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Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation

December, 2012

1

Foot-and-Mouth Disease situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Monthly Report December 2012

I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D:

Databases: *OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database* *FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)*

Other sources: *FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks* *FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers*

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Laboratorie veterinarie de Goma, DRC

The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page

Please, note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be

considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information

on reported outbreaks and country status.


December, 2012

2

I. GENERAL OVERVIEW

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) distribution by Serotype and the seven virus pools, 2010-2012 (Map 1)

Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of

emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of

specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating

in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1).

Map 1: Foot-and-mouth disease virus pools distribution, 2010-2012


December, 2012

3

Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool

POOL REGION/COUNTRIES SEROTYPES

1

CENTRAL/EAST ASIA (Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR),China (Taiwan Province), Japan, Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia,

Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam)

O, A, Asia 1

2 SOUTH ASIA

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1

3

WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan,

Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)

O, A, Asia 1

4 EASTERN AFRICA

(Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Rwanda, Somalia, North Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen)

O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2

5

WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA (Benin , Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R.,

Congo R., Cote d'ívoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal,

Sierra Leone, Togo)

O, A, SAT 1*, SAT 2

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA

(Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

{O, A}**, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT3

7 SOUTH AMERICA

(Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela) O, A

* NOT CONFIRMED IN THE PAST 30 YEARS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS ** ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS OVERSPILL FROM POOL 4 Egypt and Libya are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the recent past (4 years).


December, 2012

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II. HEADLINE NEWS

POOL 1 China1 – Serotype O outbreak was reported in Xinbei, Changzhou, Jiangsu.

POOL 2 Nepal2 – FMD serotype O outbreaks in Lalitpur and Kavre districts were reported.

POOL 3

Iraq5 – A/ASIA/ Iran-05SIS-10

was confirmed. Turkey5, 2 –During December, 31 FMD outbreaks were reported. A new incursion of A/ASIA/

Iran-05SIS-10

was detected in Van region.

POOL 4 Tanzania5 – Poor vaccine protection against circulating FMDV strains.

POOL 5 Democratic Republic of the Congo14 – During November and December 2012, in Ruzizi plain and around Uvira city, several FMD outbreaks were reported.

POOL 6

Botswana5 – SAT2 serotype, topotype III, was confirmed in Zone 2.

POOL 7 No new events have been reported for this reporting period.


December, 2012

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III. DETAIL POOL ANALYSIS

P O O L 1 CENTRAL / EAST ASIA

China1 – Serotype O outbreak was reported in Xinbei, Changzhou, Jiangsu (Map 2). The pig farm got infected after introduction of new live animals. 338 pigs were destroyed in response to the disease. This is a reoccurrence of FMD which started in February 2012 in this region. Suspicion was based on clinical signs; FMD was confirmed in National Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory) by ELISA, virus isolation and PCR. In response, in Liaoning and Ningxia divisions, emergency vaccination was conducted (Table 2). Table 2: Vaccination in response to the outbreak

Map 2: FMD outbreak in Xinbei

Cambodia15 – A recent study has shown that, according to farmers’ knowledge and perception, and the relative incidence of FMD from January 2009 to June 2010 in fifty-one villages of Svay Rieng province, FMD is not perceived as a major animal health problem by farmers. This finding explains why the number of infected villages notified to veterinary authorities is generally largely underestimated. FMD control in Cambodia would gain by running more educational campaigns with farmers in its programs in order to promote farmer case reporting. FMD in most central and eastern Asia countries is endemic (Map 3). Brunei and Japan are the

only countries in this region with the free FMD status where vaccination is not practiced. There is a zone covering the provinces of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia which is designated as FMD free without vaccination. In China, the main threat comes from O/Mya-98 strain and PanAsia strain. The O/Mya-98 strain mainly affects pigs, although cattle and goat/sheep can also show clinical signs in some field cases. However, the type O PanAsia strain mainly affects cattle.

