Frank R. LeslieB. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE

Adjunct Professor, Florida Tech, DMES

President, Florida Renewable Energy Associationfleslie @ fit.edu; (321) 674-7377

http://my.fit.edu/~fleslief.leslie @ ieee.org; (321) 768-6629

Sustainability throughRenewable Energy !

“Stewards of the Earth”

3/3/2007, Rev. 1.3

1.1 Florida Renewable Energy Association (FREA)

FREA is the Florida Chapter (www.cleanenergyflorida.org) of the American Solar Energy Society, ASES (www.ases.org)

FREA advocates energy efficiency and conservation to increase renewable energy use

FREA supports a public benefit fund to increase use of renewable energy (RE)

ASES is the American Section of the International Solar Energy Society, ISES www.ises.org Mission: Advance the use of solar energy Goals:

Ensure that federal, state, and local policies support the development and use of solar energy

Advance research, development, and use Educate consumers Prepare the future workforce Publish “Solar Today” magazine Sponsor the National Solar Energy Conference (Cleveland, Ohio in 2007)

1.1.1 ISES-Hungary: “Harmony with Nature”

Section was formed in 1983 by Prof. Dr. Lazlo Imre, Dep’t. of Energy Engineering, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics (BUTE)

ISES-Hungary held the 1993 ISES Solar World Congress in Budapest960 participants from 73 countries

Hungarian Solar Energy society (HSES) formed in 1993 is now operating ISES-HungarySunDay programs started 1994 – a solar fairHungarian Solar Participation Program of UNESCO

supplies free solar energy training materials to high schools and universities

[Boer, 2005]

2. Sustainable Energy: How Renewable Energy Affects the Quality of Life

Sustainable energy lasts indefinitely, unlike fossil and nuclear fuels that are extracted from the earth

Renewable energy resources vary worldwide, thus conversion is affected by the relative costs

Fossil fuels emit carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned along with pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic components (VOCs)

These emissions cause public health problems and are widely believed to lead to global warming and its consequences

Nuclear energy is fueled by depletable uranium oxide and has a “social problem” (“fear and loathing”) Concerns of waste storage, radioactive release, and weapons proliferation

Clean renewable energies have no emissions and can reduce the problems of fossil fuels

3.1 Global Warming and/or High Fuel Prices?

Whether you believe in global warming or not, shift to using renewable energy to avoid emissions and increasing fuel depletion costs

Fossil emission costs aren’t included in ratepayers’ billsLos Angeles smog exemplifies transportation pollution

Asthma, lung disease, eye irritation

Coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy are subsidized by the taxpayers

Wind energy costs about the same as new coal plant energy --- ~2.4¢/kWh

As a fuel depletes, demand chasing reduced supply drives prices higher --- where will it stop?

$2.47/gallon on 3/2/2007

3.2 Results of Florida Energy Office 2007 Awards

$15 million grants for RE and $5 million for biofuelsHeavy support for ethanol fuel production

Orange trees and sugarcane, $2.5 for 4 million gallon/year ethanol biorefinery; $2.5 million biomass to ethanol and electricity;

No grants for ocean energy and cow manure to methaneGov. Crist wants new $68 million on alternative energy &

conservation Sen. Mike Bennett (R-Bradenton) advocate says U.S.

reliance on foreign oil up from 33% to 60% Rep. Bob Allen (R-Merritt Island) presses for increased

efficiency and immediate market applications

Florida Today 2/22/07

3.3 The Hubbert Curve Predicts Fossil Fuel Decline

Dr. M. King Hubbert, a geophysicist, predicted a 1970 US oil peak. Others predicted the World oil peak would occur in the first decade of the 21st Century.

Past the production peak at 2006-2010 (?), oil prices will increase as extraction becomes more difficult and the price is bid up.

www.hubbertpeak.com/midpoint.htm

070229

World Oil Prices [$ gallon-1]

3.4 Renewable Energy

“Wedges” of sustainability contribution Princeton’s R. Socolow devised approach

070301www.princeton.edu/~cmi/resources/stabwedge.htm

Wind turbines can replace ~30% of utility powerFPL Energy owns 40% of US wind turbines

44 windfarms in 15 states --- 3200 MW

US offshore turbines being pursued by Cape Wind, MAFlorida offshore wind might be possible off Jacksonville

3.5 Wind Energy

070303Cape Wind.org

Hydropower: Mature in US but still developing in other countries/continents

Unusual situations permit small low-power stream turbines, paddlewheels in fast streams, waterwheels, and wave/tidal generators Used for remote minor lighting, pumping, sensing and

radio telemetry A small stream waterwheel in the Florida Tech Botanical

Gardens develops 3 to 10 watts; ¾ mile2 drainageRivers or lagoons can power similar tidal power

convertors La Rance 240 MW plant near Malo, France

Large ocean energy conversion developed in Europe US Gulf Stream turbine field proposed

3.6 Extraction of Water Energy

Photo, Wavegen

Hydrogen now produced from natural gas (97%)Electrolysis stores energy as hydrogen, which can be

compressed; convert H2 back to electrical energy with fuel cell or internal combustion engine

