New rootstocks for table grapes

Matthew FidelibusUC Davis

andJennifer Hashim-Maquire

Formerly UCCE Viticulture Advisor

Acknowledgements

California Table Grape CommissionGrower Cooperators

Don LuvisiAllison Ferry-Abee, Franka Gabler, Ashraf El Kereamy, Larry

Williams, Shinjian “George” Zhuang

Outline

• Potential rootstock benefits• General characteristics of common rootstock

parent species and hybrid groups• Site factors that influence selection• Value of testing programs; university or on-

farm trials• Review of California selection programs and

sample data

Potential benefits of rootstocks

• Resistance to nematodes and phylloxera• Influence vine mineral nutrition and salt

tolerance• Influence scion capacity and vigor• Influence vine yield, fruit quality, and

maturation rate• Tolerance to water deficit

Classic rootstocks

• Original purpose of rootstocks was to overcome phylloxera

• Vitis riparia & Vitis rupestris resistant to phylloxera, root well from dormant cuttings, & graft well with vinifera scions

• Vitis berlandieri does better on calcareous soils, but roots poorly, so it was crossed with V. riparia and V. rupestris

Vitis berlandieri

• Variable phylloxera resistance• Good lime tolerance• Deep rooting provides some drought

tolerance

Vitis riparia

• High phylloxera resistance• Easy to propagate• Riparian origin and low drought resistance,

moderate salt tolerance• Shallow roots, low vigor, early fruit maturity• Low resistance to root knot nematode;

moderate resistance to dagger nematode

Vitis rupestris

• Deep roots can help protect against drought, but not on shallow soils

• High phylloxera resistance but low nematode resistance

• Easy to propagate

V. riparia x V. rupestris hybrids

• Low to moderate vigor• Early fruit maturity• Low drought tolerance• Includes 101-14, Schwarzmann, 3309 C

V. berlandieri x V. riparia hybrids

• Moderate to high vigor• Moderately sensitive to drought• Includes Teleki 5C, Kober 5BB, SO4, 420A

V. berlandieri x V. rupestris

• Moderate to high scion vigor• Good drought and salt tolerance• Moderate to high nematode tolerance• Includes 1103 P, 140 Ruggeri, 110 Richter, 99

Richter

Vitis candicans / mustangensis

• Resistant to phylloxera and nematodes• Difficult to propagate

Vitis x. champinii

• Natural hybrid of V. candicans x V. rupestris• Moderate phylloxera & dagger nematode

resistance, high root knot nematode resist.• Deep roots, high vigor, high drought & salt

tolerance• Dog Ridge & Ramsey are champinii selections;

Freedom & Harmony are complex hybrids with champinii parentage

Why are new rootstocks needed?

• Few stocks currently in use: Freedom, Harmony, & 1103P

• Freedom & Harmony >40 years old; some soil pests have overcome resistance mechanisms

• Effective fumigants & nematicides have been restricted or phased out

• As water becomes more limited, need for drought & salt tolerant stocks will increase

California rootstock evaluation efforts

• Hundreds of yet untested rootstock selections from USDA and UC Davis breeding programs

• Raisin grape trial in Fresno• Wine grape trials throughout the state• Table grape trials in Ducor, Goshen, and Traver

‘Autumn King’, Ducor, California

Rootstock Origin Parentage‘Autumn King’ USDA, Fresno V. viniferaFreedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613CHarmony USDA, Fresno V. champinii x 1613CTeleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. ripariaSalt Creek (Ramsey) Texas V. candicans x. V. rupestris1103-P Sicily, Italy V. berlandieri x V. rupestris‘Crimson Seedless’ USDA, Fresno V. viniferaUSDA 10-17 A USDA, Fresno V. simpsoni x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x V. vinifera)RS-3 UC KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)RSD-34 UC KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)) x V.

doanianaGRN1 UC Davis V. rupestris x M. rotundifolia hybridGRN2 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia Gloire)) x

Riparia GloireGRN3 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia Gloire)) x V.

champinii c9038 (probably V. candicans x V. monticola)GRN4 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia Gloire)) x V.

champinii c9038 (probably V. candicans x V. monticola)GRN-5 UC Davis (V. champinii Ramsey x Riparia Gloire) x V. champinii c9021

(probably V. candicans x V. berlandieri)

‘Autumn King’, Traver, California

Rootstock Origin Parentage‘Autumn King’ USDA, Fresno V. viniferaFreedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613CHarmony USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613CSalt Creek (Ramsey) Texas V. candicans x. V. rupestrisTeleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. ripariaRS-3 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)RS-9 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)USDA 10-17A USDA, Fresno V. simpsonii x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x V. vinifera))RSD-34 KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)) x V.

