field evaluation of almond rootstocks - stanislaus county
TRANSCRIPT
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Field Evaluation of Alternative Rootstocks for
Almonds and Peaches
Roger Duncan, UCCE Stanislaus County
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The Replant Problem
• Trees are less vigorous– Significant loss in production that can never
be recovered.
– Nonuniform orchard
– Susceptible to weak secondary pathogens.
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The Replant Problem
• Not just a nematode issue
• Ring (Mesocriconema xenoplax) is the most devastating nematode for almonds and stone fruit in the San Joaquin Valley
• Bacterial canker is the ultimate replant problem
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Bacterial cankerBacterial canker
••Extensive dieback Extensive dieback of limbsof limbs
••Tree deathTree death
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““GummosisGummosis”” or or bleeding through the bleeding through the
barkbark
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Necrotic islands of Necrotic islands of bacterial colonizationbacterial colonization
Fermented or Fermented or ““syrupsyrup””smellsmell
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Necrotic spots Necrotic spots coalesce into larger coalesce into larger cankercanker
Cankers extend Cankers extend across bud unionacross bud union
Do not extend Do not extend below groundbelow ground
••Different than Different than PhytophthoraPhytophthora
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Because roots Because roots remain alive, remain alive, suckers develop suckers develop at base of treeat base of tree
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Bacterial Canker: a devastating disease of Prunus spp.
• Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss)
• P.s. is “always” present on plant surfaces
• May enter through lenticels?
• Bacteria is stimulated to produce syringomycin which is toxic to tree tissue
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Conditions Associated with Bacterial Canker
• Replanted almond and stonefruit orchards
• Sandy soil
• Young trees
• Ring nematode (Mesocriconema xenoplax)
• Plant nutrition (N, Ca, micronutrients?)
• Temperature (freezing/thawing)
• Soil conditions (texture, moisture, and pH)
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Susceptible HostSusceptible Host(stonefruit tree)(stonefruit tree)
Pathogen presentPathogen present((Pseudomonas Pseudomonas
syringaesyringae))
Bacterial canker disease triangle
Conducive Conducive Environmental Environmental
ConditionsConditions
““Disease Disease TriangleTriangle””
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Strategies for Reducing Bacterial Canker
•Begin with good field preparation
• Use Virgin Soil!
• Fix Physical Soil Problems– Deep ripping, backhoe, etc.
• Fix Chemical Soil Problems– Increase organic matter
• Cover crop, etc.– Correct soil pH (sulfur or lime)
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Strategies for Reducing Bacterial Canker
Field Preparation Continued…
• Fix Biological Soil Problems (nematodes and pathogenic organisms)– Fumigation is a must in many areas!
– Annual nematode maintenance with nematicides?
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Strategies for Reducing Bacterial Canker
Cultural Operations
• Rootstock– Very important management tool
– No rootstock known resistant to ring nematode
– A few “common” rootstocks support significantly fewer ring than nemaguard (standard)
– Many “new” rootstocks being tested
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According to Southwick et al., 1999….
….. a desirable rootstock is
•easy to propagate•has good anchorage•has resistance to all major pests and diseases•is free from suckering•controls tree size to a degree (high yield efficiency)•produces large crops•is tolerant to all chemical soil problems
Such a rootstock does not currently exist !
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Riegel Peach Rootstock TrialSuperior Fruit Ranch. Planted 1999
Rootstocks include:• Lovell (peach)• Nemaguard (peach)• Deep Purple (plum)• Hansen 536 (peach / almond hybrid)• Alpha (peach / almond hybrid)• Viking (peach / almond / plum / apricot hybrid)
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Nematode numbers per 250 cc of Soil for Rootstocks of Peach
Reigel Peach Rootstock Trial, April 2003
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Ring Lesion Root knot
Alpha
Hansen
Nemaguard
Viking
Lovell
a
abab
ab
b
a
a
bbb
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Rootstocks for Peach (cv. Reigel) Killed by Bacterial Canker
Ceres. Planted 1999
0102030405060708090
100
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
% T
rees
Kill
ed
HansenAlphaNemaguardLovellViking
Hansen
Alpha
Nemaguard
Lovell & Viking
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Yield Dynamics of Riegel Cling Peach on Various Rootstocks
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ton
s per
Acr
e
Deep Purple
Hansen 536
Alpha
Lovell
Viking
Nemaguard
Tons per Acre, Including Dead / Missing Trees
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Riegel Rootstock Trial Conclusions
• Nemaguard had the highest early yields until affected by bacterial canker
• One tree each on Lovell and Viking died from bacterial canker in 2006 (first time).
