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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1: TRANSNATIONALISM3-4: CONTENTION5-7: ONBORDER8: LEXICON9-13: FORTRESSEUROPE14-15: EXCLAVES16-23: STRAITOFGIBRALTAR:FIELDOFTERRITORIES24-29: EUMIGRATION:SUB-SAHARANMIGRATIONANDTERRITORIALBORDERIMPLICATIONS30-33: CEUTAASSPACEDEFININGTRANSITIONBETWEENCHRISTIANITYANDISLAM34-41: CEUTAASPHYSICALMANIFESTATIONOFFORTRESSEUROPE

42-45: CEUTA46-51: TANGERMED-PORT:EMERGINGWORLDMARKET52-59: FLOWSANDECONOMIES60-63: CEUTAASMOROCCAN?64-67: BORDERASFIELD68-77: SITE78-83: PRECEDENTS84-85: SPECULATION86-92: APPENDIX

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TRANSNATIONAL DISCOURSE INSISTS

ON THE CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE

OF STATE BORDERS, STATE POLICIES

AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES EVEN AS

THESE ARE OFTEN TRANSGRESSEDBY TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNICATION

CIRCUITS AND SOCIAL PRACTICES.2

2

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Aboundaryisnotthatatwhichsomethingstops,

but as the Greeks recognized, the boundary isthatfromwhichsomethingbeginsitspresencing.4

MartinHeidegger

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Theeffectsoftransnationalpoliticalsituations

areradicallychangingthewaywelive.Therealities

of cross-border conicts and political disputes of

autonomy have created strife within cities leading

tocrises ofidentity, place,and hate within culture.

I contend that transnational borders are

places where conict and identity crises have

manifestedinthemostcogentandattainableform.

By investigating transnational border crises, one

can study its effects at a local and transnational

condition, enabling geophysical forces to manifest

in a productive border for the crises at hand.

Atransnationalborderconditionattheedgeof

theEuropeanUnion,intheSpanishexclaveofCeuta,is the site of the project. The exclave, which was

seizedbyPortugalin1415,andSpainin1560,became

anautonomouscityin1995,asapartofSpain.For

over600years,ithasbeenastrongholdofEuropean

presence in North Africa and the Mediterranean.

In 1985, the same year Spain joined the

EU (then the EEC), the Shenghen Agreement

was signed, creating the abolishment of internal

boundaries inside the EU, emphasizing theexternal boundary for movement within. Once

inside, a traveler has unrestricted access to all

countries under the Shenghen Agreement. In

1995, the EU funded a $320 million border fence

in Ceuta under EUs motto, Fortress Europe.

Ceutas border has become a siphon for the

emergent Sub-Saharan migratory phenomenon.5

Ceuta is one of three Sub-Saharan migratory

destinationsinordertocrossintomainlandEurope,

the Canary Islands, Ceutaand Melilla,andMalta. As

theStraitofGibraltaristheoneoftheclosestpoints

between two continentsin the world, ithas become

a deathtrap for migrants, as 1,200 people die each

yeareithercrossingthestraitorattemptingtojump

fences.6 Thus, Ceuta has become the physical

manifestationofthemotto,FortressEurope.

Additionally,theconditionthatexistspresents

acrisisofidentity.Morocco,whichdoesnotrecognize

Ceutaas anautonomous entity, isrooted inMuslimNorthAfricaculturalideologies. ThisforcesMorocco

to play host to Spanish-Christian Ceuta creating

conicting spheres of identities within an existing

sphereof conictinggeopolitics.Thebinarydialectic

emerges at the moment of differencethe border.

Iproposethere-imaginingoftheCeutaborderas

aspaceofproductivedifference.Border,constructed

inthisway, will act asa eld condition bridgingrst

worldwithdevelopingworldspheresofinuence.Theresultant hybrid amalgamation will be programmed,

producing a space that is intimately tied to its

surroundingcontextbutcognizantofthelargerforces

atplay,re-conceptualizingwhatborderconstitutes

inanageofincreasingtransnationalandglobalows.

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EU

EU as legally constructed EU as resultant border EU Border?

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ON BORDER

Geographically, we are in a space of transition:

between Africa and Europe, the Mediterranean and the

Atlantic; a space that separates and connects, and hasalways been permeable to the continuous ows of life.

Today this place fullls a strategic function by acting as

a barrier, both physical and mental, separating the legal

from illegal, like a folding line that splits our world in two.

But borders are habitable territories that cant be

reduced to lines on a map. They are environmentsthat

encourage interchange and hybridity, highly dynamic

territories that generate a gradation of shared spaces,

where the character of crossing prevails over that of

barrier. To cross their thresholds means to physicallymove from one place to another, but, even more, it implies

the start of a transformation, to becoming-others.

