Tolerance to climate change of early life-stage

Fucus vesiculosus varies among sibling groups

Balsam Al-Janabi 1, Inken Kruse 1, Angelika Graiff 2, Ulf Karsten 2 and Martin Wahl 1

1 GEOMAR, Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany 2 University of Rostock, Applied Ecology and Phycology, Rostock, Germany

© I. Lastumäki © K. Maczassek © B. Al-Janabi © Inken Kruse

500 µM

200 µM 200 µM © B. Al-Janabi

1

Genetic diversity of Fucus vesiculosus

Diversity Diversity

Confers potential for adaptation through selection

Allows for resilience and ecosystem services

Hypothesis: Populations of high genetic diversity perform better on environmental stress. 2

Genotyping of 42 adult Fucus vesiculosus -> their physiological responses at the Benthocosms experiment (T x CO2) were analysed Angelika Graiff 9 microsatellite markers were used to describe the genetic diversity: Parameters: HO Observed Heterozygosity

HE Expected Heterozygosity FIS Inbreeding factor

Fucus vesiculosus – Bülk Population

Genetic diversity of Fucus vesiculosus

4

Microsatellite analysis of 42 adult F. vesiculosus

Locus NA Size range (bp) HO HE FIS

L85 8 112 - 126 0,7105 0,6274 - 0,135

L94 5 151 - 184 0,9000 0,6038 -0,500

Fsp1 11 122 - 160 0,8158 0,8242 0,010

Fsp2 17 115 - 195 0,5000 0,9069 0,452

F9 10 184 - 212 0,6579 0,8182 0,198

F19 10 162 - 192 0,5714 0,6779 0,159

F34 8 186 - 220 0,9750 0,6655 -0,474

F36 3 216 - 224 0,9231 0,5891 -0,579

F60 3 188 - 194 0,3000 0,4165 0,282

Total x = 8.33 0,7060 0,6810 Estimation multilocus: - 0,0370

Settlement of germlings

© K. Maczassek

Diversity level 2

2x

Collection of fertile adult Fucus vesiculosus Induction of gamete release Settling of germlings on limestones cubes: edge length 2 cm.

Diversity level 3

4x

Diversity level 1

1x

5

versus

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

offspring of 1 parental pair each

offspring of 2 parental pairs each

offspring of 4 parental pairs each

1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8

5, 6, 7 , 8 1, 2, 3, 4

versus

6

Diversity level

Low

Medium

High

Three diversity levels of Fucus vesiculosus gemlings

Climate change scenario: Kiel Benthocosms

Investigation of species interactions and community structure under climate change

Upscaling of: Multiple factors, Multi-species communities, Multi-seasonal approach

Closing the gap between laboratory and field experiments

Flow-through system allows a near natural scenario

7 Wahl et al. 2015 Limnology and Oceanography: Methods

Warming and acidification: Kiel Benthocosms

Temperature: + 5 °C

pCO2: 1100 µatm

8

4 treatment levels

High Temperature + pCO2 High Temperature High pCO2 Ambient (Fjord conditions)

n = 3

Seasonal variation - 2013

Seasonal differences between spring and summer (p-value < 0.05)

Season *

0

20

40

60

80

100

Spring13 Summer Autumn Winter Spring14

Surv

ival

%

T+CO2+

T+ CO2-

T- CO2+

T- CO2-

Warming decreases survival in summer and also in winter (p-value < 0.05)

Warming and acidification in a seasonal environment

Means +SD n=3

Temp * Temp *

9

Seasonal differences between spring and summer (p-value < 0.05)

Season *

0

20

40

60

80

100

Spring13 Summer Autumn Winter Spring14

Surv

ival

%

T+CO2+

T+ CO2-

T- CO2+

T- CO2-

Warming decreases survival in summer and also in winter (p-value < 0.05)

Acidification effect on growth – Laboratory approach

Means +SD n=3

Temp * Temp *

10

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1A

rea

(mm

2)

380 1120 2400

pCO2 effect on growth

High pCO2 levels increase growth of Fucus germlings (p-value < 0.05) = fertilisation effect

Means +SD n=3

10

Siblings vary in tolerance to warming and acidification

-2

-1

0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Survival %

log

eff

ec

t ra

tio

(S

D)

(rela

tive t

o “

am

bie

nt”

)

T+/ T- CO2 +/ CO2 - Future/ Present

Temp

CO2 Temp

Temp

CO2

Temp

CO2

11

Warming, acidification and nutrient enrichment

Temperature: + 5 °C

pCO2: 1100 µatm

[Temperature + pCO2] x Nutrients

[NO2 NO3 PO4]

