009) that desalina­tion process is the removal of some amount of salt and other minerals, which produce potable water from the sea water or salty water and became impor­tant. It is also mentioned in (Free dictionary, 2009) that de­salination process is the re­moval of some amount of salt and other minerals, which pro­duce potable water from the sea water or salty water and became important because many areas around the world suffer from the water shortages caused by the uneven distribu­tion of water supply, natural and human use.

Stages of Desalination There are three Stages of water desalination as stated in (Wikipedia,2008) First, the pri­mary treatment of water. This is done by removing a lot of solids in water mold and bacteria. It occurs either by traditional pri­mary treatment of water or by pretreatment of water for up to date. The second stage of de­salination process is removing the salt. This is done by re­moval of all soluble salts in water and viruses, and other items such as chemicals and or­ganic dissolved and transported in the water. As mentioned in (Wikipedia, 2008) the final stage of water desalination is the final treatment of water. This done by adding some of the salt and other materials to make it suit­able for human use of water and add salt when the purpose of use in industrial applications and

medicines because it negatively affect quality of the product. As mentioned in (Wikipedia, 2008) ..

Vapor compression desalination Vapor compression desalination refers to a distillation process where the evaporation of sea or saline water is obtained by the application of heat delivered by compressed vapor as stated in (Wikipedia,20 10). It is also mentioned in (Wikipedia, 2010) that the first method utilizes an ejector system motivated by steam at monomeric pressure from an external source in order to recycle vapor from the desalination process. The form is designated Ejector or Thermo Compression.In addition, (Wikipedia, 2010) mentioned that using the second method, water vapor is compressed by means of a mechanical device, electrically driven in most cases. This form is designated mechanical vapor compression (MVC). The MVC process comprises two different versions: Vapor Compression (VC) and Vacuum Vapor Com­pression (WC). VC designates those systems in which the evaporation effect takes place at monomeric pressure and we the systems in which evaporation takes place at sub- atmospheric pressures.

•

Reverse Osmosis Technology There are four stages reverse osmosis as stated in (Shabab-­techno, 2008)

1-Initial treatment Phase Organization of feed water to pass through the narrow pas­sages during the process, as well as plankton and are re­moved to prevent the deposi­tion and growth of organisms on the membrane ..

2-Pressure Phase During this stage, raise the pressure on the treated water to the initial level appropriate to the type of membranes and the proportion of salts dissolved in the water to be processed.

3-Phase separation by mem­branes The membranes at this point allow fresh water or clean to pass through holes microwave of the membrane, and prevents the soluble salts of traffic, where it is converted to the line of ex­change with a high concentra­tions of salt.

4-Installation phase (post-­treatment) At this point control the acidity of fresh water produced through the process of adjustment of the pH of chemical for water PH Ad­justment by lifting the number from 5 to 7.5 .

Iron Man is a 2008 American science fiction superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Di­rected by j on Favreau, the film stars Robert Downey, Jr. as Tony Stark, an industrialist and master engineer who builds a powered exoskeleton and be­comes the technologically ad­vanced superhero, Iron Man. Gwyneth Paltrow plays his per­sonal assistant Pepper Potts, Terrence Howard plays military liaison james and jeff Bridges plays Stark Industries executive Obadiah Stane.this is according to (Wikipedia, the free

encyclopedia,2008) . Iron Man, like knights of old, is identified by the armor he wears. The best- dressed of the Marvel heroes, he has changed his look frequently since his debut in 1963, but he can afford to. The man who wears the suits (and designs them) is wealthy inven­tor Tony Stark. So the man makes the clothes, but do the clothes make the man? This is mentioned in (Superhero Stuff,

2010 ) . Travels Tony Stark (Robert Downey) and the owner of the genius of the world's largest arms to Afghanistan to inspect the soldiers fighting a war against a terrorist organization called the (ten episodes). After a review of a company's products: (Jericho missiles), which de­stroyed a mountain range at the launch event and one of them is being attacked and Tony is, however, the enemy, after an attack on military convoy that was carrying him. This is men­tioned in (Wikipedia, the free

encyclopedia, 2008) .

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A billionaire playboy, industri­alist and ingenious engineer, Tony Stark suffers a severe

chest injury during a kidnap­ping in which his captors at­tempt to force him to build a weapon of mass destruction.