Map 3: FMD distribution by serotypes 2010 – 2012

CATTLE SHEEP/GOATS SWINE

LIAONING 19584 31506 247141

NINGXIA 6141 8060 305


December, 2012

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Epidemiological analysis indicates that animal movements associated with trade are the main factors for the spread of the FMD and for transmission between provinces in China. Both Mya-98 and PanAsia strains of FMDV sequences from PR China had a close relationship with those sequences from outbreaks in Southeast Asian nations6. FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 3.

Table 3: Pool 1 FMD history 2010-2012

COUNTRY/6 MONTHS REPORTING TO OIE

FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/TYPE

OIE FMD STATUS

CAMBODIA, 2011 2011, 2012 – NOT TYPED1 OCT 2012/NOT TYPED

1 DISEASE PRESENT

CHINA (PEOPLE'S REP. OF), 2011, ½ 2012

2011, 2012 – O1 DEC 2012/O

1 DISEASE PRESENT

CHINA (HONG KONG, SAR) , 2011

2011 – O1, 5

2012 – O3

NOV 2012/O3 DISEASE PRESENT

CHINA (TAIWAN PROVINCE),

NO OIE DATA

2011 - 2011 – O 5

2012 – O

1

NOV 2012/O1 UNKNOWN

JAPAN, 2011 2011, 2012 - NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS1

JULY 2010/O1, 5

FREE WITHOUT VACCINATION

KOREA (DPR), 2011 2011 – O1, 5

MARCH 2011/O1

½ 2011-PRESENT 2/22011 – NOT REPORTED

KOREA (REP. OF), 2011

2011 – O1, 5

APR 2011/O1

½ 2011-PRESENT 2/22011 – NOT REPORTED

LAOS PDR, NO SUBM. REPORTS

2011, 2012 - NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS

1

OCT 2010/O1 UNKNOWN

MALAYSIA, 2011, ½ 2012

2011 – O, A1, 5

2012 – O, A

1, 5

JUN 2012/O1

FMD FREE ZONE WHERE VACCINATION IS NOT PRACTISED

MONGOLIA, 2011 2012 - O10

2012/O10

½ 2011 – LIMITED ON ONE OR MORE ZONES, 2/22011 -NOT REPORTED

MYANMAR, 2011 2011 – O1 FEB2012/O

9 DISEASE PRESENT

RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 2011

2011 – O1

2012 – O1

MAR 2012/O1

½ 2011 – NOT REPORTED, 2/22011 -DISEASE PRESENT

THAILAND, 2011, ½ 2012

2011 – O, A1, 5

2012 – O, A

1, 5

OCT 2012/A, O1 DISEASE PRESENT

VIET NAM, 2011 2011 – O

1, 5

2012 – O5

MAR 2012/O5 DISEASE PRESENT


December, 2012

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II P O O L 2 SOUTH ASIA

Nepal2 – FMD outbreaks have been continuing to appear in Godamchaur, Lalitpur district. New outbreak was reported in Kavre district. FMDV serotype O was confirmed by Ag ELISA.

South Asia is known to be an FMD endemic area but very limited data on serotypes is available (Map 4). The PD-FMD at Mukteswar (FMD Reference laboratory for South Asia) is active in this region and is requested to provide information on FMD circulation that will assist improved understanding of virus circulation. FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 4.



COUNTRY FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/TYPE

OIE FMD STATUS

BANGLADESH, 2011 2011 – O, A, Asia 16 NOT AVAILABLE

½ 2011DISEASE PRESENT, 2/22011- LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES

BHUTAN, 2011 2011, 2012 – NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS1

MAY 2010/NOT TYPED1 DISEASE PRESENT

INDIA, 2011 2011 – O, A, Asia 11 SEP 2012/NOT TYPED

3

LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES

NEPAL, 2011 2011 – O, A, Asia 1

1, 6

20122

DEC2012/O2 DISEASE PRESENT

SRI LANKA, 2011 2011 – O1,

5 JUN 2011/O

1

½ 2011 - DISEASE PRESENT 2/22011 – NOT REPORTED


December, 2012

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P O O L 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST

Iraq5- four samples from Babil, Diyala, Missan, Baghdad regions, collected in 2012, were sequenced at the SAP Institute, Ankara, as part of its role as lead laboratory in the West Eurasia Laboratory Network. All isolates were typed as A/ASIA/ Iran-05SIS-10 and had over 98% identity with viruses recently sampled from Turkey. The Iran-05SIS-10 lineage is also present in Iran. This highlights two things:

This is evidence of cross-border spread of this virus lineage between Turkey and Iraq.