Spaces for movement and mobile spaces;

capitalist modernity accelerates this quality even as it

expands, bounding over mobile borders. Like the Far

West, destruction and colonization, but also a horizon

for creative exodus. There is a single substance,

that of capitalism and of those who escape from its

chaings to create (and create themselves as) freeterritory; even if people who want to stake it out and

privatize it follow close behind. Our modernity has its

own mobile borders, which, as always , are in search

of the other: the external other that we call nature,

and the internal other-subjectivity, ourselves, in plural.

Against sterile, immutable linear abstraction

stand ideas that spreak like contagious viruses; from

here springs Madiaq territory. Here, at the dense crux

where seas, lands and multitudes convege, over themoat they have made deadly, we are building a multiple

territory, both geographic and infographic, social and

technological, that extens innitely in four directions:

toward the South and toward the North; towards the depths

of carnal bodies and toward the immaterial noosphere

that grows in the ferile land of words without owners.

Maps report existing territories, but

they also construct them; thus territory lives

in the mind and is constructed as knowledge.7

Territory is always shifting in the

mind of the person who crosses it.

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Thus, the project will produce an architecture that does not

attempt to solve the the conicting conditions that exist at the

Ceuta border: religious conicts, identity crises, and a high

number of migratory deaths.

Rather, the archItecture will be a vehicle to spatialize these

forces, bridging the gap between what is a jarring reality,

and an architectural reality that suspends judgement

in order to juxtapose and highlight conict, producing a

reconceptualization of the current EU border as a space of

productive difference.

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GLOSSARY

Border: A spatial dierence between outside and inside

simultaneously creating dierence (a new outside o both

meaning and space). A flter or the gathering o dierences.

Territory: a feld or sphere o action, thought, etc.; domain orprovince o a controlling body.

Sovereignty:

Supreme and independent power or authority in government

as possessed or claimed by a state or community. 8

Transnational space:

Space that is simultaneously anchored in nation state, while

transcending one or more nation state, through the people

that inhabit it.

Exclave:

Territory legally or politically attached to another territory withwhich it is not physically contiguous. 9

Enclave:

Territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the

boundaries o another territory. 10

Transit Spaces:

Space that exists at the point o tension between new

technologies, which open up access and migration control

simultaneously attempting to close it. 11

Peripherality:

Denotes margins that are not problematic to sovereignty andare subordinate to the authority and governance o the state.12

Marginality:

Denotes margins as problematic and necessary to be

eradicated by the sovereign states control. 13

Hybridity:

Denotes the ambiguity o margin as not threatening, but

embraced as a resource. 14

Immigration interface:

Sum o the paths that lead in the direction o long-term legal

residence in Europe. 14

Remote Control:The control over territorial boundaries by extra-territorial locations,

such as embassies and overseas airports. 15

S.I.V.E:

Integrated System o External Vigilance. First developed on

the northern coast o the Strait o Gibraltar in 2002. It is a

technologically advanced structure to detect and intercept

pateras and other small vessels. It measures the approximate

distance and number o people in boats, relating this inormation

to a central agency where urther deployment o helicopters or

boats can be utilized.

Clandestine Migrants:

Migrants who deliberately avoid all orms o border control. They

must be avoid being present in the same space-time as border

control agents i they are to evade detection. 16

Undocumented Migrants:

Migrants who are not able to be traced.

Human migration:

Physical movement by humans rom one area to another,

sometimes over long distances or in large groups. 17

FRONTEX:

European Border Controls Agency established in 2005.18

Territorially Based Control: Establishes proxy control o entire

territories outside o the border itsel, attempting to prevent

migrants rom even reaching the border. 19

Pateras: wooden boats used or small-scale smuggling

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10

The problem of immigration is not actually on each

state independently, but rather of the EU in general,

as the adoption of the Schenghen Agreement in

1985 (with the progressive dissolution of interior

or ers rom 1993) allowe or ree movement

between its signatory member states... 20


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1957

G e r m a n yF r a n c eI t a l y U n i t e dK i n g d o mLuxembourgNetherlands

TREATY OF ROME

The Treaty o Rome established

a coopertative trade agreement

to allow the ree fow o goods,

services, and peoples, within

the member states borders.21

The countries under this treaty

created an economic border that

can be read as seperate rom the

traditional notion o nation state

territorial boundaries. This border

was an economically devised

transnational border, creating

new fows through politically

connected territories. The rsttreaty within Treaty o Rome

established the EEC |European

Economic Community|, which

would later become the EU. The

border that was created connected

two continents, as Algeria was still

under Frances sovereignty in 1957.

