VOLUME 11

NUMBER 3

JULY 1985

N

Christine ReinhardEditor

Art ZieglerState Cartographer'

STATECARTOGRAPHER'S

::;;;:;;;:;;;:::;;;:;;;:;:::;;;:;;;:;;;:::\ 0FF ICE

144 Science HallMadison, WI 53706

«::::««·::-:::.<.<:••...._608/262-3065

1

FINI!FERTIG!

FINALIZADO!

Trumpet fanfare! Drum roll! Clash ofcymbals! The cooperative U.S.Geological SUrvey/Wisconsin 7~'

topographic quadrangle program isfinished. The last quad sheets rolledoff the Washington presses in June. TheWisconsin Geological SUrvey now hasevery map in stock. (See the map indexon a follc:wing page. ) A canplete, up­to-date index map is available fromeither the Wisconsin Geological SUrveyor the State Cartographer's Office. Afree tope map brochure will be availablefrom the seo in September.

If you I ve been reading the story ofWisconsin mapping excerpted in the 1985Bulletins, you I re aware of the arduouspath topographic mapping has fol1CMed inWisconsin to achieve complete, uniformcoverage. To recognize this mappingbenchmark, a ceremony will be heldsometime in october. Representativesfran the U.S. Geological SUrvey and thestate departments of Transportation,Natural Resources, Geological Survey,State Cartographer's Office, as well asfran the University will present theGovernor with the last 7~ I 'tope quad.The public will be invited to attend.Details will be available in Septemberfrom either the seo (608/262-3065) orthe WGS (608/262-1705).

• "D; •

LARGE-FORMAT CAMERA

The Large-Forma.t Camera (LFC) on theShuttle flights is bigger, more stable,more precise, and more technological1yadvanced in optics and electronics thanits airborne predecessors. The LFC canforward overlap photos at 80, 70, 60, or10 percent. At 80% overlap, earthobjects as small as 30 meters in heightcan be seen at a map scale of 1: 50 ,000 .Al though the LFC is designed for mapmaking, the individual photos are usefulfor qualitative studies in earthresources disciplines.

(continUed next page)

4x enlargement

LFC, continuedEach frame of LFC film is imprinted witha Reseau grid, fiducial marks, missionand frame numbers, Julian day, andGreenwich mean time. The ShuttleOrbiter's general purpose computermonitors the LFC. The data transactionsignals are relayed to the operationscenter at the LYndon B. Johnson SpaceCenter in Houston.

Qistribution Po~The U.S. Geological SUrvey EROS DataCenter (EDC) through a Memorandum ofUnderstanding with NASA will archive theLFC original film and providereproductions at established prices foruse in Federal Government andcooperative research programs. Asrequired by Public Law 98-365, the EROSData Center will not prOVidereproductions to those users intendingto make commercial use of the data.

All non-Federal requestors of LFCphotography will be required to sign aUsage Certification. When the completedCertification is returned to EDC, therequestor will be designated an"authorized USGS cooperative researchinvestigator" and the order will beprocessed.

prderingThe SCO has received microfiche indexes,order forms, and certification formsfrom the EROS Data Center. For moreinformation, contact the sca or the UserServices Section, EROS Data Center, U.S.Geological SUrvey, Sioux Falls, SD57198, phone 605/594-6151.

LFC IMAGE SAMPLE

The SCO obtained a portion of a Large­Format Camera (LFC) negative which wehad printed and half-toned forreproduction here. This sample printcannot; begin to do justice to the high­quali ty resolution of the original. Thecrisp, clear photographic image looks asif it came from conventional aircraft,certainly not from the Space Shuttle241 km high (150 miles) .

Unfortunately the Shuttle was in theprocess of rolling over as it came overWisconsin and only the far northernportion was recorded on film. As luckwou.ld have it, it was a cloudy day. Thedate of the next LFC mission isuncertain.

EKALAKA, MONTANAOctober 11, 1984approx. 6:15 p.m

I

original scaleapprox. 1:790,000

I•• 1•• 1 aoe:

(EXPERIMENTAL SATELLITE IMAGE MAP:• I

28

fI)

~ 29o~

30

27

PATHS

25 24 23

Subscene areacovered bythis map

Landsat Orbit Paths and Scene Centers for Wisconsin

The State Cartographer's Office recentlypublished an experimental image map ofSturgeon Bay (DOOR COUNTY), Wisconsin,compiled from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapperdata. The map illustrates how digitalsatellite images can be Used to analyzeearth resources data. Prof. ThomasLillesand and Thomas Lo, both of the UW­Madison Environmental Remote SensingCenter, used a computer to manipulate 'IMbands 1, 2, and 3 to enhance specifictypes of earth surface features.

The Sturgeon Bay area is shown in"natural" color. Insets depict howvarious features look when differentprocessing and display techniques areused. One inset illustrates the watertemperature gradients. A tremendousdifference between Green Bay and La1{eMichigan becomes very obvious. Anotherinset shows how an agricultural area canbe categoriZed. The Clark Lake inset isa color composite which can be used tostudy water quality characteristics andforest cover types. Two insets aregiven for Gardner Marsh. One is afalse-color composite which enhances thedistinctions among vegetation types.

Wisconsin ,Mapping Bulletin! 3

Geographic Coverage of a Full Landsat SceneID Number 50139]6030 Path/Row 23/29

Date: July 18, 1984

The other illustrates how an imageanalyst can classify land covercategories. The final inset is aportion of a conventional 15' topo quadover the city of Sturgeon Bay. Thedistinctions between the quadrangle andthe image are striking.

The map's production was a cooperativeeffort between the University, privateindustry, and the William and FloraHewlett Foundation. It is an example ofstate-of-the-art printing. The1: 62, 500-scale image map measures 31" x24" .

The map is available free of chargeexcept for a shipping and handling feefrom the Wisconsin Geological survey.It will be shipped rolled 4th Class for$2.00 or 1st Class for $3.00. There isno cost for over-the-counter orders. Nomore than five copies will be sent toanyone.

Requests for larger orders should bedirected in writing to the StateCartographer's Office. Order from MapSales, ViX3&NHS, 3817 Mineral Point Road,Madison, WI 53705, phone 608/263-7389.