• Viking looked a little more “cankery” than Lovell early in the year but looked better by year’s end.
• Viking out-yielded Lovell until 2006.
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Almond Rootstock TrialEscalon, CA. Est. 1998
cv. ‘Nonpareil’
• Nemaguard – peach seedling
• Lovell – peach seedling
• Guardian – peach seedling
• Atlas – peach x almond x plum x apricot
• Viking – peach x almond x plum x apricot
• Hansen 536 - peach x almond
• Nickels – peach x almond
• Bright’s Hybrid – peach x almond
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Soil Numbers of Pathogenic Nematodes as Influenced by Almond Rootstock
Escalon, CA. January, 2005
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Nem
atod
es /
250
cc so
il
Ring Root Lesion
BrightsHansenNickelsNemaguardAtlasGuardianLovellViking
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A Comparison of Almond Rootstocks for Incidence of Bacterial Canker
Escalon, CA 2005 (8th leaf)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Perc
ent T
rees
Affe
cted
Nema Lovell Guardian Atlas Viking Bright's Nickels Hansen
A
AB
CD
BBC
D D D
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RingM. xenoplax
Root knotMeloidogyne
spp.
Root LesionP. vulnus
% Killed from canker
P. ferganensis 66 153 4 7Viking 163 1 14 0
OKHB 1 163 0 61 0OKHB 15 171 0 434 0
Lovell 215 12 101 0Compass 249 5 172 0P. mira 272 0 5 0
Guardian 275 67 3 0Atlas 281 18 106 12
OKHB 32 413 5 108 9St. Anthony 463 50 27 15
Susceptibility of Peach Rootstocks to Nematodes and Bacterial Canker
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Susceptibility of Peach Rootstocks to Nematodes and Bacterial Canker
RingM. xenoplax
Root knotMeloidogyne
spp.
Root LesionP. vulnus
% Killed from canker
Cadaman 521 0 4 3Flordaguard 587 0.1 107 0
K146-43 656 161 82 34Nemaguard 676 0.8 218 0
P30-135 860 125 38 41P. subhirtella 895 426 12 17
Hiawatha 937 4 35 33Hansen 536 1239 0.3 148 16
K119-50 1347 165 6 18Nickels 1704 11 24 25
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Peach Rootstock Susceptibility to Bacterial Canker Expressed as Percent of LovellDarpinian Peach Rootstock Trial, Escalon. April, 2006
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
P . subhirte lla
N ickels
P 30-135
A tlas
St A ntho ny
H iawatha
H ansen
K146-43
K119-50
Guardian
P . ferganensis
N emaguard
Viking
P . mira
Lo vell
C o mpass
H B OK 32
C adaman
F lo rdaguard
H B OK 15
H B OK 1
Weeping peach
H B OK 17
Trees affected with bacterial canker as percent of Lovell
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Rootstock Influence on Tree Nutrition
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Rootstock Influences on Tree NutritionEscalon Almond Rootstock Trial Leaf Analyses, July 2004
Nitrogen (%)
Nemaguard 2.30 a Lovell 2.28 a Guardian 2.32 a Atlas 2.27 a Viking 2.26 a Nickels 2.13 b Brights 2.09 b Hansen 2.08 b
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Rootstock Influences on Tree NutritionEscalon Rootstock Trial Leaf Analyses, July 2004
Potassium (%)
N em agu ard 2 .76 ab cL o ve ll 2 .92 abG u ard ian 2 .57 cdA tlas 2 .70 b cV ik in g 2 .99 aN icke ls 2 .27 eB rig h ts 2 .40 d eH an sen 2 .00 f
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Rootstock Influences on Tree NutritionEscalon Rootstock Trial Leaf Analyses, July 2004
Chloride (%)Nemaguard 0.09 a Lovell 0.08 a Guardian 0.08 a Atlas 0.04 b Viking 0.04 b Nickels 0.03 b Brights 0.03 b Hansen 0.03 b
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Rootstock Influences on Tree NutritionEscalon Rootstock Trial Leaf Analyses, July 2004
Boron (ppm)Nemaguard 47 aLovell 47 aGuardian 47 aAtlas 49 aViking 45 abNickels 42 bcBrights 42 bcHansen 40 c
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Rootstock Influences on Tree NutritionEscalon Rootstock Trial Leaf Analyses, July 2004
