final bizantine

8/11/2019 Final bizantine

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Byzantine Art,

Architecture and Culture


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Capital of Eastern Roman Empire moved toConstantinople (330 AD)

More advantageous trade route between Asia andEurope

Other factors: Situated; port; forests; water;agricultural land

Rome falls to the Goths in 476 AD Reached its highest expression of power in early

6 th (500s) century when Justinian took the throne Longest-lasting empire just short of Egyptian Exerted strong cultural influence over Christian

world

Byzantine Empire


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Byzantine Empire with Time


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RCHITECTURE


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Byzantine Architecture

Most famous church : Hagia Sophia Name means Holy Wisdom

Church is the culminating example ofByzantine architecture known as arcuatedomicile

Built between 532-537 AD

Was once the largest church in the world


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Hagia Sophia


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Hagia Sophia Bricks alternated with mortar were not

properly/evenly balanced for weight Destroyed twice Damage/Collapse occurred during two

earthquakes Rebuilt by Justinian I

Arches buckled and buttresses were erected

New research suggests actually survived b/othese features: windows, pendentives,mortar/brick ratio; mortar itself flexible andself-sealing.


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Stone remains of the basilicaordered by Theodosius II,showing the Lamb of God

Marble blocks from thesecond church


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Hagia Sophia Long plan + Dome (Holy Sepulcher) Emphasis is placed on the elevated central

pavilion ie, the dome

Image of heaven Tall, open spaces Need for light

Pavilion is a large dome with two half domesflocking the east and west sides

Took five years to finish


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A section of the originalarchitecture of Hagia Sophia

Ground-plan of the Hagia Sophia


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Hagia Sophia In order to create a transcendental

environment, dome could not be heavy asseen in typical barrel vault techniques

Architects Anthemius and Isidore createdand used pendentives

Triangular masonry devices thatcarried the weight of the dome onmassive piers


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InsideHagiaSophia
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/AyasofyaPendentive.jpg


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/AyasofyaPendentive.jpg


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Hagia Sophia Shows elements of old basilica styles

Columned side aisles Gallery for female worship

Overwhelming visual impression fromdome


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Need for light Light = symbol of divine wisdom, illumination Forty windows make the dome appear to be

floating Light refracted off the rich mosaics and

colored marbled interior Nave= oval

184 high


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Ravenna:

Mausoleums Built between 425 and 433 BC. The mausoleums were covered with

mosaics. Brilliance of the colors, which mask thearchitecture and create an illusionisticeffect. Notable - Mausoleum of Galla Placidiaand Mausoleum of Theodoric


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Ravenna : Mausoleum of Galla Placidia


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InsideMausoleum ofGalla Placidia


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Mausoleum of Theodoric


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Mosaics


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Mosaics Mosaics are icons

A window into the world of the sacred One stands before the icon and speaks

through its image to the reality beyond (Justinian had several mosaics of himself created;

thought he represented Christ on Earth) Religious figures always surrounded by halo

of light.


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The Desis mosaic with Christ as ruler from theHagia Sophia


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Some Other Examples of Mosaics


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Justinian and Theodora


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Emperor Justinian and Attendants

Tile Mosaic (540 547 AD)


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Theodora


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Christ the Good Shepherd
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/images/ravenna/galla-placidia/good-shepherd-cc-james-macdonald.jpg


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St Lawrence


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Concentric Circles


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Sant Apollinare / Nuovo


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Christ the Sustainer


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Icons

Often painted on wood Used in the home as

well as in churches


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d


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Controversy SurroundingIcons Many people believed them to be idol worship. These people became known as iconoclasts. Byzantine Emperor banned them for a time. Patriarch of Rome not recognized as main Christian

authority by the Byzantines. Patriarch of Rome declared all opposition to icons a

heresy. Heresy anything attacking the basic principles of the

church. Heresy was punishable by excommunication Excommunication being kicked out of the church.


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Split in the ChristianChurch

1054 AD Christian Church split into two parts. Western Church Roman Catholic Church Led by the Pope, in Rome Eastern Church Eastern Orthodox Church Led by the Patriarch of Constantinople.


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Split in the Christian Church


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Byzantine Sculptures

The most prominent works of sculpture aremanufactured Byzantine capitals ornamentalplant and animal motifs.

But the major works of sculpture is the smallByzantine works, pamphlets and carved

boxes in ivory.


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Archangel Ivory The Archangel ivory is the largest survivingByzantine ivory panel, now in the BritishMuseum. Dated to the early 6th century, itdepicts an archangel holding a sceptre andimperial orb. The archangel is usually identified asMichael, and the panel is assumed to have

formed the right part of a diptych, with thelost left half possibly depicting EmperorJustinian (reigned 527 565).


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Archangel Ivory


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Barberini Ivory

The Barberini ivory is one fifth of aByzantine ivory imperial diptych dating

from Late Antiquity, now in the Louvre,Paris, France. It is carved in the classicalstyle known as late Theodosian,representing the emperor as triumphant

victor.