NEW U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRODUCTION

These newly publisheCi (underlined below) 7~' topograph~c qUadrangle maps(1: 24,000) are listed by their location on the superseded 15' topographic map ofthe area. They are available from the Wisconsin Geological Survey, 3817 MineralPoint Rd., Madison, WI 53705, 608/263-7389. Topographic quadrangles are $2.50each, plus tax, postage and handling.

2NE~

~swn;SE~

4NE~

NM(SM(SE~

PORT WING 15' TOPOnonenonePort Wing '84Herbster '84

BRULE 15' TOPOOulu '84

Cloverland '75Lake Nebagamon '75Brule '84

ELLISON LAKE 15' TOPOIsland Lake '84Lake Mirmesuing '84Metzger Lake '84Ellison Lake '84

MARENGO 15' TOPOMarengo' 84 'Sanborn '84Marengo Lake '84Mineral Lake '84

MELLEN 15' TOPOGurney '84High Bridge' 84

Mellen '67Mt. Whittlesey '67

GLIDDEN 15' TOPOGlidden' 84Morse '84Shanagolden '84Peeksville '84

9NE~

~

s~

SE~

11NE~

~

s~

SE~

12NE~

NW~

SW~

SE~

13NE~

~

s~

s~

14NID(

~

S~

S~

PHILLIPS 15' TOPOCranberry Lake '84Phillips '84Pennington '84Prentice '84

OSSEO 15' TOPOAugusta East '84Augusta West '84Osseo '84Price '84

BLA~R 15' TOPOHixton '84Pigeqn Falls '84Blair '84Taylor '84

BLACK RIVER FALLS 15' TOPOMerrillan '84Alma Center' 84Stenulson Coulee '84Black River Falls '84

MON1ELLO 15' TOPOGermainia '84Westfield East '84Packwaukee '84

Montello '84

NESHKORO 15' TOPOFairburn '84Neshboro '84Princeton West '84

Princeton East '84

7NE~

NM(

s~

SE~

BUTTERNUT 15' TOPOLake Six '84Augustine Lake '84Butternut '84Hay Creek Flowage '84

15NE~

~

s~

SE~

PORTAGE 15' TOPOObservatory HillEndeavor '84Portage '84Pardeeville '84

184

8NE~

NW~

SM(SE~

PARK FALLS 15' TOPOBlockhouse Lake '84Park Falls '84Priest Lake '84Gates Lake' 84

16 POYNETTE 15' TOPONID( Wyocena '84~ Poynette '84S~ Arlington '84SE~ Morrisonville '84

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 4 July 1985

NEW U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRODUCTION

BARRON

OUNN

SAWYER

R US K

CHIPPEWA

Order 7~ I quads by name I NOT by theindex number or letter used here forlocation.

flORENCE

ONEIDA

FOREST

LINCOLNMARINETTE

LANG LADE

MARATHON

PIERCE

PEP I N

BUFFALO

C LA R K

MONROECROSSE

L

ADAMS

SHAWANO

IWAUPACA

DOOR

JUNEAU

G R E E NLAFAYETTE ROC K

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin

PHOTOREVISED 7~' QUADS

a Ci ty Point HE '70, '85PR

5 July 1985

.~. • POINTS AND LINES • ••*

CRAWFORD AND VERNON CATALOGSwe I re happy to announce theavailabili ty of Tho more countycartographic catalogs. This brings usto 37 completed counties. The CRAWFORDCatalog consists of 96 pages. VERNONis 108 pages long. Both are free onrequest fran the soo ,

AIR PHOTO CATALOGAt long last the third edition of theCatalog of Aerial Photography onWisconsin is now available. It coversthe years 1977-1984. The 76-pagepublication is available free- of chargefrom the sea. If you've alreadyrequested a copy, please don't gothrough the trouble of asking again.Brenda has a long list of requestswhich she'll begin to process as soonas possible.

TOPO BROCHURETo commemorate the completion of the7~ , topo mapping program, the seo ispublishing an informative brochure.It's hoped the brochure will promotethe use of topographic maps among thegeneral public. Irena Fraczek, a tJW­Madison Cartography grad student andChristine Reinhard developed thepamphlet. Free copies will beavailable in late August.

WISCONSIN MAP LIBRARIESMary Galneder and Christine Reinhard,assisted by tJW-Madison Library Schoolgraduate student Sarah Castello,conducted a survey of librariesthroughout the state about their mapcollections. A Sl.DlllIlal:Y of the resultswill appear in the OCtober Bulletin.

Mary and Christine are tentativelyplanning a map library seminar forear1y fall. Interested persons shouldcontact them as soon as possible. CallMary at 608/262-1471 or Christine at608/262-6850.

NEW CATALOG STAFFJohn Laedlein is our new County catalogProduction Manager. John replacesCarol Krug who is concerrtr-atinq onfinishing her degree in Urban andRegional Planning.

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 6

Before starting the graduatecartography program, John worked forseveral years as an associate editor ofa weekly educational news prograJn.we I re happy to have someone wi th hisexpertise on the staff.

Marty Balikov continues as CatalogAssistant Editor. Besides Marty, wehave Mark, Mark, Mark, Marvin andanother John as student employees. Forvariety we also have a Rita, Keith,.and Barb.

OIL MAPSPetroleum Information Corporation nowhas a toll-free number. Dial 1-800­QIL-MAPS.

INTELLIGRAPHICSDonohue Engineers and Architects ofSheboygan, WI, recently organizedDonohue Intelligraphics. Thisdepartment provides varied capabilitiesin canputer graphics, utility mapping,data base management, andphotogrannnetry .

ARTICLES OF INTERESTThe following articles appear in thejournal Social Education:

v . 49, no. 1, January 1985"Building Map Skills to AdvanceGeographic Understanding" by RaymondH. Muessig,p. 28,

"Teaching Map Skills: Theory,Research, Practice" by Jack W. Miller,p.30,

"Building Higher-Level GeographicSkills with Topographic Maps" byRaymond H. Muessig, p. 34,

"Literary Geography and Mapping" byLinda S. Levstik, p. 38,

"Helping Elementary and SecondaryStudents to Discover Three FunctionsThat Maps Can serve" by Val Arnsdorf,p. 44.

v. 49, no. 2, February 1985"The Environmental As a Data Source:Map Activities for Young Children" byDavid W. Van Cleaf, p. 145

Our thanks go to HCMard Deller of theuw-Milwaukee AGS Collection for thereferences.

