fortitudine vol 22 no 1 - united states marine corps · fortit[jd ine motto of the united states...

FORTITUD INEBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAMHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XXII SUMMER 1992 NUMBER 1

By Frank Rentfrow and Don Dickson

DON DICKSON'S RoorIN' -ToorIN' CARbON HERO, 'S1ONY CRAIG'. . . A SENIOR RETIRED MARINE'S PLEA

b CONTINUE BUILDING THE HIS1DRICAL PROGRAM. . . COLLEGE, OCS STUDENT INTERNS ENRICH EFFORTS

113 RECORD MARINE HIS1ORY. . WAKE ISLAND MARINE DONATES PAINTINGS INSPIRED BY POW EXPERIENCE

FORTITUD INEBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAMHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XXII SUMMER 1992 NUMBER 1

By Frank Rentfrow and Don Dickson

DON DICKSON'S RoorIN' -TOOTIN' CARTOON HERO, 'STONY CRAIG'. . . A SENIOR RETIRED MARINE'S PLEA

TO CONTINUE BUILDING THE HISTORICAL PROGRAM. . . COLLEGE, OCS STUDENT INTERNS ENRICH EFFORTS

TO RECORD MAluNE HISTORY. . . WAKE ISLAND MARINE DONATES PAINTINGS INSPIRED BY POW EXPERIENCE

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

PCN 10401220100

FORTIT[JD INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.Historical Bulletin Volume XXII Summer 1992 No. 1

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published for Marines, atthe rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide education and training in theuses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readers may purchase single co-pies or one-year subscriptions (four issues) from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Marine Corps Historical CenterBuilding 58, Washington Navy Yard

901 M Stree(, SoutheastWashington, D.C. 20374-5040

Telephone: (202) 433.3838 433-3840. 433.3841

DIRECTOR

BGen Edwin H. Simmons. USMC (Ret)

Secrelary to ihe Director Mrs. Patricia E. Morgan.

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

Col Marshall B. Darling, USMC

HISTORICAL BRANCH

Head: LtCoI Thomas A. Richards. USMC. Histories Seclion:Mr. Benis M. Frank, ChiefHistorian: Dr. Jack ShulimsonMr. Charles R, Smith: Capt David A. Dawson, USMC. OralHistory Unil: Mr. Richard A. Iong. Reference Section: Mr.Danny J. Crawford: Mr. Robert V. Aquilina; Mrs. Ann A.Ferrante; Miss Lena M. Kaljot: Mrs. Regina Strother; Mrs.Shelia Gramblin. Archives: Mr. J. Michael Miller. Personal

Papers: Ms. Joyce C. Convers, Official Pap ers LCpIJoshua

R. Ford, USMC.

MUSEUMS BRANCH

Head/Officer.in. Charge, Air- Ground Museum, Quantico:LtCol Carmen Dragotta, USMC. Operations Officer Capt

Christopher L. French, USMC. Museums Seclion: Mr.

Charles A. Wood, Chief Curaior, Mr. Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas. Material History; Mr. John G. Griffiths, Ord-nance: Mr. Joseph E. Payton, Restoration: Mr. Michael E.

Starn, Aeronautics; Mr. Ronald J. Perkins, Mr. Ronnie D.Alexander, Exhibits: Mrs. Nancy F. King, Uniforms; Miss

Jennifer L. Gooding, Registrar, Mrs. Kathryn R. Trout, Pro-grams Assistant. Security: GySgt Robert L. Holloway, USMC;

SSgt Allen W. Arbogast, USMC; Sgt Daryl L. Clark. USMC;Cpl George T. Childers, USMC; CpI Stephen McElvine,USMC: Cpl John C. Nelson, USMC; Cpl GuillermoJ. Ser-ra, USMC; Cpl Vincent L. Wright, USMC; LCpI Kevin S.Anderson. USMC: LCpI Melissa S. Murray. USMC LCpIJeffrey J. Weins, USMC; PFC Steven E. Winsky. USMC.

MARINE CORPS MUSEUM UNIT. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Exhibits: Mr. James A. Fairfax; Sgt Albert Ramos, USMC:Marine Corps Art Collection: Mr. John T. Dyer. Jr.

SUPPORT BRANCH

Head/Division Executive Officer LtCol Dale K. Johnson,USMC. Editing andDesign Section: Mr. Robert E. Struder:

Mr. William S. Hill; Mrs. Catherine A. Kerns. Library: Miss

Evelyn A. Englander. Administration: Capt Joe Wells. Jr..

USMC; SSgtJohn Hudson. USMC; Sgt Andre L. Owens III,USMC; CpI Michael L. Ashley, USMC; LCplJames D. Liles,Jr.. USMC LCpI Amanda E Bernard, USMC. Security Unit:

SSgt Ricardo E. Harding, USMC.

Mr. Robert E. StruderSenior Editor/Editor Fortitudine

MemorQndum from the Director: The Marine Corps Historical Program:Does It Have a Future?Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret) 3

Division Shifts Relocate Museums Branch to QuanticoLtCol Dale K. Johnson, USMC 8

ReQders AlwQys W'rite: Bulletin Slights Famed Dauntless Divebomberof World War II Battles 8

Two Sousa Scrapbooks Presented to Marine Band LibraryCharles R. Smith 9

Titles Added to World War II Commemorative SeriesBenis M. Frank 10

HistoricQl Quiz: Marine Campaign for GuadalcanalLena M. KaIjot 10

Some Fortitudine Readers Receive Multiple Copies 10

Marine Memorial Site For Guadalcanal RemembranceBenis M. Frank 11

Dickson's 'Stony Craig' Gave Readers Look at Old CorpsJohn T Dyer Jr 12

Center Has Hosted 88 College Interns Since 1977 StartBenis M. Frank, with photographs by Lena M. KaIjot 14

Col Hendricks, Founder of Popular 'Toys for Tots' Reserve Program, DiesAnn A. Ferrante 16

Basic School, OCS Students Aid Air-Ground MuseumKenneth L. Smith-Ch,stmas 17

Answers to HistoricQl Quiz: Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal 18

Paintings Reveal Experiences of Wake Veteran and POWJohn T Dyer, Jr 19

'91 Chronology Covers A Tumultuous Year of Combat, Relief EffortsAnn A. Ferrante 20

W'orld W"Qr II Chronology, 1941-1945: Part Ill—August-December 1942Robert V Aqailina 22

Acquisitions:: Hendricks Donation Includes Rare Cavalry CarbineJenniJr L. Gooding 24

THE COVER

Donald L. Dickson, whose Guadalcanal sketches are among the artistic legacies of the Se-cond World War, introduced prewar America to Marine Corps life through a daily-and-Sundaycomic strip he created with astonishing accuracy with writer Frank Rentfrow in the late '30sand early '40s. John T. Dyer,Jr., discusses cartoon hero "Stony Craig," beginning on page 12.

MUSEUMS HIS1ORY'S PART II COMING SOONRetired Deputy Director for Museums Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret), paused in themidst of writing his "History of the Marine Corps Museums— Part II" to fill in as authorof "Memorandum from the Director:' beginning on page 3. Col Nihart, who vastlyenlarged the Marine Corps' historical holdings during his 19-year tenure, discussesthe role of the Historical Program in a time of formula cutbacks and fiscal concerns.

Fortitudine is produced in the Editing and Design Section of the History and Museums Division. Thetext for Fortitudine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-point or24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Oflice, 'Xshington, D.C. 20402.

2 Forhtudine, Summer 1992

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

FORTITUD INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.Historical Bulletin Volume )Q(II Summer 1992 No. 1

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published for Marines, atthe rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide education and training in theuses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readers may purchase single co-pies or one-year subscriptions (four issues) from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Marine Corps Historical CenterBuilding 58, Washington Navy Yard

901 M Street, SoutheastWashington, DC. 20374.5040

Telephone: (202) 433-3838, 433-3840. 433-3841

DIRECTOR

BGen Edwin I-I. Simmons, USMC (Ret)

Secretary to the Director Mrs. Patricia E. Morgan.

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

Co! Marsha!! B. Darling. USMC

HISTORICAL BRANCH

Head: LtCol Thomas A. Richards, USMC. Histories Section:Mr. Benis M. Frank, ChiefHistorian; Dr. Jack Shulimson;Mr. Charles R. Smith: Capt David A. Dawson. USMC. OralHistory Unit: Mr. Richard A. Leng. Reference Section; Mr.DannyJ. Crawford: Mr. Robert V. Aquilina; Mrs. Ann A.Ferrante; Miss Lena M. Kaljot; Mrs. Regina Strother; Mrs.Shelia Gramblin. Archives: Mr. J. Michael Miller. Personal

Pa/sets; Ms. Joyce C. Conyers, Official Papers; LCpl Joshua

R. Ford, USMC.

MUSEUMS BRANCH

Head/Officer-in-Charge. Air-Ground Museum, Quantico:LtCol Carmen Dragotta. USMC. Operations Officer CaptChristopher L. French, USMC. Museums Section: Mr.

Charles A. Wood, ChiefCurator, Mr. Kenneth L. Smith.Christmas, Material History; Mr. John G. Griffiths. Ord-nance; Mr. Joseph E. Payton, Restoration; Mr. Michael E.

Starn, Aeronautics; Mr. Ronald J. Perkins, Mr. Ronnie D.

Alexander, Exhibits; Mrs. Nancy F. King, Uniforms; Miss

Jennifer L. Gooding, Registrar, Mrs. Kathryn R. Trout, Pro-grams Assistant. Security: GySgt Robert L. Holloway. USMC;

SSgt Allen W. Arbogast, USMC; Sgt Darvl L. Clark, USMC;Cpl George 1. Childers, USMC: Cpl Stephen McElvine.USMC; Cpl John C. Nelson, USMC; Cpl GuillermoJ. Ser-ra, USMC; Cpl Vincent L. Wright, USMC; LCpI Kevin S.Anderson, USMC; LCpI Melissa S. Murray, USMC; LCpIJeffrey J. Weins, USMC; PFC Steven E. Winsky, USMC.

MARINE CORPS MUSEUM UNIT. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Exhibits: Mr. James A. Fairfax; Sgt Albert Ramos, USMC;Marine Corps Art Collection: Mr. John T. Dyer, Jr.

SUPPORT BRANCH

Head/Division Executive Officer LtCol Dale K. Johnson,USMC. Editing andDesign Section: Mr. Robert E. Struder;

Mr. William S. Hill; Mrs. Catherine A. Kerns. Library: Miss

Evelyn A. Englander. Administration: Capt Joe Wells. Jr.,

USMC; SSgtJohn Hudson. USMC; Sgr Andre L. Owens III,USMC; Cpl Michael L. Ashley, USMC; LCplJames D. Liles,Jr.. USMC; LCpI Amanda E Bernard, USMC. Security Unit:

SSgt Ricardo E. Harditsg. USMC.

Mr. Roberr E. StruderSenior Editor/Editor Fortitudine

Memorandum from the Director: The Marine Corps Historical Program:Does It Have a Future?Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret) 3

Division Shifts Relocate Museums Branch to QuanticoLtCo/ Dale K. Johnson, USMC 8

Readers Always Write: Bulletin Slights Famed Dauntless Divebomberof World War II Battles 8

Two Sousa Scrapbooks Presented to Marine Band LibraryChar/es R. Smith 9

Titles Added to World War II Commemorative SeriesBenis M. Frank 10

Historical Quiz: Marine Campaign for GuadalcanalLena M. Kaljot 10

Some Fortitudine Readers Receive Multiple Copies 10

Marine Memorial Site For Guadalcanal RemembranceBenis M. Frank 11

Dickson's 'Stony Craig' Gave Readers Look at Old CorpsJohn T Dyer; Jr 12

Center Has Hosted 88 College Interns Since 1977 StartBenis M. Frank, with photographs by Lena M. Ka/j'ot 14

Col Hendricks, Founder of Popular 'Toys for Tots' Reserve Program, DiesAnn A. Ferrante 16

Basic School, OCS Students Aid Mr-Ground MuseumKenneth L. Smith-Chistmas 17

Answers to Historical Quiz: Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal 18

Paintings Reveal Experiences of Wake Veteran and POWJohn T Dyer; Jr 19

'91 Chronology Covers A Tumultuous Year of Combat, Relief EffortsAnn A. Ferrante 20

World War II Chronology, 1941-1945: Part ill—August-December 1942Robert V Aqailina 22

Acquisitions:: Hendricks Donation Indudes Rare Cavalry CarbineJennifer L. Gooding 24

THE COVER

Donald L. Dickson, whose Guadalcanal sketches are among the artistic legacies of the Se-cond World War, introduced prewar America to Marine Corps life through a daily-and-Sundaycomic strip he created with astonishing accuracy with writer Frank Rentfrow in the late '30sand early '40s. John T. Dyer, Jr., discusses cartoon hero "Stony Craig," beginning on page 12.

MUSEUMS HIS1DRY'S PART II COMING SOONRetired Deputy Director for Museums Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret), paused in themidst of writing his "History of the Marine Corps Museums — Part II" to fill in as authorof "Memorandum from the Director," beginning on page 3. Col Nihart, who vastlyenlarged the Marine Corps' historical holdings during his 19-year tenure, discussesthe role of the Historical Program in a time of formula cutbacks and fiscal concerns.

Fortitudine is produced in the Editing and Design Section of the History and Museums Division, Thetext for Fortitudine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-point or24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Ofllce, 'Xshington, D.C. 20402.

2 Fortitudine, Summer 1992

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Memorandum from the Director

The Marine Corps Historical Program:Does It Have a Future?

Col Nihart

A LL THE SERVICES, Marine Corps in-cluded, are undergoing 15 to 25

percent cuts over the next few years. Thusfar, cuts are being applied evenly across theboard, as a decision convenience, ratherthan selectively, according to a rational as-sessment of value and need. This affectsthe Marine Corps Historical Program,which has matured in a remarkable and

most effective manner over the past 20years. Despite cuts endured over the pastfive years or so, it continues to turn outfirst-class and useful historical products ofreference services, publications, and muse-um exhibits. The question remaining iscan this effort continue if further plannedcuts are made? In this memorandum, pastand current accomplishments are reviewedand the essentiality of continuing an ef-fective historical program, even under anatmosphere of reduced military threat, isadvanced.

For the past 20 years all historical activi-ties of the Marine Corps have been con-solidated within the History and MuseumsDivision of Marine Corps Headquarters,under retired BGen Edwin H. Simmons.Acquisition of the Marine Guard Compa-

ny Barracks in the Washington Navy Yardin 1976 brought all elements together un-der one roof. These were the HistoricalBranch from Headquarters, the MuseumBranch from Quantico, the photographicarchives from building 159 in the NavyYard, and the art collection from Hender-son Hall.

This consolidation both enabled reduc-tions in staff under the reduction-in-forcemandate of that time, and promoted ef-ficiency and production from the proximi-ty of the mutually supportive activities andthe resulting synergy.

T RUE, PRIOR 10 this consolidation theseparate functions had accomplished

noteworthy goals under different subordi-nation. The Historical Branch shortly af-

The "Time Tunnel" of the Marine Corps Museum in U7ashington brings together rareand important items from the Museum 'c various and fast-growing collections. Thiscase assembles uniforms, weapons, and equipment from the early years of U7orld U7arII.

A S THIS ISSUE of Fortitudine isbeing readied for publication,

BGen Simmons is in the midst of aperiod of concentrated domestic andoverseas travel, and currently is visit-ing England. He has deferred two"Director's Page" subjects until hisreturn. He accompanied the Assis-tant Commandant to Guadalcanalfor the 7 August 50th anniversaryobservance of the 1st Marine Divi-sion landing there. Barely pausingto catch his breath on his return heflew to the U.S. Army's ArtillerySchool at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, todeliver a dedicatory speech for a newbuilding named for the late retiredMarine, MajGen Wilburt S. "BigFoot" Brown. Gen Brown, a con-summate artilleryman so recognizedby both Army and Marine Corps,was both a student and instructor atFort Sill. Both these events will besubjects for future pages by theDirector of History and Museums.

M EANWHILE, just before hisdeparture Gen Simmons

asked former Deputy Director forMuseums Col Brooke Nihart, to fillin with a page on any subject of hischoosing. Col Nihart has elected tosummarize the historical programand its progress and to air his per-sonal views on the place of historyin the Corps during a time ofshrinking budgets and manpower.

Fortitudine, Summer 1992

Memorandum from the Director

The Marine Corps Historical Program:Does It Have a Future?

Col Nibart

A LL THE SERVICES, Marine Corps in-cluded, are undergoing 15 to 25

percent cuts over the next few years. Thusfar, cuts are being applied evenly across theboard, as a decision convenience, ratherthan selectively, according to a rational as-sessment of value and need. This affectsthe Marine Corps Historical Program,which has matured in a remarkable and

most effective manner over the past 20years. Despite cuts endured over the pastfive years or so, it continues to turn outfirst-class and useful historical products ofreference services, publications, and muse-um exhibits. The question remaining iscan this effort continue if further plannedcuts are made? In this memorandum, pastand current accomplishments are reviewedand the essentiality of continuing an ef-fective historical program, even under anatmosphere of reduced military threat, isadvanced.

For the past 20 years all historical activi-ties of the Marine Corps have been con-solidated within the History and MuseumsDivision of Marine Corps Headquarters,under retired BGen Edwin H. Simmons.Acquisition of the Marine Guard Compa-

ny Barracks in the Washington Navy Yardin 1976 brought all elements together un-der one roof. These were the HistoricalBranch from Headquarters, the MuseumBranch from Quantico, the photographicarchives from building 159 in the NavyYard, and the art collection from Hender-son Hall.

This consolidation both enabled reduc-tions in staff under the reduction-in-forcemandate of that time, and promoted ef-ficiency and production from the proximi-ty of the mutually supportive activities andthe resulting synergy.

T RUE, PRIOR iD this consolidation theseparate functions had accomplished

noteworthy goals under different subordi-nation. The Historical Branch shortly af-

The "Time Tunnel" of the Marine Corps Museum in Washington brings together rareand important items from the Museum 'c various and fast-growing collections. Thiscase assembles uniforms, weapons, and equipment from the early years of World War II.

A S THIS ISSUE of Fortitudine isbeing readied for publication,

BGen Simmons is in the midst of aperiod of concentrated domestic andoverseas travel, and currently is visit-ing England. He has deferred two"Director's Page" subjects until hisreturn. He accompanied the Assis-tant Commandant to Guadalcanalfor the 7 August 50th anniversaryobservance of the 1st Marine Divi-sion landing there. Barely pausingto catch his breath on his return heflew to the U.S. Army's ArtillerySchool at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, todeliver a dedicatory speech for a newbuilding named for the late retiredMarine, MajGen Wilburt S. 'BigFoot" Brown. Gen Brown, a con-summate artilleryman so recognizedby both Army and Marine Corps,was both a student and instructor atFort Sill. Both these events will besubjects for future pages by theDirector of History and Museums.

M EANWHILE, just before hisdeparture Gen Simmons

asked former Deputy Director forMuseums Col Brooke Nihart, to fillin with a page on any subject of hischoosing. Col Nihart has elected tosummarize the historical programand its progress and to air his per-sonal views on the place of historyin the Corps during a time ofshrinking budgets and manpower.


ter World War II published a series ofmonographs on the various Pacific cam-paigns and later published a five-volumeoperational history of the Marine Corps inWorld War II. The Korean War was fol-lowed by a five-volume operational histo-ry, while a number of specializedmonographs and studies also were turnedout. For the first time, a formal museumwas established at Quantico by then-MajJohn H. Magruder III, under the directcognizance of the then-Commandant,Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr. The photoarchives accumulated more than one-half-million views, well cataloged, and readilyretrievable. The art program, which hadbeen ended and dispersed at the end ofWorld War II and resumed in vestigialform for the Korean War, only to againcease at war's end, was reestablished on apermanent basis for the Vietnam War bythe direct interest of then-CommandantGen Wallace M. Greene, Jr., with nearly4,000 pieces of art created by dozens of ar-tists. Nevertheless, consolidation of theserelated activities in one place, under onehead, BGen Simmons, enabled more andbetter products delivered generally in lesstime with fewer employees.

A look at progress made under thisleadership will substantiate this assertion.All but one volume of the nine-volumeVietnam War history has been published,a monumental task due to the 20-year in-volvement of Marines in that unfortunatecountry. A large number of regimental

and squadron histories have beenproduced, as well as special monographhistories such as the early years of MarineCorps aviation, the two-volume Marinesand helicopters, women in the MarineCorps, and many others. During most ofthis period the Histories Section consist-ed of three or four doctoral-level histori-ans, to give academic legitimacy to ourhistories, paired with three or four Marineofficers with writing and historical qualifi-cations, to provide authentic military con-tent. This system worked well, but todaythis team already has been cut in half,with a like reduction in capability andproduction.

T HE NATIONAL BICENTENNIAL and the

200th anniversary of the MarineCorps in 1975 was observed with theresearch, writing, illustrating, and pub-lishing of a large-format volume, Marinesin the Revolution. Concurrently, a seriesof 14 paintings were created by then-MajCharles H. Waterhouse, USMCR, illustrat-ing important events and combat actionsof the Continental Marines. These wereused both to illustrate the official bookand to reproduce as a print series by theMarine Corps Association. The originalpaintings were shown in Washington andthen nationwide, finally coming to rest inthe Marine Memorial and Museum, NewHall, in Philadelphia's National Indepen-dence Historical Park.

The museum in New Hall had been

created by now-LtCol Magruder in 1960with funds from the Bok and Astor Foun-dations and money raised by the Philadel-phia Marine Reserve community as a

memorial to World War II Marines and totell the story of Marines in Philadelphiafrom 1775 to 1805. It was and is operatedby the National Park Service with the Ma-rine Corps providing the exhibits. At thetime of the bicentennial we began to planwith the Park Service for an upgrade of theexhibits to reflect only the ContinentalMarines of 1775-1783. Due to NPS fund-ing constraints this was not completed un-til the end of the 1970s.

Another important anniversary is thatof World War II. On the 40th anniversarythe museum mounted a series of exhibitsfrom 1981 to 1985, realizing that manyveterans might not be here for observanceof the 50th. Each exhibit was shown firstat the Marine Corps Museum in the NavyYard and then went to Headquarters.When the next exhibit circulated, theprevious one was stored. In 1985 all ex-hibits were remounted in the museum'sspecial exhibits gallery. After a year theywere moved to the MCRD Parris Islandcommand museum, where they still show.

The 50th anniversary, haIfa century af-ter, of course had to be observed. Thistime both the Historical and MuseumsBranches would be involved and planningbegan in 1990 with the historical demandsof the Persian Gulf War somewhat delay-ing execution. More than 30 subjects wereselected: battles and campaigns, PearlHarbor and Guadalcanal as examples:events like the prewar buildup of Marineforces and the occupations of North Chi-na and Japan; and special units such asRaiders and Defense Battalions. Thepamphlets were not to be mere rehashingof pertinent portions of the operationalhistories; Gen Simmons mandated that 40percent of the material be fresh from per-sonal papers, oral histories, and recentwritings. Slick-paper, well illustratedpamphlets for each of these titles wouldbe published and exhibits of the same ti-tles mounted. This time the exhibitswould be left in place until all 30-plussubjects were covered and the special ex-hibits gallery filled. Maximum use of theart collection was to be made. At this writ-ing, the first five or six exhibits are in placeand three of the pamphlets are in print.Although the pamphlets primarily arepublished as training materials for Ma-


Also a feature of the Time Tunnel" of the Museum at the iVashington Navy Yardis this case displaying items relating to Marine participation in the American Revolu-tion, 1775 -1 783. Many of these hard-to-find items now are unobtainable at any price.

ter World War II published a series ofmonographs on the various Pacific cam-paigns and later published a five-volumeoperational history of the Marine Corps inWorld War II. The Korean War was fol-lowed by a five-volume operational histo-ry, while a number of specializedmonographs and studies also were turnedout. For the first time, a formal museumwas established at Quantico by then-MajJohn H. Magruder III, under the directcognizance of the then-Commandant,Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr. The photoarchives accumulated more than one-half-million views, well cataloged, and readilyretrievable. The art program, which hadbeen ended and dispersed at the end ofWorld War II and resumed in vestigialform for the Korean War, only to againcease at war's end, was reestablished on apermanent basis for the Vietnam War bythe direct interest of then-CommandantGen Wallace M. Greene, Jr., with nearly4,000 pieces of art created by dozens of ar-tists. Nevertheless, consolidation of theserelated activities in one place, under onehead, BGen Simmons, enabled more andbetter products delivered generally in lesstime with fewer employees.