Calcium (%)Nemaguard 3.54 deLovell 3.56 eGuardian 3.73 eAtlas 4.23 bcViking 4.11 cdNickels 4.78 aBrights 4.44 bHansen 5.03 a
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Cumulative Yield of Escalon Almond Rootstock Trial
Rootstock Cumulative Yield / Tree
(4th - 7th leaf)
Cumulative Yield / Acre
(4th - 7th leaf)
Atlas 60.4 8335 Guardian 59.2 8170 Nickels 37.8 5216 Viking2 50.4 6955 Bright’s 53.9 7438 Nemaguard 57.3 7907 Lovell 52.3 7217 Hansen 536 42.9 5920
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Colusa County Rootstock Yield EfficiencyYield (lb per tree) / trunk circumference (cm)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Brights 0.10 0.16 0.50 0.38 --Hansen 536 0.12 0.17 0.50 0.42 --Hansen 2168 -- -- -- -- --Nickels 0.13 0.17 0.48 0.39 --Viking 0.15 0.19 0.47 0.34 --Atlas 0.16 0.20 0.53 0.42 --Guardian -- -- -- -- --Nemaguard 0.11 0.16 0.50 0.38 --Lovell 0.15 0.20 0.48 0.36 --
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Kern County Rootstock Yield Efficiency24’ x 24’ (75.6 trees / acre)
1999 2000 2002 2003 2004Brights 0.09 0.16 0.47 0.44 0.53Hansen 536 0.14 0.23 0.46 0.44 0.48Hansen 2168 0.15 0.24 0.40 0.29 0.35Nickels * * * 0.46 0.50Viking 0.09 0.18 0.38 0.39 0.47Atlas 0.18 0.28 0.50 0.52 0.48Guardian -- -- -- -- --Nemaguard 0.13 0.21 0.44 0.42 0.48Lovell -- -- -- -- --
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Peach / Almond Hybrids• Have lower leaf levels (than peach) of:
– nitrogen– potassium– boron– chlorides
• Have higher:– Calcium– Zinc– Manganese
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Viking & Atlas• Are similar to peach:
– nitrogen– potassium– boron– zinc
• Intermediate between Peach & PA Hybrids– Calcium– Chloride
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Almond Rootstock Trial #2Ceres, CA. Est.
Cvs. ‘Nonpareil’ and ‘Carmel’
• Second generation orchard• Sandy soil• One year fallow• Not fumigated prior to planting• Started with very low numbers of parasitic
nematodes
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List of Rootstocks Planted in Almond Replant Trial. Ceres, CARootstock Parentage Origin
Nemaguard Peach USA
Lovell Peach USA
Guardian SC-17 Peach Clemson University
Empyrean #1 (a.k.a. Barrier 1) Peach x Chinese wild peach Venice, Italy
Hansen 536 Peach x almond UC Davis
Nickels Peach x almond UC Davis
Cornerstone Peach x almond Burchell Nursery
Paramount (a.k.a. GF 677) Peach x almond (OP) France
Avimag (a.k.a. Cadaman) (Peach x almond) x wild peach France & Hungary
Empyrean #2 (a.k.a. Penta) P. domestica Rome, Italy
Empyrean #101 (Adesoto) P. insititia Zaragoza, Spain
Julior P. insititia x P. domestica France
Krymsk 86 (a.k.a. Kuban 86) P. persica x P. cerasifera Russia
P30-135 (a.k.a. Controller 9) P. persica x P. salicina USDA
Atlas Peach x almond x plum x apricot Zaiger Genetics
Viking Peach x almond x plum x apricot Zaiger Genetics
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Alternative Rootstocks Being Tested in Stanislaus County for Almond
Avimag (Cadaman)
•Reported to:
•Perform well in replant situations in sandy soils where high numbers of nematodes are present
•Highly resistant to rootknot nematode
•Be resistant to bacterial canker
•Moderately tolerant to chlorosis (high lime soils)
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Alternative Rootstocks Being Tested in Stanislaus County for Almond
Empyrean 101 (Adesoto 101)
•Reported to be:
•Tolerant of drought & wet feet
•Highly resistant to chlorosis (high lime soils)
•Immune to rootknot nematode
•Probably resistant to oak root fungus
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Alternative Rootstocks Being Tested in Stanislaus County for Almond
•Barrier 1 Primo (Italy)
•Good performance in replant sites
•Julior (France)
•Immune to rootknot, tolerant to wet feet
•Kuban 86
•Resistant to rootknot nematodes, root rot.