July 1985

\.

POINTS AND LINES, continued

IFLA VISITSMap Librarians from around the worldwill visit Milwaukee and Madisoncartographic facilities as part of theInternational Federation of LibraryAssociaUons 51st annual conference inChicago. On August 21st,apprOXimately 50 map and geographylibrarians will tour the ~Milwaukee

AGS Collection and the followingMadison sites: the Archives of theState Historical Society, the ArthurH. Robinson Map Library, the GeographyLibrary, the Cartographic Laboratory,the History of Cartography Project andthe State Cartographer's Office. Torejuvenate the group after all ofthat, the SCO is sponsoring areception in the Map Library.

Sauk~~

SAUK COUNTY MAPPINGTheodore Brenson, Sauk CountyCartographer, recently sent in a reporton and samples of his one-personAssessment Mapping Program. Since 1981he has redrawn 11 townships and 9villages. To illustrate how tremendoushis project is: the Town of Deltoncontains 90 maps in one set; the Villageof Lake Delton contains 50 sheets in oneset. Sauk County consists of 22Townships and 20 Villages/Cities.

Brenson reports: " When I began todesign a mapping system for Sauk County,I reviewed maps of other area countiesand municipalities. I tried to keep inmind that these maps are for the purposeof assessments and are not supposed totake the place of survey maps. To rrrysurprise a lot of large counties inWisconsin have no assessment maps what-soever. The Tax Clerk in these areasdraws maps on scratch paper and wrappingpaper. I don't have any idea how theseareas can have accurate assessments.

Our system is correlated with therecords in the County SUrveyor's office.Listed belCM you will find a smallsunnnary of heM our maps are laid out.

Townships: Each section is laid out on17" by 22" paper at a scale of 1" =400 I. If areas are congested, adetailed sheet is drawn to the scale of1" = 200' for a ~ section or 1" = 100'for a ~ - ~ section. Vill§lges andCities are drawn at 200 and 100 scalesfor platted areas.

sections: To layout a standard sectionin a township, I use the GovernmentSurvey notes for the base, combined withall of the recent survey informationavailable, such as section breakdowns,plats of surveys, certified surveys, andany other information that may beavailable.

Locations of roads, lakes, and riversare determined by the use of aerialphotos, if there is no other informationavailable such as surveys and right ofway and construction plans for roads.By the use of the assessment roll andthe deeds, the properties are plotted onthe maps. The number of each givenproperty is also put on the parcel.

When the section is complete a piece ofrrrylar drafting film is placed over thedrawing and everything is traced in ink.All of the information on the map isduplicated by mechanical draftingequipment.

Copies of complete villages andtownships are sent to the Assessor andVillage or Town Hall. A copy of each isalso kept in the Treasurer's office.Once a year all of the maps are revised,and all of the revised sheets are sentto the Assessors and local officials.

50% of the Townships are redrawn andabout 50% of the Municipalities arecompleted. It is rrry hope to haveeverything complete and redrawn in about6 years."

People interested in learning more aboutTheodore Brenson's program can contact himat the Sauk County Mapping Dept.,Courthouse, P.O. Box 30, Baraboo, WI 53913,phone 608/356-5581, ext. 72.

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 7 July 1985

NORTH POLE WANDERINGS

According to the Knight-Ridder NewsService, dateline Toronto, 11 years agoCanadian government scientistspinpointed the magnetic north pole onBathurst Islands in the NorthwestTerritories above the Arctic Circle.Then, in mid-January 1985, they reportedthat it had moved more than 60 milesnorth. NCM, it is "in a spot of icydesolation north of that island in theBelcher Channel. The precise locationis 77.00N, 102.3°W. It moves about 1°of latitude (roughly 69 miles) a decade,"said Larry Newitt, leader of the two­person team of geophysicists who foundthe location last May.

Newitt said that along with its basicmovement, it can shift as much as 50miles a day and then return to its pointof origin.

The present location is about 930 milessouth of the true North Pole.Navigators of ships and aircraft needthis information for correct compassbearings to determine their location.

Newitt pointed out that "for the averageperson using a compass, 1t isn't goingto affect them at all. II He went on toexplain for laypeople that unlike thetrue North pole, which stays put on topof the world, the magnetic north polethat attracts your compass needle keepsslipping northward.

Scientists still do not understand whythe magnetic north pole has been movingconsistently north and somewhat westsince 1904.

Scientists understand the sometimesdramatic daily fluctuations: Ionizedparticles emitted by the sun reach theearth's upper currents that disturb theearth's magnetic field. As a result,the position of the magnetic poleskitters about like a water bug, movinggenerally in elliptical patterns.

It was in the 1500's that seafarersbelieved that compass needles wereattracted to a magnetic mountainsomewhere in the north. In the nextcentury, Sir William Gilbert, who wasphysician to Queen Elizabeth I, figured

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 8

that the earth itself was a giantmagnet and the force pulling themagnet was somewhere inside the earth.Making a model of the earth from alodestone, he showed that at two pointsthe compass needle would standvertically. These, of course, are thenorth and south magnetic poles.

Basically the same definition is usedtoday: A compass that is designed todip, rather than just rotate on oneplane, will point down at 90° whenplaced on the earth I s surface at thepoles. This method was what led JamesClark Ross to be the first to locatethe magnetic north pole on June 1, 1831,at Cape Adelaide, on the west coast ofBoothia peninsula. He had accompaniedhis uncle, Sir John Ross, who led anexpedition to discover the NorthwestPassage; their ship became icebound in1829 and stayed there for 4 years.

Scientists believe the pole moved southduring the 1840's and 1850'S, then beganto move north.

The next explorer, a Norwegian, RoaldAmundsen, located. the pole in 1904 onhis famous voyage through the NorthwestPassage, finding that it had movedslightly to the north.

After WOrld war II, scientists figuredthe pole had moved 150 miles north toAllen Lake on Prince of Wales Island,and in 1962, 1973, and 1984 studiesindicated that the pole was continuingits movement in a northwesterlydirection at about 6 miles a year.