A look at progress made under thisleadership will substantiate this assertion.All but one volume of the nine-volumeVietnam War history has been published,a monumental task due to the 20-year in-volvement of Marines in that unfortunatecountry. A large number of regimental

and squadron histories have beenproduced, as well as special monographhistories such as the early years of MarineCorps aviation, the two-volume Marinesand helicopters, women in the MarineCorps, and many others. During most ofthis period the Histories Section consist-ed of three or four doctoral-level histori-ans, to give academic legitimacy to ourhistories, paired with three or four Marineofficers with writing and historical qualifi-cations, to provide authentic military con-tent. This system worked well, but todaythis team already has been cut in half,with a like reduction in capability andproduction.

T HE NATIONAL BICENTENNIAL and the

200th anniversary of the MarineCorps in 1975 was observed with theresearch, writing, illustrating, and pub-lishing of a large-format volume, Marinesin the Revolution. Concurrently, a seriesof 14 paintings were created by then-MajCharles H. Waterhouse, USMCR, illustrat-ing important events and combat actionsof the Continental Marines. These wereused both to illustrate the official bookand to reproduce as a print series by theMarine Corps Association. The originalpaintings were shown in Washington andthen nationwide, finally coming to rest inthe Marine Memorial and Museum, NewHall, in Philadelphia's National Indepen-dence Historical Park.

The museum in New Hall had been

created by now-LtCol Magruder in 1960with funds from the Bok and Astor Foun-dations and money raised by the Philadel-phia Marine Reserve community as amemorial to World War II Marines and totell the story of Marines in Philadelphiafrom 1775 to 1805. It was and is operatedby the National Park Service with the Ma-rine Corps providing the exhibits. At thetime of the bicentennial we began to planwith the Park Service for an upgrade of theexhibits to reflect only the ContinentalMarines of 1775-1783. Due to NPS fund-ing constraints this was not completed un-til the end of the 1970s.

Another important anniversary is thatof World War II. On the 40th anniversarythe museum mounted a series of exhibitsfrom 1981 to 1985, realizing that manyveterans might not be here for observanceof the 50th. Each exhibit was shown firstat the Marine Corps Museum in the NavyYard and then went to Headquarters.When the next exhibit circulated, theprevious one was stored. In 1985 all ex-hibits were remounted in the museum'sspecial exhibits gallery. After a year theywere moved to the MCRD Parris Islandcommand museum, where they still show.

The 50th anniversary, haIfa century af-ter, of course had to be observed. Thistime both the Historical and MuseumsBranches would be involved and planningbegan in 1990 with the historical demandsof the Persian Gulf War somewhat delay-ing execution. More than 30 subjects wereselected: battles and campaigns, PearlHarbor and Guadalcanal as examples:events like the prewar buildup of Marineforces and the occupations of North Chi-na and Japan; and special units such asRaiders and Defense Battalions. Thepamphlets were not to be mere rehashingof pertinent portions of the operationalhistories; Gen Simmons mandated that 40percent of the material be fresh from per-sonal papers, oral histories, and recentwritings. Slick-paper, well illustratedpamphlets for each of these titles wouldbe published and exhibits of the same ti-tles mounted. This time the exhibitswould be left in place until all 30-plussubjects were covered and the special ex-hibits gallery filled. Maximum use of theart collection was to be made. At this writ-ing, the first five or six exhibits are in placeand three of the pamphlets are in print.Although the pamphlets primarily arepublished as training materials for Ma-


Also a feature of the Time Tunnel" of the Museum at the iVashington Navy Yardis this case displaying items relating to Marine participation in the American Revolu-tion, 1775 -1 783. Many of these hard-to-find items now are unobtainable at any price.

rines, a small number are available to or-ganizations of veterans of the Marinecampaigns and to targeted distributionsuch as the Guadalcanal pamphlet, whichwas taken in quantity by the AssistantCommandant to the anniversary obser-vance of that campaign.

W HEN IRAQ INVADED Kuwait the di-

vision went into high gear withmobilization of Reserve historians and ar-tists of its historical mobilization trainingunit. Five historians and five artists weresent to the Gulf. The historians' mono-graphs are in final stages of editing beforepublication; more than 50 pieces of artwere produced and were exhibited at theMarine Corps Museum for more than ayear. Friendly and enemy artifacts collect-ed also were exhibited at the Museum andshown for more than a year. When the ex-hibition was taken down it was shipped tothe MCRD San Diego command museum.

The Historical Center has been en-gineered as a one-stop repository for allaspects of Marine Corps history. Hardly aday goes by that researchers are not busyin carrels in the Reference Section, the Ar-chives Section, Personal Papers Collection,or Library. These could be a Marine stu-dent from Quantico working on his in-dividual research project, a civilianthink-tank worker seeking data for a mili-tary study, or a writer gathering informa-tion for a book or journal article. This isnot only a high-quality public service; theproduct of visitors' research also advancesthe knowledge of Corps history, methods,and accomplishments and presents it toa governmental or a public audience.

Another element of the program is theoccasional papers. These are academictheses, diaries, studies, and other publish-able material relating strongly to the Ma-rine Corps and reproduced, usually infacsimile, in small editions of 200 to 500copies for limited distribution to interest-ed Marines, other services, libraries, andeducational institutions.

Fortitudine, Bulletin of the MarineCorps Historical Program, has been pub-lished for the past 20 years. It contains notso much Corps history as news of thehistorical program—what the division isdoing about and with Marine Corps his-tory, with a good deal of that history rub-bing off on the reader. Distribution is bymultiple copies to each company-sizedunit, detachments, and headquarters.

Subscriptions for private individuals areavailable from the Government PrintingOffice. Articles announce our new publi-cations, oral history interviews, an, and ex-hibits. News of historical activities in thefield such as establishment and function-ing of command museums, creation ofunit historical displays, and production ofhistorical pageants and anniversaries, isnoted.

T HE REFERENCE SECTION prepares ahistorical article each month for Ma-

rines magazine and an update of Marinehistorical activities each quarter for theNaval Institute's Naval History magazine.These two efforts are but a fraction ofReference's labors. The section answersmore than 7,000 queries each year,—written, telephoned, or walked-in ques-tions. The responses are used to satisfy awide range of informational needs, fromwell considered input to formal historicalstudies to quick replies to hurry-up re-quests from other Headquarters agencies.Meanwhile, the Museums Branch is an-swering yet another 2,000-plus queries onmatters of material history.

The principal mission of the MuseumsBranch is to collect and interpret MarineCorps history through exhibits of art andthree dimensional objects or artifacts. Theart collection now numbers some 6,000pieces, from sketches made under fire toformal oil paintings. The artifacts num-ber more than 100,000 (we don't reallyknow, but more about that deficiency ina moment) and range from an item of in-signia or a medal to aircraft and tanks. Thecollections must be cared for, stored, pro-tected, accounted for, and used in our ownexhibits or loaned to other museums or,in the case of art, circulated around the

Corps and private sector museums andused to decorate the offices of the mostsenior officers. Their care, storage, andsecurity alone represents a major effort.The constant movement in and out ofstorage for exhibition or loan, as essentialto the mission as it is, demands an addi-tional higher order of effort in recordskeeping and transportation arrangements.

The problem of records keeping for sucha vast collection suggests a computer-basedinventory system. The Museum pioneeredin this field within the museum commu-nity, at first with a do-it-yourself effort.Almost 20 years ago, we started to inven-tory the collection on IBM punch cardsstill being used on Headquarters' main-frame computer. We got a good printouton the portion of the collection put on thepunch cards, but access to the main-framewas limited and response time intermina-ble with the Museum at the bottom pri-ority and the staff across the Potomac atthe Washington Navy Yard. This systemwe dubbed MCMICS for Marine CorpsMuseum Inventory and Catalog System.After giving up on the antiquated punch-card system and after much writing ofstudies to justify the purchase, we acquired14 years ago a Sperry-Univac BC-7 mini-computer. It used 8-inch floppy discs anda proprietary program, but it worked—for a time. We input about one-quarterof the artifacts collection and couldmanipulate the information. For example,if we wanted to do an exhibit on Guadal-canal we merely fed in that name and outcame directions to all available artifactsrelating to Guadalcanal. A former Com-mandant had given us a quantity ofmemorabilia over the years and called upand asked us if we could provide him alist of what he had donated. His name was

Fortitudine, Summer 1992 5

Marine OYJ (No. 120454) is at center of a full-scale display in the World IVar II han-gar of the Air- Ground Museum at Quantico, illustrating pioneering medevac efforts.

V1

rifles, a small number are available to or-ganizations of veterans of the Marinecampaigns and to targeted distributionsuch as the Guadalcanal pamphlet, whichwas taken in quantity by the AssistantCommandant to the anniversary obser-vance of that campaign.

W HEN IRAQ INVADED Kuwait the di-vision went into high gear with

mobilization of Reserve historians and ar-tists of its historical mobilization trainingunit. Five historians and five artists weresent to the Gulf. The historians' mono-graphs are in final stages of editing beforepublication; more than 50 pieces of artwere produced and were exhibited at theMarine Corps Museum for more than ayear. Friendly and enemy artifacts collect-ed also were exhibited at the Museum andshown for more than a year. When the ex-hibition was taken down it was shipped tothe MCRD San Diego command museum.

The Historical Center has been en-gineered as a one-stop repository for allaspects of Marine Corps history. Hardly aday goes by that researchers are not busyin carrels in the Reference Section, the Ar-chives Section, Personal Papers Collection,or Library. These could be a Marine stu-dent from Quantico working on his in-dividual research project, a civilianthink-tank worker seeking data for a mili-tary study, or a writer gathering informa-tion for a book or journal article. This isnot only a high-quality public service; theproduct of visitors' research also advancesthe knowledge of Corps history, methods,and accomplishments and presents it toa governmental or a public audience.

Another element of the program is theoccasional papers. These are academictheses, diaries, studies, and other publish-able material relating strongly to the Ma-rine Corps and reproduced, usually infacsimile, in small editions of 200 to 500copies for limited distribution to interest-ed Marines, other services, libraries, andeducational institutions.

Fortitudine, Bulletin of the MarineCorps Historical Program, has been pub-lished for the past 20 years. It contains notso much Corps history as news of thehistorical program—what the division isdoing about and with Marine Corps his-tory, with a good deal of that history rub-bing off on the reader. Distribution is bymultiple copies to each company-sizedunit, detachments, and headquarters.

Subscriptions for private individuals areavailable from the Government PrintingOffice. Articles announce our new publi-cations, oral history interviews, an, and ex-hibits. News of historical activities in thefield such as establishment and function-ing of command museums, creation ofunit historical displays, and production ofhistorical pageants and anniversaries, isnoted.

T HE REFERENCE SECTION prepares ahistorical article each month for Ma-

rines magazine and an update of Marinehistorical activities each quarter for theNaval Institute's Naval History magazine.These two efforts are but a fraction ofReference's labors. The section answersmore than 7,000 queries each year,—written, telephoned, or walked-in ques-tions. The responses are used to satisfy awide range of informational needs, fromwell considered input to formal historicalstudies to quick replies to hurry-up re-quests from other Headquarters agencies.Meanwhile, the Museums Branch is an-swering yet another 2,000-plus queries onmatters of material history.

The principal mission of the MuseumsBranch is to collect and interpret MarineCorps history through exhibits of art andthree dimensional objects or artifacts. Theart collection now numbers some 6,000pieces, from sketches made under fire toformal oil paintings. The artifacts num-ber more than 100,000 (we don't reallyknow, but more about that deficiency ina moment) and range from an item of in-signia or a medal to aircraft and tanks. Thecollections must be cared for, stored, pro-tected, accounted for, and used in our ownexhibits or loaned to other museums or,in the case of art, circulated around the

Corps and private sector museums andused to decorate the offices of the mostsenior officers. Their care, storage, andsecurity alone represents a major effort.The constant movement in and out ofstorage for exhibition or loan, as essentialto the mission as it is, demands an addi-tional higher order of effort in recordskeeping and transponation arrangements.

The problem of records keeping for sucha vast collection suggests a computer-basedinventory system. The Museum pioneeredin this field within the museum commu-nity, at first with a do-it-yourself effort.Almost 20 years ago, we started to inven-tory the collection on IBM punch cardsstill being used on Headquarters' main-frame computer. We got a good printouton the ponion of the collection put on thepunch cards, but access to the main-framewas limited and response time intermina-ble with the Museum at the bottom pri-ority and the staff across the Potomac atthe Washington Navy Yard. This systemwe dubbed MCMICS for Marine CorpsMuseum Inventory and Catalog System.After giving up on the antiquated punch-card system and after much writing ofstudies to justify the purchase, we acquired14 years ago a Sperry-Univac BC-7 mini-computer. It used 8-inch floppy discs anda proprietary program, but it worked—for a time. We input about one-quarterof the artifacts collection and couldmanipulate the information. For example,if we wanted to do an exhibit on Guadal-canal we merely fed in that name and outcame directions to all available artifactsrelating to Guadalcanal. A former Com-mandant had given us a quantity ofmemorabilia over the years and called upand asked us if we could provide him alist of what he had donated. His name was


Marine OYJ (No. 120454) is at center of a full-scale display in the IVorid lVar II han-gar of the Air- Ground Museum at Quantico, illustrating pioneering medevac efforts.

"Marines in the Movies," "Marine Recruit-ing," and "Through the Wheat, Marinesin World War I." A large exhibition, "TheEagle and the Dragon, Marines in the Box-er Rebellion:' received acclaim and whentaken down was moved to the MCRD SanDiego Museum. The aforementioned"40th Anniversary of World War II," "Ma-rines in the Gulf War," and "Arms andMen," a history of infantry weapons, wereother major efforts.

keyed in and out came a list of his dona-tions. This was MCMICS II and for awhileit was wonderful. Museum registrars fromthe other services and private sector muse-ums often visited for demonstrations andconsultation.

W E NEVER GOT the entire collectioninput, however, as our registrars in

those days were also historians andmuseologists and were often diverted toexhibit and writing projects. Our firstshock came when Sperry-Univac stoppedmaking the BC-7. Soon spare parts wereno longer produced and factory serviceceased. The company went out of businessand merged into Unisys. When the BC-7went down, repairmen who had never seenone before were put to the test and even-tually failed. We shut it down to preservethe stored entries, hoping to be able toretrieve them one last time into a futuresystem.

Help was on the way by the mid-1980swith advent of the desktop micro-computer. The division was at the end ofthe headquarters computer supply line,but we finally got a variety of 8086 IBM-clone PCs. They were great for wordprocessing, and paperwork flowed morerapidly, but despite DBase!!! databasesoftware we couldn't devise a suitable in-ventory and catalog program. DBase!!! wasdesigned for short line-item entrieswhereas a museum catalog entry can bemany lines as long with a description ofthe item, its donor, where it was used, andmuch more. DBase!!! could handle suchentries, but would choke after only a fewthousand while we needed a system that

would handle tens of thousands of entries.Meanwhile, a number of small softwarecompanies had developed database sys-tems optimized for museum require-ments. We have procured such a system,called REGIS, but are waiting for faster386 computers on which to run it withoutinordinate delays.

Aside from caring for this large collec-tion, our two museums, the Marine CorpsMuseum in the Navy Yard and the Air-Ground Museum at Quantico, are thebranch's main task. These two museumsare the jewels in the Division's crown.While our publications endure and areavailable for reference on public and pri-vate library shelves, museum exhibits aremore graphic, more dramatic, and thepages are always open. At the HistoricalCenter, the Division's headquarters in theNavy Yard, the "Time Tunnel" is the coreof the Museum. It displays Marine Corpshistory from 1775 to the present in stand-ing exhibits. We refer to them as "stand-ing," rather than "permanent," as materialis rotated in the cases and new materialis constantly being inserted. The specialexhibits gallery has been the scene of oneor two major exhibits per year for the past15 years. Some have been all art, such asCol Waterhouse's series, "Marines in theRevolution," "Marines in the Conquest ofCalifornia:' "Marines in the Frigate Navy,"and finally a retrospective of all his artupon his retirement. Other art exhibitions.included our opening show in 1977, "Ma-rines as Seen by Contemporaneous Ar-tists," and later the 75th Anniversary ofMarine Corps Aviation." Most exhibitionsincluded both artifacts and art, such as

I N THE I96oS the museum at Quanticobegan to acquire a few historical air-

craft. A World War I DH-4, a GrummanF4F-4 Wildcat, a Vought F4U-1 Corsair, aDouglas SBD-5 Dauntless, were amongthe first and more significant aircraft ac-quired. A Marine Corps aviation museumto exhibit these historically important air-craft became not only desirable, but alsomandatory. This was realized in 1978 withthe gaining of an additional hangar atBrown Field, Quantico, and the AviationMuseum was born. We already had anumber of trophy artillery pieces from fourwars, andJapanese and Russian tanks fromWorld War I! and Korea. More guns,tanks, vehicles, and aircraft began to comeour way and the idea of a Marine Corpsair-ground museum began to take shape.Additional ancient hangars at Brown Fieldand a portion of Larson Gym, the oldAES-12 overhaul and repair hangar, wereturned over to us for exhibit, restoration,and storage purposes.

By 1990 three hangars exhibited the in-dividual and crew-served weapons, ar-tillery, armored and wheeled vehicles, andaircraft of the Marine Corps for threeperiods—1900 to 1940, World War I!, andKorea. For of the periods' constituentevents—pre-World War I, World War I,Banana Wars, the phases of World War I!,development of jets and helicopters, andthe Korean War—the gear was groupedtogether. The aim, by these groupings, wasto show the development of the air-ground team, combined arms, and am-phibious operations of each period. Plansare afoot to construct a fourth hangar atBrown Field to tell the stories of Vietnam,the Gulf War, and our other alarms andexcursions of these years in a like manner.Today's Air-Ground Museum is popularwith Marine families, former Marines, andthe public attracted by the museum signson Interstate Highway 95. More impor-tantly, it is a valuable adjunct education-

6 Fortitzidine, Summer 1992

Photo by Lena Kaijot

The large Special Exhibits Gallery of the Marine Corps Museum in IVashington hasbeen filled by many memorable shows over 15 years, most recently one honoring the1991 Marine particzjation in Operation Desert Storm in Saudi Arabia and Iraq.

-

"Marines in the Movies:' "Marine Recruit-ing," and "Through the Wheat, Marinesin World War I." A large exhibition, "TheEagle and the Dragon, Marines in the Box-er Rebellion," received acclaim and whentaken down was moved to the MCRD SanDiego Museum. The aforementioned"40th Anniversary of World War II," "Ma-rines in the Gulf War," and "Arms andMen," a history of infantry weapons, wereother major efforts.

keyed in and out came a list of his dona-tions. This was MCMICS II and for awhileit was wonderful. Museum registrars fromthe other services and private sector muse-ums often visited for demonstrations andconsultation.

W E NEVER GOT the entire collectioninput, however, as our registrars in

those days were also historians andmuseologists and were often diverted toexhibit and writing projects. Our firstshock came when Sperry-Univac stoppedmaking the BC-7. Soon spare parts wereno longer produced and factory serviceceased. The company went out of businessand merged into Unisys. When the BC-7went down, repairmen who had never seenone before were put to the test and even-tually failed. We shut it down to preservethe stored entries, hoping to be able toretrieve them one last time into a futuresystem.

Help was on the way by the mid-1980swith advent of the desktop micro-computer. The division was at the end ofthe headquarters computer supply line,but we finally got a variety of 8086 IBM-clone PCs. They were great for wordprocessing, and paperwork flowed morerapidly, but despite DBaseIII databasesoftware we couldn't devise a suitable in-ventory and catalog program. DBaseIII wasdesigned for short line-item entrieswhereas a museum catalog entry can bemany lines as long with a description ofthe item, its donor, where it was used, andmuch more. DBaseIII could handle suchentries, but would choke after only a fewthousand while we needed a system that

would handle tens of thousands of entries.Meanwhile, a number of small softwarecompanies had developed database sys-tems optimized for museum require-ments. We have procured such a system,called REGIS, but are waiting for faster386 computers on which to run it withoutinordinate delays.

Aside from caring for this large collec-tion, our two museums, the Marine CorpsMuseum in the Navy Yard and the Air-Ground Museum at Quantico, are thebranch's main task. These two museumsare the jewels in the Division's crown.While our publications endure and areavailable for reference on public and pri-vate library shelves, museum exhibits aremore graphic, more dramatic, and thepages are always open. At the HistoricalCenter, the Division's headquarters in theNavy Yard, the "Time Tunnel" is the coreof the Museum. It displays Marine Corpshistory from 1775 to the present in stand-ing exhibits. We refer to them as "stand-ing:' rather than "permanent," as materialis rotated in the cases and new materialis constantly being inserted. The specialexhibits gallery has been the scene of oneor two major exhibits per year for the past15 years. Some have been all art, such asCol Waterhouse's series, "Marines in theRevolution," "Marines in the Conquest ofCalifornia," "Marines in the Frigate Navy,"and finally a retrospective of all his artupon his retirement. Other art exhibitions.included our opening show in 1977, "Ma-rines as Seen by Contemporaneous Ar-tists," and later the "75th Anniversary ofMarine Corps Aviation." Most exhibitionsincluded both artifacts and art, such as

I N THE I96oS the museum at Quanticobegan to acquire a few historical air-

craft. A World War I DH-4, a GrummanF4F-4 Wildcat, a Vought F4U-1 Corsair, aDouglas SBD-5 Dauntless, were amongthe first and more significant aircraft ac-quired. A Marine Corps aviation museumto exhibit these historically important air-craft became not only desirable, but alsomandatory. This was realized in 1978 withthe gaining of an additional hangar atBrown Field, Quantico, and the AviationMuseum was born. We already had anumber of trophy artillery pieces from fourwars, and Japanese and Russian tanks fromWorld War II and Korea. More guns,tanks, vehicles, and aircraft began to comeour way and the idea of a Marine Corpsair-ground museum began to take shape.Additional ancient hangars at Brown Fieldand a portion of Larson Gym, the oldAES-12 overhaul and repair hangar, wereturned over to us for exhibit, restoration,and storage purposes.

By 1990 three hangars exhibited the in-dividual and crew-served weapons, ar-tillery, armored and wheeled vehicles, andaircraft of the Marine Corps for threeperiods—1900 to 1940, World War II, andKorea. For of the periods' constituentevents—pre-World War I, World War I,Banana Wars, the phases of World War H,development of jets and helicopters, andthe Korean War— the gear was groupedtogether. The aim, by these groupings, wasto show the development of the air-ground team, combined arms, and am-phibious operations of each period. Plansare afoot to construct a fourth hangar atBrown Field to tell the stories of Vietnam,the Gulf War, and our other alarms andexcursions of these years in a like manner.Today's Air-Ground Museum is popularwith Marine families, former Marines, andthe public attracted by the museum signson Interstate Highway 95. More impor-tantly, it is a valuable adjunct education-

6 Fortitzidine, Summer 1992


The large Special Exhibits Gallery of the Marine Corps Museum in W/ashington hasbeen filled by many memorable shows over 15 years, most recently one honoring the1991 Marine particzf'ation in Operation Desert Storm in Saudi Arabia and Iraq.

a! resource for the Marine Corps Universitywhich subsumes the various colleges andschools at Quantico.

The two museums, plus support of thecommand museums at San Diego, El Toro,and Parris Island, plus one in the worksat Cherry Point, aren't the only exhibit ac-tivity of the museums branch. Easily trans-portable modular exhibits have beendeveloped and shown at Headquarters,Quantico, Naval Academy, commandmuseums, and elsewhere, even at Guadal-canal during the recent 50th anniversaryobservance there. Special exhibits such as"First to Fight," which graced Secretary ofthe Navy country in the Pentagon forseveral years, the Commandants' Galleryof portraits and combat art in the samelocation, and a new World War II anniver-sary exhibit to go in the Pentagon are butsome of the additional demands placed onthe branch. Then there is the historicaluniform program which enables smallunits to borrow kits of uniform and accou-terment reproductions for periods fromthe Revolution to the present for ceremo-nies. Use of these kits enables units to givea visible historical content to their activi-ties. Larger units and bases often buy theirown kits with the assistance of the branchto ensure authenticity and suggest sources.

A S DO MANY HIS1DRICAL societies andmuseums, the division gets some

support from volunteers. These, mainly re-tired or former Marines or their wives,clerk the museum stores, work in the col-lections cataloging and preserving, and atQuantico helping restore aircraft and ve-hicles. A number of publications—unithistories and World War II 50th anniver-sary pamphlets—have been written byvolunteers.