doaniana

‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, California

Rootstock Origin Parentage‘Scarlet Royal’ USDA, Fresno V. viniferaFreedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C1103-P Sicily, Italy V. berlandieri x V. rupestrisKober 5BB Austria V. berlandieri x V. ripariaTeleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. ripariaRS-3 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris)x(V. riparia x V .rupestris)RS-9 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)USDA 10-23B USDA, Fresno V. doaniana10-17A USDA, Fresno V. simpsoni x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x V. vinifera))RSD-34 KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)) x V.

doaniana

‘Autumn King’, Ducor, Petiole Analysis

  P (total)

K (total)

Ca (total)

Mg (total)

NO3-N

Rootstock (%) (%) (%) (%) (ppm)

10-17A 0.10 de 1.98 bc 2.13 bc 0.47 def 738 cde

1103 P 0.12 cde 1.77 bcde 1.67 f 0.54 cd 777 bcd

‘Crimson’ 0.11 cde 1.70 de 1.89 de 0.51 de 439 ef

Freedom 0.11 cde 2.52 a 1.99 cd 0.75 a 1401 a

GRN1 0.17 a 1.92 bcd 1.92 de 0.60 bc 1405 a

GRN2 0.16 ab 2.32 a 2.39 a 0.44 ef 1038 b

GRN3 0.15 ab 1.71 cde 1.99 cd 0.54 cd 657 cdef

GRN4 0.13 bcd 2.48 a 2.30 ab 0.49 def 749 bcde

Harmony 0.10 de 2.02 b 1.71 f 0.48 def 389 f

Own-rooted 0.11 cde 1.60 e 2.02 cd 0.54 cd 593 def

RS3 0.15 abc 2.50 a 2.14 bc 0.64 b 697 cde

RSD34 0.09 e 1.83 bcde 2.18 bc 0.53 cd 502 def

Salt Creek 0.12 bcde 1.88 bcde 1.78 ef 0.43 f 920 bc

Teleki 5C 0.13 bcd 1.65 de 2.04 cd 0.54 cd 585 def

‘Autumn King’, Ducor, Petiole Analysis

 

B (total)

Zn (total) Mn (total)

Cu (total)

Na (total)

Cl(IC)

Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%)

10-17A 76 bcd 39 abcd 127 ef 8.6 a 0.019 efg 0.34 ab

1103 P 73 cd 27 d 163 de 4.5 bc 0.014 g 0.00 f

‘Crimson’ 73 cd 40 abc 282 a 5.9 bc 0.122 a 0.38 a

Freedom 86 ab 29 bcd 227 bc 3.9 c 0.040 d 0.21 c

GRN1 72 d 31 bcd 173 de 5.4 bc 0.022 efg 0 f

GRN2 82 abcd 29 bcd 164 de 6.2 bc 0.030 de 0.30 b

GRN3 85 ab 36 abcd 157 de 4.8 bc 0.016 fg 0.09 de

GRN4 90 a 29 cd 191 cd 4.7 bc 0.024 efg 0.12 d

Harmony 80 abcd 42 ab 174 de 4.7 bc 0.071 c 0.03 f

Own-rooted 90 a 45 a 244 ab 6.8 ab 0.096 b 0.37 a

RS3 84 abc 34 abcd 172 de 5.4 bc 0.071 c 0.0 f

RSD34 78 bcd 34 abcd 161 de 4.6 bc 0.076 c 0.06 ef

Salt Creek 77 bcd 41 abc 110 f 6.8 ab 0.021 efg 0.09 de

Teleki 5C 89 a 33 abcd 199 bcd 4.8 bc 0.028 def 0.01 f

‘Autumn King’, Ducor, Fruit Quality

 

 Berry weight

Brix

 pH

 TA

Cultivar (g) (%) (%) (g/100 ml)

10-17A 5.62 abc 15.7 d 3.85 e 0.30 bcde

1103 P 5.95 a 16.95 ab 3.89 cde 0.32 abc

‘Crimson’ 5.45 abc 16.49 bc 3.89 cde 0.30 def

Freedom 5.27 bcd 17.45 a 3.97 ab 0.31 bcd

GRN1 5.51 abc 16.04 cd 3.88 cde 0.32 abc

GRN2 5.71 abc 16.39 bc 3.91 bcde 0.33 a

GRN3 5.80 ab 16.77 ab 3.91 bcde 0.29 def

GRN4 5.60 abc 16.86 ab 3.92 bcd 0.30 cde

Harmony 5.64 abc 17.39 a 4.01 a 0.28 f

Own-rooted 4.79 d 17.04 ab 3.85 e 0.29 ef

RS3 5.54 abc 16.83 ab 3.92 bcd 0.30 bcde

RSD34 5.19 cd 17.40 a 3.92 bcd 0.28 f

Salt Creek 5.91 a 16.51 bc 3.89 cde 0.29 def

Teleki 5C 5.44 abc 17.27 a 3.92 bcd 0.32 ab

‘Autumn King’, Ducor, Picking Data

  Clusters pickedz

Total harvest

Cull wt/vine

Cultivar (no.)Yield (kg/vine)

