foundations review (unit one)

8/4/2019 Foundations Review (Unit One)

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Foundations Unit Review

8000 BCE to 600 CE


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Agricultural Revolution8000 BCE Did not happen at once but in many

places at different times

Led to increased population and rise ofcivilizations

Separation developed between

agriculturalists (civilizations) andpastoralist/nomadic peoples

Differences between the two?


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Rise of Civilizations Agricultural surplus Job Specialization

Development of government Social hierarchies and inequality

Cities

Writing


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River Valley Civilizations 3000 BCE to1500 BCE


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Egypt

Regular flooding

Village society

Pharaoh as God-King

Mesopotamia

Chaotic flooding

City-states

Invasions

Indus River Valley

Trade with Mesopotamiaand China

Centralized politicalstructure

Shang China

Oracle bones

Dynastic Cycle

Mandate of Heaven

Isolated from other three


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Olmec Civilization inAmericas1200 BCE

Did not developalong river valleys

Influenced latercivilizations

Technology adapted

to their environment


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Chavin Culture in SouthAmerica Unique geography:

lived on coast, in

Andes Mountains,and in rainforestjungle


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Fall of River ValleyCivilizations(app. 1200 BCE)

One common feature is invasion by Indo-Europeans.

Another theory is interdependence; tradeand contact meant they declined together(except China)


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Rise of Classical CivilizationsGreek City-States 400 BCE Polis

Highly developed

culture of humanismand logic

Greek culture spreadthrough Alexander

the Great andHellenism


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Acropolis (top of the hill)


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Roman Republic andEmpire 250 BCE to 475 CE Culture derived from

Greece

Military might Engineering and

architecture (roads,aqueducts)

Dependence onslavery

Christianity
http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/corinthians/maps/empire.gif


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Roman Engineering


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Mauryan and GuptaEmpires Hinduism and Caste system

Buddhism

Indian Ocean and Silk Road trade

Lack of centralized political system dueto geography and diversity of people:

theater states


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Classical IndiaMauryan Empire(250 BCE) Strong, centralized

leadership Ashoka converted

to Buddhism andsupported toleration


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Gupta Empire 400 CE Theater state

Cultural Flowering

(e.g., mathematics)


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Classical China


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Classical China Confucianism

Daoism

Legalism under Qin Dynasty (Shi Huangdi) Scholar bureaucrats

Patriarchal society

Silk Road trade


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Trade in Classical EraSilk Route Made possible

by camel

hybrids andsaddles

Important role

played bycentral Asiannomads


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Trade in Classical EraIndian Ocean Trade Lateen

(triangular) sail

made it possibleto sail far fromshore

Connected EastAfrica, MiddleEast, India, SEAsia and China


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Fall of Classical EmpiresCommon Causes

Invasion of Germanic tribes (Rome) or Huns (China and India)

Deterioration of political institutions

Expensive to Protect/maintain borders

Results

Not much impact on India: Hinduism and Caste system continue

China entered period of chaos but Confucianism, Mandate of

Heaven and Dynastic cycles continue Rome broke into east and west and west disintegrated, never to

reform. No great institutions like India or China to sustain it


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Origins of World BeliefSystems Polytheism


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Origins of World BeliefSystems Hinduism


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Origins of World BeliefSystems Judaism


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Origins of World BeliefSystems Confucianism


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Origins of World BeliefSystems Daoism


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Origins of World BeliefSystems Buddhism


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Origins of World BeliefSystems Christianity


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Diffusion of BeliefSystems

foundations review (unit one)

Documents