focus on essential a&p concepts
TRANSCRIPT
Throughout every chapter, the text’s conversational writing style and straightforward
explanations have been strengthened with familiar analogies and abundant
mnemonic cues to help students learn and remember concepts.
UPDATED! Exceptionallyclear photos and illustrations, including dozens of new
and improved igures, present concepts and
processes at the right
level of detail. Many
igures from the text are assignable as Art-
Labeling Activities in
Pearson Mastering A&P.
Unique Concept Links reinforce
previously-learned
concepts and help
students make connec-
tions across body
systems while learning
new material.
Focus on Essential A&P Concepts
Cutaneousmembrane(skin)
Mucosa
Parietallayer
Viscerallayer
Serousfluid
(a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the body surface.
(d) A fist thrust into a limp balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers.
(c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to exterior.
(b) Mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior.
Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)
Figure 4.1 Classes of epithelial membranes.
➔ConCeptLink
The terms for the connective tissue coverings of a
nerve should seem familiar: We discussed similar struc-
tures in the muscle chapter (Figure 6.1, p. 209). Names
of muscle structures include the root word mys,
whereas the root word neuro tells you that the struc-
ture relates to a nerve. For example, the endomysium
covers one individual muscle fiber, whereas the endo-
neurium covers one individual neuron fiber. ➔
See p. 137.
See p. 282.
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology,eBook, Global Edition
Table of Contents
Front Cover
Contents
Chapter 1: The Human Body: An OrientationAn Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy
Physiology
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
Levels of Structural OrganizationFrom Atoms to Organisms
Organ System Overview
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Maintaining LifeNecessary Life Functions
Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Survival Needs
The Language of AnatomyAnatomical Position
Directional Terms
Regional Terms
Anterior Body Landmarks
Posterior Body Landmarks
Body Planes and Sections
Body Cavities
Table of Contents
Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Other Body Cavities
HomeostasisComponents of Homeostatic Control Systems
Feedback Mechanisms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body
Chapter 2: Basic ChemistryConcepts of Matter and Energy
Matter
Energy
Forms of Energy
Energy Form Conversions
Composition of MatterElements and Atoms
Atomic Structure
The Basic Atomic Subparticles
Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom
Identifying Elements
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass Number
Atomic Weight and Isotopes
Molecules and Compounds
Chemical Bonds and Chemical ReactionsBond Formation
Role of Electrons
Types of Chemical Bonds
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Exchange Reactions
Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living MatterInorganic Compounds
Water
Salts
Acids and Bases
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Table of Contents
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
Focus on Careers: Pharmacy Technician
Chapter3: Cells and TissuesPart I: Cells
Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life
Anatomy of a Generalized Cell
The Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
The Plasma Membrane
The Fluid Mosaic Model
Cell Membrane Junctions
The Cytoplasm
Cytosol and Inclusions
Organelles
Cell Extensions
Cilia and Flagella
Microvilli
Cell Diversity
Cell Physiology
Membrane Transport
Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration
Active Processes
Cell Division
Preparations: DNA Replication
Events of Cell Division
Protein Synthesis
Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure
The Role of RNA
The Process of Protein Synthesis
Part II: Body TissuesEpithelial Tissue
Hallmarks of Epithelium
Classification of Epithelia
Simple Epithelia
Stratified Epithelia
Glandular Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Hallmarks of Connective Tissue
Extracellular Matrix
Types of Connective Tissue
Table of Contents
Bone
Cartilage
Dense Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
Blood
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Nervous Tissue
Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
Part III: Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: IV Therapy and Cellular Tonics
A Closer Look: CancerAn Intimate Enemy
Chapter 4: Skin and Body MembranesClassification of Body Membranes
Epithelial Membranes
Cutaneous Membrane
Mucous Membranes
Serous Membranes
Connective Tissue Membranes
The Integumentary System (Skin)Functions of the Integumentary System
Structure of the Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Skin Color
Appendages of the Skin
Cutaneous Glands
Hair and Hair Follicles
Nails
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
Infections and Allergies
Burns
Skin Cancer
Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: A Wrinkle Out of Time
Table of Contents
Focus on Careers: Medical Transcriptionist
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 5: The Skeletal SystemBones: An Overview
Functions of the Bones
Classification of Bones
Structure of Bone
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Microscopic Anatomy
Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling
Bone Formation and Growth
Bone Remodeling
Bone Fractures
Axial SkeletonSkull
Cranium
Facial Bones
The Hyoid Bone
Vertebral Column (Spine)
Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Thoracic Cage
Sternum
Ribs
Appendicular SkeletonBones of the Shoulder Girdle
Bones of the Upper Limbs
Arm
Forearm
Hand