Division activities extend even fartherby its outreach program. Members are en-couraged to join professional societies andparticipate in their activities as an impor-tant element of professional development.These include archives, library, historical,and museum associations, both nationaland international, professional and avoca-tional. These meetings broaden contactsand networks, and add depth toknowledge. Our members have organizedmeetings, committees, and panel discus-sions and seminars. They have deliveredscholarly papers and less formal talks. TheMarine Corps historical program hasearned respect and prestige in the history

and museum professions through thisrepresentation. In 1979, the division withhelp from close friends like BGen JamesLawrence, Col Robert D. Heinl, andRobert Sherrod, founded its own avoca-tional association, the Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation, now more than2,000 members strong. The purpose of theFoundation, for those readers who are notyet members, is support of the historicalprogram by raising funds for study andwriting grants and making annual awardsfor excellence in historical articles, books,and museum exhibits. The Foundationraises money for these programs throughdonations by members and from profitsfrom stores in both museums.

So what is the purpose of the above reci-tation? Simply to establish the rationalefor the historical program by recountingits accomplishments and obstacles and ask:"Where do we go from here, given thedrastic cuts in personnel and funding al-ready suffered?" In describing the histor-ical program in the past, Gen Simmonsoften likened the History and MuseumsDivision to the Platte River runningthrough Nebraska from the Missouri tothe Rockies-'A mile wide and a footdeep'— referring to our lack of depth in anumber of positions. One oral historian,one librarian, one archivist, one curatoreach for the various museum collections,and one museum registrar. When one ofthese is absent, routine operations in thatsection ceases. In an emergency, anotherprofessional can and often does double forthe absentee, but with less skill and to thedetriment of his own mission. This be-came more and more critical with past cutsand may well be ruinous with furtherplanned reductions. The one-foot depthof our Platte River has dried up to abouta one-inch depth. The question then be-comes: "What functions do we drop?"

M ANAGEMENT GURUS and efficiencyexperts, not understanding the in-

tangibles and unmeasurables of organiza-tions, often give bad advice. They don'tunderstand the need for an institutionalmemory in any organization and especiallydon't recognize the role of history in amilitary organization, which goes to waronly after long intervening periods ofpeace during which many battle-experienced veterans retire. This intermit-tency requires the constant rebuilding ofmorale, esprit de corps, and sense of place

and purpose. New generations of leadersmust learn what works and what does notfrom the historical record of tactics, oper-ations, strategy, and doctrine. Manyaphorisms affirm this viewpoint to thepoint of being cliches: 'The past is pro-logue," "Study the past to understand thefuture," "It has all happened before,""Those who do not learn from the mis-takes of history are condemned to repeatthem," and on and on.

T HE HIS1DRICAL PROGRAM might belikened to the keeper of the eternal

flame in the temple of Clio, the GreekMuse of History. The program records thathistory through the command chronolo-gies and other archival materials, by send-ing historians and artists to the field,especially in time of conflict, and bydigesting that raw history into meaning-ful publications and exhibits. These lat-ter instruct and motivate new generationsof Marines in the traditions, the accom-plishments, the glories, the heroism, andthe successful practices of past generationsof Marines. Evaluation of this history andlearned personal interpretation is not thedivision's mission. That is left to the vari-ous academics of the schools at Quantico.The program's mission is to gather, collate,and present the history in a form usableby the greatest number of consumers, in-cluding the academics.

It can be argued that in times of peacewhen practical experience in warfightingdiminishes, the need for a historical pro-gram increases. It is not a "nice to have"luxury to give a little class or panache toa service. "The cold war is over" syndromepermits, and economic considerations dic-tate, reductions in fighting forces, but thecollection and exploitation of MarineCorps history continues regardless ofthreats to our security or lack thereof.Records of all types must be expanded andmaintained for current and future use.There are no MOSs for historians andmuseologists. They cannot be trained andindoctrinated in a few months as can arifleman, gunner, driver, or even a secondlieutenant. Nor can they be plugged inand out of a number of different units ascan Marines. Marine Corps historical capa-bilities therefore must be retained in aviable status lest all that has been accom-plished be lost or at least rendered mori-bund and ineffective. Eli 775L1


al resource for the Marine Corps Universitywhich subsumes the various colleges andschools at Quantico.

The two museums, plus support of thecommand museums at San Diego, El Toro,and Parris Island, plus one in the worksat Cherry Point, aren't the only exhibit ac-tivity of the museums branch. Easily trans-portable modular exhibits have beendeveloped and shown at Headquarters,Quantico, Naval Academy, commandmuseums, and elsewhere, even at Guadal-canal during the recent 50th anniversaryobservance there. Special exhibits such as"First to Fight," which graced Secretary ofthe Navy country in the Pentagon forseveral years, the Commandants' Galleryof portraits and combat art in the samelocation, and a new World War H anniver-sary exhibit to go in the Pentagon are butsome of the additional demands placed onthe branch. Then there is the historicaluniform program which enables smallunits to borrow kits of uniform and accou-terment reproductions for periods fromthe Revolution to the present for ceremo-nies. Use of these kits enables units to givea visible historical content to their activi-ties. Larger units and bases often buy theirown kits with the assistance of the branchto ensure authenticity and suggest sources.

A S DO MANY HISIDRICAL societies andmuseums, the division gets some

support from volunteers. These, mainly re-tired or former Marines or their wives,clerk the museum stores, work in the col-lections cataloging and preserving, and atQuantico helping restore aircraft and ve-hicles. A number of publications—unithistories and World War II 50th anniver-sary pamphlets—have been written byvolunteers.

Division activities extend even fartherby its outreach program. Members are en-couraged to join professional societies andparticipate in their activities as an impor-tarn element of professional development.These include archives, library, historical,and museum associations, both nationaland international, professional and avoca-tional. These meetings broaden contactsand networks, and add depth toknowledge. Our members have organizedmeetings, committees, and panel discus-sions and seminars. They have deliveredscholarly papers and less formal talks. TheMarine Corps historical program hasearned respect and prestige in the history

and museum professions through thisrepresentation. In 1979, the division withhelp from close friends like BGen JamesLawrence, Col Robert D. Heinl, andRobert Sherrod, founded its own avoca-tional association, the Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation, now more than2,000 members strong. The purpose of theFoundation, for those readers who are notyet members, is support of the historicalprogram by raising funds for study andwriting grants and making annual awardsfor excellence in historical articles, books,and museum exhibits. The Foundationraises money for these programs throughdonations by members and from profitsfrom stores in both museums.

So what is the purpose of the above reci-tation? Simply to establish the rationalefor the historical program by recountingits accomplishments and obstacles and ask:"Where do we go from here, given thedrastic cuts in personnel and funding al-ready suffered?" In describing the histor-ical program in the past, Gen Simmonsofren likened the History and MuseumsDivision to the Platte River runningthrough Nebraska from the Missouri tothe Rockies—"A mile wide and a footdeep"— referring to our lack of depth in anumber of positions. One oral historian,one librarian, one archivist, one curatoreach for the various museum collections,and one museum registrar. When one ofthese is absent, routine operations in thatsection ceases. In an emergency, anotherprofessional can and often does double forthe absentee, but with less skill and to thedetriment of his own mission. This be-came more and more critical with past cutsand may well be ruinous with furtherplanned reductions. The one-foot depthof our Platte River has dried up to abouta one-inch depth. The question then be-comes: "What functions do we drop?"

M ANAGEMENT GURUS and efficiencyexperts, not understanding the in-

tangibles and unmeasurables of organiza-tions, often give bad advice. They don'tunderstand the need for an institutionalmemory in any organization and especiallydon't recognize the role of history in amilitary organization, which goes to waronly after long intervening periods ofpeace during which many battle-experienced veterans retire. This intermit-tency requires the constant rebuilding ofmorale, esprit de corps, and sense of place

and purpose. New generations of leadersmust learn what works and what does notfrom the historical record of tactics, oper-ations, strategy, and doctrine. Manyaphorisms affirm this viewpoint to thepoint of being cliches: "The past is pro-logue," "Study the past to understand thefuture," "It has all happened before,""Those who do not learn from the mis-takes of history are condemned to repeatthem," and on and on.

T HE HIS1DRICAL PROGRAM might belikened to the keeper of the eternal

flame in the temple of Clio, the GreekMuse of History. The program records thathistory through the command chronolo-gies and other archival materials, by send-ing historians and artists to the field,especially in time of conflict, and bydigesting that raw history into meaning-ful publications and exhibits. These lat-ter instruct and motivate new generationsof Marines in the traditions, the accom-plishments, the glories, the heroism, andthe successful practices of past generationsof Marines. Evaluation of this history andlearned personal interpretation is not thedivision's mission. That is left to the vari-ous academics of the schools at Quantico.The program's mission is to gather, collate,and present the history in a form usableby the greatest number of consumers, in-cluding the academics.

It can be argued that in times of peacewhen practical experience in warfightingdiminishes, the need for a historical pro-gram increases. It is not a "nice to have"luxury to give a little class or panache toa service. "The cold war is over" syndromepermits, and economic considerations dic-tate, reductions in fighting forces, but thecollection and exploitation of MarineCorps history continues regardless ofthreats to our security or lack thereof.Records of all types must be expanded andmaintained for current and future use.There are no MOSs for historians andmuseologists. They cannot be trained andindoctrinated in a few months as can arifleman, gunner, driver, or even a secondlieutenant. Nor can they be plugged inand out of a number of different units ascan Marines. Marine Corps historical capa-bilities therefore must be retained in aviable status lest all that has been accom-plished be lost or at least rendered mori-bund and ineffective. Eli 775E1


Readers Always W'rite

Bulletin Slights FamedDauntless Divebomberof World War II BattlesI join with probably every other MarineCorps fighter pilot on your mailing list topoint out that the venerable \X"WII war-bird pictured on page 23 (Fortitudine,Spring 1992) is indeed not a "fighter ofVMF-221," but very obviously a DouglasSBD Dauntless dive bomber. It may wellhave taken part in the battle for Midway;unfortunately the only fighters participat-ing in that struggle flown by USMC pi-lots were the Brewster F3A Buffalo and theGrumman F4F Wildcat. Neither in anyway resembled the SBD.

Granted that my 70-year-old visionmakes it rather difficult for me to countbullet holes in the Dauntless; however, Ido differ with the caption's use of the term"riddled with bullet holes." This airplaneprobably required an hour of a capablemetalsmith's time to cover the very few

holes and get it in shape for its next flight.In one memorable flight during which I(inadvertently) served as the target for avery accurate Japanese Zero fighter, I notefrom my log book entry of that day thatmy F4U-1 Corsair was holed by 105 7.7mmand two 20mm rounds. Now that'sriddled!

Col Bruce J. Matheson, USMC (Ret)Kailua, Hawaii

EDITOR'S NOTE: Thanks to Col Mathe-son for his correct identification of the pic-tured SBD and as he predicts, to thescores of others who protested the errorAmong many interesting and informativeletters were those from LtCol Clyde R.Stewart, USMC (Ret); CW"O-3 Donald VHealas, USMCR (Ret); Capt Byron JVKeagle, USMC (Ret), Joseph S. Rychetnik;W"illiam P Sherman; John A. T Tilley;Ted Minter; James Harrington; and CarlE Crumpton.I enjoyed very much your two-part articleon "Jim" Crowe in the most recent issuesof Fortitudine. I think my generation ofofficers viewed Tarawa principally in termsof Hawkins, Shoup, and Edson. Thanks

for bringing such a colorful character asCrowe back to life.

I'm still a novice on 'X"\X'II history de-tails . . . but did you not mean to statethat 0917 was the touchdown time for LT2/8 on D-Day, instead of 0907? All thesources I've researched indicate that thedestroyers in the lagoon lifted their fire at0907; elements of LT 3/2 touched downon RB 1 at 0910; and Crowe's first ele-ments touched down on RB 3 at 0917.Col Joseph H. Alexander, USMC (Ret)

Asheville, North CarolinaEDITORS NOTE: The Marine Corps' offi-cial history of the Tarawa campazgn con-firms Col Alexander's research, that theactual touchdown time of Landing Team2/8 on Tarawa was 0917. As he also pointsout, the first unit to land was LandingTeam 3/2 at 0910.As a longtime admirer of [Gen Simmons']writing skill—I thought your piece on"Jim" Crowe to be particularly out-standing!

BGen M. T Hopgood, Jr.Commanding General,

1st Force Service Support Group


Division Shifts Relocate Museums Branch to Quanticoby LtCol Dale K. Johnson, USMC

Executive Officer

Historical Branch. A lieutenant colonel becomes the branchhead. The former Oral History Section becomes a unit withinthe Histories Section, staffed by the former Curator of Spe-cial Projects in Museums Branch. The Archives Section addsthe former Personal Papers Collection of the Museums Branchas a unit.

B Y THE END OF 1991, the History and Museums Divisionwill have completed a significant reorganization effort,

driven by current and projected fiscal constraints. The mostextensive changes to date involve the division's museumresponsibilities, with a consolidation at the Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum, Quantico, of most of the personnel of theMuseums Branch in Washington, D.C., and the former Muse-ums Branch Activities, Quantico.

The Museums Branch consolidation will relocate Chief Cu-rator Charles Anthony Wood and Registrar Jennifer L. Good-ing to new quarters at the Air-Ground Museum near the endof October. The address for both will be: Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum, Building 2014, Marine Corps Base, Quan-tico, Virginia 22 314-5001. The autovon telephone number forboth will be 8-278-2606/7. The fax number will be703-640-5856.

Detailed changes in the division organization are present-ed in the masthead of Fortitudine for this issue, with moreadjustments likely to follow and to be reported in future is-sues. The reorganization to date can be summarized as follows:

Museums Branch. A lieutenant colonel becomes the branchhead. The majority of branch personnel and the point of maineffort are centered at current Marine Corps Air-Ground Muse-um facilities at MCB Quantico. The Chief Curator and theRegistrar relocate from the Marine Corps Historical Center,Washington, D.C., to the Air-Ground Museum, as head andmember, respectively, of the new Museums Section. The Ma-rine Corps Museum at the Marine Corps Historical Center,Washington Navy Yard, retains a three-person exhibits unitand the Marine Corps Art Collection under the Curator ofArt. The newly vacant post of Curator of Special Projects willnot be filled.

Deputy Director. A colonel who is Deputy Director of His-tory and Museums replaces both the former Deputy Directorfor History (a colonel) and the Deputy Director for Museums(a senior civilian).

Support Branch. A lieutenant colonel remains as the branchhead. The former Security Section becomes a unit of the Ad-ministrative Section. The Marine Corps Historical CenterLibrary loses one of two employees, as one becomes the secre-tary to the Director. The vacant post of the secretary to thedeputy directors and chief historian will not be filled.

Readers Always Urite

Bulletin Slights FamedDauntless Divebomberof World War II BattlesI join with probably every other MarineCorps fighter pilot on your mailing list topoint out that the venerable WWII war-bird pictured on page 23 (Fortitudine,Spring 1992) is indeed not a "fighter ofVMF-221," but very obviously a DouglasSBD Dauntless dive bomber. It may wellhave taken part in the battle for Midway;unfortunately the only fighters participat-ing in that struggle flown by USMC pi-lots were the Brewster F3A Buffalo and theGrumman F4F Wildcat. Neither in anyway resembled the SBD.

Granted that my 70-year-old visionmakes it rather difficult for me to countbullet holes in the Dauntless; however, Ido differ with the caption's use of the term"riddled with bullet holes." This airplaneprobably required an hour of a capablemetalsmith's time to cover the very few

holes and get it in shape for its next flight.In one memorable flight during which I(inadvertently) served as the target for avery accurate Japanese Zero fighter, I notefrom my log book entry of that day thatmy F4U-1 Corsair was holed by 105 7.7mmand two 20mm rounds. Now that'sriddled

Col Bruce J. Matheson, USMC (Ret)Kailua, Hawaii

EDITOR'S NOTE: Thanks to Col Mathe-son for his correct identification of the pic-tured SBD and as he predicts, to thescores of others who protested the errorAmong many interesting and inform ativeletters were those from LtCol Clyde R.Stewart, USMC (Ret); CW/O-3 Donald VHealas, USMCR (Ret); Capt Byron WKeagle, USMC (Ret), Joseph S. Rychetnik;William P Sherman; John A. T Tilley;Ted Minter; James Harrzngton; and CarlF Crumpton.I enjoyed very much your two-part articleon "Jim" Crowe in the most recent issuesof Fortitudine. I think my generation ofofficers viewed Tarawa principally in termsof Hawkins, Shoup, and Edson. Thanks

for bringing such a colorful character asCrowe back to life.

I'm still a novice on \X"WII history de-tails . . . but did you not mean to statethat 0917 was the touchdown time for LT2/8 on D-Day, instead of 0907? All thesources I've researched indicate that thedestroyers in the lagoon lifted their fire at0907; elements of LT 3/2 touched downon RB 1 at 0910; and Crowe's first ele-ments touched down on RB 3 at 0917.Col Joseph H. Alexander, USMC (Ret)

Asheville, North CarolinaEDITORS NOTE: The Marine Corps' offi-cial history of the Tarawa campaign con-firms Col Alexander's research, that theactual touchdown time of liin ding Team2/8 on Tarawa was 0917. As he also pointsout, the first unit to land was LandingTeam 3/2 at 0910.As a longtime admirer of[Gen Simmons']writing skill—I thought your piece on"Jim" Crowe to be particularly out-standing!

BGen M. T Hopgood, Jr.Commanding General,

1st Force Service Support Group


Division Shifts Relocate Museums Branch to Quanticoby LtCol Dale K. Johnson, USMC

Executive Officer

Historical Branch. A lieutenant colonel becomes the branchhead. The former Oral History Section becomes a unit withinthe Histories Section, staffed by the former Curator of Spe-cial Projects in Museums Branch. The Archives Section addsthe former Personal Papers Collection of the Museums Branchas a unit.

B Y THE END OF 1991, the History and Museums Divisionwill have completed a significant reorganization effort,

driven by current and projected fiscal constraints. The mostextensive changes to date involve the division's museumresponsibilities, with a consolidation at the Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum, Quantico, of most of the personnel of theMuseums Branch in Washington, D.C., and the former Muse-ums Branch Activities, Quantico.

The Museums Branch consolidation will relocate Chief Cu-rator Charles Anthony Wood and Registrar Jennifer L. Good-ing to new quarters at the Air-Ground Museum near the endof October. The address for both will be: Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum, Building 2014, Marine Corps Base, Quan-tico, Virginia 22314-5001. The autovon telephone number forboth will be 8-278-2606/7. The fax number will be703-640-5856.

Detailed changes in the division organization are present-ed in the masthead of Fortitudine for this issue, with moreadjustments likely to follow and to be reported in future is-sues. The reorganization to date can be summarized as follows:

Museums Branch. A lieutenant colonel becomes the branchhead. The majority of branch personnel and the point of maineffort are centered at current Marine Corps Air-Ground Muse-um facilities at MCB Quantico. The Chief Curator and theRegistrar relocate from the Marine Corps Historical Center,Washington, D.C., to the Air-Ground Museum, as head andmember, respectively, of the new Museums Section. The Ma-rine Corps Museum at the Marine Corps Historical Center,Washington Navy Yard, retains a three-person exhibits unitand the Marine Corps Art Collection under the Curator ofArt. The newly vacant post of Curator of Special Projects willnot be filled.

Deputy Director. A colonel who is Deputy Director of His-tory and Museums replaces both the former Deputy Directorfor History (a colonel) and the Deputy Director for Museums(a senior civilian).

Support Branch. A lieutenant colonel remains as the branchhead. The former Security Section becomes a unit of the Ad-ministrative Section. The Marine Corps Historical CenterLibrary loses one of two employees, as one becomes the secre-tary to the Director. The vacant post of the secretary to thedeputy directors and chief historian will not be filled.

Two Sousa Scrapbooks Presented to Marine Band Libraryby Charles R. Smith

Historian

A T A BRIEF CEREMONY held at theAmerican Embassy in London on 6

July, Assistant Naval Attache Col RobertB. Newlin, USMC, acting on behalf of theMarine Corps Historical Foundation, tookpossession of two unique scrapbooks relat-ing to the activities in the last century ofthe Marine Band and its director, JohnPhilip Sousa.

The scrapbooks were presented to ColNewlin by their former owner, Mr. John N.Fowles, a student and collector of militarymusic. In addition to Col Newlin and Mr.Fowles, Mr. Laurens R. Hardman, an an-tiquarian book dealer who appraised thescrapbooks as a courtesy to the Founda-tion, and LtColJohn M. Ware, RM, Prin-cipal Director of Music for the RoyalMarines, attended.

The ceremony included the reading ofa letter from the Director of the MarineBand, Col John R. Bourgeois, US MC, inwhich he expressed his appreciation to Mr.Fowles for making his collection availablefor purchase by the Foundation, and fu-ture enjoyment by all "who honor thelegacy of John Philip Sousa."

The first scrapbook, or press book, isthought to have been kept by Sousa's wifeand covers the period 1880 to 1892, theperiod when Sousa was the Band'sdirector.

T HE BOOK CONTAINS press clippingsrelating to Sousa and the Band

together with approximately 68 concertprograms, beginning with the programsfor a series of concerts played on the Con-gress Hall lawn, Cape May, NewJersey, inlate August 1882. Virtually all of thismaterial has never been seen by currentMarine Band personnel, nor have copiesexisted in the Marine Band Library.

Press articles include biographicalsketches of Sousa and Band members, con-cert reviews, interviews, accounts ofPresidential receptions, and articles con-cerning the national stature of the band.The articles also illuminate the hithertounknown working relationship betweenSousa and the noted impresario, ColGeorge F. Hinton.

Of particular interest are the numerousconcert programs and notices which de-

tail the full range of activities with whichSousa and his Marine Band were associat-ed during the latter part of the 19th cen-tury. These range from commencementexercises and sacred concerts to ceremoniesfor the unveiling of a statue of ThomasHopkins Gallaudet and a Memorial Dayceremony at Arlington National Cemeteryin 1889. Such notices and programs con-firm that the Marine Band, which was theonly service band in Washington until the1920s, was a fixture at virtually every pub-lic event in the national capital. One suchprogram, that of the National University'sJune 1886 commencement exercises, rev-eals that Sousa's march, "The Gridiron,"was written and performed many yearsearlier than previously supposed.

A COLLECTION OF memorabilia con-nected with the Band's European

tours between the years 1890 and 1930 andwith the theatrical and promotional activi-ties of Col Hinton comprises the secondscrapbook. Included among the numerouspress clippings, photographs, promotionalmaterials, and tour booklets is a letterfrom Buckingham Palace, dated 23 June1902, thanking Col Hinton for submittinga copy of Sousa's march, "Imperial Ed-

ward," for King Edward VIl's approval."His Majesty:' the letter noted, "has givendirections for the music of the March tobe transposed so that it may be played byseveral of the principal Military Bands inEngland."

With formal acceptance by the MarineCorps, the two scrapbooks will be present-ed to the Marine Band and then placedin the Band's library, where they will beaccessible to scholars and students of Sou-sa's career and the late 19th century activi-ties of the Marine Band. Eli 775E1


r SEASONI882.

PROGRAMME

Sevei Grand Concerts

IJnited $tates itarine Band

COJIGR6SS IjALL LAWJI.

CAPE MAY,A' oh o &h.

John N. Fowles presents the two Sousa scrapbooks to Assistant Naval Attache Col RobertB. Newlin, USMC, at a small ceremony held at the US. Embassy in London, also at-tended by LtCol John M. U"are, the Royal Marines' principal director of music.

Two Sousa Scrapbooks Presented to Marine Band Libraryby Charles R. Smith

Historian

A T A BRIEF CEREMONY held at theAmerican Embassy in London on 6

July, Assistant Naval Attache Cot RobertB. Newlin, USMC, acting on behalf of theMarine Corps Historical Foundation, tookpossession of two unique scrapbooks relat-ing to the activities in the last century ofthe Marine Band and its director, JohnPhilip Sousa.

The scrapbooks were presented to CotNewlin by their former owner, Mr. John N.Fowles, a student and collector of militarymusic. In addition to Col Newlin and Mr.Fowles, Mr. Laurens R. Hardman, an an-tiquarian book dealer who appraised thescrapbooks as a courtesy to the Founda-tion, and LtCol John M. Ware, RM, Prin-cipal Director of Music for the RoyalMarines, attended.

The ceremony included the reading ofa letter from the Director of the MarineBand, Cot John R. Bourgeois, USMC, inwhich he expressed his appreciation to Mr.Fowles for making his collection availablefor purchase by the Foundation, and fu-ture enjoyment by all "who honor thelegacy of John Philip Sousa."