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1985

13

WestGermanyF

ranceItalyUnite

dKingdomSpai

nNetherlandsL

uxdmbourgBel

g i u m G r e e c e

PortugalAustri

a D e n m a r k I

r e l a n d

ACT OF ACCESSION |SPAIN|

SHENGHEN AGREEMENT

Spain and Portugal joined the

EEC in 1985, and with the merger

o these countries, the EECs

boundary established a greater

presence in the Mediterranean

and in Arica. The Single European

Act signed in 1986, gradually

turned the EEC as a Customs

Union into a Common Market

over a seven year period with the

ormation o the EU in 1993.22The Schenghen Agreement

created a territory where the

ree movement o persons isguaranteed. The internal border

o countries were abolished

in avor o on external border.

This agreement maniests

in the EU moto, Fortress

Europe, and simultaneously

created a strong desire or

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FORTRESS EUROPE

CURRENT STATE OF EU

The EU IS now a unied bodyo 27 countries. The Shenghen

Agreement, critical or the EU to

position itsel advantageously

in the ree world market has put

tremendous strain on the ringes o

the EU as it has become a desirable

place or immigration. Immigration

has led to militarization and

increased surveillance at the

border o the EU, in an attempt

to maintain its internal reedom.

Thus, the moto Fortress

Europe, has maniested

most visibly at the border as

these spaces are otentimes

radically dierent geoeconomic

or geopolitical situations.

2007

13

27

GermanyFranc

eI ta lyUnited

KingdomSpain

PolandRomani

aNetherlandsB

elgiumCzech

RepublicGreec

eHungaryPort

ugalSwedenAu

striaBulgaria

FinlandDenmar

kSlovakiaIrelan

dLithuaniaLatv

iaSloveniaCypr

usEstoniaLuxe

mbourgMalta


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EXCLAVES

Territory legally or politically

attached to another territory withwhich it is not physically contiguous.

A true exclave needs to be both anenclave and an exclave, where the

territory needs to be completely

surrounded within another alienterritory. There can be many

variations on exclaves and manydo not ully match the defnition o

a true exclave such as pene, quasi,

virtual, or temporary exclaves.

Pene-exclaves are territories thatcan still be accessed to politicallyattached subordinate such as by

transportation route, or are exclaves

but one side o the territory shares aboundary with water.

Quasi exclaves hold certainexceptions such as a country that

is physically not contiguous but

may hold allegiance to anotherpolitical body simultaneously.

Virtual exclaves can be defned asembassies, or spaces that are not

quite territories.

Temporary exclaves are territoriesthat may have been in a territory

that has since, dissolved theirboundaries, such as West Berlin.

The frst concentration o exclaves

occurred during the Middle Ages

where a series o territories were

decentralized due to eudal rule.

These spaces were sel-sufcient

but still held allegiance to their

eudal lord. The disparate nature

o territories in the Middle Ages

created a eld o territories, that

made a patch-like environment.

The negotiation between these

dierentiated spaces was beore

the Treaty o Westphalia in 1668,

which can be considered the

modern ounding o territorial

states and boundaries. 24

Territorial discontinuity: MiddleAges and the original notion o

exclaves.

STRETCH BOUNDARYEXCLAVE:

HISTORY

EXCLAVE CLASSIFICATION

Nation intact Exclave stretches territorial boundary

True exclave

Pene- exclave

Pene- exclave

Quasi-exclave

1

4

2

3

14

1 2

3 4


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STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR: FIELD OF TERRITORIES

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1717

The Strait of Gibraltar is a unique moment in the boundary between the

Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Not only is it a geopolitcal

sphere of complex boundaries with 5 areas of disputed territory, but the

straits geographric properties form another kind of spatial boundary.

While the strait is a meeting point between the Atlantic Ocean and theMediterranean Sea, it is also a meeting point of a top layer of warm fresh

water owing eastward into the Mediterranean and a bottom layer of colder

and salty layer ow westward into the Atlantic. Through this process,

solitons are formed, which are underwater waves maintaining shape while

traveling at a constant speed. A density boundary separates the layers at

a 330 foot depth. The Camarine Sill, at the very westward end of the Strait,

is the shallowest seaoor pass between the Iberian Peninsula and Africa, at

-918 feet, causing the waters from the Atlantic to rise to the Sill, then force

its way into the Strait. The Straits current, depending on the winds ows

between 2 - 4 knots (2.3 - 4.6 mi/hr), making the strait dangerous to cross.25


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FIELD OF INVISIBLE BOUNDARIES

-200

-200-400

-400

-400

200

00

-600-200

-200

-600

-600

-600

-600

-600

-200

-200

-800

ALGECIRAS

UK

SPAIN

GIBRALTAR

TARIFA

CEUTA

TANGIER

14KM

10 km

3600

3545

3

615

18

Sea oor topography |in Meters|

Territorial waters boundary


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DISPUTED TERRITORIES IN STRAIT