There is a clear benefit to the region from the a regional approach to surveillance and laboratory analysis.

Turkey5, 2 – During December 2012, 31 FMD outbreaks were reported, bringing the total number of outbreaks in 2012 to 1038. Serotype Asia 1 has been dominant over the year causing more than 50% of all outbreaks (Table 5). According to the significant drop of outbreaks due to this serotype after August, a declining phase and completing of the evolution cycle of Asia 1 virus could be considered (Figure 1).

Table 5: Distribution of serotypes

SEROTYPE No OF OUTBREAKS (2012) DECEMBER

O 106 3

A 177 13

Asia 1 565 9

not typed 191 6

total 1038 31


December, 2012

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Figure.1. Distribution of outbreaks by month

Serotype O PanAsiaII has been causing limited numbers of outbreaks over the year, showing no spreading potential. Serotype A/ASIA/Iran-05 has spread and is dominant in a limited area of inner Anatolia and the

middle of Black Sea region. A new incursion of A/ASIA/ Iran-05SIS-10

was detected in Van region (Map 5). This sublineage has been also detected in Iraq, with sequencing performed by the SAP Institute, Ankara.

Map 5: The locations of samples which were genotyped as the new serotype A lineage virus

Trans-Caucasian countries (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan)2 - no FMD outbreaks or suspicious cases have been reported; no samples have been submitted for investigation.

FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 6 and Map 6.



December, 2012

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OIE FMD STATUS

AFGHANISTAN, 2011 2011 – O, A, Asia 11, 5

DEC 20111 DISEASE PRESENT

ARMENIA, 2011 MONTHLY REPORTS

REGULARLY SUBMITTED TO EUFMD

2011, 2012 – NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS

1

NOT AVAILABLE NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD

AZERBAIJAN, 2011 MONTHLY REPORTS



1

JUN 20011

NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD

BAHRAIN, 2011 2011 – O, A, Asia 1

5

2012 – O5

MAR 2012/O5


BULGARIA, 2011, ½ 2012

2011 – O1, 5

JUN 2011/O1

½ 2011 – DISEASE PRESENT, 2/22011, 2012 - NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD

EGYPT, 2011, ½ 2012

2011 – A, O1, 5

2012 – O, A, SAT 21, 5

JUN 2012/SAT 2

1

2011 – NOT REPORTED, 2012 - DISEASE PRESENT

GEORGIA, 2011 MONTHLY REPORTS



1

20021


IRAN, 2011 2011, 2012 – O, A, Asia 15 NOV 2012/O

5, A

2, Asia 1

5 DISEASE PRESENT

IRAQ, 2011 2011 – O,A

1

2012 – A5

20125/A DISEASE PRESENT

ISRAEL, 2011 2011 – O

1

2012 – O5

MAR 2012/O5 DISEASE PRESENT

JORDAN, 2011 2011, 2012 – NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS1

20061


KAZAKHSTAN, 2011 2011 – O, A

1

2012 – O, A5

MAY 2012/O10

DISEASE PRESENT

KUWAIT, 2011 2011, 2012 – O5 FEB 2012/O

5 DISEASE PRESENT

KYRGYZSTAN, 2011 2011 – O, A1 NOV 2011/O, A

1


LEBANON, 2011 2011, 2012 – NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS1