•May be productive and increase fruit size
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Alternative Rootstocks Being Tested in Stanislaus County for Almond
•Paramount (France)•Most widely planted peach rootstock in Europe
•Probably resistant to bacterial canker
•Penta (Italy)•high yield efficiency
•resistant to rootknot and lesion nematodes
•Tolerant to oak root fungus
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Nemaguard Nickels
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Lovell Hansen
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Nickels dead from Phytophthora – spring 2007
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Crown Gall on Hansen Rootstock
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Cornerstone Adesoto
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Third-Leaf Nonpareil Almond on Penta (a.k.a. Empyrean #2) with Signs of Incompatibility
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Penta with signs of bacterial canker. March 2007
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Ring Nematode Numbers on 3rd-Leaf Trees. February, 2006
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Hansen 536
Cornerstone
Nickels
Julior
Nemaguard
Cadaman
Penta
Adesoto
Barrier 1
Guardian
Lovell
Kuban 86
Paramount
Atlas
Viking
ring nematodes / 250 cc soil
P/A hybrids & Julior beginning to build high levels of ring
nematodes after three years
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0 100 200 300 400 500
Hansen 536
Cornerstone
Nickels
Julior
Nemaguard
Cadaman
Penta
Adesoto
Barrier 1
Guardian
Lovell
Kuban 86
Paramount
Atlas
Viking
ring nemas / 250 cc soil
Ring Nematode Numbers on 4th -Leaf Trees. February, 2007
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Root Lesion Nematode Numbers on 3rd-Leaf Trees.February, 2006
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Hansen 536
Cornerstone
Nickels
Julior
Nemaguard
Cadaman
Penta
Adesoto
Barrier 1
Guardian
Lovell
Kuban 86
Paramount
Atlas
Viking
root lesion nematodes / 250 cc soil
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Rootstock Influence on Size of 4th-Leaf TreesGemperle-Bacon Almond Rootstock Trial. October 2006.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Nickels
Barrier 1
Hansen
Viking
Cornerstone
Atlas
Paramount
Guardian
Nemaguard
Cadaman
Lovell
Kuban
Adesoto
Julior
Penta Carmel
Nonpareil
Trunk Circumference (cm)
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Bloom of Carmel Almond as Influenced by Rootstock. February 24, 2006.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Nonpareil / nemaguard
Julior
Nemaguard
Guardian
Lovell
Viking
Paramount
Atlas
Cadaman
Hansen
Nickels
Barrier 1
Percent Bloom
Barrier 1 & P/A hybrid rootstocks bloomed earlier, had better bloom overlap with Nonpareil
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Rootstock Nonpareil CarmelNickels 684 a 1584 aBarrier 1 (Empyrean 1) 669 a --Hansen 642 a 1354 abCadaman (Avimag) 617 a 1094 bcParamount (GF 677) -- 1090 bcAtlas 599 ab 1103 bcLovell 569 ab 992 bcViking 555 ab 1127 bcCornerstone 553 ab --Guardian 511 ab 1130 bcNemaguard 469 ab 857 cAdesoto (Empyrean 101) 369 b --
4th Leaf Yield (lb / acre) of the Various Rootstocks2006
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Early Conclusions
• Rootstock significantly affects tree size– Nickels, Hansen and Empyrean #1 (Barrier 1) are the
most vigorous– Rootstocks with plum parentage are the least vigorous
• Early yields are largely influenced by tree size; the most vigorous rootstocks have the highest early yields. Atlas appears to have a relatively high yield efficiency
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Early Conclusions cont…
• Peach / almond hybrid rootstocks (Hansen, Cornerstone and Nickels) and Julior are hosting dangerous levels of ring nematodes
• Many rootstocks advanced Carmel bloom substantially compared to nemaguard, resulting in better bloom overlap with Nonpareil
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Early Conclusions cont…
• Controller 9 (P30-135) is incompatible with almond (also Empyrean #2, a.k.a. Penta?)
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Conclusions of Previous Regional Rootstock Trials
• Viking very susceptible to dehydration during cold storage & planting
• Peach / almond hybrids most vigorous– Had highest yields only until orchard filled out– Atlas usually had highest mature yield efficiency
• P/A hybrids and Viking have very good anchorage
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Conclusions of Previous Regional Rootstock Trials cont…
• Rootstock has a significant effect on nutrient uptake. In general:
– P/A hybrid leaf tissue has less N, K, B, Cl and Na*
• *Bright’s accumulates more sodium
– P/A hybrids pick up more Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn
– Viking high in potassium
– Atlas high in boron
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Conclusions of Previous Regional Rootstock Trials
• Peach / almond hybrid rootstocks are excellent hosts for ring nematode and are extremely susceptible to bacterial canker
• Lovell, Viking and Guardian are more resistant than Nemaguard