Penon de Velez de la GomeraPenon de Alhucemas

Melilla

Gibraltar

Ceuta

Chafarinas Islands

0 40km

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Ceuta

POPULATION

77,289

71,448

29,431

60

190

>50

3 km

Melilla

Gibraltar

PenondeAlhucmas

ChafarinasIslands

PenonDeVe

lezdelaGomera

RELATIVE SIZES OF DISPUTED TERRITORIES

CededbyPortugal

Occupied

in

reference

to

TreatyofTordesillas

CededbytheSultan

Peacefullyoccupied

Cededbyforce

CededbySpain

21

Both Spain and Morocco claim over

sovereignty over ve territories in

the Strait of Gibraltar: Ceuta, Me-

lilla, Penon de Alhucmas, Penon

Velez de la Gomera, and the Cha-

farinas Islands in North Africa. The

most important of these is Ceuta.

Spain claims these territories based

mainly on historical terms: right ofconquest, terra nullis principles and

longevity of occupation. 26Spain also

argues that the territories are im-

portant for military security. All but

two territories, Ceuta and Melilla, are

under 1 sq miles in area and are only

military garrisons. As a composite of

Spanish hegemony near the Strait of

Gibraltar, these exclaves stretch the

boundary of Spain, creating a eld of

hegemony over the Strait of Gibral-

tar, pulling Moroccan land into theStrait, and consequently into the EU.

Moroccos argument maintains that

Spain claims the right to Gibraltar

from the UK, therefore nullifying their

own actions against the disputes

over the 5 exclaves with Morocco.

VS.


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Strait territorySpain | Morocco | Strait of Gibraltar

Madrid

Spains exclaves

stretch boundary

Spains sovereignty creates

eld over Strait of Gibraltar

OVERLAP

STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR AND RESULTANT SPATIAL FIELDS

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23

Because of its geostrategic importance, Ceuta

remains at the epicentre of the dispute [between

Morocco and Spain]; the future of the other four

plazas is directly contingent of that of Ceuta.27


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Since 1993, There have been 13,621

documented refugee deaths in Fortress

Europe. These deaths constantly re-structure

the relationship between inside and outsideof the EU, increasingly evolving the nature

of the EUs transnational border-sphere.

25

30026


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27

MIGRANT DEATHS AS FIELD INTENSITIES

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28

INTERNAL|SUICIDE| VS. EXTERNAL |WATER CROSSING |DEATHS

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INTERCONNECTED FIELD INTENSITIES | DEATHS AS EU BORDER RE-CONSTRUCTION

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CEUTA AS SPACE DEFINING TRANSITION

BETWEEN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY

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RELIGION IN AFRICA

Areas of Islam

%

-

Areas of Christianity

% 0 2 5 10 4 0 6 0 7 5 85 9 0 9 5 100 -90-100

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SUB-SAHARAN MIGRANT ROUTES IN RELATION TO RELIGIOUS SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

2

1

3

1. The coast of Western Africa where pateras can access the Canary Islands.2. Travel through Libya to reach the coast of Malta and Italy.3. Travel through Saharan dessert, Morocco, and into Ceuta or Melilla.

The extreme dialectic between Christianity and Muslim territories is

physically manifested at the borders of Ceuta and Melilla, where literally the

Muslim territory of Morocco plays host to the Christian exclaves.

Sub-Saharan migrant routes Concentration of routes in relation to Christian-Spain

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The distances migrants travel, as indicated by the furtherst points Kampala and

Mogadishu are nearly 2,570 km from the Strait of Gibraltar.

Michael Collyer describes the

fragmented journey that

migrants undergo as a result of

the mismatch between policy

response to transit migration and

the social organization engaged in

these fragmented journeys.28

2,570 kmKampala

Mogadishu

Ceuta

This mismatch is a result of thespatial morphology in response toterritorially based border controlimplementation as well as thegeographic difculties of the NorthAfrican region. The paradoxicalnature of this type of bordercontrol methodology fragmentsthe journeys of migrants moreincreasingly. Surprisingly, this hasnot mitigated migration arrivals.

Thus, border control may start as faraway from the actual border itself.The border in Ceuta, for instance,has become as symbolic as it isphysical even though it still a siphonfor the emergent Sub-Saharanmigration.