03/20101


LIBYA, NO SUBM. REPORTS

2011 – O5

2012 – O, SAT 25

APR 20121, 5

DISEASE PRESENT

OMAN, 2011 2011 - NO DATA AVAILABLE DEC 20111 DISEASE PRESENT

PAKISTAN, 2011 2011 – Asia 1, O

2012 – O, A, Asia 15, 13

JUN 2012/O, Asia 1, A

5, 13


AUTONOMOUS TERRITORIES

PALESTINE, 2011

2011 – O, A, Asia 11

2012 – SAT 21, 5

APR 2012/SAT 2

5

LIMETED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES

QATAR, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE

½ 2011 – NOT REPORTED, 2/22011DISEASE PRESENT

SAUDI ARABIA, 2011 2012 – O5 JULY 2012/O

5 DISEASE PRESENT

SYRIAN ARAB 2011, 2012 – NO REPORTED 03/20021 NOT REPORTED IN THIS


December, 2012

11

REPUBLIC, 2011 OUTBREAKS1 PERIOD

TAJIKISTAN, 2011 2011 – Asia 11 NOV 2011/Asia 1

1

½ 2011 – NOT REPORTED, 2/22011 - DISEASE PRESENT

TURKEY, 2011, ½ 2012

MONTHLY REPORTS REGULARLY SUBMITTED

TO EUFMD

2011 – Asia 1, A, O5,1

2012 – Asia 1, A

5, O

1

DEC 2012/O, A5, Asia 1

1 DISEASE PRESENT

TURKMENISTAN NO SUBM. REPORTS

NO DATA AVAILABLE UNKNOWN

UZBEKISTAN NO SUBM. REPORTS

NO DATA AVAILABLE UNKNOWN


December, 2012

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P O O L 4 EASTERN AFRICA

Tanzania5 – vaccine matching results, using three O type vaccines, 0 4625, O Manisa and OTur 5/09, show poor protection against circulating FMDV strains in Tanzania (Table 7).

Table 7: Vaccine matching results

r1 value vaccine

0 4625 O Manisa OTur 5/09

field strain OTan 38/12 (mean)

0.19 0.08 0.26

r1 = > 0.3 Suggests that there is a close relationship between field isolate and vaccine strain. A potent vaccine containing the vaccine strain is likely to confer protection. r1 = < 0.3 Suggests that the field isolate is so different from the vaccine strain that the vaccine is unlikely to protect.

East Africa is known to be FMD endemic area but with limited available data (Map 7).

FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 8.



December, 2012

13



OIE FMD STATUS

BURUNDI, 2011 2011 – O, A, SAT 1, SAT 27

20117 UNKNOWN

COMOROS, 2011 2011 - DISEASE SUSPECTED

BUT NOT CONFIRMED1

20101

SUSPECTED NOT CONFIRMED

CONGO D. R. , 2011 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 17 2011/2012