(kg)

10-17A32 11.58 4.05

1103 P37 14.00 3.94

‘Crimson’43 13.22 4.53

Freedom48 12.43 4.42

GRN142 11.11 4.32

GRN246 11.60 3.75

GRN317 9.19 2.88

GRN436 11.53 3.95

Harmony61 15.38 5.34

Own-rooted35 7.85 3.12

RS334 11.25 3.70

RSD3428 7.54 3.06

Salt Creek26 12.20 3.74

Teleki 5C35 11.45 2.77

‘Autumn King’, Traver, 2012

 

N(total)

P (total)

K (total)

S (total)

Ca (total)

Mg (total)

NO3-N (total)

Cultivar (%) (%) (%) (ppm) (%) (%) (ppm)

RS-3 1.26 bc 0.51 b 4.12 b 1533 e 1.42 c 0.39 abc 889 c

RS-9 1.25 bc 0.40 de 3.41 c 2374 a 1.42 c 0.42 ab 1189 bc

Freedom 1.52 ab 0.52 b 4.46 a 1756 de 1.73 b 0.41 ab 2325 a

Own Root 1.04 c 0.36 ef 2.62 d 1553 e 1.72 b 0.38 bcd 984 c

Harmony 1.25 bc 0.44 cd 3.99 b 2081 bc 1.51 c 0.36 cde 1641 b

Ramsey 1.78 a 0.57 a 3.44 c 2142 b 1.64 b 0.35 de 2116 a

10-17A 1.05 c 0.33 f 2.77 d 1913 bcd 1.95 a 0.42 a 740 c

RSD-34 1.31 bc 0.36 ef 3.31 c 1969 bcd 1.49 c 0.33 ef 1591 b

Teleki 5C 1.15 bc 0.46 c 3.61 c 1876 cd 1.93 a 0.31 f 1456 b

‘Autumn King’, Traver, 2012

 

B (total)

Zn (total)

Mn (total)

Fe (total)

Cu (total)

Na (total)

Cl(IC)

Pruning wt

Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%) (kg/vine)

RS-3 37.82 d 38.49 a 44.25 ab 39.92 ab 12.14 cd 0.03 c 0.26 c 4.80 bcd

RS-9 42.70 ab 35.05 bc 21.10 de 36.79 ab 11.70 d 0.01 ef 0.15 d 4.37 bcd

Freedom 43.98 a 25.73 d 40.59 bc 42.97 ab 9.59 f 0.02 de 0.33 b 5.33 ab

Own Root 39.71 cd 34.22 c 34.52 bcd 34.58 b 13.09 bc 0.06 a 0.45 a 5.79 a

Harmony 37.92 d 34.16 c 19.44 e 45.36 a 11.07 de 0.03 cd 0.14 d 4.06 cd

Ramsey 40.47 bcd 40.14 a 27.30 cde 42.87 ab 14.31 a 0.02 ef 0.17 d 4.40 bcd

10-17A 40.83 bc 37.63 ab 54.15 a 37.87 ab 13.48 ab 0.03 cd 0.44 a 3.87 d

RSD-34 38.12 d 26.04 d 32.40 bcde 36.14 ab 11.95 cd 0.04 b 0.29 bc 5.04 abc

Teleki 5C 39.52 cd 34.79 bc 34.10 bcd 40.13 ab 10.37 ef 0.01 f 0.13 d 4.57 bcd

‘Autumn King’, Traver, Fruit Quality

 

Berry weight

Brix

pH TA

Cultivar(g)

(%)(%) (g/100 ml)

RS-310.54 bc

16.49 ab 3.99 b 3.51 bc

RS-910.38 bc

15.98 bc 3.94 cd 3.66 ab

Freedom10.08 c

15.97 bc 4.06 a 3.77 a

Own Root11.09 b

15.67 c 3.97 bc 3.61 abc

Harmony10.81 bc

15.61 c 4.06 a 3.64 ab

Ramsey11.81 a

15.45 cd 4.04 a 3.43 c

10-17A10.49 bc

15.06 d 3.92 d 3.40 c

RSD-3410.57 bc

16.57 a 3.97 bc 3.65 ab

Teleki 5C11.03 b

15.84 c 3.99 b 3.58 abc

‘Autumn King’,Traver

  Clusters

Total harvest

Cull wt/vine

Cultivar (no.)Yield (kg/vine)

(kg)

RS-375 ab 25.10 bc

2.69 abc

RS-970 ab 24.29 bc

2.91 ab

Freedom63 ab 17.92 d

1.82 d

Own Root83 a 28.66 ab

2.77 ab

Harmony69 ab 22.34 cd

1.91 cd

Ramsey70 ab 23.86 bc

2.12 bcd

10-17A61 b 31.41 a

3.29 a

RSD-3478 ab 26.38 abc

3.00 a

Teleki 5C76 ab 24.74 bc

2.56 abcd

‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, Petiole Analyses

  P (total)