26

RELATIVE DISTANCES BETWEEN DEPARTURE CITIES

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CEUTA AS PHYSICAL EMBODIMENT OF FORTRESS EUROPE

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Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta

Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta

Migrants reach Ceuta

Migrants held in Ceuta for avg. 2-4 yrs. New border established at Strait of Gibraltar Migrant passes away in Strait | or reaches EU | Boundary extends, cycle repeats

Migrants wait outside border for 1-2 yrs. Migrants breach boundary, filters through Boundary accepts difference

BORDER CROSSING SCNEARIO


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There is a paradox inherent within

the pattern of spatial morphology

associated with migration in North

Africa. While greater systems of

territoriality based control have

increased due to ineffectual linear

border control measures, they

have succeeded in increasing the

travel time of migrants. Due to this,

a greater impetus to nish ones

journey because of social and

monetary pressure is the norm. In

territorially based migration control,

the more the journey becomes

fragmented within various social

networks. Most paradoxically,

perhaps, is the fact that while more

control is established, the migrant

arrivals have are not hindered.29

PARADOXICAL MORPHOLOGY OF MIGRANTS

TERRITORIALLY

BASED MIGRATION

CONTROL

FRAGMENTED

JOURNEY

TIME OF

MIGRATION

CHANCE OFRETURN

SOCIAL

NETWORKS

MIGRATION

ARRIVALS

= + Time

= - Time

29

Data distributed according to place of arrival (Nr. of boats)

2003 2004 until 31/8/2005

Cdiz 130 75 -42% 36 -28%

Mlaga 25 32 28% 21 -5%

Almera 101 89 -12% 28 -59%

Granada 99 103 4% 40 -46%

Melilla 1 2 100% 16 1500%

Murcia 1 1 - - -

Gran Canaria 32 36 13% 44 132%

Lanzarote 145 17 -88% 9 -18%

Fuerteventura 390 239 -39% 38 -74%

Tenerife 13 2 -85% 5 150%

Ibiza 0 1 100% 0 -100%

http://extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/NoticiasActualidad7aeb0b3823d6ac9f28d12e30dd2d19b4.html http://

extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/PATERAS_2003_Y_2004.pdf

: Ministerio deTrabajo y Asuntos Sociales.GabinetedeComunicacinSource

5 143 2760% 42 180%Ceuta

Irregular immigration through small boats

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TIMELINE OF BORDER CONTROL METHODS IN CEUTA


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1999

2000 2001 2003 2004

2005

2006 2007 2008 2009

20102002 2004

First, the patterns of migrations to Europe are constantly changing; thus we can identify even newer geographies of

European migration. 30

In 1999, double

fences were

constucted in

Ceuta and Melilla.

The high tensionsteel fence had a

barbed wire top. 31

Caused migrantsto

move southward,such as the Canary

islands to try

and enter the EU

there. Emphasis is

spread from wall to

territorial elds.

Caused migration

shift back to Straitof Gibraltar. There

is an Increase in

migrants to Ceuta

and Melilla to cross

Strait.

The migrant camp

Bel Younes, outsideCeuta becomes

b o m b a r d e d

with migrants.

Estimates of 3,000

migrants in the

summer of 2004. 32

The Moroccan gov-

ernment agrees

to place controlson the Mediterra-

nean coast . SIVE

|Integrated Sys-

tem of External

Vigilance| is intro-

duced.

Entire North coast

of Africa named

zone rouge.

This zone had

zero tolerance of

u n d o c u m e n t e d

migrants. Territorial

based migration

control is in full

operation.

Territorially based

migration control

places emphasis

on the hinterlands

of Ceuta. The line,

as in the case of

the wall, acts more

symbolically, than it

did a decade ago.

Frontex established

as ofcial border

control agency of

the EU.

?

*

*

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In Spain, persons who are arrested on

the basis of illegal entry or residence can

be detained for a maximum of 3 days.

*?If their national origin can be deter-mined, an expulsion process is initi-ated and can be detained at an in-

ternment center for up to 40 days.

BORDER PROCESS

A recent survey

in Morocco has

revealed thattheir average duration of

stay in the country is 2.5

years, with 25 percent

of them having arrived

between 4 and 12

years ago, 65 percent

between 1 and 3 years,

and only 10 percent

less than a year ago.33

Pending Expulsion

Grant of asylum or other permit

BORDER BORDER

Overstay

Border rejection

Return Unathorized entry Authorized Entry

Border rejection

RegularizationNon-Return

Illegal Residence Legal Residence

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MIGRANTS SPEND ON

AVERAGE: 2-4 YEARS IN CEUTA

The migrants are subsequently

issued an expulsion order, but

by Spanish law cannot enforce

the actual removal of people.

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CEUTA

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The contour o the Ceuta morocco border

region is not static; Although it is fxed and

well defned at the Spanish side, it is elastic on

the Moroccan side. The border region contour

varies depending on how Ceutas hinterland is

conceptualised and spatially demarcated. 34

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What You See

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What Others see

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What others See

TANGER-MEDPORT:EMERGINGWORLDMARKET

47

TANGIER MED-PORT AND PROXIMITY TO EU


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+150,000 JOBS

Morocco'strade with the EU is booming: exports

rose from $7.11 in 2001 to $11.3 billion in 2006,

while imports jumped from $11 billion to $22.4

billion. Trade between Africa and Europe is also

increasing: Arican exports to the EU doubled

between 1999 and 2006 to $113 billion.34

TANGIER MED-PORT AND PROXIMITY TO EU

The Tanger-Med port is on course to reach

8 million containers, 7 million passengers,

700,000 trucks, 2 million vehicles, and 10

million MT of oil products by 2015. This willmake the Tanger-Med region a economic

force in the Mediterranean and in the world.

