KAREN DAVIDSON

Eggplant, a member of thenightshade family, is cominginto the sun. This oft-ignoredvegetable is becoming more visible in produce aisles asCanada’s South Asian immigrants demand the tastesof their childhoods. StatisticsCanada reports that imports ofeggplant have risen 32 per centbetween 2011 and 2014 andreached nearly 24,000 metrictonnes.

Those trends have encouraged long-time zucchinigrowers, Jason and Shirley Su,to plant 10 acres of Chineselong eggplant for the last twoyears at their Simcoe, Ontariofarm. With origins in ruralChina, they are familiar withthis eggplant which is sweeterthan the black-skinned Sicilianvarieties. There’s a good chancethat Chinese long and Indianround varieties will catch onbecause they aren’t bitter andcan be quickly cooked without

much preparation. Retailers are eager to

showcase locally-grown eggplant during the summermonths.

With the farm’s reputationwell-established with retailersand future prospects lookingbright, son Henry Su decided tocome back to the farm in 2015.His communications degreefrom University ofToronto/Mississauga will neverbe out of place. It’s his workethic, developed through figureskating at the national pairslevel, that will propel him forward.

“In my first year back at thefarm, I’ve realized that farminghas changed,” says Su.“Farming today is more thanphysically caring for your plants.It’s not just who can grow thebest but it’s the business connections and bringing newproducts forward.”

Su admits that it’s tough forsmall farms to survive, howeveradding Asian eggplant to theirfarm’s roster looks like a path

forward. The seedlings start in agreenhouse then are transplant-ed into plasticulture-coveredrows with drip irrigation. Hisfirst lesson? Eggplant requires alot of labour to trim the lowerleaves so that they don’t scratchthe delicate skin and reducemarketable yields. Labour isalso needed to harvest on adaily basis.

Fortunately, VinelandResearch and InnovationCentre (Vineland) is finetuningthe best production systems forfield eggplant that will be economically viable. As ViliamZvalo, Vineland research scientist, vegetable production

explains, there are a number ofchallenges. First, eggplant issusceptible to soil-borne diseases such as Verticilliumwilt and Fusarium wilt. Thesefungal pathogens enter throughthe roots and cause prematureleaf drop. When the house ofphotosynthesis is destroyed,fruit production shuts down.

To date, fumigation has beenthe standard method to rid thesoil of these robbers, but thosepractices may soon evolve toother ways of controlling disease.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 3

APRIL 2016 CELEBRATING 137 YEARS AS CANADA’S PREMIER HORTICULTURAL PUBLICATION THEGROWER.ORG

FOLLOW THE DEMOGRAPHICS

Asian eggplant shows promise in the field and in greenhouses

INSIDECFIA extends comment period on chlorothalonil Page 6

CPMA hosts Passion forProduce Program Page 11

FOCUS: Water managementand irrigation Section B

Volume 66 Number 04P.M. 40012319$3.00 CDN

Don’t underestimate eggplant. With increasing immigration of Asians to Canada, this category is quietly growing with local production of Chinese long and Indian round varieties. The Vineland Research and Innovation Centre is studying both field and hydroponic production of eggplant with results that pique the interest of long-time growers Jason and Shirley Su. Their son Henry came home to the Simcoe, Ontario family farm last year to learn the ABCs of eggplant. First lesson? This member of theSolanaceae family requires diligent leaf removal so that the skin isn’t scratched. Photo by Glenn Lowson.

Farming today is more than physically caring foryour plants. It’s not just who can grow the bestbut it’s the business connections and bringingnew products forward.

~ HENRY SU

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CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1

Zvalo’s research is focusing on a novel method ofovercoming soil-borne diseases. His team hasbeen grafting different field eggplant varietiesonto tomato rootstock to produce more disease-tolerant plants. This startling idea makes sensewith the knowledge that eggplant and tomatoesare botanical cousins. They both belong to theSolanaceae family. The practice of vegetable graft-ing is new to North America, but has been usedin vegetable production in Asia for decades.

Tests so far have yielded mixed results in anon-fumigated field.

“The grafted plants were very healthy,” saysZvalo, “but the plant is so vegetative that flowering and fruit set is delayed by three weeks.By the end of the season, yields catch up however farmers need a supply for the wholesummer to fulfill their retailer contracts.”

In 2016, six different rootstocks will be tested.While the colour and quality of fruit pass muster,the researchers are hoping for more timely flowering and fruit set with different rootstocks.

As Henry Su experienced, one of the key hurdles in field eggplant is protecting the skinfrom leaf damage. To that point, Vineland’s teamis staking the beds eight to ten feet apart to prevent leaves scratching the fruit during windstorms. These various trials are expected to fine-tune recommendations to farmers by 2018. That’swhen Zvalo hopes to be in technology transfermode with a goal of 20 farmers across Canada.

A handful of growers in British Columbia,Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Prince EdwardIsland and Nova Scotia are keeping close tabs onVineland’s research as they experiment with theirown field trials.