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Thigh
Leg
Foot
JointsFibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Table of Contents
Developmental Aspects of the SkeletonBirth to Adulthood
Older Adults
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
Focus on Careers: Radiologic Technologist
A Closer Look: Joint Ventures
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 6: The Muscular SystemOverview of Muscle Tissues
Muscle Types
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle Functions
Produce Movement
Maintain Posture and Body Position
Stabilize Joints
Generate Heat
Additional Functions
Microscopic Anatomyof Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle ActivityStimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers
The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
Graded Responses
Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
Types of Muscle ContractionsIsotonic and Isometric
Muscle Tone
Effect of Exercise on Muscles
Muscle Movements, Roles, and NamesTypes of Body Movements
Special Movements
Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body
Naming Skeletal Muscles
Arrangement of Fascicles
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesHead and Neck Muscles
Facial Muscles
Table of Contents
Neck Muscles
Trunk Muscles
Anterior Muscles
Posterior Muscles
Muscles of the Upper Limb
Muscles Causing Movement at the Elbow Joint
Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint
Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint
Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot
Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: Anabolic Steroids: Dying to Win?
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 7: The Nervous SystemOrganization of the Nervous System
Structural Classification
Functional Classification
Nervous Tissue: Structure and FunctionSupporting Cells
Neurons
Anatomy
Classification
Physiology: Nerve Impulses
Physiology: Reflexes
Central Nervous SystemFunctional Anatomy of the Brain
Cerebral Hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Protection of the Central Nervous System
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Brain Dysfunctions
Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous SystemStructure of a Nerve
Table of Contents
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared
Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division
Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
Autonomic Functioning
Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: The Terrible Three
A Closer Look: Tracking Down CNS Problems
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 8: Special SensesPart I: The Eye and Vision
Anatomy of the Eye
External and Accessory Structures
Internal Structures: The Eyeball
Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball
Lens
Physiology of Vision
Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction
Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain
Eye Reflexes
Part II: The Ear: Hearing and BalanceAnatomy of the Ear
External (Outer) Ear
Middle Ear
Internal (Inner) Ear
Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
Hearing
Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits
Part III: Chemical Senses: Smell and TasteOlfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell
Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste
Part IV: Developmental Aspects of the Special SensesSummary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
Table of Contents
A Closer Look: Visual PigmentsThe Actual Photoreceptors
A Closer Look: Bringing Things into Focus
Focus on Careers: Physical Therapy Assistant
Chapter 9: The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine Systemand Hormone FunctionAn Overview
The Chemistry of Hormones
Hormone Action
Direct Gene Activation
Second-Messenger System
Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release
Hormonal Stimuli
Humoral Stimuli
Neural Stimuli
The Major Endocrine OrgansPituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationships
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Thymus
Adrenal Glands
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Pancreatic Islets
Gonads
Hormones of the Ovaries
Hormones of the Testes
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: Potential Uses for Growth Hormone
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 10: BloodComposition and Functions of Blood
Components
Physical Characteristics and Volume
Plasma
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes
Table of Contents
Leukocytes
Platelets
Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)
Formation of Red Blood Cells
Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets
HemostasisPhases of Hemostasis
Disorders of Hemostasis
Blood Groups and TransfusionsHuman Blood Groups
Blood Typing
Developmental Aspects of Blood
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
Focus on Careers: Phlebotomy Technician
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular SystemThe Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Size, Location, and Orientation
Coverings and Walls of the Heart
Chambers and Associated Great Vessels
Heart Valves
Cardiac Circulation
Physiology of the Heart
Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
Cardiac Output
Blood VesselsMicroscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
Tunics
Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels
Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
Special Circulations
Physiology of Circulation
Arterial Pulse
Blood Pressure
Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients
Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System
Table of Contents
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: Electrocardiography: (Dont) Be Still My Heart
A Closer Look: Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drno!