7, NO PRECISE

DATA LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES

DJIBOUTI, 2011 2011 – ABSENT1 NOT AVAILABLE


EGYPT , 2011, ½ 2012

2011 – A, O1, 5

2012 – SAT 21, 5

JUN 2012/SAT 2

1

2011 – NOT REPORTED, 2012 - DISEASE PRESENT

ERITREA, NO SUBM. REPORTS

2011 – O5 DEC 2011/O

5 UNKNOWN

ETHIOPIA, 2011 2011 – A, SAT 1, O

5, 7

2012 – O5

2012/O5 DISEASE PRESENT

KENYA, 2011 2011 – O, SAT 1, SAT 2

1, 5

2012 – SAT 2, A7

NOV 2012/A, SAT27 DISEASE PRESENT

LIBYA , NO SUBM. REPORTS

2011 – O5

2012 – O, SAT 25,7

APR 2012

1, 5 DISEASE PRESENT

RWANDA, NO SUBM. REPORTS

2011 – ABSENT7

2012 – NOT TYPED2

NOV 2012/NOT TYPED2 UNKNOWN

SOMALIA, 2011 2011 – NO DATA AVAILABLE 20111 DISEASE PRESENT

NORTH SUDAN, 2011 2011 – A, O1


SOUTH SUDAN, 2011 2011, 2012 – O, SAT 1, SAT 2,

A7

20117 DISEASE PRESENT

TANZANIA, 2011 2011 – SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2

(cattle), O7, SAT3

1, 5

2012 – A, O, SAT 1, SAT 25

MAY-JULY 2012/A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2

5

DISEASE PRESENT

UGANDA, 2011 2011 – O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2,

SAT37, 2, 1

201211

NOV 2012

11 DISEASE PRESENT

YEMEN, NO SUBM. REPORTS

NO AVAILABLE DATA


December, 2012

14

P O O L 5 WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA

Democratic Republic of the Congo14 – During November and December 2012, in Ruzizi plain and around Uvira city, suspected FMD outbreaks were reported. Morbidity reported in Uvira/Kaborosha was 5.9% and 0.44% in Luberizi during November. During December suspected FMD outbreaks were reported in bovines in Ruzizi plain(South-Kivu), Nyamugali/Luberizi and Kitemesho/Luberizi. Morbidity in December was low, 0.29% in Nyamugali/Luberizi and 1.17% in Kitemesho/Luberizi. No samples has been tested nor sent to Pirbright Laboratory.

More suspicions, but no confirmed nor verified cases, were seen in South-Kivu, North-Kivu and Ituri.

Foot and mouth disease is endemic in West Africa

(Map 8). In Gabon, Sierra Leone, Mauritania,

Guinea, Guinea Biss. FMD has not been reported

at least in the last 3 years.




December, 2012

15



OIE FMD STATUS

BENIN, 2011 2011 – A, O, SAT 1, SAT 24, 1

DEC 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT

21

DISEASE PRESENT

BURKINA FASO, 2011 2011, 2012 – O, A, SAT 24

NO PRECISE DATA, DEC 2011

1

DISEASE PRESENT

CAMEROON, 2011 2011 – O, A, SAT 24,1

20124 DISEASE PRESENT

CAPE VERDE , NO SUBM. REPORTS

NO DATA AVAILABLE

CENTRAL AFR. REP. 2011

NO DATA AVAILABLE DISEASE PRESENT

CHAD, NO SUBM. REPORTS

2011, 2012 – A, SAT 14

2011/20124, NO PRECISE

DATA UNKNOWN

CONGO D. R. , 2011 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 14

DEC 201214

/NOT TYPED LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES

CONGO R., NO SUBM. REPORTS

NO DATA AVAILABLE

COTE D'ÍVOIRE, 2011 2011 – SAT 1, A1, O, SAT 2

4 2011

4


EQUATORIAL GUINEA, 2011

NO DATA AVAILABLE DISEASE SUSPECTED, NOT CONFIRMED

GABON, 2011 2011 – ABSENT1 NO IN 2006-2012 PERIOD

1 NEVER REPORTED

GAMBIA, NO SUBM. REPORTS

2011, 2012 –O, A, SAT 29


DATA DISEASE PRESENT

GHANA, 2011 2011 – O, A, SAT 1, SAT 24, 1


GUINEA BISS., 2011, ½ 2012

2011, 2012 – ABSENT1 NO IN 2009-2012 PERIOD

1


GUINEA, 2011, ½ 2012

2011, 2012 – ABSENT1 NO IN 2007-2012 PERIOD

1


LIBERIA, NO SUBM. REPORTS

2011, 2012 – A, SAT 24


DATA UNKNOWN

MALI, 2011 2011/2012 – O, A, SAT 1, SAT

24, 1

2011/2012

4, NO PRECISE


MAURITANIA, 2011 2011, 2012 – ABSENT1 NO IN 2007-2012 PERIOD

1


NIGER, 2011 2011/2012 – O, A, SAT 1, SAT

24, 1

NO PRECISE DATA,

OCT 20111


NIGERIA , 2011, ½ 2012

2011/2012 – O, A4, 1

OCT/NOV 2012/A, O4 DISEASE PRESENT

SAO TOME PRINCIPE, NO SUBM. REPORTS

NO DATA AVAILABLE

SENEGAL, 2011 2011/2012 – O, A, SAT 24, 1

NO PRECISE DATA,

DEC 20111

DISEASE PRESENT

SIERRA LEONE, 2011 2011, 2012 – ABSENT1 OCT 1958

1


TOGO, 2011 2011, 2012 – O, SAT 11, 4, 1

FEB 20124 DISEASE PRESENT


December, 2012

16

P O O L 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA

Botswana5 – SAT 2 serotype, topotype III, was detected in 21 samples submitted to WRL. Samples were collected during May – August 2012 from Matsebe Crush, Spanplek crush, and Nokaneng all within Zone 2 where vaccination is practiced.

Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without

vaccination. Also, there is a zone in both Botswana

and Namibia which is FMD free without, since 2010

and 1997 respectively (Map 9).





OIE FMD STATUS

ANGOLA, NO SUBM. REPORTS

NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS DEC. 2010/ SAT 21 UNKNOWN

BOTSWANA, 2011 2011 – SAT 2

5 SAT 2

1

2012 – SAT 21

OCT 2012/ SAT 21


CONGO D. R. , 2011 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 14 2011/2012

9, NO PRECISE


MALAWI, 2011 2011 – SAT 21 OCT 2011

1 DISEASE PRESENT

MOZAMBIQUE, 2011 2011 – SAT 21 JUN 2011/SAT 2

1 DISEASE PRESENT

NAMIBIA, 2011 2011 – SAT 1

1

2012 – SAT 11

JAN 2012/SAT 11


SOUTH AFRICA, 2011 2011 – SAT 1

1

SAT 21

2012 – SAT 21

APR 2012/SAT 21 DISEASE PRESENT

ZAMBIA, 2011 2012 – SAT 21 JAN 2012/SAT 2

1 DISEASE PRESENT

ZIMBABWE, 2011 2011 – SAT 2

1

2012/NOT TYPED12

2012/NOT TYPED

12 DISEASE PRESENT


December, 2012

17

P O O L 7 SOUTH AMERICA

Most South America countries are

FMD free with (Uruguay)/without

(Chile, Guyana) vaccination or with free

zones with/without vaccination. Small

areas of the continent are considered

as endemic but clinical cases are rare

(Map 10).




COUNTRY FMD HISTORY (past 2

years) LAST REPORTED/TYPE

COUNTRY FMD STATUS

1

CONTROL MEASURES

ECUADOR, 2011, ½ 2012

2011 – O1 AUG 2011/O

1

2011 – DISEASE PRESENT, 2012 – NOT REPORTED

ROUTINE VACCINATION - CATTLE

PARAGUAY, 2011 2011 – O1 DEC 2011/O

1

½ 2011 – NOT REPORTED, 2/22011 - LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES

ROUTINE VACCINATION – CATTLE, BUFFALOES

VENEZUELA, NO SUBM.

REPORTS

2011 – O8

A8

2011/O, A8 UNKNOWN


December, 2012

18

The key to the superscripts is below: 1. WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home 2. Reports from FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers 3. Dr. Esther TO: Foot and Mouth Disease Hong Kong Situation, Update; Animal Management Division Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, 10 August 2012 4. FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (RESOLAB-FMD West Africa) 5. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), www.wrlfmd.org 6. Conference on Scientific Developments and Technical Challenges in the Progressive Control of FMD in South Asia, New Delhi, India, 13-15 February 2012. 7. FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (EARLN-FMD Eastern Africa) 8. SENASA, Argentina 9. SEAFMD 10. Open session of the EuFMD, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. 29-31 October 2012. 11. Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries. National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC) P.o. BOX 513, Entebbe, Uganda 12. Dr C Njagu (Division of Veterinary Field Services): Current status of the livestock sector in Zimbabwe, ACWG MEETING OF 31STMAY 2012 13. Pakistan – FMD Bulletin, Vol 1 (1-2), January-June, 2012

14. Laboratorie veterinarie de Goma, DRC 15. C. Bellet, T. Vergne, V. Grosbois, D. Holl, F. Roger, F. Goutard (2012) Evaluating the efficiency of participatory epidemiology to estimate the incidence and impacts of foot-and-mouth disease among livestock owners in Cambodia, Acta Tropica 123 (2012) 31– 38
http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=homehttp://www.wrlfmd.org/

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