240 Vessels a day

150 vessels a day

>1,000 gross tonnage

73,000 vessels a year

Free Zone of

Oued Negro

T a n g i e r

Tanger-Med Port

1 in 5 container ships in the worldpass through the Strait o Gibraltar

2015 2015+2010

Ceuta

As a result o the increase o goods

between Morocco and the EU, Ceuta

is bombarded with material ows.In Ceuta, the goods predominantly

maniest in smuggled goods, and a

large black market is present. The

border, in an economic sense, is

constantly accepting these ows,

while acting as a blocker or others.

13 km

H i g h w a yRa i l roa d

Free Trade zones


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To Ceuta

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To Ceuta

Tanger Med-1

Tanger Med-

N

50

CEUTA PORT AND BORDER TRADE


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Border Crossings

Ceuta was a free port from 1863-

>1863 1863-1956 >1956

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Morocco does not allow legal cross-border trade.

However, Moroccan authorities allow it to happen

anyway. As documented by the Shenghen Agreement

of 14 June, 1985, Moroccans registered in the province

of Tetouan are allowed access into Ceuta without a visa

requirement for up to 24 hours. 37 This law is the loophole

to not only bring citizens in, but to smuggle goods across

the border.

The nearby city o Fnideq, 4 km south, hassurged rom this agreement with Ceuta.Ceutans ock to Fnideq to purchase lowerpriced goods and Moroccans ock to Ceutato sell goods on the street. The border allowsthis cross-border exchange.

1986 until joined the EU. Now,

it has a low-tax system within

the European Monetary System.

Items within Ceuta sell duty-free

and therefore increases tourism.

Additionally the exclave has a 50%

VAT reduction, which has prompted

industries to station themselvesnear the border, in an industrial

complex called Polygonal Tarajal. 35

We are a port city, but we really liveoff the military barracks and the

stuff we smuggle into Morocco.36

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38N-352 highway to Fnideq

FLOWS AND ECONOMIES

53


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Ofcial border crossing into Ceuta 39

54

onNO. OF PEOPLE CROSSING BORDER DAILY


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*If Ceuta is a part of Spain, then

it is intrinsically conjoined toMorocco, both through current

social and cultural practices and

through a history of interrelation.

As such, Ceuta is also a bridge

between First World and Third.40

= 500 people

Spain

Morocco

13, 000 3 0, 000 77, 589

Ceutapopulatio

Ceutans

Moroccans

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Polygonal Tarajal | industrial complex |

Principle Alfonso |All Muslim slum| pop. 12,000

* GDP

GDP

56


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SPAIN

MOROCCO$145.6billion

$1.362

trillion

POPULATION VS. GDP

57


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SPAIN

MOROCCO

$1.362

trillionPop:

31.6million

Pop:

46.5

Million

$145.6billion

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But the winds of change seem to be blowingacross the border landscape. The pattern of cross-

border trade [in Ceuta] is rapidly evolving dueto a number of factors. Mainly: gradual

commercial debordering between EU and

Morocco; free-trade agreements signed byMorocco with the US and China; substantial

investment and infrastructural transformations

taking place in the north of Morocco. 41

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42

60


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CEUTA AS MOROCCAN?

CEUTA TIMELINE

DED

OMOUS

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CARTHAGINIANS

CHRISTIAN

ISLAM

CHRISTIAN

ROMANS

VANDALS

BYZANTINES

OMEYYADS

ALMORAVIDS

INDEPENDENT

MARINIDS

HAFSIDS

MOROCCO

PORTUGUESE

CEUTAFOUND

CEUTAISAUTONO

TRE

ATYOFLISON

YEARS OF RULE

42 AD600 BC

1031 AD

1415

1668

1995

SPAIN

279

389

105

175

352

149

3

23

6

7

88

12

165

430

948

550

595

INDEPENDENT

INDEPENDENT

CARTHEGINIANS

ROMANS

ANDALS

BYZANTINES

OMEYYADS

LMORAVIDS

INDEPENDENT

MARINIDSHAFSIDS

MOROCCO

PORTUGUESE

SPAIN

279

389

94

175

352

149

3

23

57

88

12

INDEPENDENT

INDEPENDENT

POPULATIONS OF MUSLIMS IN CEUTA PER DISTRICT

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>50

51-200

51-200

51-200

51-200

12,000 (2010)

1986 2010

Fuente: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. 1986.