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System and Body DefensesPart I: The Lymphatic System
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Other Lymphoid Organs
Part II: Body DefensesInnate Body Defenses
Surface Membrane Barriers
Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals
Natural Killer Cells
Inflammatory Response
Phagocytes
Antimicrobial Proteins
Fever
Adaptive Body Defenses
Antigens
Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview
Lymphocytes
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity
Antibodies
Cellular (Cell-Mediated)Immune Response
Organ Transplants and Rejection
Disorders of Immunity
Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: AIDS: An Ongoing Pandemic
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 13: The Respiratory SystemFunctional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The Nose
The Pharynx
The Larynx
The Trachea
Table of Contents
The Main Bronchi
The Lungs
The Bronchial Tree
Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane
Respiratory PhysiologyMechanics of Breathing
Inspiration
Expiration
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Respiratory Sounds
External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration
External Respiration
Gas Transport in the Blood
Internal Respiration
Control of Respiration
Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm
Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
Respiratory Disorders
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: Too Clean for Our Own Good?
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 14: The Digestive System and Body MetabolismPart I: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
Anatomy of the Digestive System
Organs of the Alimentary Canal
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Accessory Digestive Organs
Teeth
Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Liver and Gallbladder
Functions of the Digestive System
Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls
Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
Food Ingestion and Breakdown
Food Propulsion Swallowing and Peristalsis
Table of Contents
Activities of the Stomach
Food Breakdown
Food Propulsion
Activities of the Small Intestine
Chyme Breakdown and Absorption
Chyme Propulsion
Activities of the Large Intestine
Nutrient Breakdown and Absorption
Propulsion of Food Residue and Defecation
Part II: Nutrition and MetabolismNutrition
Dietary Recommendations
Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Metabolism
Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Fat Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism
General Metabolic Functions
Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport
Body Energy Balance
Regulation of Food Intake
Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production
Body Temperature Regulation
Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: Peptic Ulcers: Something is Eating at Me
A Closer Look: Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 15: The Urinary SystemKidneys
Location and Structure
Kidney Structure
Blood Supply
Nephrons
Urine Formation and Characteristics
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Table of Contents
Tubular Secretion
Nitrogenous Wastes
Characteristics of Urine
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and UrethraUreters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Micturition
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base BalanceMaintaining Water Balance of Blood
Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
The Link between Water and Electrolytes
Regulation of Water Intake and Output
Maintaining Electrolyte Balance
Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood
Blood Buffers
Respiratory Mechanisms
Renal Mechanisms
Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney
Focus on Careers: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
Systems in SYNC
Chapter 16: The Reproductive SystemAnatomy of the Male Reproductive System
Testes
Duct System
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
Urethra
Accessory Glands and Semen
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral Glands
Semen
External Genitalia
Male Reproductive FunctionsSpermatogenesis
Testosterone Production
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
Table of Contents
Ovaries
Duct System
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External Genitalia and Female Perineum
Female Reproductive Functions and CyclesOogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle
Hormone Production by the Ovaries
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
Mammary Glands
Pregnancy and Embryonic DevelopmentAccomplishing Fertilization
Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development
Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother
Anatomical Changes
Physiological Changes
Childbirth
Initiation of Labor
Stages of Labor
Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
A Closer Look: Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy
Systems in SYNC
AppendixesAppendix A: Answers to Did You Get It? Questions and Multiple Choice ReviewQuestions
Appendix B: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix D: Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals
Glossary
Credits
Subject Index