F4 CHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTIONELEMENTSCOMPOUNDS

CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY

MATTER

(SUBSTANCE)

CHANGE

(REACTION)

Study of

MATTER

M ETAL M ETAL L OID NON-M ETAL

EL EM ENT

IONICCOM POUND

M OL ECUL ARCOM POUND

COM POUND

M ATTER(SUBSTANCE)

METAL & NON-METAL

NON-METAL

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

M ETAL NON-M ETAL SEM I-M ETAL

EL EM ENT

METAL: characteristic properties

NON-METAL: characteristic properties

METALLOID: characteristic properties

ELEMENTS & SYMBOLS

1 Hydrogen^ H 11 Sodium2 Helium^ He 12 magnesium3 Lithium** Li 13 Aluminium4 Beryllium**Be 14 Silicon5 (Boron) B 15 Phosphorus6 Carbon^ C 16 Sulphur7 Nitrogen^ N 17 Chlorine8 Oxygen^ O 18 Argon9 Fluorine^ F 19 Potassium10 Neon^ Ne 20 Calcium

metals** non-metals^ (semi-metals)(http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/index.html)

ELEMENTS & SYMBOLS (cont)

BROMINE SILVERIODINE GOLDIRON MERCURYCOPPER PLATINUMZINC TINLEAD BARIUM

metals** non-metals^ (semi-metals)(http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/index.html)

ELEMENTS (PROPERTIES)

METALSShiny ,strong SOLID Conductor (heat)Conductor (electricity) change shapeSolids (high melting point/ boiling point)(mercury is liquid)NON-METALSSOLID, LIQUID, GAS (low mp, bp) Insulator(carbon has very high melting point)(carbon is a good conductor of electricity)SEMI-METALSSemi-conductor of electricity

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUND

IONIC COM POUND M OL ECUL AR COM POUND

COM POUND

IONIC COMPOUND: characteristic properties

MOLECULAR COMPOUND / COVALENT COMPOUND: characteristic properties

COMPOUNDS & FORMULAE

IONIC COMPOUND- Sodium chloride

(NaCl)- Magnesium oxide

(MgO)- Calcium chloride

(CaCl2)

COVALENT COMPOUND- Water

(H2O)

- Carbon dioxide(CO2)

- Ammonia(NH3)

COMPOUNDS (PROPERTIES)

IONIC COMPOUNDSHard SOLID (high melting point/ boiling point)ELECTROLYTEInsulator of electricity Soluble in water

MOLECULAR COMPOUNDSSOLID, LIQUID, GAS (low mp, bp)INSULATOR of heat and electricitySoluble in non-polar solvent (hexane)

CHANGE

PHY SICAL CHANGE CHEM ICAL CHANGE

CHANGE

PHYSICAL CHANGE: CHANGE OF STATE

CHEMICAL CHANGE: CHANGE OF SUBSTANCE (FORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCE)

INVESTIGATING CHEMICAL CHANGE

EXPERIM ENT EXPL ANATION

INVESTIGATING CHANGE

EXPERIMENTS: OBSERVATION OF CHANGE (MACROSCOPIC WORLD)

EXPLANATION: NATURE OF MATTER - PARTILCES (MICROSCOPIC WORLD)

CHEMICAL CHANGE (EXPLANATION)

FORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCE (PARTICLES IN THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD):

- BREAKING / FORMATION OF BONDS

- RE-ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS

- MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS

PARTICLES IN THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD

ATOM M OL ECUL E ION

PARTICL E

ATOM: BASIC UNIT(UNSTABLE PARTICLE)

MOLECULE: STABLE PARTICLE (OF ATOMS)

ION: STABLE PARTICLE (FROM ATOMS)

THE ATOM (model)

ATOM(NUCLEUS )

NEUTRONS(n)PROTONS(p)

ELECTRONS(e)

STABLE PARTICLES (FROM ATOM)

n,p,e

+

ION

-

MOLECULE

(stable)

ATOM

ATOMB

ATOMA

CATION

(stable)