He instead creates a powered suit of armor to save his life

and escape captivity. He later uses the suit to protect the world as Iron Man. Through his multinational corporation - Stark Industries T ony has created many military

weapons , some of which, along with other technological de­

vices of his making, have been integrated into his suit, help­ing him fight crime. Initially, Iron Man was a vehicle for

Stan Lee to explore Cold War themes, particularly the role of American technology and busi­ness in the fight against com­

munism. Subsequent re-­imaginings of Iron Man have transitioned from Cold War

themes to contemporary con-cerns, such as corporate crime

and terrorism. This is men­tioned in (Wikipedia, the Free

Encyclopedia, 20 10).

Personal opinion about the film:

Iron man is an exciting, fun and imaginative film and is the finest films; this film is like a

science fiction. T he best thing that I liked from that film is the adventure of a man from

simple to super strength hero and is fictional and it took me

to some amazing ideas .

Health and Safety The use of falling water as source of energy is known for a long time. In the

ancient time, waterwheels were used already, but only at the beginning of the nineteenth century with the invention of the hydro turbine the use of hydro­

power got a new impulse. It is mentioned in (Micro hydropower, 1991). In view with this concept, F1.4 students conducted a survey to find how many people

believe in maintaining a good healthy life. In our survey, we found out that significant numbers of respondents maintain their health while an insignificant number of respondent maintain their health. Managing health and safety is little different from managing any other aspects

of your business. Implementing health and safety measures does not have to be expensive, time consuming or complicated. This is according to (Health and

safety Executive, 2008). In addition to that information, a significant number of respondents do not eat

healthy meals every day while an insignificant number of respondents eat healthy meals every day. It is mentioned in (Government of Alberta, 1995) that healthy eating means enjoying a variety of foods every day. Food provides that energy and essential nutrients needed for an active life. This includes drinking

at least eight glasses of water every day. It is mentioned in (Nutrition, 20 12) that skipping breakfast is a common strat­egy for people who are trying to lose weight, but unfortunately, it's usually not a successful strategy. Your body or more likely, your brain expects to be refu­eled a few times each day. In a recent survey conducted by F1.4 students, it is found that a significant number of respondents believe that breakfast is impor-

tant & this should not be skipped. Also, in our survey, most respondents agree that the causes of obesity is not

doing sport while none of respondents disagree that the cause of obesity is lack of sports and all of respondents go to gym every week. Overweight and

obesity represent an increasing health problem. A corroding to (The National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2006) both genetic and environmental

factors contribute to the development of obesity.

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• no

maintain rat io who eat importance rate of going causes of health healthy of breakfast to gym obesity

meals

It is mentioned by (Krashen, S).year that for some students, developing English language proficiency is not easy because they do not have constant practice in using the language. Some students do not have the thorough prac­tice in using the English language because of lack of books, technology and good teachers. However, there is still much that can be done to achieve the ski11s. For example, parents can make sure that they have good reference books or textbooks at home - in the native language. Students should be encouraged to read good literature and to discuss school work. Some of the long summer vacation could be devoted to mother-tongue learning and

reading.

IIOl\r J)OI~S 'fill~ IIO'fiii~U 'fONC11JI~ III~IJ) 'fill~ IJI~i\UNINC1 01( I~NC11JSII ? It is mentioned by (Krashen, S).year that many skills acquired in the first language can be transferred to the second language. So, for example, if your child has developed good reading skills in Korean, she is likely to be able to apply these skills when reading English. In addition to that, it is mentioned in( krashen, S) that one useful reading skill is the ability to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words from context. Another one is the ability to decide which new words in a text are important to look up in the dictionary and which words can safely be ig­nored.) For this reason, it helps if you can encourage your child to read good fiction and non-fiction in her own language. Similarly, the skills of being able to plan out a piece of writing or develop an argument in a persuasive

essay can be applied in the second language once they have been learned in the first.

'I'III~ UOIJI~ 01( Ni\'1'1\ri~-SI)I~i\lli~U '1'1~\C~III~US IN I~NC11JSIIIJi\NC11Ji\C11~ I~I)(Jf~i\'I'ION It is stated in (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2011) that Native speaker teachers have an important role to play in language education, we can't consider our place of birth as a teaching qualification. We must endeavor to develop our declarative knowledge of language in order to be of the best possible service to our students. We must earn the respect that our students hold for us. And we must endeavor to be a positive influence on the cul-

tures and societies in which we live and work.