There are presently approximately

27,000 Muslims living in Ceuta, which

is 40% o Ceutas population. 12,000

live in the slum, Principe Alonso,

which is half of the total population of

Ceutas Muslim population.43It is the

rst residential area one sees when

crossing from Morocco into Spain.

MUSLIM POPULATION AS ENCLAVES

Neutral Zone Border Border ?

MOROCCAN PROJECTIONS

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The marker of this holiday

signals a slow but improving

acceptance of the Muslim

citizens in Ceuta. The

signicance of this event is a

critical step in Ceuta garnering

a supportive partnership

between the two countries,

and as a rapidly developing

economic sphere, Ceuta may

be poised to allow the exchange

of culture in a denitive way.

Dec 2_2010 2050

By 2050, Moroccospopulation will be 60%larger than Spains.

1950

28 million

Spanish | Morocco population projections

Source: World population Prospects: 2000 Revision (United Nations Population Division, 2001.)

39.9 million 31.2 million8.9 million 29.8million 50.3 million

20002050

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BOUNDARY AS FIELD

44

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How can architecture utilize the

emergent territorial dynamics

between Ceuta and Morocco as a

catalyst to propose a space of ltering

that dematerializes the border but

simultaneously allows for its presence?

Paradoxically, together with

the selective militarization of

Ceutas perimeter, the evolution

of territorial dynamics in the

border region suggests the

gradual socio-economicamalgamation between

the two sides o the border.

...The new confguration o

power relations between Ceuta

and Morocco (understood as the

new distribution of geopolitical

and geoeconomic inuence

capacity between the two sides

of the border) might requirethe reconcezptualization

o cross-border political

interaction in the region.

...In this mileu, dialogue and

co-operation between the two

main local political institutions

(ciudad Autonoma de Ceuta and

Municipalite de Fnideq) could

be depicted as a potentially

constructive management tool of

current border territorial dynamics.

...co-operation potentialities

cannot be detached from the

extraordinary urban development

in the border region. Urban

continuity across the border

gains salience and it suggests

the prospective forging of a

cross-border metropolitan

amalgamation between Ceutaand its hinterland. In this context,

the room, as well as the need

for cross-border management

initiatives is presumably growing.4 5

Ceuta is at the crossroads o not

only Third world and First, but

exists as a place o limbo or the

temporary inhabitants o the

city. The surrounding territory

is poised to have a larger say in

international economics, as the

Tanger-Med Port will become amajor international player in port

handling. This catalyst , along with

the gradual acceptance o Muslim

tradition in Ceutamakes the borderreconceptualization critical in the

our current transnational world.


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67


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CONNECT TO FNIDEQ WITH A FIELD

UTILIZE THE CONDITIONS THAT EXIST

Physical borderSITE

68


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100 M 275M 370 M 505 M

Beginningofbordercrossingsequence

Bordercrossing

Geopoliticalborder

E

ndofMoroccanbordersequence

TerritoriallimitbetweenCeuta|Fnideq


71/94

70

OPERATIONS


72/94

Existing situation Ceuta | Fnideq proximity

Fnideq

Ceuta

2 km

71


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Extend eld | dissolve boundary Cross-program

72


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Build eld Allow for islands to settle

73


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Dissolve maritime border Re-connect built program with local conditions

74


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HYBRID ZONE CREATED WHERE BOUNDARY IS DISSOLVED. FLOWS COME FROM ANY DIRECTION

75


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FIELD CONDITIONS TREATS CONSTRAINTS AS OPPORTUNITY AND

MOVES AWAY FROM A MODERNIST ETHIC- AND AESTHETICS-

OF TRANSGRESSION. WORKING WITH AND NOT AGAINST SITE,

SOMETHING NEW IS PRODUCED BY REGISTERING THE COMPLEXITY

OF THE GIVEN....FIELD CONDITIONS ARE BOTTOM-UP PHENOMENA:

DEFINED NOT BY OVERARCHING GEOMETRICAL SCHEMAS BUT BYTHE INTRICATE LOCAL CONNECTIONS. FORM MATTERS, BUT NOT SO

MUCH THE FORMS OF THINGS AS THE FORMS BETWEEN THINGS. 46

Physical borderSITE

76


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100 M 275M 370 M 505 M

Beginningofbordercrossingsequence

Bordercrossing

Geopoliticalborder

EndofMoroccanbordersequence

TerritoriallimitbetweenCeuta|Fnideq

TOURISM

FISHING

INDUSTRIALSERVICES

INDUSTRIALSERVICES

BLACKMARKET

BLACKMARKET

SPANISHGOODS

MOROCCANGOODS

TOURISM

FISHING

77


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1.5 KM

TerritorialedgeofFnideq

SPANISHGOODS

MOROCCANGOODS

78


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PRECEDENTS

In Cordoba, for example, independent elements are combined additively to form an indeterminate whole...the local syntax

isxed butthereisnooverarchinggeometricscaffolding Partsarenotfragmentsofwholesbutsimplyparts thestructure