The first scrapbook, or press book, isthought to have been kept by Sousa's wifeand covers the period 1880 to 1892, theperiod when Sousa was the Band'sdirector.

T HE BOOK CONTAINS press clippingsrelating to Sousa and the Band

together with approximately 68 concertprograms, beginning with the programsfor a series of concerts played on the Con-gress Hall lawn, Cape May, NewJersey, inlate August 1882. Virtually all of thismaterial has never been seen by currentMarine Band personnel, nor have copiesexisted in the Marine Band Library.

Press articles include biographicalsketches of Sousa and Band members, con-cert reviews, interviews, accounts ofPresidential receptions, and articles con-cerning the national stature of the band.The articles also illuminate the hithertounknown working relationship betweenSousa and the noted impresario, CotGeorge F. Hinton.

Of particular interest are the numerousconcert programs and notices which de-

tail the full range of activities with whichSousa and his Marine Band were associat-ed during the latter part of the 19th cen-tury. These range from commencementexercises and sacred concerts to ceremoniesfor the unveiling of a statue of ThomasHopkins Gallaudet and a Memorial Dayceremony at Arlington National Cemeteryin 1889. Such notices and programs con-firm that the Marine Band, which was theonly service band in Washington until the1920s, was a fixture at virtually every pub-lic event in the national capital. One suchprogram, that of the National University'sJune 1886 commencement exercises, rev-eals that Sousa's march, "The Gridiron,"was written and performed many yearsearlier than previously supposed.

A COLLECTION OF memorabilia con-nected with the Band's European

tours between the years 1890 and 1930 andwith the theatrical and promotional activi-ties of Col Hinton comprises the secondscrapbook. Included among the numerouspress clippings, photographs, promotionalmaterials, and tour booklets is a letterfrom Buckingham Palace, dated 23 June1902, thanking Col Hinton for submittinga copy of Sousa's march, "Imperial Ed-

ward," for King Edward Vii's approval."His Majesty:' the letter noted, "has givendirections for the music of the March tobe transposed so that it may be played byseveral of the principal Military Bands inEngland."

With formal acceptance by the MarineCorps, the two scrapbooks will be present-ed to the Marine Band and then placedin the Band's library, where they will beaccessible to scholars and students of Sou-sa's career and the late 19th century activi-ties of the Marine Band. Eli 775E1


r SEASONI882.

PROGRAMME

Seven Grand Concerts

lJ nited $tates itarine Band

CONGReSS IjALL LAWN.

CAPE MAY,,o,h o &h.

John N. Fowles presents the two Sousa scrapbooks to Assistant Naval Attache Col RobertB. Newlin, USMC, at a small ceremony held at the US. Embassy in London, also at-tended by LtCol John M. lVare, the Royal Marines' princzjal director of music.

Titles Added to World War II Commemorative Series

I nfamous Day: Marines at Pearl Harbor7 December 1941 by Robert J. Cress-

man and J. Michael Wenger, and FirstOffensive: The Marine Campaign forGuadalcanal by former Chief HistorianHenry I. Shaw, Jr., the second and thirdof a projected 32 pamphlets to com-memorate the 50th anniversary of WorldWar II, have recently been published bythe History and Museums Division.

In their history, Cressman and Wenger,both of whom have written extensivelyabout Marine Corps and naval operationsin World War II, relate the response to the

by Benis M. FrankChief Historian

Japanese sneak attack on 7 December 1941by Marines on board Navy ships anchoredat Pearl Harbor, Marines stationed at theMarine Barracks in the Navy Yard, andthose at the Ewa Mooring Mast Field. Theauthors point out that many of the Ma-rines who survived the attack would go onto fight the enemy in subsequent opera-tions of the Pacific War.

W RITING ABOUT THE Guadalcanallanding, Shaw, who is a veteran

chronicler of Marine Corps history, docu-ments the actions of the 1st Marine Divi-sion (Reinforced) under the command ofMajGen Alexander A. Vandegrift in thelandings on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, Tanam-bogo, and Gavutu in the first U.S. offen-sive of World War II. The 52-pagepamphlet discusses such major matters asNavy-Marine Corps command relation-ships in amphibious operations, amphibi-ous warfare doctrine, land- and car-rier-based air operations, logistics in am-phibious landings, and the influence all ofthese elements had leading to the overallvictory at Guadalcanal. Mr. Shaw also tellsof the ill-fated Japanese attempts to throwthe Marines off the island, of the sea bat-tles in the waters surrounding Guadalcanalduring the period of the campaign, andthe exploits of Marine pilots in the airoverhead. The pamphlet is heavily illus-

trated with contemporary photographsand combat art not seen in previous Ma-rine Corps publications about thecampaign.

Published by the Government PrintingOffice, Infamous Day: Marines at PearlHarbor, 7 December 1941 is available for$2.50 from the Superintendent of Docu-ments, Washington, D.C. 20401. FirstOffensive: The Marine Campaign forGuadalcanalis on sale for $3.75 by the Su-perintendent of Documents, P. 0. Box371954, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15250-7954. E11775E1

Historical Quiz

Marine Campaign for Guadalcanalby Lena M. KaijotReference Section

Answer the following questions:1. What was the codename given to the operation which resulted in the capture and occupation

of Tulagi and Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands?2. Who was the commanding general of the 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal?3. What was the name given to the composite organization of air units on Guadalcanal?4. Who designed the 1st Division patch that was approved by Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift?5. This later well known native scout was captured by the Japanese behind enemy lines on Guadal-

canal, tortured, and left to die. Managing to free himself he gave valuable intelligence informationto the Marines before accepting medical attention. Who was he?6. How many Medals of Honor were awarded to Marines for the Guadalcanal campaign?7. This medal was cast to commemorate the difficult situation of the 1st Marine Division in its

early days on Guadalcanal. Only about 50 were produced before the mold gave out. What was its name?8. These people served as the eyes and ears of Allied forces, and were extremely useful in providing

them reports on the numbers and movements of enemy troops. By what name were they known?9. Who was the 1st Marine Division intelligence officer who led a reconnaissance patrol along the

west bank of the Matanikau? The patrol was ambushed, and all but three Marines were killed.10. Who was the Army general who relieved Vandegrift as commanding general on Guadalcanal?

(Answers on page 18)


Some Fortitudine ReadersReceive Multiple Copies

Misunderstood instructions for theuse of computerized mailing listsprepared to distribute Fortitudinecaused some readers of the Spring1992 (Vol. XXI, No. 4) issue toreceive multiple copies in a singleenvelope, and some Marine Corpsunits to find only one copy appor-tioned. Additional copies of the is-sue are being printed and will bedistributed to these Marine units.We are grateful to the subscriberswho wrote in, volunteering to shareextra copies with other Marines.—The Editor

1k/i

Titles Added to World War II Commemorative Series

I nfamous Day: Marines at Pearl Harbor7 December 1941 by Robert J. Cress-

man and J. Michael Wenger, and FirstOffensive: The Marine Campaign forGuadalcanal by former Chief HistorianHenry I. Shaw, Jr., the second and thirdof a projected 32 pamphlets to com-memorate the 50th anniversary of WorldWar II, have recently been published bythe History and Museums Division.

In their history, Cressman and Wenger,both of whom have written extensivelyabout Marine Corps and naval operationsin World War II, relate the response to the


Japanese sneak attack on 7 December 1941by Marines on board Navy ships anchoredat Pearl Harbor, Marines stationed at theMarine Barracks in the Navy Yard, andthose at the Ewa Mooring Mast Field. Theauthors point out that many of the Ma-rines who survived the attack would go onto fight the enemy in subsequent opera-tions of the Pacific War.

W RITING ABOUT THE Guadalcanallanding, Shaw, who is a veteran

chronicler of Marine Corps history, docu-ments the actions of the 1st Marine Divi-sion (Reinforced) under the command ofMajGen Alexander A. Vandegrift in thelandings on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, Tanam-bogo, and Gavutu in the first U.S. offen-sive of World War II. The 52-pagepamphlet discusses such major matters asNavy-Marine Corps command relation-ships in amphibious operations, amphibi-ous warfare doctrine, land- and car-rier-based air operations, logistics in am-phibious landings, and the influence all ofthese elements had leading to the overallvictory at Guadalcanal. Mr. Shaw also tellsof the ill-fated Japanese attempts to throwthe Marines off the island, of the sea bat-tles in the waters surrounding Guadalcanalduring the period of the campaign, andthe exploits of Marine pilots in the airoverhead. The pamphlet is heavily illus-

trated with contemporary photographsand combat art not seen in previous Ma-rine Corps publications about thecampaign.

Published by the Government PrintingOffice, Infamous Day: Marines at PearlHarbor 7 December 1941 is available for$2.50 from the Superintendent of Docu-ments, Washington, D.C. 20401. FirstOffensive: The Marine Campaign forGuada/canalis on sale for $3.75 by the Su-perintendent of Documents, P. 0. Box371954, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15250-7954. E11775E1

Historical Quiz

Marine Campaign for Guadalcanalby Lena M. KaijotReference Section

Answer the following questions:1. What was the codename given to the operation which resulted in the capture and occupation

of Tulagi and Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands?2. Who was the commanding general of the 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal?3. What was the name given to the composite organization of air units on Guadalcanal?4. Who designed the 1st Division patch that was approved by Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift?5. This later well known native scout was captured by the Japanese behind enemy lines on Guadal-

canal, tortured, and left to die. Managing to free himself, he gave valuable intelligence informationto the Marines before accepting medical attention. Who was he?6. How many Medals of Honor were awarded to Marines for the Guadalcanal campaign?7. This medal was cast to commemorate the difficult situation of the 1st Marine Division in its

early days on Guadalcanal. Only about 50 were produced before the mold gave out. What was its name?8. These people served as the eyes and ears of Allied forces, and were extremely useful in providing

them reports on the numbers and movements of enemy troops. By what name were they known?9. Who was the 1st Marine Division intelligence officer who led a reconnaissance patrol along the

west bank of the Matanikau? The patrol was ambushed, and all but three Marines were killed.10. Who was the Army general who relieved Vandegrift as commanding general on Guadalcanal?

(Answers on page 18)


Some Fortitudine ReadersReceive Multiple Copies

Misunderstood instructions for theuse of computerized mailing listsprepared to distribute Fortitudinecaused some readers of the Spring1992 (Vol. XXI, No. 4) issue toreceive multiple copies in a singleenvelope, and some Marine Corpsunits to find only one copy appor-tioned. Additional copies of the is-sue are being printed and will bedistributed to these Marine units.We are grateful to the subscriberswho wrote in, volunteering to shareextra copies with other Marines.—The Editor

Marine Memorial Site for Guadalcanal Remembrance

A S PLANNED, ThE 45th reunion of the1st Marine Division Association in

Washington, D.C., coincided with cere-monies in Washington, D.C., commemo-rating the 50th anniversary of the 7 Au-gust 1942 landing on Guadalcanal. Earlierin the year, officers of the association con-ferred with Headquarters Marine Corps toobtain official support for the reunion. Atthe same time, the Department ofDefense 50th Anniversary of World War IICommemoration Committee made itsown plans to observe the Guadalcanal datein the Nation's Capital, and worked withthe association in its planning.

The reunion was scheduled for 6-8 Au-gust. On Wednesday evening, 6 August,on the east steps of the Capitol, the Ma-rine Band, under Col John R. Bourgeois,gave a concert dedicated to the veteransof Guadalcanal, a representative numberof whom were present.

The next evening, in honor of the nearly2,000 members of the 1st Marine DivisionAssociation and their families present, aparade was held at the Marine Barracks,8th and I, Washington, with LtGen WalterE. Boomer, Commanding General, Ma-rine Corps Combat Development Com-mand, and Medal of Honor recipient ColMitchell Paige as reviewing officers. Thefirst number played by the Marine Bandbefore the parade, to the delight of manyof those who went with the division toMelbourne after Guadalcanal, was thepresent-day 1st Marine Division's new offi-cial march, "Waltzing Matilda."


O N THE SUNNY, not-too-hot morningof 7 August, at the Marine Corps

War (Iwo Jima) Memorial, a section of theMarine Band entertained the more than3,000 persons present, as the Old Breedformed up to march in by groupsrepresenting the units with which theyserved in World War II, Korea, Vietnam,and the Persian Gulf. The last group tomarch in was the veterans of Guadalcanal.

The Marine Corps Drum and BugleCorps then marched on around the baseof the memorial, and a joint services colorguard, dressed in World War II uniforms,took their places to begin the principalceremonies, including the unveiling of anenlargement of a new series of stampscommemorating the nation's war effort in1942. One of the stamps in this platecelebrates the Marine invasion ofGuadalcanal.

The Commandant of the Marine Corps,Gen Carl E. Mundy, Jr., greeted thegathered throng by saying, "This morningI stand before you with a great sense ofhonor and humility. I am honored torepresent all of my fellow service chiefs,and the magnificent men and women theylead . . . . and humbled to be in thepresence of the veterans of one of the greatmilitary victories in American history." Healso said, "It is my honor to pay specialtribute to the men of the First Marine Di-vision . . . The Old Breed."

G EN MUNDY THEN introduced Secre-tary of Defense Richard B. Cheney,

who in turn introduced President Bush.The President reviewed the recordachieved by 1st Division Marines andspoke of the nation's indebtedness to boththe living and the dead of the division.Following these words, and accompaniedby Gen Mundy and Col Paige, the Presi-dent placed a wreath—the division patchlaid out in flowers—at the base of themonument.

The next event for the association wasthe banquet Saturday evening, with Aus-tralian Ambassador Michael Kirk as guestof honor. Ambassador Kirk addressed thegathering, noting that Australia stillremembers "its" Marines, the 1st MarineDivision. Gen Mundy spoke once again,reminding all that the Marines who seizedand occupied Guadalcanal provided thelegacy which is the bedrock of today's Ma-rine Corps. Eli775El


At the Marine Barracks even ing parade, Medal of Honor recinent Col Page, MarineCorps Combat Development Command Commanding General LtGen W7alter E. Boo m-er, USMC, and Barracks Commander Col James C. Flynn, USMC, review the troops.

Rendering honors at the Marine Corps Memorial at the 50th anniversary wreath-layingceremony are, from left, President Bush, Col Mitchell Paige, USMC (Ret), and GenCarl E. Mundy, Jr., USMC. Note joint color guard at rght in W/orld JVar II uniforms.

.-

Marine Memorial Site for Guadalcanal Remembrance

A S PLANNED, THE 45th reunion of the1st Marine Division Association in

Washington, D.C., coincided with cere-monies in Washington, D.C., commemo-rating the 50th anniversary of the 7 Au-gust 1942 landing on Guadalcanal. Earlierin the year, officers of the association con-ferred with Headquarters Marine Corps toobtain official support for the reunion. Atthe same time, the Department ofDefense 50th Anniversary of World War IICommemoration Committee made itsown plans to observe the Guadalcanal datein the Nation's Capital, and worked withthe association in its planning.

The reunion was scheduled for 6-8 Au-gust. On Wednesday evening, 6 August,on the east steps of the Capitol, the Ma-rine Band, under Col John R. Bourgeois,gave a concert dedicated to the veteransof Guadalcanal, a representative numberof whom were present.

The next evening, in honor of the nearly2,000 members of the 1st Marine DivisionAssociation and their families present, aparade was held at the Marine Barracks,8th and I, Washington, with LtGen WalterE. Boomer, Commanding General, Ma-rine Corps Combat Development Com-mand, and Medal of Honor recipient ColMitchell Paige as reviewing officers. Thefirst number played by the Marine Bandbefore the parade, to the delight of manyof those who went with the division toMelbourne after Guadalcanal, was thepresent-day 1st Marine Division's new offi-cial march, "Waltzing Matilda."


O N THE SUNNY, not-too-hot morningof 7 August, at the Marine Corps

War (Iwo Jima) Memorial, a section of theMarine Band entertained the more than3,000 persons present, as the Old Breedformed up to march in by groupsrepresenting the units with which theyserved in World War II, Korea, Vietnam,and the Persian Gulf. The last group tomarch in was the veterans of Guadalcanal.

The Marine Corps Drum and BugleCorps then marched on around the baseof the memorial, and a joint services colorguard, dressed in World War H uniforms,took their places to begin the principalceremonies, including the unveiling of anenlargement of a new series of stampscommemorating the nation's war effort in1942. One of the stamps in this platecelebrates the Marine invasion ofGuadalcanal.

The Commandant of the Marine Corps,Gen Carl E. Mundy, Jr., greeted thegathered throng by saying, "This morningI stand before you with a great sense ofhonor and humility. I am honored torepresent all of my fellow service chiefs,and the magnificent men and women theylead . . . . and humbled to be in thepresence of the veterans of one of the greatmilitary victories in American history." Healso said, "It is my honor to pay specialtribute to the men of the First Marine Di-vision . . . The Old Breed."

G EN MUNDY THEN introduced Secre-tary of Defense Richard B. Cheney,

who in turn introduced President Bush.The President reviewed the recordachieved by 1st Division Marines andspoke of the nation's indebtedness to boththe living and the dead of the division.Following these words, and accompaniedby Gen Mundy and Col Paige, the Presi-dent placed a wreath — the division patchlaid out in flowers—at the base of themonument.

The next event for the association wasthe banquet Saturday evening, with Aus-tralian Ambassador Michael Kirk as guestof honor. Ambassador Kirk addressed thegathering, noting that Australia stillremembers "its" Marines, the 1st MarineDivision. Gen Mundy spoke once again,reminding all that the Marines who seizedand occupied Guadalcanal provided thelegacy which is the bedrock of today's Ma-rine Corps. Eli 775E11


At the Marine Barracks evening parade, Medal of Honor recipient Col Paze, MarineCorps Combat Development Command Commanding General LtGen W/alter E. Boom-er, USMC, and Barracks Commander Col James C. Flynn, USMC, review the troops.

Rendering honors at the Marine Corps Memorial at the 50th anniversary wreath-layingceremony are, from left, President Bush, Col Mitchell Paige, USMC (Ret), and GenCarl E. Mundy, Jr., USMC. Note joint color guard at right in Uorld lVar II uniforms.

Dickson's 'Stony Craig' Gave Readers Look at Old Corpsby John T Dyer, Jr

Curator of Art

T HE LATE COLONEL Donald L. Dick-son, USMCR (Ret), Marine and well

known artist, had a strong influence onmany a young fellow who thought maybe,just maybe, someday, he might combinea dream of being a Marine with his lovefor making pictures. The latter, in someneighborhoods, was not to be advertised,along with dancing class, piano lessons, orexcellence in academics.

Into the Valley, civilian war correspon-dentJohn Hersey's account of combat Ma-rines on Guadalcanal, introduced manyoutside of the Corps to Don Dickson'spencil drawings of battle-worn, dungaree-wearing (jungle-style, outside of leggings)World War H Marines. Dickson's style,more serious than Bill Mauldin's Willieand Joe,"U.S. Army GI Joes," cartoons,gave the same message: "War is h * * 1!"

(the abbreviation appearing as it wouldhave been published 50 years ago).

In the years before World War H, thesyndicated comic strip "Sergeant StonyCraig" was drawn by Donald L. Dicksonand written by Frank Hunt Rentfrow.Frank Rentfrow was born in Chicago in

1900, served in the Illinois Cavalry inFrance during World War I, and joined theMarines in 1927 to fight bandits inNicaragua. His literary talent was disco-vered" by a chaplain and he was sent tothe official Leatherneck magazine instead.

D ON DICKSON WAS BORN in Mas-sachusetts in 1906, joined the Army

Reserve in 1924, and then transferred tothe Marine Corps Reserve in 1927. Dick-son, who held all enlisted ranks before be-

ing commissioned, met Rentfrow, thegunnery sergeant editor of Leatherneck,sometime in the late 1920s or early 1930s.Leatherneck articles by Rentfrow were il-lustrated by Dickson, who also drew hisown version of Ripley's "Believe It or Not"called "Marine Oddities." "Sergeant Sto-ny Craig of the Marines" was a natural col-laboration and Frank Rentfrow carriedsample strips to New York City in 1937 tosell the idea to the Bell Syndicate, whobought.

In the Marine Corps Art Collection, anincomplete set of Bell Syndicate releasesheets, each with six days' worth of comicstrips of four panels per day, gives the storyline for "Sergeant Stony Craig" for a fewmonths in 1939 and 1940. "Stony," as didother adventure strips and some movies ofthe '30s, had a clean-cut protagonist sup-ported by familiar characters, usually inconflict with gangsters, Nazis, or Orien-tal bandits. Tough-as-old-leather, cam-paign-experienced GySgt Stony Craig wassurrounded by stereotypical bully Pvt"Slugger" Wise from Brooklyn, naive PvtJeb "Hillbilly" Fink, and sophisticated,civilian-dressed Naval intelligence officerCapt Jeremy Blade, surprisingly calledagain and again by his last name by Craigwithout benefit of rank before or a sir af-ter. Colorful White Russian Cossack-costumed, giant Colonel Prince SergeiKazan and his beautiful sister, Tania, ofthe independent Caucasian Republic ofKarbadia frequently ran into Stony and hismen. A gallant, handsome Japanese Army


SERGEANT STONY CRAIG—The Empty House

rU'IOU DIDNI GET H IT 5 A PLEA5UREIRE A MOMENT1- TO BE OF 5RVCE

_______

TOO SOON, CAPTAIN TO 5uCI-lThANK ''OU COURAGEOUS

Dickson's 'Stony Craig' Gave Readers Look at Old Corpsby John T Dyer, Jr

Curator of Art

T HE LATE C0WNEL Donald L. Dick-son, USMCR (Ret), Marine and well

known artist, had a strong influence onmany a young fellow who thought maybe,just maybe, someday, he might combinea dream of being a Marine with his lovefor making pictures. The latter, in someneighborhoods, was not to be advertised,along with dancing class, piano lessons, orexcellence in academics.

Into the Valley, civilian war correspon-dentJohn Hersey's account of combat Ma-rines on Guadalcanal, introduced manyoutside of the Corps to Don Dickson'spencil drawings of battle-worn, dungaree-wearing (jungle-style, outside of leggings)World War H Marines. Dickson's style,more serious than Bill Mauldin's "Willieand Joe,"U.S. Army "GI Joes," cartoons,gave the same message: "War is h * * 1!"

(the abbreviation appearing as it wouldhave been published 50 years ago).

In the years before World War II, thesyndicated comic strip "Sergeant StonyCraig" was drawn by Donald L. Dicksonand written by Frank Hunt Rentfrow.Frank Rentfrow was born in Chicago in

1900, served in the Illinois Cavalry inFrance during World War I, and joined theMarines in 1927 to fight bandits inNicaragua. His literary talent was "disco-vered" by a chaplain and he was sent tothe official Leatherneck magazine instead.

D ON DICKSON WAS BORN in Mas-sachusetts in 1906, joined the Army

Reserve in 1924, and then transferred tothe Marine Corps Reserve in 1927. Dick-son, who held all enlisted ranks before be-

ing commissioned, met Rentfrow, thegunnery sergeant editor of Leatherneck,sometime in the late 1920s or early 1930s.Leatherneck articles by Rentfrow were il-lustrated by Dickson, who also drew hisown version of Ripley's "Believe It or Not"called "Marine Oddities." "Sergeant Sto-ny Craig of the Marines" was a natural col-laboration and Frank Rentfrow carriedsample strips to New York City in 1937 tosell the idea to the Bell Syndicate, whobought.

In the Marine Corps Art Collection, anincomplete set of Bell Syndicate releasesheets, each with six days' worth of comicstrips of four panels per day, gives the storyline for "Sergeant Stony Craig" for a fewmonths in 1939 and 1940. "Stony," as didother adventure strips and some movies ofthe '30s, had a clean-cut protagonist sup-ported by familiar characters, usually inconflict with gangsters, Nazis, or Orien-tal bandits. Tough-as-old-leather, cam-paign-experienced GySgt Stony Craig wassurrounded by stereotypical bully Pvt"Slugger" Wise from Brooklyn, naive PvtJeb "Hillbilly" Fink, and sophisticated,civilian-dressed Naval intelligence officerCapt Jeremy Blade, surprisingly calledagain and again by his last name by Craigwithout benefit of rank before or a sir af-ter. Colorful White Russian Cossack-costumed, giant Colonel Prince SergeiKazan and his beautiful sister, Tania, ofthe independent Caucasian Republic ofKarbadia frequently ran into Stony and hismen. A gallant, handsomeJapanese Army


SERGEANT STONY CRAIG—The Empty HouserL 'IOU DIDNT GET H IT 5 A PLEA5UREIMERE A MOMENT TO BE OF SERVICE

_______

TOO SOON CAPTAIN TO SuCI-lThANK 'IOU COURAGEOUS

AM CAPTAIN L.) I AM GUNNERYJIRO SAiD OF TilE )( 5RGEANT STONY'ThIRD IMPERIAL CRAIG, UNITED

INFANTRY ,—' ( STATE5 IIARINI

captain saved a grateful Stony, a Navynurse, and a corpsman from Chinese ban-dits in 1939. After the Japanese attack onPearl Harbor, most strips showed the Japenemy with bucked teeth, thick Coke-bottle-bottom eyeglasses, and ghastlylemon-yellow skin.