BP selected Iceland as H2 partner; hydro & geothermal

Cost must be reduced to become economically affordable

3.7 Sustainable Source Hydrogen Production

Photo Free.fr

Photo, F. Leslie, 2006

“Pure” wastes like factory scrap, wood chips, etc. can be burned directly or pyrolyzed to yield useful gases

Municipal waste requires extensive sorting to remove harmful substances before heating/pyrolyzing/burning

Reprocess “trash” into useful materialsMine “Mount Trashmore” landfills into energy &

materials

3.8 Waste Reduction and Energy Conversion

070301

msw.cecs.ucf.edu

Electric cars (Bishop, 1908) have battery-limited range 40 miles per day only meets the needs of 90% of the

public -- plug it in at night Tesla racer and the GM Volt are examples

Hybrids save fuel by using battery acceleration Available now but prices higher

Biofuels Bioethanol and biodiesel are gasoline replacements

PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) 120Vac home power charging plus a small engine that

only runs when the battery voltage falls too low

3.9 Future Transportation:Electric Vehicles, Hybrids, Biofuels, and PHEVs

GM Volt

SMUD's modified Prius PHEV

http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/symposium/presentations/maccurdy.pdf

3.9.1 Energy in Transportation

Air and ground transportation require energy-dense fuels (liquids) and fueling infrastructure

Fixed natural gas energy plants compete with CNG for cars and trucks

Hydrogen-fueled cars in test Danish VLTJ hydrogen train

under study “Project Cryoplane” aircraft

powered with liquid hydrogen under test

Compressed natural gas/H2 car at FSECAlternative Fuel Vehicle Workshop

(Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL)

070301

April 1-4, 2007

3.10 Sierra Club’s “Smart Energy Solutions” Program

Sierra Club (~3 million members) is advancing solutions to carbon dioxide emissions through energy-saving solutions

Conclusion

Energy is continually in the news and attracting public attention due to cost

070301

Conclusion

Energy is continually in the news and attracting public attention due to cost

Fossil fuels deplete, and cost affects rate of changeover to clean renewables

070301

Conclusion

Energy is continually in the news and attracting public attention due to cost

Fossil fuels deplete, and cost affects rate of changeover to clean renewables

Transportation consumes some 40% of US energy in fossil fuels and emits pollution

070301

Conclusion

Energy is continually in the news and attracting public attention due to cost

Fossil fuels deplete, and cost affects rate of changeover to clean renewables

Transportation consumes some 40% of US energy in fossil fuels and emits pollution

The transition must be made --- Let’s do it in time!

070301

Thank you!

Questions? ? ?070301Cobb, Wisconsin, F. Leslie, 2003

Bibliography: Books

Boer, Karl W. The Fifty-Year History of the International Solar Energy Society and its National sections. Vol. 2, Chapter12, pp. 531-549. Boulder CO: ASES, Inc. 2005.

Aubrecht II, Gordon J. Energy, Second Edition. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall, __pp., 1995. 0-02-304601-5, TJ163.2.A88, 333.79. Renewables covered in Chap. 19 (19 pp.), Chap. 20 (14 pp.), Chap. 21 (12 pp.), and focus is primarily on conventional energy.

Boyle, Godfrey, ed. Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 477 pp., 1996. 0-19-856452-X & 0-19-856451 (pbk). Negligible conventional energy treatment in intro (39 pp.). Primarily a European focus with minor mention of U.S.

Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973. A forerunner assessment of renewables.

Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991. Comprehensive exposition of solar thermal processes.

Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5 Excellent wind treatment.

Kraushaar, Jack J. and Robert A, Ristinen. Energy and Problems of a Technical Society. NY: John Wiley &Sons, Inc., 488 pp., 1993. 0-471-57310-8, TJ163.2K73, 333.790. Minimal RE; solar, 40 pp., all others, 28 pp.. For example, wind power on only pp. 192-197.

Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136 Good textbook.

Ristinen, Robert A. and Jack J. Kraushaar. Energy and the Environment. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 367 pp., 1999. 0-471-17248-0, 333.79. Minimal RE; e.g., 8 pp. on wind energy.

Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4. Comprehensive, but post-doc level and unusual presentation order.

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References: Websites, etc.

http://www.dep.state.fl.us/energy/fla_energy/files/energy_plan_final.pdf_________________________________awea-windnet@yahoogroups.com. Wind Energy elistawea-wind-home@yahoogroups.com. Wind energy home powersite elistgeothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energymailto:energyresources@egroups.com rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS

windenergyexperimenter@yahoogroups.com. Elist for wind energy experimenterswww.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon populationwww.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commissionwww.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/otec_hi.html#anchor349152 on OTEC systemstelosnet.com/wind/20th.htmlwww.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22solstice.crest.org/dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.htmlhttp://www.av8n.com/physics/fossil-resources.htm --- depletion periodshttp://www.oildepletion.org/http://www.abelard.org/briefings/energy-economics.asp --- Economics

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