K (total)

Ca (total)

Mg (total)

NO3-N (total)

Cultivar (%)(%) (%) (%) (ppm)

RS-3 0.337 c 3.53 ab 1.54 e 0.46 a290 bc

RS-9 0.326 c 3.11 d 1.69 d 0.47 a280 bc

Freedom 0.309 cd 3.69 a 1.94 c 0.46 a503 a

Own Root 0.303 cd 3.50 ab 1.83 c 0.36 bc272 bcd

Teleki 5C 0.380 b 3.44 b 2.14 b 0.30 de176 d

Kober 5BB 0.438 a 3.34 bc 2.18 b 0.33 cd214 b

10-17A 0.271 de 3.16 cd 2.39 a 0.38 b213 cd

1103-P 0.454 a 3.56 ab 2.21 b 0.48 a327 b

10-23B 0.261 e 3.44 b 2.07 b 0.27 e341 b

RSD-34 0.339 c 3.21 cd 1.44 e 0.32 de452 a

‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, Petiole Analyses

 

B (total) Zn (total) Mn (total)

Cu (total)

Na (total)

Cl(IC)

Pruning weight

Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%) (kg/vine)

RS-3 38.7 c 38 b 40 c 11.62 bc 0.03 b 0.28 c 3.31 c

RS-9 45.5 b 37 bc 28 d 11.68 bc 0.01 c 0.11 d 3.28 c

Freedom 48.9 a 31 d 54 b 8.83 d 0.02 c 0.29 c 4.45 a

Own Root 40.1 c 39 b 42 c 12.64 ab 0.13 a 0.75 a 4.09 ab

Teleki 5C 45.3 b 30 d 39 c 10.11 cd 0.02 c 0.11 d 3.75 bc

Kober 5BB 43.5 b 44 a 61 ab 10.64 c 0.01 c 0.09 d 3.97 ab

10-17A 43.9 b 31 d 24 d 13.86 a 0.01 c 0.45 b 3.39 c

1103-P 48.5 a 34 c 62 a 11.12 bc 0.01 c 0.05 d 4.32 a

10-23B 40.9 c 18 e 44 c 10.34 cd 0.01 c 0.05 d 3.32 c

RSD-34 39.7 c 29 d 54 b 10.72 c 0.01 c 0.06 d 3.37 c

‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, Fruit Quality

        Berry weight Length Width Brix   TA

Cultivar Lightness Chroma hue (g) (mm) (mm) (%) pH (g/100 ml)RS-3 29.43 10.15 abc 17.97 ab 9.12 ab 28.99 ab 22.68 a 17.87 3.45 8.0 abcRS-9 28.65 9.93 bc 14.40 ab 9.02 ab 28.92 ab 22.31 ab 18.48 3.47 7.74 abcFreedom 28.02 10.47 ab 16.15 ab 8.15 c 28.12 bc 21.58 abc 18.54 3.50 8.13 abOwn Root 28.86 10.86 a 17.12 ab 8.75 abc 29.10 ab 22.37 ab 17.69 3.45 8.41 aTeleki 5C 28.08 9.63 c 13.82 b 8.64 abc 29.31 a 22.02 abc 18.49 3.46 8.35 aKober 5BB 28.70 10.30 abc 16.96 ab 8.62 abc 29.31 a 21.00 c 17.90 3.48 8.31 a10-17A 29.17 10.88 a 17.17 ab 8.67 abc 29.38 a 21.85 abc 17.99 3.53 7.33 bc1103-P 28.27 10.05 bc 14.65 ab 9.24 a 29.39 a 22.36 ab 18.24 3.47 8.33 a10-23B 28.20 10.17 abc 15.58 ab 8.51 bc 28.74 ab 21.84 abc 18.03 3.53 7.19 cRSD-34 28.96 10.00 bc 18.43 a 7.60 d 27.44 c 21.52 bc 17.72 3.49 8.35 a

‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, Picking Data

  Total packed wt

Cultivar (kg)

RS-3 27.7 ab

RS-9 24.9 b

Freedom 25.9 b

Own Root 28.7 ab

Teleki 5C 25.4 b

Kober 5BB 22.6 b

10-17A 23.9 b

1103-P 32.2 a

10-23B 32.9 a

RSD-34 26.3 b

Summary

• Rootstocks tested have consistent effects on mineral nutrition and salt uptake

• Rootstock effects on fruit quality and yield have been relatively small, though Freedom appears to reduce berry size whereas Ramsey promotes it

• Pest pressure has been relatively low and variable; differences among stocks may increase with pest pressure

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