D ICKSON'S AND RENTFROW'S per-sonal Marine Corps experience gave

"Stony" an air of authenticity, however, asfar-fetched as some of his adventuresmight be. An example is the rifle-rangesequence of 1939. A less well-informedcartoonist might not think to show Ma-rines cleaning their Springfield '03 riflebarrels with boiling water from an immer-sion burner, at the rear of the firing line.

Another example—from the cover ofthis issue—shows Jeb Fink in the sittingposition wearing a shooting jacket seem-ingly made from an old khaki tunic withscorebook, pencil, and cigarette pocket ad-ded on. The slim '03's leather sling seemsadjusted correctly to support Fink's leftwrist, and unseen—but felt—is its pull onFink's left bicep. Scorebook at his feet, rearsight raised, finger taking up trigger slack,cheek resting against a linseed-oiled riflestock, Fink in Dickson's mind must beheaded for the "V Ring" in the next day'spanel. The sequence in the rifle rangebutts could be a lesson in target pulling,marking, and paste-up.

In some of the other strips, the don-nybrook in a Honolulu bar is right out ofa Wallace Beery movie. Probably no Ma-rine spent as much time on TDY as Craigwould have to have done to accomplish hismany out-of-the-ordinary missions.

A 1939 cartoon panel comment onWake Island, overheard from on board aPan American Clipper aircraft, is proba-bly the most education many Americanshad on that miniscule piece of geographyuntil late 1941, when the whole world hadits eyes and ears tuned to the great defen-sive battle of Marines fighting a superior

Japanese army and naval force. The Ma-rines surrendered to the Japanese; formany this meant almost four years of cap-tivity in Japanese prison camps or death.

SIDNY, IN THE SUNDAY PAGES in fourglorious colors as well as the black-

and-white daily newspapers (along withanother Dickson/Rentfrow creation, "TheDevils of Destiny:' describing and illustrat-ing historic, heroic deeds such as Schilt'swinning of the Medal of Honor inNicaragua), shared successful space with"Buck Rogers," "Oaky Doaks," "DickyDare," "Sky Roads," "Scorchy Smith andLightnin'," and the "Lone Rider" in themonthly comic book, Famous Funnies.

World War II saw now-Major Don Dick-son sketching Guadalcanal Marines in hisspare time, and Frank Rentfrow, now awarrant officer, assigned to Marine CorpsSchools at Quantico. Stony Craig wouldcontinue to fight his imaginary battles un-

til after the war, but he would be drawnby another artist.

Donald L. Dickson, editor and publish-er of Leatherneck from 1951 until 1971,passed away on 28 November 1974. FrankHunt Rentfrow died on 7 January 1957.

E1775E


WAT5 OUR) WhE %LFDJNEXT STOP, ( HP7frRD —AN5RGEF4T) tSLD ThE %1E

O 1 P%*POftT INThE Pt\CflC.

— - — -

-

JEa,Eu) ER'5 OUR) \?J5, '(OUND HW$ COR?og,L.\ pPu np IuM SURPR5ED fl tPNT) PULL TPR&E15GOl CERON5 ON Its iij BUTThSi0O1NG BOUS, A TOMORO\i'J.

SERGEANT STONY CRAIG— False Cooperation6REPsT C,UN, l1Mfr.R' COULDN'T 3'?OU GOT 1R(. ThAI FPR OFF.

D%) 'YOU %O.9 IT J1D SRGEPNT CRAIG5qUE7E ri?cjEcK BUT Ll PUT ON'?O&)R WINDA6? P 'oNT or R6IiT

GE

SEE, i€ Thii 1iiT) TiPT iJOUU IiPEON OUT FOE. P <' PN0TiRREAl. ThREE. ia \ FNE f liE IIDN9SPOT TRW, 0N P5 J CliPNGEi) r

uGhi

By Frank Rentfrow and Don DicksonJP UPATI%IO') (T A1!' ME.O ThE TAG1. <V CfiffilHt.'HPV '(00 GONE NOT 6UC)4tN&HW%P.E, /'i ThEM.

captain saved a grateful Stony, a Navynurse, and a corpsman from Chinese ban-dits in 1939. After the Japanese attack onPearl Harbor, most strips showed the Japenemy with bucked teeth, thick Coke-bottle-bottom eyeglasses, and ghastlylemon-yellow skin.

..\ ICKSON'S AND RENTFROW'S per-L/ sonal Marine Corps experience gave"Stony" an air of authenticity, however, asfar-fetched as some of his adventuresmight be. An example is the rifle-rangesequence of 1939. A less well-informedcartoonist might not think to show Ma-rines cleaning their Springfield '03 riflebarrels with boiling water from an immer-sion burner, at the rear of the firing line.

Another example—from the cover ofthis issue—shows Jeb Fink in the sittingposition wearing a shooting jacket seem-ingly made from an old khaki tunic withscorebook, pencil, and cigarette pocket ad-ded on. The slim '03's leather sling seemsadjusted correctly to support Fink's leftwrist, and unseen — but felt — is its pull onFink's left bicep. Scorebook at his feet, rearsight raised, finger taking up trigger slack,cheek resting against a linseed-oiled riflestock, Fink in Dickson's mind must beheaded for the "V Ring" in the next day'spanel. The sequence in the rifle rangebutts could be a lesson in target pulling,marking, and paste-up.

In some of the other strips, the don-nybrook in a Honolulu bar is right out ofa Wallace Beery movie. Probably no Ma-rine spent as much time on TDY as Craigwould have to have done to accomplish hismany out-of-the-ordinary missions.

A 1939 cartoon panel comment onWake Island, overheard from on board aPan American Clipper aircraft, is proba-bly the most education many Americanshad on that miniscule piece of geographyuntil late 1941, when the whole world hadits eyes and ears tuned to the great defen-sive battle of Marines fighting a superior

Japanese army and naval force. The Ma-rines surrendered to the Japanese; formany this meant almost four years of cap-tivity in Japanese prison camps or death.

SIDNY, IN THE SUNDAY PAGES in four

glorious colors as well as the black-and-white daily newspapers (along withanother Dickson / Rentfrow creation, "TheDevils of Destiny," describing and illustrat-ing historic, heroic deeds such as Schilt'swinning of the Medal of Honor inNicaragua), shared successful space with"Buck Rogers," "Oaky Doaks," "DickyDare," "Sky Roads," "Scorchy Smith andLightnin'," and the "Lone Rider" in themonthly comic book, Famous Funnies.

World War II saw now-Major Don Dick-son sketching Guadalcanal Marines in hisspare time, and Frank Rentfrow, now awarrant officer, assigned to Marine CorpsSchools at Quantico. Stony Craig wouldcontinue to fight his imaginary battles un-

til after the war, but he would be drawnby another artist.

Donald L. Dickson, editor and publish-er of Leatherneck from 1951 until 1971,passed away on 28 November 1974. FrankHunt Rentfrow died on 7 January 1957.

E1775E


WAT5 OUR J WPKE %LFDJNEXT 510P, HP7frRD —AN5ERGEAt4T I tSLD ThE 1E

O 1 P*POfl4T INThE Pt\C19C.

— - — -

-

JaL,E11' liER'5 OUR) \Jt5, 'ou.PHD HWl COR?OgFL.\ PND FIH 'flL.M SURPR5ED fl tPNT) PULl. TPR&ET5GOl CIE'JRON5 OH HC 5 IN 11i BUTThS1iOOIING Bl.OUS. A TOMOP'RO\iJ.

SERGEANT STONY CRAIG— False CooperationLL'Y,5LUG6ER1nPT( IT WILL BPLL

p, pI-*iEEi FIVE)PJsFRD UP AND- E 'IOU PUTTIN&J'IIE S1O,(T BE ABLE

N ThE TO FI6URE .UtERE5 7 lOS RIFLE SNOOST,

GREAT C,UNS, HA1ARO') couwn'r'(00 GOT A TRE.'(. <THAT FAR OfF.

DID 'IOU HOLD IT PJ1D ) SERGEPNT CRAIG5UEEE rI?CIIECK f BUT l' PUT ON'(OUR WINDAGE? J A FOINT Of RIGHT

'T SJINDAGE.

SEE, HE ThREW THAT) ThM WOULD HAVE.ONE OUT FOR A <' BEEN ANOTHERREAl. THREE. ia \ FIVE If HE HADWISPOT THE., ONE AS) CHAN6EI) iiS rA HIGH

By Frank Renrfrow and Don DicksonWPH up p.i me Tol') IT epis pm.OF ThE TARGET. <I'Fl CERTAIHL'(HAVE. '(00 GONE ) NOT 6UCAIN&HP.NW%P.E, /'i THEM.

Center Has Hosted 88 College Interns Since 1977 Startby Benis M. Frank, Chief Historian

with Photographs by Lena M. Kaljot, Reference Historian

F ROM ITS INTRODUCTION in the mid-1970s, the History and Museums Di-

vision's college intern program has thrived.It began when Hope College of Holland,Michigan, contacted then-Chief Histori-an Henry I. Shaw, Jr., himself a Hopealumnus, to determine if one of the stu-dents in the college's Washington HonorsSemester program could intern at the Ma-rine Corps Historical Center, and foundhe could.

Hope College selects participants for theprogram on the basis of academic perfor-mance and recommendations from profes-sors within and outside their majordepartments and from former employers.

During the course of a semester, Hopeinterns spend six weeks with the organi-zation hosting them. Since the first of theinterns arrived in 1976, Hope has provid-ed approximately 20 students to work inthe Marine Corps historical program.

During his term as President and Chair-man of the Board of the Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation, retired MajGenJohn P. Condon recommended that theintern program be expanded to includestudents from the military academies. Healso recommended that the Division sendnotices to college history departments ad-vising them of the internship program.Since 1983, the Foundation has support-ed the enlarged program with grants thatprovide interns' lunch and transportationexpense money.

The Division has had 88 interns serveat the Air-Ground Museum in Quanticoand in the Historical Center in Washing-ton since it opened in 1977. There are two

Midn Harry L. Gardner

categories into which the interns are divid-ed: those who perform their duties for col-lege credit and those who volunteer ontheir own, with school recognition givenfor the experience they receive in the in-terchange with civilian curators andhistorians and serving Marines.

A T QuANlico, interns have helpedsort and regularize various Marine

Corps Air-Ground Museum collections ofuniforms, weapons, and equipment. Inthe process, they often have cleaned andrepaired the artifacts. They have assistedin every aspect of the constant museumcataloging effort. This summer at Quan-tico, Pennsylvania State University studentBenjamin E. Noga, a former Marine whoserved as a mechanic with Marine Helicop-ter Squadron 1, assisted the regular staffin various areas, but mainly in the Muse-

Douglas G. McGee, University of Dayton

um's small-arms collection, where he com-pleted the final phase of an ongoing10-year recataloging project. He alsohelped to regularize the Museum's files oftraining and technical manuals. In addi-tion, he researched and wrote a brief his-tory of the 6th Marine Division in WorldWar II to support a new commemorativemodular exhibit project.

For the first time, this summer theCenter had three Air Force Academycadets as interns—Cadets 1st Class LandryJ. Carr, Lawrence A. Riley, Jr., and SeanM. Judge, all history majors.

Cadet Riley was assigned to the Refer-ence Section. In a matter of days, he was

Midn Christopher T Graves

Air Force Academy Cadets First Class Lawrence A. Riley, Jr., Landry j Carr and SeanM. Judge pose before a bust of Gen Holland M. Smith in the Historical Center Library.


r

t:/

4

Center Has Hosted 88 College Interns Since 1977 Startby Benis M. Frank, Chief Historian

with Photographs by Lena M. Kalfot, Reference Historian

F ROM ITS INTRODUCTION in the mid-1970s, the History and Museums Di-

vision's college intern program has thrived.It began when Hope College of Holland,Michigan, contacted then-Chief Histori-an Henry I. Shaw, Jr., himself a Hopealumnus, to determine if one of the stu-dents in the college's Washington HonorsSemester program could intern at the Ma-rine Corps Historical Center, and foundhe could.

Hope College selects participants for theprogram on the basis of academic perfor-mance and recommendations from profes-sors within and outside their majordepartments and from former employers.

During the course of a semester, Hopeinterns spend six weeks with the organi-zation hosting them. Since the first of theinterns arrived in 1976, Hope has provid-ed approximately 20 students to work inthe Marine Corps historical program.

During his term as President and Chair-man of the Board of the Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation, retired MajGenJohn P. Condon recommended that theintern program be expanded to includestudents from the military academies. Healso recommended that the Division sendnotices to college history departments ad-vising them of the internship program.Since 1983, the Foundation has support-ed the enlarged program with grants thatprovide interns' lunch and transportationexpense money.

The Division has had 88 interns serveat the Air-Ground Museum in Quanticoand in the Historical Center in Washing-ton since it opened in 1977. There are two

Midn Harry L. Gardner

categories into which the interns are divid-ed: those who perform their duties for col-lege credit and those who volunteer ontheir own, with school recognition givenfor the experience they receive in the in-terchange with civilian curators andhistorians and serving Marines.

A T QuANTICO, interns have helpedsort and regularize various Marine

Corps Air-Ground Museum collections ofuniforms, weapons, and equipment. Inthe process, they often have cleaned andrepaired the artifacts. They have assistedin every aspect of the constant museumcataloging effort. This summer at Quan-rico, Pennsylvania State University studentBenjamin E. Noga, a former Marine whoserved as a mechanic with Marine Helicop-ter Squadron 1, assisted the regular staffin various areas, but mainly in the Muse-

Douglas G. McGee, University of Dayton

urn's small-arms collection, where he com-pleted the final phase of an ongoing10-year recataloging project. He alsohelped to regularize the Museum's files oftraining and technical manuals. In addi-tion, he researched and wrote a brief his-tory of the 6th Marine Division in WorldWar II to support a new commemorativemodular exhibit project.

For the first time, this summer theCenter had three Air Force Academycadets as interns — Cadets 1st Class LandryJ. Carr, Lawrence A. Riley, Jr., and SeanM. Judge, all history majors.

Cadet Riley was assigned to the Refer-ence Section. In a matter of days, he was

Midn Christopher T Graves

Air Force Academy Cadets First Class Lawrence A. Riley, Jr., Landry J. Carr and SeanM. Judge pose before a bust of Gen HollandM. Smith in the Historical Center Library.


Midn Robert S. Petersonable to find and use command chronolo-gies, unit and biographical files, musterrolls, and lineal lists. He later remarkedthat other than his school instructors, hehad never before been exposed to histori-ans and the work that they do. As he saidin his debrief on leaving the program,"What I have learned ... is what it me-ans to be a reference historian, photo-graphic historian, oral historian, and anarchivist."

C ADET CARR WORKED in the PersonalPapers Collection, in the Library, and

in the Archives Section. Inasmuch as allthree cadets had security clearances, as didthe Naval Academy midshipmen who alsowere interns this summer, they reviewedand sought out materials in the archivesto be used by historians working on cur-rent writing projects. Capt David A.Dawson, USMC, who is writing two of thechapters of the forthcoming "U.S. Marinesin Vietnam, 1968," was assisted by Carr,who researched command chronologiesand unit diaries to determine table of or-ganization strengths for the 1st and 3dMarine Divisions in June of that year. He

Lawrence B. "Lee" Gatchel

also assisted Historical Center librarianEvelyn A. Englander in updating andrevising the Division's World War II bib-liography by conducting research at theLibrary of Congress and entering citationsin a computerized program.

Cadet Judge worked in the PersonalPapers Collection, initially assigned tosearch for material pertaining to the Corps'World War II battles for 50th anniversarycommemorative projects. Later, along withCadet Carr, he was assigned to catalog clas-sified materials in the Archives Section. Fi-nally, Judge returned to the PersonalPapers Collection to search out materialrelating to the Guadalcanal operation.

While interning in the Center, the AirForce cadets were taken on several visits:to Marine Barracks, Washington, wherethey viewed the rehearsal for the Fridaynight Sunset Parade, and attended the ac-tual performance that evening; to Quan-tico for a tour of the facilities and activitiesthere; and to the Army Center of MilitaryHistory for a briefing by Chief HistorianJeffrey Clarke. Finally, Personal Papers Cu-ratorJ. Michael Miller included them ona staff ride to the Civil War battlefield atAntietam.

A T THE SAME TIME that the Air Forcecadets were interning in the Center,

Midshipman 3d Class Harry L. Gardnerwas a fellow intern here. Midn Gardner isa former Marine corporal who participat-ed in the Gulf War and was woundedthere. Son of a retired Marine colonel,Midn Gardner desires a Marine Corpscommission when he graduates. He wasassigned to the Reference Section. Here hespent most of his time reviewing and or-ganizing the Operations DesertShield/Desert Storm command chronol-ogies. He remarked that, "One of the mostinteresting and more personal events thathappened was the finding of chronologiesfrom my unit when I was over in DesertStorm and I was wounded. It made the[internship] experience more meaningfuland more personal."

Midshipman 2d Class Edward R. Sul-livan, a Marine-option NROIC student atthe University of Illinois, interned at theCenter en route to a tour of training at Lit-tle Creek. Midn Sullivan also worked atvarious times during his internship, in theReference, Archives, and Personal PapersSections. As he said when he left theCenter, "the work environment was very

Midn Edward R. Sullivanbeneficial to my professional development,perhaps it was the most valuable assetowned by the Center."

Later in the summer, the Naval Acade-my was represented by two othermidshipmen—Midshipmen 3d ClassChristopher T Graves and Robert S. Peter-son, both of whom intend to opt for Ma-rine Corps commissions. Graves is the sonof a retired Marine officer, and grandsonand great-grandson of well-known navalofficers. Because of his interest in Viet-nam, Midn Graves was assigned as aresearcher for Capt Dawson and SeniorVietnam Historian Dr. Jack Shulimson,both of whom are working on the 1968Vietnam history. He worked with com-mand chronologies and unit diaries dur-ing his time in the Center, and also foundtime to work on his own research project,which concerns Marine Corps operationsin Cam Ne, Vietnam, in 1965.

Midn Peterson was assigned to theReference Section, where he researchedcommand chronologies, unit diaries, andcasualty cards in an effort to provide evi-dence for Vietnam veterans who were fil-ing claims with the Veterans Adminis-Trevor K P/ante, George Mason University

Fortitud;ne, Summer 1992 15

1—

Midn Robert S. Petersonable to find and use command chronolo-gies, unit and biographical files, musterrolls, and lineal lists. He later remarkedthat other than his school instructors, hehad never before been exposed to histori-ans and the work that they do. As he saidin his debrief on leaving the program,"What I have learned ... is what it me-ans to be a reference historian, photo-graphic historian, oral historian, and anarchivist."

C ADET CARR WORKED in the PersonalPapers Collection, in the Library, and

in the Archives Section. Inasmuch as allthree cadets had security clearances, as didthe Naval Academy midshipmen who alsowere interns this summer, they reviewedand sought out materials in the archivesto be used by historians working on cur-rent writing projects. Capt David A.Dawson, USMC, who is writing two of thechapters of the forthcoming "U.S. Marinesin Vietnam, 1968," was assisted by Carr,who researched command chronologiesand unit diaries to determine table of or-ganization strengths for the 1st and 3dMarine Divisions in June of that year. He

Lawrence B. "Lee" Gatche/

also assisted Historical Center librarianEvelyn A. Englander in updating andrevising the Division's World War II bib-liography by conducting research at theLibrary of Congress and entering citationsin a computerized program.

Cadet Judge worked in the PersonalPapers Collection, initially assigned tosearch for material pertaining to the Corps'World War II battles for 50th anniversarycommemorative projects. Later, along withCadet Carr, he was assigned to catalog clas-sified materials in the Archives Section. Fi-nally, Judge returned to the PersonalPapers Collection to search out materialrelating to the Guadalcanal operation.

While interning in the Center, the AirForce cadets were taken on several visits:to Marine Barracks, Washington, wherethey viewed the rehearsal for the Fridaynight Sunset Parade, and attended the ac-tual performance that evening; to Quan-tico for a tour of the facilities and activitiesthere; and to the Army Center of MilitaryHistory for a briefing by Chief HistorianJeffrey Clarke. Finally, Personal Papers Cu-ratorJ. Michael Miller included them ona staff ride to the Civil War battlefield atAntietam.

A T THE SAME TIME that the Air Forcecadets were interning in the Center,

Midshipman 3d Class Harry L. Gardnerwas a fellow intern here. Midn Gardner isa former Marine corporal who participat-ed in the Gulf War and was woundedthere. Son of a retired Marine colonel,Midn Gardner desires a Marine Corpscommission when he graduates. He wasassigned to the Reference Section. Here hespent most of his time reviewing and or-ganizing the Operations DesertShield/Desert Storm command chronol-ogies. He remarked that, "One of the mostinteresting and more personal events thathappened was the finding of chronologiesfrom my unit when I was over in DesertStorm and I was wounded. It made the[internship] experience more meaningfuland more personal."

Midshipman 2d Class Edward R. Sul-livan, a Marine-option NROTC student atthe University of Illinois, interned at theCenter en route to a tour of training at Lit-tle Creek. Midn Sullivan also worked atvarious times during his internship, in theReference, Archives, and Personal PapersSections. As he said when he left theCenter, "the work environment was very

Midn Edward R. Sullivanbeneficial to my professional development,perhaps it was the most valuable assetowned by the Center."

Later in the summer, the Naval Acade-my was represented by two othermidshipmen—Midshipmen 3d ClassChristopher I Graves and Robert S. Peter-son, both of whom intend to opt for Ma-rine Corps commissions. Graves is the sonof a retired Marine officer, and grandsonand great-grandson of well-known navalofficers. Because of his interest in Viet-nam, Midn Graves was assigned as aresearcher for Capt Dawson and SeniorVietnam Historian Dr. Jack Shulimson,both of whom are working on the 1968Vietnam history. He worked with com-mand chronologies and unit diaries dur-ing his time in the Center, and also foundtime to work on his own research project,which concerns Marine Corps operationsin Cam Ne, Vietnam, in 1965.

Midn Peterson was assigned to theReference Section, where he researchedcommand chronologies, unit diaries, andcasualty cards in an effort to provide evi-dence for Vietnam veterans who were fil-ing claims with the Veterans Adminis-Trevor K P/ante, George Mason University

Fortztud;ne, Summer 1992 15

tration. He also assisted the Reference Sec-tion in researching materials for thePresidential Commission on Women inthe Military, Women in Combat.

T HE DIvIsIoN ALSO had four internsfrom colleges—Douglas G. McGee

from the University of Dayton; LawrenceB. "Lee" Gatchel from Connecticut Col-lege in New London; James A. Ginther,Jr., from Abilene Christian University; andTrevor K. Plante, a graduate student fromGeorge Mason University who, incidental-ly, applied for and was given a master's

thesis grant by the Marine Corps Histori-cal Foundation. McGee worked one day aweek in the Reference Section. Gatchel,the son of a Marine colonel, spent his in-ternship working solely on the World WarII bibliography and completing a finisheddraft which will be published in the nearfuture and for which he earned a byline.Ginther spent his internship working inthe Personal Papers Collection, where heprepared a finding aid on early Marineaviation, and also inventoried the AlfredA. Cunningham collection. He also assist-ed Curator Miller in conducting interviews

with Guadalcanal veterans attending the1st Marine Division reunion. Plante is agraduate student at George Mason Univer-sity and worked in the Personal PapersCollection for the whole school year ac-complishing various tasks. He regularizedthe papers of the late Ralph W. Donnel-ly, who was a reference historian with theDivision. Plante also researched materialfor a history of VMA-124, and has receiveda Marine Corps Historical Foundationresearch grant to regularize and preparea catalog of the papers of LtCol Earl H.Ellis. L111775L1

Col Hendricks, Founder of Popular 'Toys for Tots' Reserve Program, Diesby Ann A. Ferrante, Reference Historian

R ETIRED COL William L. Hendricks,USMCR, founder of the Marine

Corps Reserve's "Toys for Tots" program,died at the age of 87 in Los Angeles on29 March. Col Hendricks, whose civiliancareer included the production of films,cartoons, and TV commercials for WarnerBrothers, was a longtime resident ofBurbank.