Newitt and his partner, Ron Niblett, didnot use a compass wi th a dip needle;they used two instruments--a protonmagnetometer to measure the strength ofthe magnetic field and a Fluxgatemagnetaneter, which is something like asurveyor's transit, to determine thedirection.

Newitt and Niblett plan to use theirstudies to create a magnetic chart to bereleased shortly.

(source: The Denver Post. Jan. 20.1985,p. 9C)

July 1985

MAP CURIOSITY

1:24,000 7~' quad

NOW YOU SEE IT,NOW YOU DON'T

The 1941 planimetric 1:48,000­scale, 15' Park Falls quadrangleshows the Flambeau River coursingthrough the city of Park Falls inPrice County. On the new 1984Park Falls 7~' 1:24,000-scaletopo quad, the river disappears?The city has built right over it.This is an excellent example ofusing u.S.G•S. quadrangles tocompare areas over time.

1:48,000

COUNTY HISTORICAL SURVEYS

During 1984, the Bay-Lake RegionalPlanning Commission initiated a contractwith the State Historical Society tocomplete the historical reconnaissancesurvey of OCONTO, MARINETTE and FLORENCEcounties. As these three counties hadnot been totalIy surveyed, theCommission's efforts are to documenthistoric features through fieldinventories, to prepare maps delineatingthe location of the features andphotographs. They will establish anhistorical record and inventory file andprepare a comnnmity sununary reportregarding the historical sites within

these counties. The Commission willalso provide information sessions to thepublic on state and federal historicalpreservation activities and of thesignificance of historfcal structures inthe region. The study was initiated inthe fourth quarter of 1984 and willcontinue into 1985. Fieldwork,photographs, maps, and comnnmitynarratives of the Florence County areawere completed during 1984.

(source: Bay-Lake RPC !2~~_~~~~~!Report)

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 9 July 1985

EROSION MAPPING BY SATELLITE

In what their professor calls a "first,"a team of ~Madison Institute forEnvironmental Studies (IES) graduatestudents has produced a map of potentialsoil erosion trouble spots in the DANECounty Town of westport with a satelliteand a computer.

"The students have found areas wheretheir parameters indicate that, in theabsence of other factors, this is whereyou would expect soil erosion beforeother places," explains ThanasLillesand, a professor of environmentalstudies, forestry, and civil andenvironmental engineering.

But Lillesand hastens to point out thathis students' map shows only potential,not necessarily where soil erosionactually occurs. "It may be that peoplein those places employ careful land­management practices, and there's verylittle erosion there a.t all."

Lillesand says the students' map ofwestport is important because the statelegislature, in a step toward reducingerosion, has ordered all Wisconsincounties to assess the soil-erosionpotential within their borders. He saysthe students, using remote sensingtechnology, have found what may be atime- and labor-saving way to do the job.

The environmental monitoring studentsemployed a special sensor aboard theLandsat 5 satellite to record thewestport data while the satellite passedover Wisconsin last August 26.

The sensor, a Thematic Mapper, has sevenchannels that detect differentwavelengths of light and heat reflectedor emitted from the ground. Sincedifferent types of land cover--rock,soil, and plants, for example--reflector emit different types of light andheat, the Thematic Mapper can read theirelectromagnetic fingerprints from spaceand relay the data to the ground. Acomputer programmed to recognize thosefingerprints can identify them andproduce a map of land cover.

The Thematic Mapper can distinguishbetween features as small as 30 meters

square, so its maps have a resolution of30 meters--impressive work for asatellite that's orbiting 440 miles in.space and covers the entire earth in IIdays.

The students produced their erosion­potential map of Westport bycombining the computer-interpretedsatellite map of the town's forests,meadows, row crops, water, and othertypes of land cover with data suppliedby the multi-agency Dane County LandRecords Project on the town I s soiltypes, hilliness, and other factorsinfluer.cing erosion. The final productshows the town's area broken into fivecategories of erosion potential--fromleast to greatest.

The students also produced a mapbreaking the whole of Dane Count)' 1nto13 land-cover categories: urban; corn,soybean, small grain, and alfalfacropland; pasture; bare soil; deciduousand coniferous forest; water; wetland,beach; and quarry.

Lillesand stresses that the technology(is still far from perfect. Although theThematic Mapper, for instance, issensitive enough to record differencesin energy reflected or emitted bydifferent types of cropland,interpreting its data accurately--andthen prograrruning a computer to do so--istricky.

"The technology sometimes misclassifiescorn as alfalfa and so forth, but thetype of experimental work our studentshave done is making it more and morereliable," he says.

"we don '.t purport to have the last wordon who's to blame for soil erosion, norshould landowners worry that some kindof spy satellite is going to take awayall their rights," Lillesand adds. "Butthe class has done something that mayset the tone for how land managers usesatellite data in Wisconsin and otherstates."

(source: Institute for EnvironmentalStudies Newsletter, May 1985)

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 10 July 1985

COMING EVENTS

PUBLIC LAND SURVEY SYSTEM CEREMONYAugust 23-24, Madison. The WisconsinSociety of Land 'Surveyors (WSLS) willcelebrate the 200th anniversary of thePLSS at its sunnner meeting. At aceremony 6:00-6:30 p.m. Friday, BernieHolstr ip of the National Bureau of LandManagement will present the governorwith the historical patent to lands1eeded to the Governor. Dane County

-Circuit JUdge Moria Krueger will speakon the sectionalized land system.William Wambach, District No. 1Director, Dept. of Transportation, willtalk about the point of .beginning .Both Les Van Horn, W'SLS president, andGovernor Anthony Earl will also ccmmenton the significance of the PLSS inWisconsin.

The next morning at 9:30, the Societywill set a monument at the sectioncorner in the center of the Capitol'sRotunda. Wisconsin's capital is theonly one in the country situated over aPLSS section corner.

ADVERSE POSSESSION/UNWRITTEN RIGHTSAugust 24, Des Moines, IA. LandmarkEducation Group presents "AdversePossession and Other Unwritten Rights:HCM They Affect the Land Surveyor" atthe Des MJines Holiday Inn - SouthAirport . Registration is $140. Coursecompletion awards 0.6 CEU. Moreinformation is available fram LandmarkEnterprises, 10324 Newton Way, RanchoCordova, CA 95670.

