Chapter 1Chapter 1

Food Choices and Human Food Choices and Human HealthHealth

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/WhitneySizer/Whitney

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Discuss how particular lifestyle choices can either positively impact or harm overall health.

Define the term nutrient and be able to list the six major nutrients.

Recognize the five characteristics of a healthy diet and give suggestions for using them.

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Summarize how a particular culture or circumstance can impact a person’s food choices.

Describe and give an example of the major types of research studies.

Discuss why national nutrition survey data are important for the health of the population.

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

List the major steps in behavior change and devise a plan for making successful long-term changes in the diet.

Recognize misleading nutrition claims in advertisements for dietary supplements and in the popular media.

IntroductionIntroduction

Nutrition Science Studying nutrition

Why care about nutrition?What are the nutrients in food?What constitutes a nutritious diet?How do we know what we know about

nutrition?How do people go about making changes?

A Lifetime of NourishmentA Lifetime of Nourishment

Chosen foods have a cumulative effect Good health and poor health

Your body continuously renews itself Best foods

Support your body’s growth & maintenance Malnutrition

Deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses

The Diet and Health ConnectionThe Diet and Health Connection

Influential lifestyle habits Tobacco use,

alcohol use, nutritional choices

Chronic diseases Connection with

poor diet

Genetics and IndividualityGenetics and Individuality

Genetics and nutrition affect diseases to varying degrees

Human genome DNA

Other Lifestyle ChoicesOther Lifestyle Choices

Tobacco & alcohol use

Substance abuse Physical activity Sleep Stress Environmental

factors

Health People 2010: Nutrition Health People 2010: Nutrition Objectives for the NationObjectives for the Nation

U.S. Department of Health Nutrition and food-safety objectives

ImprovementsFoodborne infectionsSome cancers

Declines Heart diseaseOverweight people diagnosed with

diabetes

The Human Body and Its FoodThe Human Body and Its Food

Your body uses energy Comes indirectly from the sun

Six kinds of nutrients Four are organic

Contain carbon Three provide energy

Elements in the Six Classes of Elements in the Six Classes of NutrientsNutrients

Meet the NutrientsMeet the Nutrients

Human body & food Same materials Different

arrangements

Meet the NutrientsMeet the Nutrients

Energy-yielding nutrients Carbohydrates – 4 cal/g Fats – 9 cal/g Proteins – 4 cal/g

Vitamins and minerals Provide no energy Some are essential

Scientists calculate needs

Can I Live on Just Supplements?Can I Live on Just Supplements?

Elemental diets Administered to severely ill people

“Real food” is superior to supplements Nutrient interactions

Phytochemicals Physical contributions Psychological contributions

The Abundance of Foods to The Abundance of Foods to Choose FromChoose From

Whole foods Typical

consumption Fruits Vegetables

Types of foods Fast, processed,

functional, staple

How, Exactly, Can I Recognize a How, Exactly, Can I Recognize a Nutritious Diet?Nutritious Diet?

Five characteristics Adequacy Balance Calorie control

Intakes should not exceed need

ModerationNot abstinence

Variety

Why People Choose FoodsWhy People Choose Foods

Eating is an intentional act Factors influencing food-related choices

Traditional and ethnic foods Convenience Physical factors Psychological factors Social factors Philosophical factors

The Science of NutritionThe Science of Nutrition

Nutrition Field of knowledge composed of organized

facts Active, changing, and growing body of

knowledge The scientific approach

Systematic process to answer questions Scientific challenge

Theories

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Types of StudiesTypes of Studies

Case study Examples

Epidemiological study Correlation

Intervention study Blind studies

Laboratory study Example

Examples of Research DesignExamples of Research Design

Can I Trust the Media to Deliver Can I Trust the Media to Deliver Nutrition News?Nutrition News?

Training of news media Sensationalism

Be a trend watcher Read news with an educated eye

Published in peer-reviewed journal Description of research methods & subjects Findings presented in context of previous

research

National Nutrition ResearchNational Nutrition Research

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) What people eat Recording of health status

Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) What people eat for two days Comparing foods eaten with

recommendations

A Guide for Behavior ChangeA Guide for Behavior Change

Behavior change takes substantial effort Six stages of change Assessment and goals

Realistic goals Obstacles to change

Competence Confidence Motivation

Stages of Behavior ChangeStages of Behavior Change

Adequate Nutrients Without Adequate Nutrients Without Excessive CaloriesExcessive Calories

Evaluate nutrient density Vegetables have high nutrient density

Time for food preparation Options to save time Foods to avoid

Combining foods into meals

A Way to Judge Which Foods Are A Way to Judge Which Foods Are Most NutritiousMost Nutritious

Sorting the Imposters from the Sorting the Imposters from the Real Nutrition ExpertsReal Nutrition Experts

Controversy 1

Information Sources & Costs of Information Sources & Costs of Wrong ChoicesWrong Choices

Quackery Sources of nutrition information

Television and magazines Nutrition-related products and services

Billions in customer dollars Identifying quackery

Earmarks of Nutrition QuackeryEarmarks of Nutrition Quackery

Identifying Valid Nutrition Identifying Valid Nutrition Information Information

Characteristics of scientific research Properly designed scientific experiments Inadequacy of anecdotal evidence Animal findings applied to humans Careful with generalizations Report of findings in scientific journals

Credible Source of Nutrition Credible Source of Nutrition InformationInformation

American Dietetic Association www.eatright.org

National Council Against Health Fraud www.ncahf.org

American Council on Science and health www.acsh.org

Nutrition on the NetNutrition on the Net

Judging website credibility Who is responsible for the site? Do the names and credentials of information

providers appear? Are links with other reliable information sites

provided? Is the site updated regularly? Is the site selling a product or service? Does the site charge a fee to gain access?

True Nutrition ExpertsTrue Nutrition Experts

American Dietetic Association (ADA) Registered dietitian (RD) Certified diabetes educator Public health nutritionist Dietetic technician

Dietetic technician registered

True Nutrition ExpertsTrue Nutrition Experts

Credentials Accredited

institution Licensing