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Barberini Ivory


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Consular Diptych

In Late Antiquity a consular diptych was aparticular type of diptych (a pair of linked panels,generally in ivory, wood or metal and decoratedwith rich sculpted decoration) which couldfunction as a writing tablet but was also intendedas a deluxe commemorative object,commissioned by a consul ordinarius and then

distributed to reward those who had supportedhis candidature as rewards and to mark his entryto that post.


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Consular Diptych


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Imperial Diptych

In Late Antiquity, an imperial diptych is a

theoretical type of ivory diptych, made up oftwo leaves of five panels each and each witha central panel representing the emperor orempress.


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Imperial Diptych


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Byzantine Literature

Four different cultural elements are tobe reckoned with:

The Greek The Christian The Roman The Oriental


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Byzantine Literature

GenresHistorians and AnnalistsEncyclopedists and Essayists

Secular PoetryEcclesiastical and Theological LiteraturePopular Poetry


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Historians and


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Historians andAnnalists

Jurists - Procopius, Agathias, Evagrius,Michael Attaliates.

Statesmen - Joannes Cinnamus, NicetasAcominatus, Georgius Pachymeres, LaonicusChalcondyles.

Generals and diplomats - NicephorusBryennius, George Acropolites, Georgius

Phrantzes. crowned heads - Constantine

Porphyrogenitus, Anna Comnena, John VICantacuzene.


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An image and text from John Skylitzes 'Chronicle'A work of 11th Century Byzantine Historical scholar.

Encyclopedists and


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Encyclopedists andEssayists

Patriarch Photios, Michael Psellos,and Michael Choniates are regarded asthe greatest Encyclopedists ofByzantium


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A page from a 16th-century edition of the vastByzantine Encyclopaedia, the Suda


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Secular poetry

They wrote romances, panegyrics, epigrams,

satires, and didactic and hortatory poetry. The only genuine heroic epic of the

Byzantines is the Digenis Acritas.


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Byzantine Music

Byzantine music is the music of the ByzantineEmpire composed to Greek texts as ceremonial,festival, or church music.

Byzantine music is closely related to the ancient

Greek system. It remains the oldest genre of extant music, of

which the manner of performance and the names ofthe composers, and sometimes the particulars of

each musical work's circumstances, are known.


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Byzantine Music

The identification of "Byzantine music" with"Eastern Christian liturgical chant" is amisconception due to historical cultural reasons. Itsmain cause is the leading role of the Church as

bearer of learning and official culture in the EasternRoman Empire (Byzantium), a phenomenon thatwas not always that extreme but that wasexacerbated towards the end of the empire's reign(14th century onwards) as great secular scholarsmigrated away from a declining Constantinople torising western cities, bringing with them much ofthe learning that would spur the development ofthe European Renaissance.


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Byzantine music notation style in a 1823 "Book ofHymns at the Lord's Resurrection"


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Dance

Antiquity was originally held to have some kind ofeducational value, as evidenced in Plato's dialogueson this point in The Laws. However, as Greek

culture gradually conquered Rome, dancing lost mostof its educational value and was simply used as amethod of entertainment, this coincided with theperception that being a dancer was not a particularly

admirable job to have, and that its performers weregenerally of low social status.


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Popular Dances of

That Period Syrtos (literally "dragged dance") Geranos ("circle dance") Mantilia ("kerchiefs") Saximos Pyrrichios ("war dance") Kordakas ("indecent dance")


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Musical Instruments Byzantine instruments included the:

Guitar Single, double, or multiple flute

Sistrum ("tambourine, instrument withbells")

Timpani ("drum") Psaltirio ("psalter") Lyre Keras ("horn (musical)") Kanonaki


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Byzantine Musicians


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Byzantine Economy

The Byzantine economy was among the mostadvanced in Europe and the Mediterranean formany centuries. Europe, in particular, was unable to

match Byzantine economic strength until late in theMiddle Ages. Constantinople was a prime hub in atrading network that at various times extendedacross nearly all of Eurasia and North Africa, in

particular being the primary western terminus ofthe famous silk road .


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The Persistence ofByzantine Culture

Byzantine and


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Byzantine andRussia

Sense of Stability due to RussianOrthodox (and Greek Orthodox)churches

Russian emissaries brought back Byzantinestyle of art

Impact of services in Hagia Sophia and the

building itself Russian Onion-dome churches - Byzantine

influence Schools of icon painting in Russia

Byzantine and


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Byzantine andItaly

Most dominant influence in Ravennaunder Justinian

Byzantine artists active in Italy aftericonoclastic controversy

Influences create own movementknown as Italo-Byzantine by the end of

the 13 th century


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Stability in Art Art connected to theological doctrine

and liturgical practice Infuse work with spirituality

Icon painting considered a holyoccupation New Orthodox church

Commission monk or icon painter Greece

Movement to purge icon painting ofWestern Influence

Carry on Greek


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Carry on Greektradition

During Middle Ages (next unit) Greeklearning becomes lost

Greek learning gained through Arabic

sources Aristotle (12 th and 13 th centuries) Greek language not readily known 15 th

century Greek scholars move westward after fall

of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453


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Thankyou

Presented By Joyita DeyBatch 2 ( FP)

final bizantine

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