Toys for Tots was conceived in 1947 whilethen-Maj Hendricks was serving withVolunteer Training Unit (VTU) 12-1 at theLos Angeles Reserve Center. His wife, Di-ane, hand-crocheted a doll to give to aneedy child, but discovered there was nocity-wide charitable organization collectingtoys for disadvantaged children. Hendricksand a fellow officer made a proposal totheir superiors for an annual MarineCorps-sponsored toy drive.

With only a few weeks left beforeChristmas, Col Hendricks and severaldozen Marines rounded up nearly 7,000toys with the help of his media friends,who launched a widespread publicity cam-paign. Additionally, Hendricks used hisHollywood influence to recruit movie starsto endorse the Toys for Tots drive, a prac-tice that continues today. The toys were alldelivered to local children on that Christ-mas Eve.

T HE PROGRAM SOON developed into anationwide campaign complete with

benefit concerts, sporting events, corporateinvolvement, and massive celebrity sup-port. Through his contacts as a WarnerBrothers executive and member of the Ad-vertising Club of Los Angeles, Hendricksinitiated a publicity campaign that hasfeatured such notables as John Wayne,

Angie Dickinson, Charlton Heston, TonyRandall, Natalie Wood, Henry Winkler,Ann-Margaret, Ken Norton, Bruce Jenner,Sugar Ray Leonard, and a host of otherson the who's who lists of entertainmentand sports.

Annually produced Marine CorpsReserve Toys for Tots posters are well knownin their own right. Creation of the firstposter in 1948 was personally supervisedby Walt Disney, who also donated the offi-cial Toys for Tots logo featuring a toy train.Some of the characters adorning postersin recent years include Bob McKimson's"Bugs Bunny" and "Sylvester the Cat."Disney's "Mickey Mouse" appeared on theToys for Tots poster in 1978.

The Marine Corps gave a mission to theToys for Tots program in 1953: to enrichthe lives of culturally and economicallydeprived children; to make people of thecommunity more aware of the MarineCorps Reserve; to create a favorable climate

for Marine Corps recruiting; and to bringthe individual reservist face to face withhis community.

IN ADDITION it) the Toys for Tots pro-gram, Col Hendricks was recognized for

his notable film accomplishments. In1960, Col Hendricks received an Oscar bythe Academy of Motion Picture Arts andSciences for producing the Marine Corpsdocumentary, "A Force in Readiness." Hewas nominated in 1962 for an Oscar for"The John Glenn Story," a Navy Depart-ment documentary about the first Ameri-can to orbit the earth.

Col Hendricks retired from the MarineCorps Reserve in 1969. In tribute to hiswork with Toys for Tots, Commandant ofthe Marine Corps Gen Leonard F. Chap-man, Jr., presented him the Legion ofMerit. After his retirement from the Corpsand Warner Brothers, Col Hendricks re-mained active in the Toys for Tots program.He was buried at Forest Lawn MemorialPark in Hollywood Hills on 2 April. Hismilitary funeral included remarks by theCommanding General of the 4th MarineDivision, MajGen James E. Livingston.

For more than four decades, Toys forTots has accomplished its mission with thehelp and generosity of local and nationalbusinesses, celebrities, members of themedia, and the American public. It'sgrown from a city-wide effort into a huge,national campaign. Col Henricks' philan-thropic program continues to brighten theholidays of less fortunate children world-wide. Last year, nearly eight million toyswere collected and distributed during thewinter holidays. L11775L1J


U.S. MARINE CORPS RURVN

tration. He also assisted the Reference Sec-tion in researching materials for thePresidential Commission on Women inthe Military, Women in Combat.

T HE DIvIsIoN ALSO had four internsfrom colleges — Douglas G. McGee

from the University of Dayton; LawrenceB. "Lee" Gatchel from Connecticut Col-lege in New London; James A. Ginther,Jr., from Abilene Christian University; andTrevor K. Plante, a graduate student fromGeorge Mason University who, incidental-ly, applied for and was given a master's

thesis grant by the Marine Corps Histori-cal Foundation. McGee worked one day aweek in the Reference Section. Gatchel,the son of a Marine colonel, spent his in-ternship working solely on the World WarII bibliography and completing a finisheddraft which will be published in the nearfuture and for which he earned a byline.Ginther spent his internship working inthe Personal Papers Collection, where heprepared a finding aid on early Marineaviation, and also inventoried the AlfredA. Cunningham collection. He also assist-ed Curator Miller in conducting interviews

with Guadalcanal veterans attending the1st Marine Division reunion. Plante is agraduate student at George Mason Univer-sity and worked in the Personal PapersCollection for the whole school year ac-complishing various tasks. He regularizedthe papers of the late Ralph W. Donnel-ly, who was a reference historian with theDivision. Plante also researched materialfor a history of VMA-124, and has receiveda Marine Corps Historical Foundationresearch grant to regularize and preparea catalog of the papers of LtCol Earl H.Ellis. L111775L1

Col Hendricks, Founder of Popular 'Toys for Tots' Reserve Program, Diesby Ann A. Ferrante, Reference Historian

R ETIRED C0L William L. Hendricks,USMCR, founder of the Marine

Corps Reserve's "Toys for Tots" program,died at the age of 87 in Los Angeles on29 March. Col Hendricks, whose civiliancareer included the production of films,cartoons, and TV commercials for WarnerBrothers, was a longtime resident ofBurbank.

Toys for Tots was conceived in 1947 whilethen-Maj Hendricks was serving withVolunteer Training Unit (VTU) 12-1 at theLos Angeles Reserve Center. His wife, Di-ane, hand-crocheted a doll to give to aneedy child, but discovered there was nocity-wide charitable organization collectingtoys for disadvantaged children. Hendricksand a fellow officer made a proposal totheir superiors for an annual MarineCorps-sponsored toy drive.

With only a few weeks left beforeChristmas, Col Hendricks and severaldozen Marines rounded up nearly 7,000toys with the help of his media friends,who launched a widespread publicity cam-paign. Additionally, Hendricks used hisHollywood influence to recruit movie starsto endorse the Toys for Tots drive, a prac-tice that continues today. The toys were alldelivered to local children on that Christ-mas Eve.

T HE PROGRAM SOON developed into anationwide campaign complete with

benefit concerts, sporting events, corporateinvolvement, and massive celebrity sup-port. Through his contacts as a WarnerBrothers executive and member of the Ad-vertising Club of Los Angeles, Hendricksinitiated a publicity campaign that hasfeatured such notables as John Wayne,

Angie Dickinson, Charlton Heston, TonyRandall, Natalie Wood, Henry Winkler,Ann-Margaret, Ken Norton, Bruce jenner,Sugar Ray Leonard, and a host of otherson the who's who lists of entertainmentand sports.

Annually produced Marine CorpsReserve Toys for Tots posters are well knownin their own right. Creation of the firstposter in 1948 was personally supervisedby Walt Disney, who also donated the offi-cial Toys for Tots logo featuring a toy train.Some of the characters adorning postersin recent years include Bob McKimson's"Bugs Bunny" and "Sylvester the Cat."Disney's "Mickey Mouse" appeared on theToys for Tots poster in 1978.

The Marine Corps gave a mission to theToys for Tots program in 1953: to enrichthe lives of culturally and economicallydeprived children; to make people of thecommunity more aware of the MarineCorps Reserve; to create a favorable climate

for Marine Corps recruiting; and to bringthe individual reservist face to face withhis community.

IN ADDITION it) the Toys for Tots pro-gram, Col Hendricks was recognized for

his notable film accomplishments. In1960, Col Hendricks received an Oscar bythe Academy of Motion Picture Arts andSciences for producing the Marine Corpsdocumentary, "A Force in Readiness." Hewas nominated in 1962 for an Oscar for"The John Glenn Story," a Navy Depart-ment documentary about the first Ameri-can to orbit the earth.

Col Hendricks retired from the MarineCorps Reserve in 1969. In tribute to hiswork with Toys for Tots, Commandant ofthe Marine Corps Gen Leonard F. Chap-man, Jr., presented him the Legion ofMerit. After his retirement from the Corpsand Warner Brothers, Col Hendricks re-mained active in the Toys for Tots program.He was buried at Forest Lawn MemorialPark in Hollywood Hills on 2 April. Hismilitary funeral included remarks by theCommanding General of the 4th MarineDivision, MajGen James E. Livingston.

For more than four decades, Toys forTots has accomplished its mission with thehelp and generosity of local and nationalbusinesses, celebrities, members of themedia, and the American public. It'sgrown from a city-wide effort into a huge,national campaign. Col Henricks' philan-thropic program continues to brighten theholidays of less fortunate children world-wide. Last year, nearly eight million toyswere collected and distributed during thewinter holidays. L111775L1J


Basic School, OCS Students Aid Air-Ground Museumby Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas

Curator of Material History

T HE MARINE CORPS' museums pro-gram is one which has been built

with the assistance of many volunteers,both Marines and civilians. Since there areconstantly more tasks than can be accom-plished by the staff, outside help in theform of interns, volunteers, and temporar-ily assigned Marines has aided in keepingall of our museums operating at an accept-able level of standards.

This year, a gap between the courses atthe Officer Candidate School and TheBasic School made an opportunity for agroup of newly commissioned second lieu-tenants to volunteer for temporary duty atQuantico's Air-Ground Museum.

The first two lieutenants, Charles B.Hotchkiss and Malcolm F. Granville,reported on board on 14 January and wi-thin one day started research on the Muse-um's circa-1880 Hotchkiss revolvingcannon. The next day, research stopped asthe lieutenants and several members of the

security, exhibits, and curatorial staffs dis-assembled the gun and moved it into the"Early Years" hangar at the Museum.Research continued, and although 2dLtGranville had to leave it, 2dLt Hotchkiss(no relation, as far as we can determine,to the famous arms designer) completedthe research and the scripting for the textaccompanying the gun in the exhibit.

T HAT SAME DAY, 2dLts David W.Edson, Adrian S. Gogue, Clarence T

Harper, and Anthony P. Kennick arrivedat the Museums Branch's research andstorage facility. After a tour of the opera-tion with the Officer-in-Charge, each lieu-tenant was assigned a task in the area inwhich he had shown a particular interest.Of course, the different areas offered alsowere ones in which there was a pressingneed to have work completed.

2cILt Edson volunteered to research andwrite the explanatory text on the World

War I period "Liberty" truck which hadjust been installed in the "Early Years"hangar. His research led from our ownreference files and small professionallibrary to Quantico's Breckenridge Library,the Marine Corps Historical Center Libraryat the Washington Navy Yard, the Nation-al Archives in Washington, and the U.S.Army Transportation Museum at Fort Eus-tis, Virginia. After completion of thisproject, he expanded the text into a can-didate article for Fortitudzne and then un-dertook the research and scripting of thetext for the Museum's Sherman tank. Oneof the Museum's goals is to expand on thebrief labels previously used.

While 2dLt Harper researched theM1928 Thompson sub-machine gun andthe M1918A2 Browning Automatic rifle for"sidebars" in our pamphlet series com-memorating the 50th anniversary of WorldWar II, 2dLt Gogue worked in the aer-onautica collection, cataloging and takinginventory of flight materiel. 2dLt Kennickworked in the ordnance collection,documenting the small arms acquiredduring Operation Desert Storm and assist-ing in weapons cataloging, while alsoresearching Marine Corps sniper rifles foradditional sidebars in the pamphlet series.

BY THE MIDDLE OF February, all of thelieutenants were working on research

projects and helping the curatorial staffwith its daily duties. At this time, two newsecond lieutenants, Geoffrey M. Antho-ny and Wesley L. Feight, showed up to fur-ther augment the staff. Both of themstarted work on pamphlet sidebars, but2dLt Feight took on the additional task ofresearching officers' mess dress and even-ing dress uniforms, establishing a catalog-ing matrix, and updating the cataloginformation available on the uniforms.When this was complete, he transferredthe individual uniforms from hangingracks to state-of-the-art storage in acid-freecontainers. 2dLt Anthony volunteered towork on captured Dragunov sniper riflesrecently captured in Operation DesertStorm. As was the case with all of theseprojects, both parties gained; 2dLt Antho-ny learned how to dismantle the weapons


2dLt Anthony R Kennick gets a close look at a M1941 Springfield snzer rzj7e under theguidance of Curator of Ordnance John G. Griffiths in the new small arms classroom.

aI:.,.4 .

Basic School, OCS Students Aid Air-Ground Museumby Kenneth L. Smith- Christmas

Curator of Material History

T HE MARINE CORPS' museums pro-gram is one which has been built

with the assistance of many volunteers,both Marines and civilians. Since there areconstantly more tasks than can be accom-plished by the staff, outside help in theform of interns, volunteers, and temporar-ily assigned Marines has aided in keepingall of our museums operating at an accept-able level of standards.

This year, a gap between the courses atthe Officer Candidate School and TheBasic School made an opportunity for agroup of newly commissioned second lieu-tenants to volunteer for temporary duty atQuantico's Air-Ground Museum.

The first two lieutenants, Charles B.Hotchkiss and Malcolm F. Granville,reported on board on 14 January and wi-thin one day started research on the Muse-urn's circa-1880 Hotchkiss revolvingcannon. The next day, research stopped asthe lieutenants and several members of the

security, exhibits, and curatorial staffs dis-assembled the gun and moved it into the"Early Years" hangar at the Museum.Research continued, and although 2dLtGranville had to leave it, 2dLt Hotchkiss(no relation, as far as we can determine,to the famous arms designer) completedthe research and the scripting for the textaccompanying the gun in the exhibit.

T HAT SAME DAY, 2dLts David W.Edson, Adrian S. Gogue, Clarence T.

Harper, and Anthony P. Kennick arrivedat the Museums Branch's research andstorage facility. After a tour of the opera-tion with the Officer-in-Charge, each lieu-tenant was assigned a task in the area inwhich he had shown a particular interest.Of course, the different areas offered alsowere ones in which there was a pressingneed to have work completed.

2cILt Edson volunteered to research andwrite the explanatory text on the World

War I period "Liberty" truck which hadjust been installed in the "Early Years"hangar. His research led from our ownreference files and small professionallibrary to Quantico's Breckenridge Library,the Marine Corps Historical Center Libraryat the Washington Navy Yard, the Nation-al Archives in Washington, and the U.S.Army Transportation Museum at Fort Eus-tis, Virginia. After completion of thisproject, he expanded the text into a can-didate article for Fortitudine and then un-dertook the research and scripting of thetext for the Museum's Sherman tank. Oneof the Museum's goals is to expand on thebrief labels previously used.

While 2dLt Harper researched theM1928 Thompson sub-machine gun andthe M1918A2 Browning Automatic rifle for"sidebars" in our pamphlet series com-memorating the 50th anniversary of WorldWar II, 2dLt Gogue worked in the aer-onautica collection, cataloging and takinginventory of flight materiel. 2dLt Kennickworked in the ordnance collection,documenting the small arms acquiredduring Operation Desert Storm and assist-ing in weapons cataloging, while alsoresearching Marine Corps sniper rifles foradditional sidebars in the pamphlet series.

BY THE MIDDLE OF February, all of thelieutenants were working on research

projects and helping the curatorial staffwith its daily duties. At this time, two newsecond lieutenants, Geoffrey M. Antho-ny and Wesley L. Feight, showed up to fur-ther augment the staff. Both of themstarted work on pamphlet sidebars, but2dLt Feight took on the additional task ofresearching officers' mess dress and even-ing dress uniforms, establishing a catalog-ing matrix, and updating the cataloginformation available on the uniforms.When this was complete, he transferredthe individual uniforms from hangingracks to state-of-the-art storage in acid-freecontainers. 2dLt Anthony volunteered towork on captured Dragunov sniper riflesrecently captured in Operation DesertStorm. As was the case with all of theseprojects, both parties gained; 2dLt Antho-ny learned how to dismantle the weapons


2dLt Anthony R Kennick gets a close look at a M1941 Springfield snzt'er rifle under theguidance of Curator of Ordnance John G. Grzfjiths in the new small arms classroom.

and we have several more presentableweapons in the collection.

IN THE MIDST of all of these projects, thestanding exhibits in the Air-Ground

Museum needed their annual "springcleaning" in preparation for the reopen-ing of the Museum on 1 April. Normally,this task is accomplished by the perma-nent curatorial and restoration staffs, aid-ed by the Marines of the security staff, andusually takes weeks to accomplish. How-ever, this season it was finished in a fewdays with the lieutenants' help.

While working on the Museum clean-ing, they had the opportunity to climb in-side the vehicles, perch on most of theaircraft, and work the actions on nearly allthe crew-served weapons, a privilege manyof the Museum's visitors would prize. Theyalso learned that since there are more than60 vehicles, aircraft, and crew-servedweapons on display, it is no small feat toready them, inside and out, for the view-ing public.

After the museum opened, some of thelieutenants moved forward into scriptinga series of modular exhibits on World WarII, while others went back into researchand writing for the sidebars and moremuseum text. Recoilless rifles, flame-throwers, and landing vehicles were just afew of the subjects tackled by the lieu-tenants for the balance of the month.

Shortly after this group of officers leftfor their Basic School Class at the end ofthe month, another group trickled in.2dLts Lance Christensen, Patrick Rivera,and James Hurd were soon joined byMarkham Campaign and Raymond Baker.Under the direction of the permanentstaff, this group completed the triage, ac-cessioning, and cataloging of the extensivecollection of captured Iraqi and MarineCorps uniforms and field equipmentwhich had been acquired by our Mobili-zation Training Unit in the desert. Theseamounted to 982 separate items, notcounting nine boxes of captured enemydocuments. 2dLt Baker also completed amodular exhibit on the 5th Marine Divi-sion, while our summer college internfrom Penn State, Mr. Benjamin E. Noga,finished the main label for 6th Marine Di-vision modular exhibit. This group also as-sisted in the preparation of anifacts for ournew series of modular exhibits on the cam-paigns of World War II.

B Y THE 'TIME they were leaving, ourmost recent volunteer lieutenants

came on board. 2dLt Jeffrey W. Megargel,another Penn State graduate and a class-mate of Lt Feight, jumped right into therequired "sidebars" for several of the WorldWar II pamphlets. 2dLt Megargel has pri-or enlisted service, as do 2dLts Feight, Ed-son, Gogue and Hotchkiss. Meanwhile,2dLt George Robinson began working inthe Restoration Section on a wide rangeof projects, notably in the technical library.

In addition to the work accomplishedby the unexpected addition of the lieu-tenants, others have made significant con-tributions through their volunteer services.At least some members of the volunteerrestoration staff can be seen working dili-gently in the shops each Saturday on bothaircraft and ground equipment. Tasksrange from the doping and stitching ofaircraft fabric to the computerization ofthe technical manuals library. On therecommendation of LtCol Ronald J.Brown, a reservist with MTh DC-7, MajCharles V. Mugno offered his serviceswhen he arrived at Quantico to serve onthe staff of the Command and Staff Col-lege. While they were serving together

during Desert Storm, LtCol Brown, awareof his friend's interest in uniforms and in-signia, had recommended that Maj Mug-no touch base with the museum staff atQuantico. After three months of work dur-ing lunch hours and on his days off, MajMugno finished the project begun by LtFeight, and embarked on further catalog-ing projects in the uniforms collection. Inthis, he is also contributing new sectionsto our in-house Catalog and IdentificationGuide for Uniforms. Eli 775E1

Answers to Historical Quiz

Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal(Questions on page 10)

1. Watchtower2. Major General Alexander A. Van-

degrift3. Cactus Air Force4. Lieutenant Colonel Merrill B. Twining5. Sergeant Major Sir Jacob C. Vouza6. Eleven7. The George Medal8. Coasrwatchers9. Lieutenant Colonel Frank B. Goettge

10. Major General Alexander M. Patch,Commanding General, Americal Division


2dLt IVesley L. Feight cleans a pre-JVorld JVar II offlcer evening dress uniform as apart of his conservation and cataloging efforts for the Museum uniforms collection.

t

and we have several more presentableweapons in the collection.

IN THE MIDST of all of these projects, thestanding exhibits in the Air-Ground

Museum needed their annual "springcleaning" in preparation for the reopen-ing of the Museum on 1 April. Normally,this task is accomplished by the perma-nent curatorial and restoration staffs, aid-ed by the Marines of the security staff, andusually takes weeks to accomplish. How-ever, this season it was finished in a fewdays with the lieutenants' help.

While working on the Museum clean-ing, they had the opportunity to climb in-side the vehicles, perch on most of theaircraft, and work the actions on nearly allthe crew-served weapons, a privilege manyof the Museum's visitors would prize. Theyalso learned that since there are more than60 vehicles, aircraft, and crew-servedweapons on display, it is no small feat toready them, inside and out, for the view-ing public.

After the museum opened, some of thelieutenants moved forward into scriptinga series of modular exhibits on World WarII, while others went back into researchand writing for the sidebars and moremuseum text. Recoilless rifles, flame-throwers, and landing vehicles were just afew of the subjects tackled by the lieu-tenants for the balance of the month.

Shortly after this group of officers leftfor their Basic School Class at the end ofthe month, another group trickled in.2dLts Lance Christensen, Patrick Rivera,and James Hurd were soon joined byMarkham Campaign and Raymond Baker.Under the direction of the permanentstaff, this group completed the triage, ac-cessioning, and cataloging of the extensivecollection of captured Iraqi and MarineCorps uniforms and field equipmentwhich had been acquired by our Mobili-zation Training Unit in the desert. Theseamounted to 982 separate items, notcounting nine boxes of captured enemydocuments. 2dLt Baker also completed amodular exhibit on the 5th Marine Divi-sion, while our summer college internfrom Penn State, Mr. Benjamin E. Noga,finished the main label for 6th Marine Di-vision modular exhibit. This group also as-sisted in the preparation of artifacts for ournew series of modular exhibits on the cam-paigns of World War II.

B Y THE TIME they were leaving, ourmost recent volunteer lieutenants

came on board. 2dLtJeffrey W. Megargel,another Penn State graduate and a class-mate of Lt Feight, jumped right into therequired "sidebars" for several of the WorldWar II pamphlets. 2dLt Megargel has pri-or enlisted service, as do 2dLts Feight, Ed-son, Gogue and Hotchkiss. Meanwhile,2dLt George Robinson began working inthe Restoration Section on a wide rangeof projects, notably in the technical library.

In addition to the work accomplishedby the unexpected addition of the lieu-tenants, others have made significant con-tributions through their volunteer services.At least some members of the volunteerrestoration staff can be seen working dili-gently in the shops each Saturday on bothaircraft and ground equipment. Tasksrange from the doping and stitching ofaircraft fabric to the computerization ofthe technical manuals library. On therecommendation of LtCol Ronald J.Brown, a reservist with MTU DC-7, MajCharles V. Mugno offered his serviceswhen he arrived at Quantico to serve onthe staff of the Command and Staff Col-lege. While they were serving together

during Desert Storm, LtCol Brown, awareof his friend's interest in uniforms and in-signia, had recommended that Maj Mug-no touch base with the museum staff atQuantico. After three months of work dur-ing lunch hours and on his days off, MajMugno finished the project begun by LtFeight, and embarked on further catalog-ing projects in the uniforms collection. Inthis, he is also contributing new sectionsto our in-house Catalog and IdentificationGuide for Uniforms. Eli 775El

Answers to Historical Quiz

Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal(Questions on page 10)

1. Watchtower2. Major General Alexander A. Van-

degrift3. Cactus Air Force4. Lieutenant Colonel Merrill B. Twining5. Sergeant Major Sir Jacob C. Vouza6. Eleven7. The George Medal8. Coastwatchers9. Lieutenant Colonel Frank B. Goettge

10. Major General Alexander M. Patch,Commanding General, Americal Division


2dLt Wesley L. Feght cleans a pre-W/orld War II officer's evening dress uniform as apart of his conservation and cataloging efforts for the Museum 's uniforms collection.

Paintings Reveal Experiences of Wake Veteran and POW

SIX PAINTINGS based on his personalexperiences as a Marine lieutenant

captured by the Japanese on Wake Islandand his survival of three and a half yearsas a prisoner of war in China, Korea, andJapan, have been presented to the MarineCorps Art Collection by BGen WoodrowM. Kessler, USMC (Ret).

The six resin/oil paintings were accept-ed by BGen Edwin H. Simmons, USMC(Ret), Director of Marine Corps Historyand Museums, at a ceremony in the Ma-rine Corps Museum on 17 August.