PRECEDENT: MOSQUE OF CORDOBA

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Mosque designed to

typological standard

Hall lengthened by

eight bays, new

entrance addedHall lengthened by

12 bays, qibla and

mihrab addedSize doubled with addition of

12 bays. Mihrab decorated and

separated from rest of mosque,

producing a maqsura, a decorated

screen in front of the mihrab.Hall widened along one side by

eight naves

Abd-ar-Rahman Abd-ar-Rahman I Abd-ar-Rahman II Al Hakam II784-786

833-852784-786 961 987

is xed, but there is no overarching geometric scaffolding.Parts are not fragments of wholes but simply parts...the structure

can be added to without substantial morphological transformation. Field congurations are inherently expandable...45

Boundary is dissolved

within the interior. Each

new addition createsan outer boundary, but

the feld dissolves the

previous boundaries.

Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir

1286King Ferdinand III of Castile takes Cordoba

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The Mosque of Cordoba is a space that contains two

different ideologies of form and content. The use of the

eld and the object simultaneously produce a hybrid

architectural space that are both within each other as

an objects, but experientially separate from one another.

While standing at the intersection of the phenomenological

boundary of the two, one understands both conditions

simultaneously. At this moment, the object and eld

both construct this boundary, and dissolve others.

MOSQUEOF

CORDO

BA

HYBRIDITY AND |RE| ORIENTATION

81


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14th-18th centuries

Mosque turned into Catedral de Crdoba_King Charles V


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PRECEDENT: MEDINA | BOOK OF WALLS | MOROCCON COURTYARD TYPOLOGY

83


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The Book of Walls records from a legal perspective

building-related conicts-contestations and|or

transgressions- plus their solutions that occured in, and

referred to, the medinas environments semi-private

and public spaces....The Book of Walls established

and embodied a legal aesthetic of urban architectural

space: a way of thinking about, or judging this space, and

hence organizing it. this aesthetic was exible, as it was

informed by local custom and commonly negotiated via an

application mechanism responsive to local conditions...50

If two men contest a party wall;

On the wall between the neighbors

and neither one has roong, and one

of them permits the other to place a

roof over the wall. Then he appears

to him and says: Remove your roof!;

If a man buys a wall and no mention is

made of its land, the sale occurs on the

wall without the land. Then it is said to

be the purchaser: Remove your wall!

If a man buys half a wall;

If a man establishes a wall [next] to

another, and does no more than that

the wall belongs to the place by its land;

If the bottom of a wall belongs toone man and the top of it to another;

On the collapsed wall: if one of two owners

wants to rebuild it but the other refuses,

can the latter be forced to rebuilt it? 51

Case titles from Kitb al-Htn

Buildings built within a Moroccan

medina have a central, open-air atrium

space that acts as lobby, circulation,

dinning room, and common room.Together, the voids within the medina

create a eld of local conditions

innitely tied to one another,

separated only by ones party walls.

Medina as feld

SPECULATION

CONNECT TO FNIDEQ.

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Q

UTILIZE FISHING INDUSTRY.

DISSOLVE MARITIME BORDER.

EMBRACE MOROCCAN SOUK TRADITIONS.

CONNECT MUSLIM NEIGHBORHOOD PRINCIPE ALFONSO ACROSS BORDER.

ALLOW ARCHITECTURAL MANIFESTATION OF MATERIAL FLOWS ACROSS BORDER.

CREATE SPACE OF HYBRIDITY, BOTH PROGRAMMATICALLY, AND SPATIALLY.

ARCHITECTURE WILL DERIVE FROM RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN FIELD.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PROGRAM AND ELEMENTS IS CRITICAL.

ALLOW EXISTING CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE PROGRAMMATIC HYBRID AMALGAMATIONS.

SPECULATE ON THE NATURE OF THE TANGER-MED FREE TRADE ZONE AREA.

CEUTA AS A LINK IS CRITICAL.

ARCHITECTURE IS RESULTANT FROM FORCES THAT, IN 2010, ARE PHYSICALLY SALIENT.

ARCHITECTURE DERIVES FROM REAL DATA AND REAL SITUATIONS HAPPENING RIGHT NOW.

ARCHITECTURE AS CLANDESTINE BENEFACTOR.

PRODUCTIVE BORDERS.

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1. Holmes, Brian, Charles Heller, and Ursula Biemann. Maghreb Connection. Barcelona: Actar, 2006.

2 Smith Michael P Transnational Urbanism: Locating Globalization Malden MA: Blackwell Publishers 2001

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