12

Nutrient enrichment mitigates heat wave stress

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

T-CO2-N- T-CO2-N+ T+CO2+ N- T+CO2+ N+G

row

th %

d-1

0

20

40

60

80

100

T-CO2-N- T-CO2-N+ T+CO2+ N- T+CO2+ N+

Su

rviv

al

%

TempCO2- N- TempCO2- N+ TempCO2+ N- TempCO2+ N+

***

***

Warming during a heat wave decreased survival and growth significantly (p < 0.0001)

Nutrient enrichment attenuates the high mortality and growth reduction (p < 0.0001)

Warming+Acidification interacts with the factor nutrients (p < 0.0001)

+N

+N

13

+T

+T

Local Upwelling event

[Temperature + pCO2] x Nutrients

[NO2 NO3 PO4]

+ [Temperature + pCO2] + Nutrients

+ [Temperature + pCO2] - Nutrients

- [Temperature + pCO2] + Nutrients

- [Temperature + pCO2] - Nutrients

3 days Upwelling

14

Sensitivity to hypoxia is enhanced by previous warming

Mortality of F. vesiculosus germlings is strongly increased under hypoxia in all groups of pre-treatments

Previous exposure to warming and acidification decreased the tolerance to hypoxia stress (p < 0.001)

15

0

20

40

60

80

100

TCO2- N- TCO2- N+ TCO2+ N- TCO2+ N+

Mo

rtality

%

Pre-treatment TempCO2- N- TempCO2- N+ TempCO2+ N- TempCO2+ N+

3 days Hypoxia

Genotypic correlations determine the direction of selection

Vinebrook et al. (2004)

Populations resistance to multiple factors depend on trade correlation Analysis of sibling groups sensitivity towards multiple stressors was performed Sibling groups sensitivity to stressor A and stressor B may correlate genotypic correlations

Sibling groups were ranked according to the different sensitivities: Warming

Acidification

Warming + acidification

Hypoxia 16

Siblings correlations of sensitivities to warming and OA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 4

8

3

1

7

5

2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5

4

6

1

3

7

8

Survival

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

R = 0.929

P = 0.0022 6

4

8 1

3

7

5

2 Growth

Ra

nk

se

ns

itiv

ity t

o C

O2

Rank sensitivity to temperature

Spring

R = 0.952

P = 0.0011

Spring

S

um

me

r

R = 0.821

P = 0.0341

Growth

Sensitivity to warming and acidification is positively correlated (p < 0.05)

Direction of selection goes towards the more tolerant genotypes to warming and acidification

Positive correlation will accelerate selection processes towards these genotypes

17

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Sen

sit

ivit

y t

o T

em

pC

O2

Sensitivity to Hypoxia

6

10

4

9

16

5

8

13

11

14

1

3

2

15

12

7

R = - 0.8088

P = 0.0002

Correlations of sensitivities to OAW and hypoxia

Sensitivity towards warming+acidification and hypoxia is negatively correlated (p < 0.001)

18

Genotypes adapted to warming and acidification are most sensitive to hypoxia

Conclusions

• Warming enhances growth in summer, but reduces survival in late summer

• Seasonal variation determines climate change effects on growth and survival

• Sibling groups vary in their response to warming and acidification

-> potential for adaptation

• Heat wave stress is mitigated under nutrient enrichment but enhances the sensitivity to hypoxia

• Positive correlation of sensitivities towards warming and acidification determines the direction of selection

• Populations adapted to warming and acidification are most sensitive to hypoxic upwelling

19

Acknowledgments

Martin Wahl Inken Kruse

Angelika Graiff Ulf Karsten Björn Buchholz

20 Federal Ministry of Education and Research

baljanabi@geomar.de

Acknowledgments

Prof. Dr. Martin Wahl Dr. Inken Kruse

Angelika Graiff Prof. Dr. Ulf Karsten

Thank you for your attention!

© I. Lastumäki © K. Maczassek © B. Al-Janabi © Inken Kruse

500 µM

200 µM 200 µM © B. Al-Janabi

21

Higher diversity level survive better under warming

0

20

40

60

80

100

T+ CO2+ T+ CO2- T- CO2-

Surv

ival

%

Autumn

0

20

40

60

80

100

T+ CO2+ T+ CO2- T- CO2-Su

rviv

al %

Winter

DL 1

DL 2

DL 3

Means +SD n=3

Survival high diversity level > survival low diversity level

at high temperatures (p-value < 0.05) Increased survival for a group of many families indicated facilitation processes among different genotypes

Diversity level

low

medium

high

22

Table 1 Nutrient concentrations in the present (mean of the last 7 years according to the respective summer months) and future nutrient conditions as doubled amounts of the present nutrient concentrations for PO4, NO2, NO3 in µmol L-1.

July

August

September

Present Future Present Future Present Future

PO4 0.46 0.93 0.59 1.19 1.06 2.11

NO2 0.53 1.05 0.77 1.54 1.27 2.54

NO3 0.18 0.36 0.20 0.40 0.22 0.44

Nutrient treatment

23