Kessler enlisted in the U.S. Navy in1931, served on board the battleshipW/yoming, and was appointed a secondlieutenant of Marines upon his graduationfrom the U.S. Naval Academy in 1937. Af-ter World War II he stayed on active duty,serving in Korea in 1951-52, and retiringas a brigadier general in 1955.

by John T Dyer, ftCurator of Art

SINCE THEN Gen Kessler has devotedtime to developing his interest and

skills in art. A 1956-58 second-career jobwas as art consultant to Permanent Pig-ments, Inc., an early manufacturer ofthen-new-to-the-art-market acrylic orpolymer plastic paints.

Of "Cracked Wheat," BGen Kessler writesthat the resin/oil painting is "interwovenwith imagery of the moldy cracked wheatcrawling with weevils served the IVake Is-land Marines as POW/S. The hard eyes ofthe rotting, dried cuttlefish belie the

gesture of beneficence the Japaneseoffer with these rare forms of protein."

"A prescience of the fate to befall W/akeIsland. . . on 23 December 1941," is howBGen Kessler explains 'Doubt Danger."He imagines himself "reflecting on knowntreatment of conquered foes by theJapanese," and taking ' foreboding lookinto a mirror of the future from whichemerges the oriental symbol for danger."

BGen Kessler's painting, "Memory," isreflection on events not easily shaken frommemory as it all ends. Mount Fuji loomsominously, the source of cruel forcedlabor bringing disease, malnutrition, anddeath to W/ake Island Marines, until it isshattered by a releasing nuclear flash, theultimate source of a renewed existence."



W"ake Island veteran BGen Woodrow M. Kessler, USMC (Ret), left, discusses the sixresin/oil paintings he has donated to the Marine Corps Art Collection with BGen Ed-win H. Simmons, USMC (Ret), Director of Marine Corps History and Museums.

I—I

Paintings Reveal Experiences of Wake Veteran and POW

SIX PAINTINGS based on his personalexperiences as a Marine lieutenant

captured by the Japanese on Wake Islandand his survival of three and a half yearsas a prisoner of war in China, Korea, andJapan, have been presented to the MarineCorps Art Collection by BGen WoodrowM. Kessler, USMC (Ret).

The six resin/oil paintings were accept-ed by BGen Edwin H. Simmons, USMC(Ret), Director of Marine Corps Historyand Museums, at a ceremony in the Ma-rine Corps Museum on 17 August.

Kessler enlisted in the U.S. Navy in1931, served on board the battleshipWyoming, and was appointed a secondlieutenant of Marines upon his graduationfrom the U.S. Naval Academy in 1937. Af-ter World War II he stayed on active duty,serving in Korea in 1951-52, and retiringas a brigadier general in 1955.

by John T Dyer JrCurator of Art

SINCE THEN Gen Kessler has devotedtime to developing his interest and

skills in art. A 1956-58 second-career jobwas as art consultant to Permanent Pig-ments, Inc., an early manufacturer ofthen-new-to-the-art-market acrylic orpolymer plastic paints.

Of "Cracked Wheat," BGen Kessler writesthat the resin/oil painting is "interwovenwith imagery of the moldy cracked wheatcrawling with weevils served the Wake Is-land Marines as POW/s. The hard eyes ofthe rotting, dried cuttlefish belie the

gesture of beneficence the Japaneseoffer with these rare forms of protein."

"A prescience of the fate to befall WakeIsland. . . on 23 December 1941," is howBGen Kessler explains "Doubt Danger."He imagines himself "reflecting on knowntreatment of conquered foes by theJapanese," and taking "a foreboding lookinto a mirror of the future from whichemerges the oriental symbol for danger."

BGen Kessler's painting, "Memory," is "areflection on events not easily shaken frommemory as it all ends, Mount Fuji loomsominously, the source of cruel forcedlabor bringing disease, malnutrition, anddeath to Wake Island Marines, until it isshattered by a releasing nuclear Jlash, theultimate source of a renewed existence."



Wake Island veteran BGen Woodrow M. Kessler USMC (Ret), left, discusses the sixresin/oil paintings he has donated to the Marine Corps Art Collection with BGen Ed-win H. Simmons, USMC (Ret), Director of Marine Corps History and Museums.

'91 Chronology CoversA Tumultuous Year ofCombat, Relief Efforts

by Ann A. FerranteReference Historian

BGen Kessler indicates that his resin/oilpainting, "Trap," is ' satirical evolutionof the Japanese Adm Kajoika who rideshis amphibious chariot on a magic carpetinto the unseen web — the trap — set forhim by the Marines of IVake Island As thedaylight of 11 December 1941 breaks, hisineffective armada is shattered."

He earned a master of fine arts degreeat the Tyler School of Fine Arts in 1964and studied at the Barnes Foundation in1973. Gen Kessler exhibits in the DelawareValley area of Pennsylvania and he isrepresented in both public and private ancollections.

Gen Kessler's World War II memoirs,Reminiscences: To U7ake Island and Be-yond were published as an occasionalpaper by the History and Museums Divi-sion in 1988. The 145-page volumereproduces his stylish, long-hand lettering,as he hashes out the nightmares of WakeIsland and the prison camps whichfollowed.

E SIX PAINTINGS, a related set en-titled "Reminiscences from the Pacif-

ic," reflect these same experiences, includ-ing the surrender on Wake and the nearlyfour years of deprivation as a POW whichfollowed. Gen Kessler explains that someof the paintings are relatively explicitwhereas others are more abstract in theirsignificance. All are abstract to a degreesince they are designed on a backgroundof "hirakana" (Japanese characters) relat-ed to the individual subject.

"Symbolism in the paintings is a verysubjective, personal, and often subcons-cious element:' he says. " ... and, as youknow, the quality of a work of fine art

IVith "Stealth" Gen Kessler symbolizesthe invasion and occupation by Japanese:"Comes to a peaceful U7ake Island sud-denly raining down death and destru ctionfrom behind a cover of bland innocence."

The "most literal" of Gen Kessler's sixpaintings also is one of the largest, enti-tled "Ceremonial." He says, "The Japanese'untouchable' becomes Samurai to decapi-tate, at random, five U7ake Islanders, thevisage becomes unsated fury." The darkcolors allude to greed envy, and terror

(whether it be in music, painting, or liter-ature) is its ability to allow the viewer hisown interpretation followed by many sub-sequent discoveries, allowing the viewer topaflicipate in its continuing construction."

1111 775EJ

T HE CURRENT CHRONOLOGY of theMarine Corps, which outlines signifi-

cant events and dates in contemporary Ma-rine Corps history, has been compiled bythe Reference Section since 1982. The year-ly chronologies have grown from 85 en-tries in 1982 to more than 120 in 1991.Together they are an effective tool fordocumenting notable dates and anniver-saries in contemporary Marine Corpshistory.

The chronology is compiled by research-ing numerous primary and secondarysources. Literally hundreds of pages areresearched each week to build the chro-nology. Sources include official records,such as Marine Corps operational sum-maries, unit command chronologies, andsummaries of activities for Headquarters,U.S. Marine Corps. Secondary sources thatconsist of a variety of magazines, journals,newspapers, and press releases, are alsoreviewed for items of interest.

Selected entries from the 1991 MarineCorps Chronology are:

4-5 Jan—In Operation Eastern Exit, Marines andsailors joined forces to evacuate 260 United Statesand foreign citizens from the American embassy inwar-torn Mogadishu, Somalia. Seven helicopters flewinto the capita! city as government soldiers foughtwith tribal factions trying to overthrow the nation'spresident. The Marines were with the 1st Battalion,2d Marines, attached to the 4th Marine Expedition-ary Brigade and afloat in the Arabian Sea, when theyshifted focus from Operation Desert Shield.9Jan — Operation Sharp Edge, the seven-month com-mitment of the Mediterranean Amphibious ReadyGroup (MARG) to Liberia, ended on this date whenthe USS Nashville (LPD 13) departed Monrovia torejoin the rest of MARG 3-90 in the Mediterranean.The 22d Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Oper-ations Capable) arrived off Monrovia lastjune as theprolonged civil war surged into the capita!, threaten-ing the lives of Americans and other foreign nation-als. After 62 days afloat, Marines began evacuationoperations in August. During the operation, U.S.forces evacuated some 2,600 people, including 330Americans.i6Jan—Operation Desert Shield became OperationDesert Storm as forces of the allied coalition launchedan all-out air assault against targets in Iraq and oc-cupied Kuwait in an effort to liberate Kuwait andenforce the resolutions of the United Nations Secu-

(Continued on page 21)


-F '91 Chronology CoversA Tumultuous Year ofCombat, Relief Efforts

by Ann A. FerranteReference Historian

BGen Kessler indicates that his resin/oilpainting, "Trap," is "a satirical evolutionof the Japanese Adm Kajoika who rideshis amphibious chariot on a magic carpetinto the unseen web — the trap — set forhim by the Marines of W'ke Island As thedaylight of 11 December 1941 breaks, hisineffective armada is shattered."

He earned a master of fine arts degreeat the Tyler School of Fine Arts in 1964and studied at the Barnes Foundation in1973. Gen Kessler exhibits in the DelawareValley area of Pennsylvania and he isrepresented in both public and private ancollections.

Gen Kessler's World War II memoirs,Reminiscences: To Wake Island and Be-yond were published as an occasionalpaper by the History and Museums Divi-sion in 1988. The 145-page volumereproduces his stylish, long-hand lettering,as he hashes out the nightmares of WakeIsland and the prison camps whichfollowed.

E SIX PAINTINGS, a related set en-titled "Reminiscences from the Pacif-

ic," reflect these same experiences, includ-ing the surrender on Wake and the nearlyfour years of deprivation as a POW whichfollowed. Gen Kessler explains that someof the paintings are relatively explicitwhereas others are more abstract in theirsignificance. All are abstract to a degreesince they are designed on a backgroundof "hirakana" (Japanese characters) relat-ed to the individual subject.

"Symbolism in the paintings is a verysubjective, personal, and often subcons-cious element:' he says. " ... and, as youknow, the quality of a work of fine art

With "Stealth" Gen Kessler symbolizesthe invasion and occupation by Japanese:"Comes to a peaceful Wake Island sud-denly raining down death and destru ctionfrom behinda cover of bland innocence."

The "most literal" of Gen Kessler's sixpaintings also is one of the largest, enti-tled "Ceremonial." He says, "The Japanese'untouchable' becomes Samurai to decapi-tate, at random, five Wake Islanders; thevisage becomes unsated fury." The darkcolors allude to greed, envy, and terror

(whether it be in music, painting, or liter-ature) is its ability to allow the viewer hisown interpretation followed by many sub-sequent discoveries, allowing the viewer toparticipate in its continuing construction."

L111775EJ

T HE CURRENT CHRONOLOGY of theMarine Corps, which outlines signifi-

cant events and dates in contemporary Ma-rine Corps history, has been compiled bythe Reference Section since 1982. The year-ly chronologies have grown from 85 en-tries in 1982 to more than 120 in 1991.Together they are an effective tool fordocumenting notable dates and anniver-saries in contemporary Marine Corpshistory.

The chronology is compiled by research-ing numerous primary and secondarysources. Literally hundreds of pages areresearched each week to build the chro-nology. Sources include official records,such as Marine Corps operational sum-maries, unit command chronologies, andsummaries of activities for Headquarters,U.S. Marine Corps. Secondary sources thatconsist of a variety of magazines, journals,newspapers, and press releases, are alsoreviewed for items of interest.

Selected entries from the 1991 MarineCorps Chronology are:

4-5 Jan—In Operation Eastern Exit, Marines andsailors joined forces to evacuate 260 United Statesand foreign citizens from the American embassy inwar-torn Mogadishu, Somalia. Seven helicopters flewinto the capital city as government soldiers foughtwith tribal factions trying to overthrow the nation'spresident. The Marines were with the 1st Battalion.2d Marines, attached to the 4th Marine Expedition-ary Brigade and afloat in the Arabian Sea, when theyshifted focus from Operation Desert Shield.9Jan — Operation Sharp Edge, the seven-month com-mitment of the Mediterranean Amphibious ReadyGroup (MARG) to Liberia, ended on this date whenthe USS Nashville (LPD 13) departed Monrovia torejoin the rest of MARG 3-90 in the Mediterranean.The 22d Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Oper-ations Capable) arrived off Monrovia lastjune as theprolonged civil war surged into the capital, threaten-ing the lives of Americans and other foreign nation-als. After 62 days afloat, Marines began evacuationoperations in August. During the operation, U.S.forces evacuated some 2,600 people, including 330Americans.l6Jan—Operation Desert Shield became OperationDesert Storm as forces of the allied coalition launchedan all-out air assault against targets in Iraq and oc-cupied Kuwait in an effort to liberate Kuwait andenforce the resolutions of the United Nations Secu-

(Continued on page 21)


(Continued from page 20)

rity Council. Overall, in the theater of operation therewere more than 415,000 U.S. troops and 265,000 al-lied troops in the coalition.'9Jan—The first serious ground fighting of Opera-

on Desert Storm broke out when Iraqi troopsmounted an attack into Saudi Arabia along a 40-milefront. Company and battalion-sized Iraqi units cen-tered their efforts on Khafji, a deserted port city, sixmiles south of the border. Saudi and Qatari troops,supported by artillery and attack helicopters from the1st Marine Division and aircraft from the coalition,recaptured the town two days later. The fightingproduced the first ground casualties of the war as 11Marines were killed when their light armored vehi-cles were destroyed in a clash with Iraqi armoredforces.

13, 16 Feb —The Marine Corps ordered an additional1,758 selected Marine Corps Reservists to active dutyin support of Persian Gulf operations, effective onthese dates. The total number was brought to 24,703.With the advent of war in the Gulf, President Bushauthorized the Secretary of Defense to expand thecallup of Marine reservists to include the IndividualReady Reserve. At the same time, the Marine CorpsReserve mobilization ceiling of 23,000 was hiked to44,000.23 Feb-26 Mar—Reserve Marines of the 2d MarineExpeditionary Brigade (MEB) participated in Exer-cise Battle Griffin 91. It was the first test of NATO'sNorway Airlanded Marine Expeditionary Brigade(NALMEB). The combat exercise involved some12,500 naval, ground, and aviation forces from theU.S., Norway, and Germany.24 Feb—The I Marine Expeditionary Force and coa-

tion forces began a ground assault on Iraqi defensesin the final chapter of Operation Desert Storm. le-cated just south of the Kuwaiti border along the Per-sian Gulf, the 1st and 2d Marine Divisions with itsfour main task forces — Ripper, Papa Bear, Taro, andGrizzly—stormed into the teeth of Iraqi defenses andconvinced the defenders that it was the main effortof attack. Meanwhile, heavily armored allied forcesattacked the Iraqi defenses in Iraq from behind. Atthe same time, Marine units of the 4th and 5th Ma-rine Expeditionary Brigades afloat in the Persian Gulfpinned down large numbers of Iraqi troops expect-ing an amphibious assault. In 100 hours, U.S. andallied forces defeated the Iraqi Army.28 Feb—Operation Desert Storm ended when theceasefire declared by President Bush went into ef-fect. I Marine Expeditionary Force had a personnelstrength of 92,990, making Operation Desert Stormthe largest Marine Corps operation in history. A to-tal of 23 Marines were killed in action or later diedof wounds from the time the air war was launchedon 16 January until the cease-fire took effect 43 dayslater.

10 Mar—Five Marine prisoners of war were amongthe 21 POWs who arrived at Andrews Air Force Base,Washington, D.C. The Marine POWs were freed on5 March and were transported from Iraq by an In-ternational Red Cross aircraft.12 Mar—President Bush signed an executive orderestablishing a Southwest Asia Service Medal for mem-bers of the U.S. Armed Forces who participated inOperations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.7 Apr—A multinational relief effort to aid Kurdishrefugees in southern Turkey and northern Iraq be-gan. More than 7,000 U.S. military personnel sup-

Gen Carl E. Mundy, Jr.ported Operation Provide Comfort. Serving in theoperation was the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit(Special Operations Capable), consisting of Battal-ion Landing Team 2d Battalion, 8th Marines; Ma-rine Medium Helicopter Squadron 264; and MEUService Support Group 24. The relief effort estab-lished refugee camps and provided food and securi-ty to many thousands of Kurds.12 Apr—Defense Secretary Richard B. Cheney pro-posed closing 43 domestic military bases and realign-ing another 28, the deepest retrenchment since WorldWar II.23 Apr—Exercise Team Spirit 91 ended after severalmonths of training in the Republic of Korea. Ma-rines of the III Marine Expeditionary Force partici-pated in the 16th annual joint-combined exercise.It was designed to evaluate and improve combat read-iness to defend the Korean peninsula against exter-nal aggression.24 Apr—The I Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) waswelcomed home from Operation Desert Storm dur-ing ceremonies at Camp Pendleton, California. Atthe same time, V MEF, activated in January to as-sume the missions and tasks assigned to the deployedI MEF, deactivated.29 May—Elements of a Joint task force that includ-ed the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade departedthe Bay of Bengal off the coast of Bangladesh afternearly two weeks of disaster relief operations follow-ing a major cyclone. The joint task force arrived offthe coast of Bangladesh on 15 May and proceededto deliver tons of relief supplies using helicopters,C-130s, and landing craft. The operation, originallycalled Productive Effort, was renamed Operation SeaAngel when the people of Bangladesh referred to theMarines delivering needed supplies as "angels fromthe sea."8 Jun—Operation Welcome Home paid tribute toevery service member who went to Southwest Asiain support of Operations Desert Shield and DesertStorm. Some 1,800 Marines, 14 pieces of major equip-ment, and 19 aircraft participated in the Desert StormNational Victory Parade in Washington, D.C.12 Jun — Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines beganerupting and approximately 6,000 Marines and sailorsfrom the III Marine Expeditionary Force and MarineBarracks, Subic Bay, began to provide relief of thedisaster-stricken area in Operation Fiery Vigil. TheMarines and sailors worked closely with Commander,U.S. Naval Forces, Philippines, and Army and AirForce personnel and provided security augmentation,heavy equipment support, cleanup, resupply of foodand potable water, generator support, and evacua-tion assistance.

27 Jun — SgtMaj Harold G. Overstreet became the12th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps during aPost and Relief Ceremony held at Marine Barracks,8th and I Streets, SE., Washington, D.C. SgtMajDavid D. Sommers, who served as the senior enlist-ed advisor to the Commandant of the Marine Corpssince June 1987, retired after more than 31 years inthe Marine Corps.28Jun—Gen Alfred M. Gray, Jr., presented the battlecolor of the Marine Corps to Gen Carl E. Mundy,Jr., during a change of command ceremony at Ma-rine Barracks, 8th and I Streets, Washington, D.C.Gen Mundy accepted the responsibilities as the 30thCommandant of the Marine Corps in front of a crowdof nearly 3,000 well-wishers. He would assume com-mand on 1 July.15 Jul—Several months after Operation DesertStorm, Marines were still in Saudi Arabia backload-ing ammunition and other supplies onto ships head-ed home. As of mid-July, the Marine Corps had morethan 4,500 Marines left in Southwest Asia— 2,274ashore in Saudi Arabia and another 2,257 afloat onships of the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit. Nearly90,000 Marines were in Southwest Asia during theheight of the Persian Gulf War.9Aug—Gen H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA, relin-quished command of the U.S. Central Command toGen Joseph P. Hoar, USMC, in ceremonies at Mac-Dill Air Force Base, Florida. Gen Hoar, who waspromoted to four-star status, had been serving asDeputy Chief of Staff for Plans, Policies, and Oper-ations. Previous to that assignment, he had servedas the Chief of Staff, U.S. Central Command, un-der Gen Schwarzkopf.20 Aug —The Commandant of the Marine Corps con-vened a Force Structure Planning Group at Quanti-co, Virginia, to assist him in defining the optimumstructure for the Corps within the constraints consi-dered by the Department of Defense. The 17-manplanning group was headed by BGen Charles C. Kru-lak who served as Director, Personnel ManagementDivision/Personnel Procurement Division.14 Sep—The USS Hue City (CG 66), designed andbuilt by Ingalls Shipbuilding division of Litton In-dustries in Pascagoula, Mississippi, was commissionedinto the fleet. It was the first U.S. Navy war shipnamed in commemoration of the efforts of Marines,soldiers, and sailors who fought to retake Hue Cityin Vietnam during January-March 1968.Oct—All four V-22 Osprey test aircraft returned toflight status following the crash of aircraft numberfive in June. The aircraft's test schedule has been puton hold since that date as naval Investigators and pro-gram officials looked into what caused the V-22 tocrash while on its maiden flight. Testing would beconducted at Bell-Boeing test sites in Texas andDelaware.1 Nov—The 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade kickedoff Exercise Valiant Blitz 92 in the Republic of Korea.The annual Seventh Fleet exercise was designed toimprove defensive readiness of ROK and U.S. forcesthrough combined and joint operations.16 Dec—About 300 Marines from the 8th MarineRegiment based at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina,arrived at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba,to assist in Joint Task Force Guantanamo Bay. Theyjoined 400 other military personnel to provide hu-manitarian assistance to more than 6,000 Haitianrefugees. Marines erected temporary shelters andshower facilities, and provided motor transport, foodservice, and translators. L]1775L]


is

(Continued from page 20)

rity Council. Overall, in the theater of operation therewere more than 415,000 U.S. troops and 265,000 al-lied troops in the coalition.'9Jan —The first serious ground fighting of Opera-

on Desert Storm broke out when Iraqi troopsmounted an attack into Saudi Arabia along a 40-milefront. Company and battalion-sized Iraqi units cen-tered their efforts on Khafji, a deserted port city, sixmiles south of the border. Saudi and Qatari troops,supported by artillery and attack helicopters from the1st Marine Division and aircraft from the coalition,recaptured the town two days later. The fightingproduced the first ground casualties of the war as 11Marines were killed when their light armored vehi-cles were destroyed in a clash with Iraqi armoredforces.

13, 16 Feb —The Marine Corps ordered an additional1,758 selected Marine Corps Reservists to active dutyin support of Persian Gulf operations, effective onthese dates. The total number was brought to 24,703.With the advent of war in the Gulf, President Bushauthorized the Secretary of Defense to expand thecallup of Marine reservists to include the IndividualReady Reserve. At the same time, the Marine CorpsReserve mobilization ceiling of 23,000 was hiked to44,000.23 Feb-26 Mar—Reserve Marines of the 2d MarineExpeditionary Brigade (MEB) participated in Exer-cise Battle Griffin 91. It was the first test of NA'IO'sNorway Airlanded Marine Expeditionary Brigade(NALMEB). The combat exercise involved some12,500 naval, ground, and aviation forces from theU.S., Norway, and Germany.

24 Feb—The I Marine Expeditionary Force and coa-tion forces began a ground assault on Iraqi defenses

in the final chapter of Operation Desert Storm. Lo-cated just south of the Kuwaiti border along the Per-sian Gulf, the 1st and 2d Marine Divisions with itsfour main task forces — Ripper, Papa Bear, Taro, andGrizzly—stormed into the teeth of Iraqi defenses andconvinced the defenders that it was the main effortof attack. Meanwhile, heavily armored allied forcesattacked the Iraqi defenses in Iraq from behind. Atthe same time, Marine units of the 4th and 5th Ma-rine Expeditionary Brigades afloat in the Persian Gulfpinned down large numbers of Iraqi troops expect-ing an amphibious assault. In 100 hours, U.S. andallied forces defeated the Iraqi Army.28 Feb—Operation Desert Storm ended when theceasefire declared by President Bush went into ef-fect. I Marine Expeditionary Force had a personnelstrength of 92,990, making Operation Desert Stormthe largest Marine Corps operation in history. A to-tal of 23 Marines were killed in action or later diedof wounds from the time the air war was launchedon 16 January until the cease-fire took effect 43 dayslater.

10 Mar — Five Marine prisoners of war were amongthe 21 POWs who arrived at Andrews Air Force Base,Washington, D.C. The Marine POWs were freed on5 March and were transported from Iraq by an In-ternational Red Cross aircraft.12 Mar—President Bush signed an executive orderestablishing a Southwest Asia Service Medal for mem-bers of the U.S. Armed Forces who participated inOperations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.