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 11

CHARTING THE INLAND SEAS: A HISTORY OFLAKE MICHIGAN THROUGH MAPSAugust 25-December 31, Mani tCMOc, WI.The Manitowx Maritime Museum hasassembled antique maps depicting thehistory of Lake Michigan. A nominaladmission fee of $1.75 adult, $1.00children is charged. The Museum 'saddress is 809 South 8th Street,Manitowoc, WI 54220, phone 414/684­0218.

RACING INTO TOMORROWSeptember 8-13, Indianapolis. Theannual fall technical meeting of theAmerican Congress on Surveying andMapping (ACSM) and the American Societyof Photogranunetry and Remote Sensing(ASP&RS) at the Hyatt Regency. ContactGary Kent, ACSM/ASPRS ConventionDirector, P.O. Box 26068, 3675 NorthPost Road, Indianapolis, IN 46226.

WCGE ANNUAL MEETING AND OW-MILWAUKEE"CENTENNIAL" CELEBRATIONOctober 4-5, Milwaukee. The WisconsinCouncil for Geographic Education (WCGE)will hold its 1985 annual meeting atthe University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee(1'JVlVI). The meeting is being jointlyhosted by the ~ Geography Departmentand the ~ Golda Meir Library'sAmerican Geographical Society (AGS)Collection.

The program for Friday, October 4 willfocus on an annual dinner at whichretired Wisconsin geographers will behonored, and on a talk by guest speakerYi-Fu Tuan. a member of the UW-MadisonGeography Department and the author ofnumerous articles and books. Dr.Tuan's talk, entitled "The Good Life,"will be followed by several eventsrelated to the celebration of 100 yearsof geography teaching at tMvI and itspredecessor institutions.

On Saturday, October 5 there will be anearly-riser walking tour of the (W.1

campus, a business meeting, and threepaper sessions. Two concurrent papersessions will be held in the morning: ageneral session chaired by BarbaraBorCMiecki and a session on theteaching resources of the AGSCollection chaired by RomanDrazniCMSky.

July 1985

COMING EVENTS, continued

The guest speaker at the Saturdayluncheon will be David Woodward, amember of the UW-Madison GeographyDepartment and Project Director and Co­Editor of the History of Cartographyproject. Vboclward' s talk is entitled"The Rewriting of the History of theMap. /I An afternoon paper session on thehistory of cartography will be chairedby James Flarmery. A tour of the AGSCollection's rare map and atlasholdings will follaw.

A major highlight of the department'scelebration will be a welcoming talk byDonn Haglund and the talk by Yi-Fu Tuandescribed above. 'JUan's talk will beco-sponsored by the WCGE and theFriends of the ~ Golda fveir Libraryand will be held in the AGS Collectionarea of the library. Following thetalk, Chancellor Frank E. Horton, amember of the '(,W.1 Geography Department,will say a few words about theCentennial and officially open anexhibit entitled "Geography in 1885."He will welcome guests at a receptionand party celebrating 100 years ofgeography teaching, where he will cut aspecial 100th armiversary cake.

The exhibit will consist of a selectionof geography textbooks, maps, atlases,and globes used in teaching geographyin 1885. For more information on theWCGE armual meeting and/or theGeography Department's Homecoming andReunion Day, write Howard Deller (W:GEState Coordinator) at the AGSCollection, the University ofWisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 399,Milwaukee, WI 53201 or call 414/963­6282.

MAPS AS WINDOWS TO THE PASTOctober 9 - November 6, Milwaukee.Howard Deller, Literature Analyst forUW-Milwaukee I s American GeographicalSociety (AGS) Collection, will offer aspecial non-credit course focusing ondecorative maps as human artifacts fromwhich we can learn much about earlierpeoples and cultures. Stress wi 11 beon European and American maps from theperiod 1450-1950. Included will bediscussions of Medieval world maps, oldsea charts, city plans and birdls-eyeviews, military maps, county atlases,and railroad, highway, and airline

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 12

maps. The course, which is sponsoredby '(,W.1' s Off-Campus and ExtensionProgramming, wi 11 consist of fiveillustrated lectures given from 6: 30­8: 00 p. m. on five consecutive wednesdayevenings beginning on October 9, 1985.The location has yet to be selected,but it will be somewhere on thenorthwest side of Milwaukee County. Formore information and a brochure! pleasecall Howard at 414/963-6282, or writeto him at UW-Milwaukee Library, P.O.Box 399, Milwaukee, WI 53201.

IMAGES OF THE EARTHNovember 10-13, Chicago-Skokie, IL.The North American CartographicInformation Society (NACIS) will holdits fifth armual meeting at the HolidayInn Conference Center Chicago-Skokie.The Society is a young,interdisciplinary organization whosegoal is to promote communication,coordination, and cooperation among theproducers, disseminators, curators, andusers of cartographic information, TheNACIS membership includes professionalsfrom government, academic, and privateorganizations. NACIS V will be held inChicago, the center of commercialcartography in the Uni ted States, andwill immediately follow the Nebenzahl IHistory of Cartography Lectures at theNewberry Library.

The theme of this year I s conference is"Images of the Earth". The programwill include such topics as historicalmap information, map literacy,cartographic images from remotesensing, mapping on microcomputers,maps and imagery for schools,geographic information systems,navigational and utility andmetropolitan mapping, managingmapnaking facHi ties, marketingcartographic products, map librarytechnology, Inter-American cartographicnetworks, and curriculum developnent.There will be a mixture of contributedpapers, keynote speakers, invitedpapers, panel discussions, posterdisplays, exhibits, workshops, andfield trips. The deadline for earlyconference registration is October 1,1985. For program and registrationinformation contact Ruth AndersonRowles, Department of Geography,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0027. Phone: 606/257-2931.

July 1985

NEW MAPS AND PRODUCTS

"~ ENT U.S.G.S. MAPSGeologic Map of the Hurricane~angle, GRANT County, Wisconsin,1985, #GQ-1582, by walter west andAllen V. Heyl, scale 1:24,000, $3.60.

Sheboygan Intermediate-Scale Map, 1984,scale 1:100,000, quadrangle format, SEcorner 43° 30' latitude, 87° longitude,no contours, $4.00.