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It is commonplace to state today that English is the unrivaled lingua franca of the world and that it is rolling a head like a juggernaut. We did survey to know the difference between native speaker teachers and non- native speaker teachers and who is better in teaching. Most respondents think that there is a difference between English native speaker teachers and non- native speak­ers because native speakers speak better English, they use real English and they use English more confidently. In addition, most of respondents think that Native-English speaker teachers are better than non-native speaker be­cause they speak English very well. Similarly, most respondents think that students will understand more if the teacher is a native-speaker while almost none of respondents think that students will understand more if the teacher is a non- native speaker. Most of them believe that native speakers will speak only English, and many of re­spondents think that the mother tongue has effect on teaching. Moreover, some respondents think that the mother tongue has effects on teaching because English is Language of the world ..

This graph shows number of respondents who gave honest feedback about the issue between native speaker teach­ers & non-native English teachers ..

1~ ,-------------------------90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% • ves 10%

0% • No Difference Respondents Mother-tongue Preference ben..,een who think they has effects on between nat ive

Native· Enclish w ill understand teachina. ~eaker end speaker more from non·native

teachers and native speaker speaker non-native teache rs

speakers

Vertical : 1--Stages of water desalination

2--It is a salty water and but potable

3--It is obtained by the application of heat delivered by compressed vapor

4--0n of useful reading skill reading skill is the ability to guess of the words

Horizontal : 1--The real name of the movie heroin the film Iron man

2--Stages reverse osmosis as stated in Shabab-techno

3--The energy that comes from the force of moving water

4--The most important energy resource

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The Fee dictionary, 2009, http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Water+desalination (on line) viewed on,

, 12 May 2012.Wikipedia, 2008

8A% 08 %A9% 08 %A %84% D9%http:/ /ar. wi ki ped ia.org/wi kif% 08 %AA% 08 %AD% 09 .87 (on line) viewed on, 12 May 2012%8A%08%A7%09%85%09%84%09%7%09

Shabab-Techno, 2008, http://shabab-techno.niceboard.org/t188-topic (on line) viewed on, 14 May 2012 ..

Wikipedia, 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vapor-compression_desalination (on line) viewed on, 14 May 2012.

Apogee interactive, Line, 2007, http://nexteraenergy.apogee.net/kids/hydro.aspx (on line) viewed on, 9 May 2012.

Apogee interactive, line, 2007, http://earthsci.org/mineral/energy/hydro/hydro.html (on line) viewed on, 12 May 2012.

Apogee interactive, Inc, 2007, http://nexteraenergy.apogee.net/kids/hydro.aspx ,(on line) viewed on, 11 May 2012.

Apogee interactive, line, 2007, http://nexteraenergy.apogee.net/kids/hydro.aspx (on line) viewed on, 10 May 2012 ..

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wikilironman(film) (on line) viewed on, 14 May 2012.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wikiliron_man (on line) viewed on, 16 May 2012.

Superhero stuff, 201 0, http://www.superherostuff.com/biographies/ironmanbiography.html (on line) viewed

on, 16 May 2012. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2008, http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki (on line) viewed

on, 14 May 2012. Micro hydropower, 1991, http://www.microhydropower.net (on line) viewed on, 26

May 2012. Health and safety Executive, 2008, http://books.hse.gov.uk (on line) viewed on, 26

May 2012. Government of Alberta, 1995, http://www.healthyalberta.com (on line) viewed on 26

May 2012 .. . Nutrition, 2012, http://www.nutrition.about.com (on line) viewed on 26 May 2012

The National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2006, .http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (on line) viewed on 26 May 2012

Health and medical technical firm, 1990, http://hes-tech.net/en/products.php, (on line) viewed on, 22 May 2012.

How stuff works, 2001, http://cience.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/hydropower-plant1.htm (on

line) viewed on, 26 May 2012. Krashen, S. (2004) the power of reding: insights from the research. Heinemann.

Portsmouth. Wikipedia the free cyclopedia, http://www.job.as.uk/blogs/tefl-­

journey/2011 /08/22/the-role-­of-native-speaker-teachers-in-english-longlish-longuage-education/august 22 May

2012.