7 Apr—A multinational relief effort to aid Kurdishrefugees in southern Turkey and northern Iraq be-gan. More than 7,000 U.S. military personnel sup-

Gen Carl E. Mundy, Jr.ported Operation Provide Comfort. Serving in theoperation was the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit(Special Operations Capable), consisting of Battal-ion Landing Team 2d Battalion, 8th Marines; Ma-rine Medium Helicopter Squadron 264; and MEUService Support Group 24. The relief effort estab-lished refugee camps and provided food and securi-ty to many thousands of Kurds.12 Apr — Defense Secretary Richard B. Cheney pro-posed closing 43 domestic military bases and realign-ing another 28, the deepest retrenchment since WorldWar II.23 Apr—Exercise Team Spirit 91 ended after severalmonths of training in the Republic of Korea. Ma-rines of the III Marine Expeditionary Force partici-pated in the 16th annual joint-combined exercise.It was designed to evaluate and improve combat read-iness to defend the Korean peninsula against exter-nal aggression.24 Apr—The I Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) waswelcomed home from Operation Desert Storm dur-ing ceremonies at Camp Pendleton, California. Atthe same time, V MEF, activated in January to as-sume the missions and tasks assigned to the deployedI MEF, deactivated.29 May—Elements of a joint task force that includ-ed the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade departedthe Bay of Bengal off the coast of Bangladesh afternearly two weeks of disaster relief operations follow-ing a major cyclone. The joint task force arrived offthe coast of Bangladesh on 15 May and proceededto deliver tons of relief supplies using helicopters,C-130s, and landing craft. The operation, originallycalled Productive Effort, was renamed Operation SeaAngel when the people of Bangladesh referred to theMarines delivering needed supplies as "angels fromthe sea."8 Jun — Operation Welcome Home paid tribute toevery service member who went to Southwest Asiain support of Operations Desert Shield and DesertStorm. Some 1,800 Marines, 14 pieces of major equip-ment, and 19 aircraft participated in the Desert StormNational Victory Parade in Washington, D.C.12 Jun—Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines beganerupting and approximately 6,000 Marines and sailorsfrom the III Marine Expeditionary Force and MarineBarracks, Subic Bay, began to provide relief of thedisaster-stricken area in Operation Fiery Vigil. TheMarines and sailors worked closely with Commander,U.S. Naval Forces, Philippines, and Army and AirForce personnel and provided security augmentation,heavy equipment support, cleanup, resupply of foodand potable water, generator support, and evacua-tion assistance.

27 Jun — SgtMaj Harold G. Overstreet became the12th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps during aPost and Relief Ceremony held at Marine Barracks,8th and I Streets, S.E., Washington, D.C. SgtMajDavid D. Sommers, who served as the senior enlist-ed advisor to the Commandant of the Marine Corpssince June 1987, retired after more than 31 yeats inthe Marine Corps.28Jun — Gen Alfred M. Gray, Jr., presented the battlecolor of the Marine Corps to Gen Carl E. Mundy,Jr., during a change of command ceremony at Ma-rine Barracks, 8th and I Streets, Washington, D.C.Gen Mundy accepted the responsibilities as the 30thCommandant of the Marine Corps in front of a crowdof nearly 3,000 well-wishers. He would assume com-mand on 1 July.15 Jul — Several months after Operation DesertStorm, Marines were still in Saudi Arabia backload-ing ammunition and other supplies onto ships head-ed home. As of mid-July, the Marine Corps had morethan 4,500 Marines left in Southwest Asia—2,274ashore in Saudi Arabia and another 2,257 afloat onships of the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit. Nearly90,000 Marines were in Southwest Asia during theheight of the Persian Gulf War.9 Aug—Gen H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA, relin-quished command of the U.S. Central Command toGen Joseph P. Hoar, USMC, in ceremonies at Mac-Dill Air Force Base, Florida. Gen Hoar, who waspromoted to four-star status, had been serving asDeputy Chief of Staff for Plans, Policies, and Oper-ations. Previous to that assignment, he had servedas the Chief of Staff, U.S. Central Command, un-der Gen Schwarzkopf.20 Aug—The Commandant of the Marine Corps con-vened a Forte Structure Planning Group at Quanti-co, Virginia, to assist him in defining the optimumstructure for the Corps within the constraints consi-dered by the Department of Defense. The 17-manplanning group was headed by BGen Charles C. Kru-lak who served as Director, Personnel ManagementDivision/Personnel Procurement Division.14 Sep—The USS Hue City (CG 66), designed andbuilt by Ingalls Shipbuilding division of Litton In-dustries in Pascagoula, Mississippi, was commissionedinto the fleet. It was the first U.S. Navy war shipnamed in commemoration of the efforts of Marines,soldiers, and sailors who fought to retake Hue Cityin Vietnam during January-March 1968.Oct—All four V-22 Osprey test aircraft returned toflight status following the crash of aircraft numberfive in June. The aircraft's test schedule has been puton hold since that date as naval investigators and pro-gram officials looked into what caused the V-22 tocrash while on its maiden flight. Testing would beconducted at Bell-Boeing test sites in Texas andDelaware.1 Nov—The 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade kickedoff Exercise Valiant Blitz 92 in the Republic of Korea.The annual Seventh Fleet exercise was designed toimprove defensive readiness of ROK and U.S. forcesthrough combined and joint operations.16 Dec—About 300 Marines from the 8th MarineRegiment based at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina,arrived at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba,to assist in Joint Task Force Guantanamo Bay. Theyjoined 400 other military personnel to provide hu-manitarian assistance to more than 6,000 Haitianrefugees. Marines erected temporary shelters andshower facilities, and provided motor transport, foodservice, and translators. L111775L1


P ART III OF THE CONTINUING Fortitudine chronology onMarine Corps activities during World War II continues with

the launching of the first U.S. ground offensive of the war, onan obscure island in the southern Solomons which soon wouldbecome a household word in America— Guadalcanal.

7 Aug—After preliminary bombardment, the 1st Marine Divi-sion landed on Florida, Tulagi, Gavutu, Tanambogo, andGuadalcanal in the southern Solomons to launch the first U.S.ground offensive of World War II. The 5th Marines (less the 2dBattalion) landed on Red Beach, Guadalcanal, followed by the1st Marines in reserve. The 1st and 5th Marines crossed the TenaruRiver and moved unopposed toward the Ilu River. MajGen Alex-ander A. Vandegrift, USMC, commanding the Guadalcanal-Tulagi forces, ordered the occupation of the Japanese airfield andthe establishment of a defensive line along the Lunga River.7 Aug—The 1st Raider Battalion, commanded by LtCol MerrittA. Edson, landed unopposed at Blue Beach on the western shoreof Tulagi Island, followed by the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines.8 Aug—The 1st Marine Division won control of Tulagi, Gavutu,and Tanambogo, and captured the airfield on Guadalcanal,renaming it Henderson Field.8-9 Aug—In the Battle of Savo Island, elements of theJapanese

In the autumn of 1942, four battle-weary and bearded Marinesthk snzper fire to deliver a wounded comrade to a behind-the-

Ezghth Fleet attacked Allied shipping between Savo and Flori-da Islands; four Allied cruisers were lost and one destroyerdamaged.9 Aug—Task Force 61, supporting the Guadalcanal-Tulagi land-ings, departed the Solomons for Noumea, leaving the landingforce without air or surface support until 20 August.12 Aug—On Guadalcanal, LtCol Frank B. Goettge, USMC, 1stMarine Division intelligence officer, led a 25-man reconnaissancepatrol along the west bank of the Matanikau River. The patrolwas ambushed, and LtCol Goettege and 21 men of the patrolwere killed; only three Marines escaped.

17-18 Aug—Elements of the 2d Raider Battalion, commandedby LtCol Evans F. Carlson, USMC, conducted a raid on MakinAtoll in the Gilbert Islands. The raiders destroyed Japanese in-stallations, gathered intelligence data, and diverted attentionfrom the action on Guadalcanal. [Note: It was during the raidon the atoll that Sgt Clyde A. Thomason's gallantry in actionearned for him a posthumous Medal of Honor. He was the firstenlisted Marine to be awarded that medal in World War II.]20 Aug—The forward echelon of Marine Aircraft Group 23(19F4Fs of VMV-223 and 12 SBDs of VMSB-232) arrived on Hen-derson Field.

lines aid station at the edge of the rainforest on Guadalcanal.Marines repulsed constant enemy forays against their perimeter

WTorld IVar II Chronology, 1941-1945

Part 111—August-December 1942by Robert V Aquilina

Assistant Head, Reference Section

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P ART III OF THE CONTINUING Fortitudine chronology onMarine Corps activities during World War II continues with

the launching of the first U.S. ground offensive of the war, onan obscure island in the southern Solomons which soon wouldbecome a household word in America — Guadalcanal.

7 Aug—After preliminary bombardment, the 1st Marine Divi-sion landed on Florida, Tulagi, Gavutu, Tanambogo, andGuadalcanal in the southern Solomons to launch the first U.S.ground offensive of World War II. The 5th Marines (less the 2dBattalion) landed on Red Beach, Guadalcanal, followed by the1st Marines in reserve. The 1st and 5th Marines crossed the TenaruRiver and moved unopposed toward the Ilu River. MajGen Alex-ander A. Vandegrift, USMC, commanding the Guadalcanal-Tulagi forces, ordered the occupation of the Japanese airfield andthe establishment of a defensive line along the Lunga River.7 Aug—The 1st Raider Battalion, commanded by LtCol MerrittA. Edson, landed unopposed at Blue Beach on the western shoreof Tulagi Island, followed by the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines.8 Aug—The 1st Marine Division won control of Tulagi, Gavutu,and Tanambogo, and captured the airfield on Guadalcanal,renaming it Henderson Field.8-9 Aug—In the Battle of Savo Island, elements of the Japanese

In the autumn of 1942, four battle-weary and bearded Marinesrisk sniper fire to deliver a wounded comrade to a behind-the-

Ezghth Fleet attacked Allied shipping between Savo and Flori-da Islands; four Allied cruisers were lost and one destroyerdamaged.9 Aug—Task Force 61, supporting the Guadalcanal-Tulagi land-ings, departed the Solomons for Noumea, leaving the landingforce without air or surface support until 20 August.12 Aug—On Guadalcanal, LtCol Frank B. Goettge, USMC, 1stMarine Division intelligence officer, led a 25-man reconnaissancepatrol along the west bank of the Matanikau River. The patrolwas ambushed, and LtCol Goettege and 21 men of the patrolwere killed; only three Marines escaped.

17-18 Aug—Elements of the 2d Raider Battalion, commandedby LtCol Evans E Carlson, USMC, conducted a raid on MakinAtoll in the Gilbert Islands. The raiders destroyed Japanese in-stallations, gathered intelligence data, and diverted attentionfrom the action on Guadalcanal. [Note: It was during the raidon the atoll that Sgt Clyde A. Thomason's gallantry in actionearned for him a posthumous Medal of Honor. He was the firstenlisted Marine to be awarded that medal in World War II.]20 Aug—The forward echelon of Marine Aircraft Group 23(19F4Fs of VMV-223 and 12 SBDs of VMSB-232) arrived on Hen-derson Field.

lines aid station at the edge of the rainfo rest on Guadalcanal.Marines repulsed constant enemy forays against their perimeter

W/orld IVar II Chronology, 1941-1945

Part 111—August-December 1942by Robert fr Aquiina

Assistant Head, Reference Section

Sgt Clyde A. Thomason, killed in action particzOating in theMakjn Island raid with the 2dRazder Battalion, was the first en-listed Marine in World War II to be awarded the Medal ofHonor

21 Aug—On Guadalcanal, Marines repulsed Japanese attacksagainst Marine positions at the mouth of the Tenaru River.24-25 Aug—In the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, planes fromVMSB-232 at Henderson Field assisted in an attack on ajapanesetask force carrying Guadalcanal reinforcements. A Japanese des-troyer and transport were sunk, and many men of the SpecialLanding Force were killed.

31 Aug—The 1st Raider Battalion and the 1st Parachute Battal-ion arrived on Guadalcanal from Tulagi to reinforce the defenseperimeter.

3 Sep—BGen Roy S. Geiger, USMC, commanding the 1st Ma-rine Aircraft Wing, arrived on Guadalcanal with the commandechelon of the wing.

8 Sep—On Guadalcanal, the 1st Raider Battalion and the 1stParachute Battalion, supported by planes of Marine AircraftGroup 23 and two destroyer transports, landed just east of Tasim-boko, advanced west into the rear of the reported Japanese posi-tions, and carried out a successful raid on ajapanese supply base.

12-14 Sep — In the Battle of the Ridge on Guadalcanal, Marinesfrom the 1st Raider Battalion and the 1st Parachute Battalion

(and later assisted by the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines), under thecommand of LtCol Edson, repulsed repeated Japanese attemptsto penetrate the Henderson Field perimeter.16 Sep—The 3d Marine Division was activated at Camp Elliott,California.18 Sep—The 7th Marines landed on Guadalcanal, and emer-gency supplies were unloaded at Kukum from ships of Task Force65.

25 Sep—Camp Pendleton, named in honor of MajGen JosephH. Pendleton, was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.7-9 Oct—On Guadalcanal, the 5th Marines and elements of the7th Marines, along with the 3d Battalion, 2d Marines, engagedJapanese forces in sharp fighting at the mouth of the MatanikauRiver and in the Point Cruz and Matanikau village areas. Japaneseforces broke off the engagement with heavy losses.11 Oct—In the Battle of Cape Esperance, a U.S. task force offour cruisers and five destroyers, protecting a convoy carrying rein-forcements to Guadalcanal, turned back Japanese ships headedfor an attack on the Solomons.13 Oct—The 164th Infantry Regiment of the Americal Divisionarrived on Guadalcanal to reinforce the 1st Marine Division.14 Oct—On Guadalcanal,Japanese night bombers struck Hen-derson Field, damaging 42 of the 90 operable planes and caus-ing heavy casualties.18 Oct—Adm William F. Halsey, USN, relieved VAdm RobertL. Ghormley, USN, of the South Pacific Area Command.20-25 Oct— Marines and U.S. Army troops fought off heavyground attacks of a majorJapanese counteroffensive against theMarine defense perimeter.26 Oct—In the Battle of Santa Cruz, a U.S. force sustained heavylosses, but checked Japanese movement toward Guadalcanal.8 Nov—The first major Allied operation in North Africa beganwhen American and British forces landed in French North Africa.9 Nov— On Guadalcanal, BGen louis E. Woods, USMC, relievedBGen Roy S. Geiger, USMC, as Commander, Aircraft, CactusAir Force.

12-15 Nov—In the naval Battle of Guadalcanal, planes from Hen-derson Field, the carrier Enterprise, and Espiritu Santo attackedJapanese transports headed for Guadalcanal with troops of the38th Division and supplies; seven of the eleven transports weredestroyed on 12 November, and the remaining four were loston the 15th.18-22 Nov—U.S. Army forces, assisted by elements of the 8thMarines continued a westward advance on Guadalcanal to se-cure a line of departure from which to attack the mainJapaneseforce.

9 Dec— MajGen Alexander A. Vandegrift, USMC, CG, 1st Ma-rine Division, was relieved by MajGen Alexander M. Patch, CG,Americal Division, as commanding general of U.S. forces onGuadalcanal. The 1st Marine Division made preparations to re-tire from the combat zone to rest and rehabilitate.9-16 Dec—The 164th and 182d Infantries, USA, near Point Cruzon Guadalcanal, were relieved by the 2d Marines (-), the 8thMarines, and the 132d Infantry (-), USA.20 Dec— Marine Barracks, New River, North Carolina, wasredesignated Marine Barracks, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.27 Dec—On Guadalcanal, BGen Francis P. Mulcahy, Command-ing General of the 2d Marine Aircraft Wing, relieved BGen LouisE. Woods, as Commander, Aircraft, Cactus Air Force.L1J1775L1J


—-I

______

.—..

Sgt Clyde A. Thomason, killed in action particijating in theMakin Island raid with the 2dRaider Battalion, was the first en-listed Marine in World War II to be awarded the Medal of Honor

21 Aug—On Guadalcanal, Marines repulsed Japanese attacksagainst Marine positions at the mouth of the Tenaru River.24-25 Aug—In the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, planes fromVMSB-232 at Henderson Field assisted in an attack on aJapanesetask force carrying Guadalcanal reinforcements. A Japanese des-troyer and transport were sunk, and many men of the SpecialLanding Force were killed.

31 Aug—The 1st Raider Battalion and the 1st Parachute Battal-ion arrived on Guadalcanal from Tulagi to reinforce the defenseperimeter.

3 Sep—BGen Roy S. Geiger, USMC, commanding the 1st Ma-rine Aircraft Wing, arrived on Guadalcanal with the commandechelon of the wing.

8 Sep—On Guadalcanal, the 1st Raider Battalion and the 1stParachute Battalion, supported by planes of Marine AircraftGroup 23 and two destroyer transports, landed just east of Tasim-boko, advanced west into the rear of the reported Japanese posi-tions, and carried out a successful raid on aJapanese supply base.

12-14 Sep—In the Battle of the Ridge on Guadalcanal, Marinesfrom the 1st Raider Battalion and the 1st Parachute Battalion

(and later assisted by the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines), under thecommand of LtCol Edson, repulsed repeated Japanese attemptsto penetrate the Henderson Field perimeter.16 Sep—The 3d Marine Division was activated at Camp Elliott,California.18 Sep—The 7th Marines landed on Guadalcanal, and emer-gency supplies were unloaded at Kukum from ships of Task Force65.

25 Sep— Camp Pendleton, named in honor of MajGen JosephH. Pendleton, was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.7-9 Oct—On Guadalcanal, the 5th Marines and elements of the7th Marines, along with the 3d Battalion, 2d Marines, engagedJapanese forces in sharp fighting at the mouth of the MatanikauRiver and in the Point Cruz and Matanikau village areas. Japaneseforces broke off the engagement with heavy losses.11 Oct—In the Battle of Cape Esperance, a U.S. task force offour cruisers and five destroyers, protecting a convoy carrying rein-forcements to Guadalcanal, turned back Japanese ships headedfor an attack on the Solomons.13 Oct —The 164th Infantry Regiment of the Americal Divisionarrived on Guadalcanal to reinforce the 1st Marine Division.14 Oct—On Guadalcanal, Japanese night bombers struck Hen-derson Field, damaging 42 of the 90 operable planes and caus-ing heavy casualties.18 Oct—Adm William F. Halsey, USN, relieved VAdm RobertL. Ghormley, USN, of the South Pacific Area Command.20-25 Oct—Marines and U.S. Army troops fought off heavyground attacks of a majorJapanese counteroffensive against theMarine defense perimeter.26 Oct—In the Battle of Santa Cruz, a U.S. force sustained heavylosses, but checked Japanese movement toward Guadalcanal.8 Nov—The first major Allied operation in North Africa beganwhen American and British forces landed in French North Africa.9 Nov— On Guadalcanal, BGen louis E. Woods, USMC, relievedBGen Roy S. Geiger, USMC, as Commander, Aircraft, CactusAir Force.

12-15 Nov—In the naval Battle of Guadalcanal, planes from Hen-derson Field, the carrier Enterprise, and Espiritu Santo attackedJapanese transports headed for Guadalcanal with troops of the38th Division and supplies; seven of the eleven transports weredestroyed on 12 November, and the remaining four were loston the 15th.18-22 Nov—U.S. Army forces, assisted by elements of the 8thMarines continued a westward advance on Guadalcanal to se-cure a line of departure from which to attack the mainJapaneseforce.

9 Dec— MajGen Alexander A. Vandegrift, USMC, CG, 1st Ma-rine Division, was relieved by MajGen Alexander M. Patch, CG,Americal Division, as commanding general of U.S. forces onGuadalcanal. The 1st Marine Division made preparations to re-tire from the combat zone to rest and rehabilitate.9-16 Dec—The 164th and 182d Infantries, USA, near Point Cruzon Guadalcanal, were relieved by the 2d Marines (-), the 8thMarines, and the 132d Infantry (-), USA.20 Dec—Marine Barracks, New River, North Carolina, wasredesignated Marine Barracks, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.27 Dec— On Guadalcanal, BGen Francis P. Mulcahy, Command-ing General of the 2d Marine Aircraft Wing, relieved BGen louisE. Woods, as Commander, Aircraft, Cactus Air Force.L1J1775E


DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20380

OFFICIAL BUSINESS


Acquisitions

Hendricks Donation Includes Rare Cavalry Carbineby Jennifer L. Gooding

Registrar

T HE MARINE CORPS Museum re-cently received a donation, that

had been willed to the Marine Corps byCol William L. Hendricks, USMCR(Ret), of Civil War rifles, bayonets, anda cartridge pouch, plus a number ofbooks about the war or contemporarywith it. The Museum received the do-nation with the assistance of Mrs. KathieGraler, Historical Officer, MCB CampPendleton, California, who at our re-quest arranged for the original receiptand later forwarding of the donation tothe Museum.

carbine, a Pattern 1852 Padgett cavalrycarbine, a Pattern 1856 short rifle madeby contractor Joseph Smith, and boththe second and third model variationsof the standard Pattern 1853 rifle-musket. Further research is being con-ducted, as some, if not all, of these giveindications that they may have been im-ported by either the North or South dur-ing the Civil War.

These will complement the smallgroup of Enfields already in the collec-tion, and should now give us a very goodrepresentative sampling of this type ofweapon. Many of the longarms arrivedwith their correct bayonets, but the pre-mier edged weapon was a crudely madeConfederate-marked artillery shortsword.

When the collection was received andunpacked at the Center, the staff wasdelighted to find several rare specimensof shoulder arms and edged weapons.Although about one-half of the collec-tion was U.S-made weapons, the otherhalf was British long arms from theAmerican Civil War period. Included inthe first group were a M1841 "Mississip-pi" rifle, made at Harpers Ferry, WestVirginia, in 1850; a scarce Jenk's "mule-ear" Navy carbine; an early version of thefamiliar Remington rolling block rifle;and an extremely rare first model Hall'spatent percussion cavalry carbine, com-

White-gloved Curator Kenneth L.

Smith-Christmas peers into the mechan-ism of the 1838 Hall's cavaliy carbine.plete with its retractable, triangularbayonet. The Hall's carbine was madeby famed 19th-century arms maker,Simeon North of Middletown, Connec-ticut in 1838.

The British group included a series ofthe Enfield-type arms which appearedin the decade preceding our Civil War.Among these are a Pattern 1856 cavalry

A LSO DONATED were a leather cart-ridge pouch imprinted Water-

town Arsenal 1864" made in Watertown,New York; a set of iron cannonballtongs; a leather carbine socket; a metalhorse bit; and a late World War II U.S.machete; along with 424 books, some ofthem dating to the time of the CivilWar. L111775L11

w ' .—

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20380

OFFICIAL BUSINESS


Acquisitions

Hendricks Donation Includes Rare Cavalry Carbineby Jennifer L. Gooding

Registrar

T HE MARINE CORPS Museum re-cently received a donation, that

had been willed to the Marine Corps byCol William L. Hendricks, USMCR(Ret), of Civil War rifles, bayonets, anda cartridge pouch, plus a number ofbooks about the war or contemporarywith it. The Museum received the do-nation with the assistance of Mrs. KathieGraler, Historical Officer, MCB CampPendleton, California, who at our re-quest arranged for the original receiptand later forwarding of the donation tothe Museum.

When the collection was received andunpacked at the Center, the staff wasdelighted to find several rare specimensof shoulder arms and edged weapons.Although about one-half of the collec-tion was U.S-made weapons, the otherhalf was British long arms from theAmerican Civil War period. Included inthe first group were a M1841 "Mississip-pi" rifle, made at Harpers Ferry, WestVirginia, in 1850; a scarce Jenk's "mule-ear" Navy carbine; an early version of thefamiliar Remington rolling block rifle;and an extremely rare first model Hall'spatent percussion cavalry carbine, corn-

carbine, a Pattern 1852 Padgett cavalrycarbine, a Pattern 1856 short rifle madeby contractor Joseph Smith, and boththe second and third model variationsof the standard Pattern 1853 rifle-musket. Further research is being con-ducted, as some, if not all, of these giveindications that they may have been im-ported by either the North or South dur-ing the Civil War.

These will complement the smallgroup of Enfields already in the collec-tion, and should now give us a very goodrepresentative sampling of this type ofweapon. Many of the longarms arrivedwith their correct bayonets, but the pre-mier edged weapon was a crudely madeConfederate-marked artillery shortsword.

White-gloved Curator Kenneth L.

Smith- Christmas peers into the mechan-ism of the 1838 Hall's cavaliy carbine.plete with its retractable, triangularbayonet. The Hall's carbine was madeby famed 19th-century arms maker,Sirneon North of Middletown, Connec-ticut in 1838.

The British group included a series ofthe Enfield-type arms which appearedin the decade preceding our Civil War.Among these are a Pattern 1856 cavalry

A LSO DONATED were a leather cart-ridge pouch imprinted "Water-

town Arsenal 1864" made in Watertown,New York; a set of iron cannonballtongs; a leather carbine socket; a metalhorse bit; and a late World War II U.S.machete; along with 424 books, some ofthem dating to the time of the CivilWar. L111775L11