Wisconsin State Base Map, 1984, Thismap shows counties, cities and towns,and most of the smaller settlements,railroads, and township and range linesin black. Rivers, many of the smallerstreams, and other water features arein blue. National forests, wildliferefuges, Indian reservations, built-upareas for cities, and county boundariesare indicated by color patterns.Highways are shown in red. Size 42 by46 inches. Scale 1:500,000, or about 8miles to 1 inch. $4.00 ($3.10 framW.G.S. )

..~sconson TOJ?09!'aphic Map, 1984, Thismap is an overprint of the 1: 500,000­scale base described above, to whichbrown contour lines are added. Contourinterval 200 feet. $4.00.

You can order all the above maps fromthe Eastern Distribution Branch, U.S.Geological SUrvey, 1200 South EadsStreet, Arlington, VA 22202. TheWisconsin Geological SUrvey has all butthe Hurricane Quadrangle Geologic Map.W.G.S. orders require postage costs andresident tax.

BAY-LAKE REGIONAL PLANNING MAPSAll orders for maps can be placed bywriting or calling the Bay-LakeRegional Planning Commission, SUite450, S.E. Bldg., U.W.G.B., Green Bay,WI 54301-7001, phone 414/465-2135.Your order will be invoiced to you forthe cost of the materials ordered pluspostage.

\ :thside Recreation Facility Design. Plan, City of KEWAUNEE, 1" = 50',

1984, $2.50;Map of Pineview Property, MARINETTE

County, 1" = 200', 1984, $2.00;

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 13

Zoning Map, Town of Dunbar, MARINETTECoupJy, 1" = 2000', 1984, $2.50;

Zoning Map, City of Kewaunee, KEWAUNEECotm!Y, 1" = 700', 1984, $2.00;

Zoning Map, Village of Sister Bay, DOORCo~, 1" = 400', 1984, $2.50.

BROWN COUNTY SECTION CORNER RETRACEMENThis unique status report produced byLes Van Horn, Brown County Surveyor,uses page-size plats of the originalFederal Survey MaPf'3 by Towns andSections with translucent overlaysshowing retraced survey corners. Theoverlays also pinpoint remonumentedcorners. A plat map of currentownership faces each overlay. Thisattractive, 138-page report isavailable in very limited numbers fromLes Van Horn at $15.00 plus $2.00postage and handling costs. Makechecks payable to the Brown CountySurveyor and send to the Office ofCounty Surveyor, Brown CountyCourthouse, Green Bay, WI 54301, phone414/497-3365 .

AMERICAN MAPS AND MAPMAKERSSubtitIed Commercial Cartography in theNineteenth Century by Walter W. Ristow,1985, approx. 500 pages, 212illustrations, 10" x 8~". Price $60.00plus $2.00 for postage and handlingfram wayne State University Press, 5959Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202.

DRIFT GLOBEA hands-on continental drift globe, 12inches in diameter, is available for$142.00 plus $7.50 UPS shipping.Moveable fiberglass continentalfragments have brown land areas andlight blue continental shelves. Velcrofabric fasteners allow the continentsto be placed anywhere on the globe.Permian to recent drift pathways are onthe globe.

A detailed 16-page guide includespaleontology, mountain-building andplate tectonic information, etc. duringthe past 230 million years of drift .

Order several from Drift Globes, StarRoute Box 38, Winthrop, WA 98862, phone509/996-2576.

July 1985

TM PRICE

Effective July I, 1985, the ThematicMapper (TM) special quadrant priceof $1,350 for Computer Compatible Tape(OCT) products will be discontinued.Any 'I'M full scene or combination ofquadrants in the archive will still beavailable on CCT I S at the current fullscene cost of $4,400.00. ----

Questions should be directed to:

Landsat Customer servicesMundt Federal BUildingSioux Falls, SD 57198phone 605/594-6151.

THEMATIC MAPPER PRODUCTION

NOAA has established the followingproduction goals for the Thematic MapperImage Processing System (TIPS): 25 filmscenes and 10 CCT scenes per day, 7 daysa week. The 'I'M HDT-A archive at GoddardSpace Flight Center containsapproximately 50,000 scenes of Landsat 4and Landsat 5 data at various levels ofcloud caver. Production of 'I'M data forcustomers and the film archive hasresulted in 6948 TM scenes produced byApril 30, 1985. These products arearchived at Sioux Falls as follows:

TM Film Scenes

-..LANDSAT FUNDING

Landsat 4Landsat 5

Total Film Scenes:

1,1765,772

6,948

(source: ~~~~!~~_Q~~~_~!~~!_~~~£!.July1985)

As NOAA has gained productionexperience, certain timelines haveemerged. For acquisition data, thetimeline from satellite passage to theentry of archive data at Sioux Falls hasbeen about 20 days. This is areasonably acceptable timeline based. onthe data collection and distributionsystem in place. For retrospectiveorders, turnaround performance issomewhat higher for two reasons. First,TIPS is structured to process data incontinuous swaths rather than as singlescenes. Secondly, older data,especially those acquired beforeseptember 1, 1984, have proven difficultto recover and process. NOAA managementintends to c?ntinue to refine the systemso that customers can receive data inthe quickest possible time.

TM CCT QuadsThe u.s. Office of Management and Budgethas agreed to fund $286 million in costsassociated with the commercialization of~t. According to publishedreports, the Administration will submitto Congress additional requests of $75million for fiscal year 1985 and $50million for fiscal 1986. The funds willallow the U.s. Commerce Department tofinalize contract negotiations with theEarth Observation Satellite Company(EOSAT), the successful Landsat bidder.

The agreement will give EOSAT enoughfederal funds to develop and build ~new Landsat satellites that will becarried into polar orbits aboard thespace shuttle within the next fiveyears.

Flying north-to-south at an altitude of560 miles, the Landsats will be able tocover every spot on the globe every ~w::eks using cameras and otherinstruments.

Also included in the a.9reement isconstruction of an Earth station in theUnited States to receive Landsatpictures and information.