Just as interesting are the studies of hydroponic cultivation of Asian eggplant, bothChinese long and Indian round. Again, the

technique of grafting new varieties onto MaxifortF1, disease-resistant, tomato rootstock is provinga winner. Last year’s trials were encouraging interms of yield.

The Long Purple F1 variety, for example,yielded 85 per cent more harvest compared to itsnon-grafted mates. One of the secrets in eggplantgrowing is to keep iron levels high to maintainvibrant skin colour. Greenhouse-grown eggplantis also susceptible to the usual insect suspects:thrips, aphids and mites. Biological pest controlhas been proven to preserve yields.

One of the strengths of Vineland is its focus onthe value chain. These new varieties must succeed not only agronomically but in terms oftaste with consumers.

“Unfortunately, these greenhouse-grown eggplant varieties yielded well but did not farewell in eating tests in Sobey’s test kitchen,” saysZvalo.

Undaunted, Zvalo has narrowed the field totwo varieties of Chinese long eggplant and addedanother two varieties for 2016 trials. They will betested on different rootstocks.

“2016 is an important year for our eggplant trials,” says Zvalo. “We are looking for the bestcombination of rootstock and scion to produce 35-40 kg per square metre per year. These are theyields necessary for an economic tipping point.”

Last year’s trials were conducted during springand fall cycles. The question is can these newergrafted varieties produce year round in a greenhouse environment that will be challengedby stressful summer-time temperatures.

So far, greenhouse growers have trackedVineland’s hydroponic eggplant research withinterest. Already successful with baby peppersand cherry tomatoes, they can see potential inmarketing “baby” sweet eggplant. The trio ofvegetables are all members of that sunnySolanaceae family.

APRIL 2016 –– PAGE 3 THE GROWER

COVER STORY

Asian eggplant shows promise in the field and in greenhouses

BELGIUM

Potato crop yields monitored by satellite

The Belgian potato process-ing industry is embracing theiPOT project, which collectsdata from the ground, from air-borne drones and fromspace-based satellites. Theintensive research is buildingon impressive growth to 80,000acres of potatoes in 2014. Nowthat Belgium is the world’slargest exporter of frozen potatoproducts – eclipsing theNetherlands, Canada and theU.S. – the industry must findways to be sustainable.

By the end of the project inMay 2017, researchers expectthat for each potato field, it willbe possible to:• Estimate the plant pheno-logical stage as well as the plausible harvest date;• Estimate the risks of produc-tion or quality losses on thebasis of temperatures, rainfalland soil moisture data as wellas the plant crop status;• Assess the field spatial variability• Forecast yields all along thegrowing season

Source: The Grower research

INTERNATIONAL

EUROPE

Climate change affectsseed breeders

Syngenta, active in breedingtomatoes, peppers, cabbagevarieties and melons, is increasing efforts to respond toclimate change. While factorssuch as yield, flavour, convenience and sustainabilityare important traits, the company will be focusing moreintently on the cold and heattolerance of crops.

“We are now looking todevelop more robust varietiesthat have more flexibility,” saysJérémie Chabanis, global valuechain manager lead forSyngenta, based in Europe.

Warmer weather is confusingthe growing season in southernEurope. The company issearching for varieties that keepwell during a warm winter anddry summer. They must also beresistant to diseases that aremigrating from south to north.

Source: FreshPlaza.com

PERU

Bi-national blueberrycouncil established

When U.S. secretary of agriculture Tom Vilsackrecently visited Lima, Peru, aparallel announcement wasmade about the U.S.-PeruBlueberry Council (USPBC).This is the first bi-nationalcouncil for the blueberry category, including top blueberry producing, packing,exporting and importing companies in both countries.

The goal is to increase newmarket-access opportunitiesbetween both countries. Well-known companies areinvolved including: Naturipeand Driscoll’s of California,North Bay Produce ofMichigan, Camposol, Talsa andProArandano of Peru.

Bi-national co-chairs areBrian Bocock, Naturipe, U.S.and Miguel Bentin,ProArandano, Peru.

The council’s first order ofbusiness will be to support thedevelopment of phytosanitaryinitiatives at a bilateral level.

Source: FreshPlaza.com

UNITED STATES

Iceless Brussels sprouts debut

Mann Packing, based in Salinas, California, is launching twoiceless Brussels sprouts products: shaved or trimmed. Trimmedat the stem, this new product eliminates labour for chefs or foodservice and delivers a manageable quantity with less foodwaste.

“We’re comparing these Brussels sprouts products to what iceless green onions have done for the foodservice industry – providing a classic, iceless pack in a user friendly format withoutthe wax carton and mess,” said Gina Nucci, director of foodservicemarketing at Mann’s.

The shaved product delivers a blend of consistent, 1/8-inch cutleaves along with the planks of the sprouts. This format is ideal inraw salads or slaws, or in flash sauté or high-heat roast applications.

Source: FreshPlaza.com

Viliam Zvalo research scientist, Vineland Research and InnovationCentre, is finetuning the economics of hydroponically grown eggplant. So far, the secret has been to graft eggplant ontoMaxifort F1, disease-resistant, tomato rootstock. Indian round eggplant is shown below. Photos by Denis Cahill.