Signs of Aging Skin The outer skin layer (epidermis) thins even though the number of cell layers remains unchanged. The number of pigment-containing cells (melanocytes) decreases, but the remaining melanocytes increase in size. Skin thus appears thinner, more traslucent & pale. Age spots or liver spots may appear in sun-exposed areas. The dermis blood vessels are more fragile, which in turn leads to bruising, bleeding under the skin (purpura), cherry angiomas, & similar conditions. Connective tissue reduce the skins strength & elasticity (elastosis) and is especially pronounced in sun-exposed areas (solar elastosis). Elastosis produces the leathery, weather-beaten appearance common to farmers, sailors, & others who spend a large portion of their life outdoors. Sebaceous glands produce less oil. Men experience a minimal decrease, usually > 80 years old. Women gradually produce less oil beginning after menopause. This can make it harder to keep the skin moist, resulting in dryness & itchiness. The subcutaneous fat layer (provides natural insulation & padding), thins. Risk of skin injury & ability to maintain body temperature Hypotermia can result. Some medications are absorbed by the fat layer, & loss of this layer changes the way that these medications work. The sweat glands produce less sweat. This makes it harder to keep cool, & you become at increased risk for becoming overheated or developing heat stroke. Growth such as skin tags, warts, & other blemishes are more common in older people. Nails Growing more slowly, & becoming dull & brittle. Colour change: translucent yellowed & opaque. Nails, especially toenails, become hard & thick. Ingrown toenails may be more common. Tips of the fingernails may fragment. Sometimes, lengthwise (longitudinal) ridges will develop in the fingernails & toenails. However, some nail changes can be caused by infections, nutritional problems, trauma, & other problems.

Masalah Utama LansiaFor many older people, attaining the level of nutrition they need from their diet becomes difficult due to many & varied factors, i.e.: Decrease in: Digestive function Taste sensation Appetite Mobility & ability for self-care Social & economic resources Dental problems Use of medicationsOsteoporosis SkinImportant Nutrient Skin