(source: American Society ofPhotogrammetry and Remote Sensing)

Landsat 4Landsat 5TotalCCT Quads:

Corrected(P data)

9716,151

7,122

Uncorrected(A data)

136643

.779

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin, 14 July 1985

THE MAPPING OF WISCONSIN SINCE 1832

BY

CHRISTOPHER BARUTH

A Thesis SUbmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofMaster of Science in Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,

December 1979

Third Installment

Editor I s Note: This article is the third in a series of four installments fromChr istopher Baruth I s Masters thesis. The first section presented an overview ofearly triangulation and the begirming of topographic mapping in Wisconsin. Thesecond portion covered the period of transition from 1893-1945. Refer toBulletin v. 11, no. 1, January 1985, p. 13-16 and v. 11, no. 2, April 1985, p.14-16.

Geodetic Control

The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, inthe person of Prof. John Davies, soactive in the 1870's and 1880's duringWisconsin's first period of precisemapping, became almost inactive in thestate for a generation. Prof. Davies I

triangulation was never continued,though his network continued to be usedfor mapping.

Until about 1930, map control wasachieved by the running of traverselines, usually along railroads. Thesetraverse lines would normally connnenceand terminate at U.S.C.G.S. or LakeSUrvey stations. The first example ofthis was a line run in 1896 by George T.Hawkins of the U.S. Geological Survey.It was run fram a U.S.C.G.S. station inst. Paul, Mirm. to control the St. CroixDalles sheet.

In 1899, Hawkins established control forthe Marathon and W~usau special sheetswith a long traverse cormecting astation ne8{lMadison with a station nearGreen Bay.

In this marmer, until 1920, the U.S.G.S.provided almost all of its own contrOl.The Coast and Geodetic Survey remainedalmost inactive in Wisconsin. Thecontrol prOVided by the GeologicalSurvey never became a part of the basicfirst-order control network of thestate. It served to supplement thehigher order U.S.C.G.S. surveys byproviding control for individualtopographic maps.

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 15

In 1920 the Coast and Geodetic Surveyreactivated its survey work inWisconsin, but not in direct support ofWisconsin's mapping program. At thattime, J. S. Bilby was in charge ofrunning a precise traverse from south tonorth through the center of Illinois.In the south, it wrdS readily connected,as pIarmed , to the triangulation alongthe 39th parallel. In the north, it wasintended to connect to Professor Davies'net. The stations could not, however,be recovered because the ravages of timehad destroyed Davies' monumentation.Therefore it was necessary for the lineto be run eastward to connect wi th theLake SUrvey. Thus, Professor Davies'~ar~ ~f effor42lost any subsequents~gn~f~cance.

In 1921 and 1926, the Coast and GeodeticSurvey ran traverses at the request ofthe Geological SUrvey. These were,however, the last primary traverses tobe run in the state. Three developmentsoccurred which Launched Wisconsin, andthe nation, into the modern era ofgeodetic control.

The first was the development of theBilby steel tower in 1927. Theseportable towers for-triangulationgreatly quickened the pace of the4~ork,

and cut costs by as much as 40%. Thesecond developnent was the completion ofthe first-order triangulation network inthe western part of the U.S . This freedthe surveyors for work elsewhere, andenabled tw establishment of the datumof 1927. The last, but not least,developne!1!_~greatly augmented by a

(continued next page)

Julv 1985

WISCONSIN MAPPING, continued

budget for surveying beginning in1930. 45 Since 1930, work progressedsteadily, with an intermission duringthe war years. Wisconsin's first-ordercontrol network was complete within twodecades of World War II.

post-War Topographic Mapping

Though the planimetric mapping programprogressed in full swing even throughthe war years from 1938 through 1959,Wisconsin's topographic mapping programlimped through the 1920's, crawledthrough the 1930's, and was given up fordead throughout half of the 1940' s.Toward the end of the war, in February1945, State Geologist Bean wrote to theU.S.G.S. in Washington that "there isrenewed intereis in topographic mapping"in Wisconsin. This apparentlystimulated topographic mapping, forbeginning in 1946, production resumed atthe rate of three to four per year.

These new lnaps, however, differedfundamentally from their pre-warrelatives. Topography was nowrepresented with mathematical precision,the interpretive eye of the topographerno longer intervened between thelandscape and the map reader.Stereophotograrronetry had come of age,and was at last introduced intoWisconsin topographic maps.

Map technology was, thus, firmly undercontrol. Maps, with the topographyrepresented more accurately than everbefore, \II1ere being produced on a controlnetwork of the highest precision. Bythis time the eastern half of the U.S.had been adjusted to the 1927 datum.

This new technology also had the effectof rendering all of the state's earliertopographic maps obsolete. Wisconsin 'smapping program· was, in a sense, back tosquare one, and with only three to fourmaps produced yearly, completion was along way off.

The slow pace continued into the early1950's. At about the time that GeorgeF. Hansen superseded Bean as StateGeologist, topographic mapping activitybegan to increase, and a new elemententered the picture. This new elementwas the 7~-minute, 1:24,000-scalequadrangle, and from the time 047its .Wisconsin introduction in 1952 unt~l

ott:!

its final adoption as the standard scalein 1969, Wisconsin map coverage became acurious combination of the two scales.

Beginning in 1952, Wisconsin'scooperative program was aided by twofederal mapping programs. So, in thatyear, in addition to the threecooperative 15-minute sheets, thefederal government surveyed a total oftwelve 7~-minute quadrangles, covering3/4 of the old 30-minute Mineral Pointquadrangle. This was part of acooperative geological investigationproject. The cost of the geologicalinvestigation was assumed jointly, butthe mappiW was done at federalexpense. At this time, apparentlyvery little thought ~ given tochanging the scale of Wisconsin'sproposed map coverage, but these twelve7~-minute quadrangles were neverconverted to 15-minute sheets in theinterest of series unity. It appearsthat the money which was avai labJ.e wasallocated to new surveys.

In the year of Hansen I s takeover, mapproduction dropped to a singlequadrangle. This, however, can beviewed as the end of the old era. Thenext few years saw a sharp rise in map \production. In only four years' time,60 additional cooperative 15-minutequadrangles were produced. A number ofthese were surveyed at the expense ofthe federal government. Beginning in1954, the survey of Wisconsin's "coastalperimeter" was begun as a defense 49measure by the federal government.This survey was conducted at 1:24,000

.accuracy standards, and the maps werepublished at that scale, but the state,with a view to completing the 15-minuteseries, had these maps reduced to the1:62,500 ~cale (four 7~ minutequadrangles eooal one 15 minutequadrangle) .