ANION

(stable)

MATTER AND PARTICLES

M ETAL M ETAL L OID NON-M ETAL

EL EM ENT

IONICCOM POUND

M OL ECUL ARCOM POUND

COM POUND

M ATTER(SUBSTANCE)

ATOM ATOM MOLECULE CATIONANION

MOLECULE

BOND (BINDING FORCE BETWEEN PARTICLES)

M ETAL L ICBOND

COVAL ENTBOND

IONICBOND

BOND

METALLIC BOND: BINDING METAL ATOMS (METAL)

COVALENT BOND: BINDING NON-METAL ATOMS (MOLECULE)

IONIC BOND: BINDING CATIONS & ANIONS (IONIC COMPOUND)

NAME (SYMBOL / FORMULA)

ELEMENT

COMPOUND

ION

(SYMBOL)

(FORMULA)

(FORMULA)

SIMPLE IONS (FORMULA)

HYDROGEN (H+)LITHIUM (Li+) SODIUM (Na+) MAGNESIUM (Mg++)ALUMINIUM (Al+++)POTASSIUM (K+)CALCIUM (Ca++)

OXIDE (O--) BROMIDE (Br- ) FLUORIDE (F- ) IODIDE (I- ) SULPHIDE (S--) CHLORIDE (Cl-)

CATIONS (FORMULAE)

Iron(II) (Fe++ )Iron(III) (Fe+++ )Copper(I) (Cu+ )Copper(II) (Cu++ )Zinc (Zn++ )Lead(II) (Pb++ )Silver (Ag+ )

Ammonium (NH4+ )

HYDROGEN (H+ )

ANIONS (FORMULAE)

Hydroxide (OH-)Nitrate (NO3

- )Sulphate (SO4

2- )Carbonate (CO3

2- )Hydrogensulphate (HSO4

-)Hydrogencarbonate (HCO3

- )Nitrite (NO2

- )Sulphite (SO3

2- )Permanganate (MnO4

- )Dichromate (Cr2O7

2- )

FORMULAE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

FORMULA: CATIONx ANIONY

x:smallest number of cations y:smallest number of anions

So that the charges balance one another:

(x)(no. of + charge) = (y)(no. of – charge)

FORMULAE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS (cont)

FORMULA: CATIONx ANIONY

Na+ Cl- x=1 y=1

K+ O2- x=2 y=1

Ca2+ Cl- x=1 y=2

Mg2+ O2- x=1 y=1

IONIC COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE)

IONIC COMPOUND (CATIONxANIONY)

Sodium chloride (NaCl)Potassium oxide (K2O)Calcium chloride (CaCl2)Magnesium oxide (MgO)Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4)Copper(II) chloride (CuCl2)Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)

IONIC COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE) – cont.

Iron(II) nitrate Fe(NO3)2

Iron(III) sulphate Fe2(SO4)3

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3

Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2

Aluminium chloride AlCl3Aluminium oxide Al2O3

Aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)3

Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3

Ammonium sulphate(NH4)2SO4

COVALENT COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE)

Water (H2O)Carbon dioxide (CO2)Carbon monoxide (CO)Ammonia (NH3)Methane (CH4)Silicon dioxide (SiO2)Sulphur dioxide (SO2)Sulphur trioxide (SO3)

COVALENT COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE) – cont.

Hydrogen chloride HCl gasHydrochloric acid HCl aqueousSulphuric acid H2SO4

Nitric acid HNO3

Ethanoic acid CH3CO2HCitric acid C6H8O7

Ethanol C2H5OHGlucose C6H12O6

Carbonic acid H2CO3

Nitrogen monoxide NONitrogen dioxide NO2

MOLECULES OF ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS

SIM PL E GIANT

EL EM ENT

SIM PL E GIANT

COM POUND

M OL ECUL E

H2 C CO2 SiO2

CHEMICAL TESTS OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE WATER CATIONS – FLAME TEST ANION (CHLORIDE) ANION (CARBONATE)