Through 1957, all cooperative surveyswere conducted at 1: 62,500 accuracystandards, but beginning in 1958, allsurveys were conduct5~ at 1:24,000accuracy standards. Though allquadrangles surveyed beyond this datewere eventually published as 7~-minute

sheets at the expense of the federal I

government, the state, however, adhered,to the 15-minute quadrangle coverageplan, and continued to ~ve 15-minutequadrangles published. In the next

(continued next page)1•• 1.,1001:

WISCONSIN MAPPING, continued

decade, a great deal of mapping wasaccomplished. Between 1958 and 1968about 120 15-minute quadrangles were

( rveyed. Since all of these, and a~izable number previousI y surveyed, werebeing published as 7~-minute maps by theU. S •G. S ., the question of whether toconvert the state's proposed coverage tothe larger scale and drop the smallerone was asked for many years.

As early as 1962, Hansen and theWisconsin Geological SUrvey were53recommending 7~-minute mapping, butit wasn't until 1969 that the statef inally opted to go along with themajority of other states, and change itsmaster plag4to 7~-minute mapcoverage. Hence, 1968 saw the final15-minute map produced.

Since 1970 an average of about 65 new7~-minute quadrangles have been surveyedyearly, and the completion date for theproject hgg been conservatively placedat 1983. (Editor's Note: Actually

- only two years off.)

~~esent-day funding of the project comes( :om three state agencies in addition to

the federal government. Since 1964, thestate has contributed $206,000 yearly.The Wisconsin Department -. ofTransportation contributes by far thelargest amount at _$155,000. TheDepartment of Natural Resources comesnext with $31,000, and the Geological56and Natural History survey, $20,000.The federal government matches these,and usually provides some additionalfunding.

The next season 'smapping projects aredetermined ata meeting of therepresentatives of the three involvedstate agencies. When the list iscompiled, the U.S.G.S. usually prOVidesaddi tional quadrangles that ttts¥ findconvenient to do at the time.Overall supervision and coordination ofthe project are handled by the WisconsinGeological and Natural History SUrvey,which has been under the supervision ofState Geologist Meredith Ostrom since

172.

Editor's Note: Since 1974 the StateCartographer has participated in thesemeetings.

Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin 17

BIBLIOGRAPHY

41U.S.G.S., Annual Report (1900),p. 265.

42 U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,Annual Report (1921), p. 107.

43 Idem, Annual Report (1931), pp. 9-10.

44Idem, Annual RePQrt (1927), p. 4.

45 Idem, Annual RePQrt (1931), p. 9.

46 E.F. Bean to T.P. Pendleton, ChiefTopographic Engineer, U.S.G.S.,Madison, 10 February 1945, in filesof Wisconsin Geological and NaturalHistory Survey.

47 This is not strictly correct, theGogebic special sheets, which coveredthe Gogebic Iron Range were done atthis scale.

48 George F. Hansen, Wisconsin StateGeologist, to David Carley, Dept. ofResearch Development, Madison, 7 July1960, in files of WisconsinGeological and Natural HistorySUrvey.

49 Ibid.

50 L.H. Borgerding, personal letter.

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid.

53 George F. Hansen, letter, 21 June1962, in files of WisconsinGeological and Natural HistorySUrvey.

54 L.H. Borgerding, personal letter.

55 Meredith Ostrom, .Wisconsin StateGeologist, interview, Madison,

56 November 1977.Ibid.

57 Ibid.

(end of third installment)

What does the future have in store forthe 7~-minute topo program? Stay tunedfor the last installment coming inOctober.

July 1985

REGIONAL PLANNERS VIEW AUTOCAD

Executive directors and staff membersfran several of Wisconsin I s regionalplanning commissions (RPCs) met earIy inJlIDe to see demonstrations ofmicrocanputer mapping software. Ofspecial interest was the AutoCADgraphics program. Craig Fonzen ofMadison Computerland west and RichardLeaver, DODGE County SUrveyor anddirector of the Dodge County Real EstateDescription Department demonstrated this$2,500 canputer-aided drafting packageon a T':!xas Instruments Professional P. C.AutoCAD, which runs on the IBM PC/XT/ATand sane compatibles, is being used byDodge County for mapping purposes on theTI PC which contains 768 KB of RAM, an18 MB hard disk. drive, and a 36" x 48"back~lit Hitachi digitizing tablet.They produce hard copy drawings on aCalcomp model 1043, "A" to "E" size,multi-color plotter.

The planners learned how Dodge Countycopes with the problem of real estatedescriptions that display overlapping"carmon" lines. They progranuned thecanputer to show the lines the way thedescriptions read. At large scales, thediscrepancies show'; at small scales thelines appear as a single ccmrnon line.

A typical section of land will use 30 to50 Kilobytes of disk media storage.With many streams or numerous textualdescriptions, storage can go up to 200KB:. However, mapped informa:~ionmay bestratified by selectively placingdetails on an infinite number ofavai lable layers. These layers may beturned "on" or "off" for discreteviewing and multi-color plotting.

The group also learned that through theuse of special site licensed software,it is possible to transfer data fran andto the Dept". of TranBIX'rtation' s system,for use on a suitable microcomputerrunning a carmmmications package andAutoCAD.

(source: Charles Montemayor, ExecutiveDirector, Dane County Regional PlanningCommission)

THE STATE

CARTOGRAPHER'S OFFICf

ISSUES THE WISCONSIN

MAPPING BUllETIN IN

JANUARY, APRIL, JULY

AND OCTOBER. IT IS

DISTRIBUTED FREE OF CHARGE

ON REQUES 1.

TH E EDITOR WELCOM ES

NEWS 0NCO MPLET ED

OR ONGOING PROJECTS,

PUBLISHED MAPS OR

REPORTS,

CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS. LOCAL

AND REGIONAL INFORMATION IS

ESPECIALLY REQUESTED.

PLEASE SEND All COMMENTS,

CORRECTIONS, AND NEWS

ITEMS TO:

CHRISTINE REINHARD,

STATE

CARTOGRAPHER'SOFFICE,

144 SCIENCE HALL

MADISON, WI 53706,

608/262-3065.