FUNDAMENTAL TYPES FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF TISSUESOF TISSUES

CHONA ARAGA, M.D.CHONA ARAGA, M.D.

Fundamental Types of Tissues 1. Epithelial Tissue 2. Connective Tissue 3. Muscular Tissue 4. Nervous Tissue 5. Hemopoietic Tissue

I. EPITHELIAL TISSUESI. EPITHELIAL TISSUES

COMPOSITION:COMPOSITION:

A. EPITHELIAL CELLSA. EPITHELIAL CELLS B. EXTRA/INTERCELLULAR B. EXTRA/INTERCELLULAR

SUBSTANCESUBSTANCE

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

CHARACTERISTICS:- consists of continuous cells in apposition over a large portion of their surface -cells rest on a continuous extracellular layer,called the basal lamina - absence of blood vessels among the cells (avascularity)- cells are arranged in sheets or layers

FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS11. forms a boundary layer that . forms a boundary layer that controls controls the movement of substances the movement of substances between the external and between the external and internal internal environment environment2. may be specialized for 2. may be specialized for absorption and absorption and secretion secretion3. may bear motile cilia to move a 3. may bear motile cilia to move a film of film of fluid or mucus over its surface fluid or mucus over its surface4. 4. on the exterior of the body, resists on the exterior of the body, resists abrasion abrasion and dehydration and dehydration

CLASSIFICATION

1. . FUNDAMENTAL TYPE – FUNDAMENTAL TYPE – EPITHELIALEPITHELIAL 2. . Forms of Epithelial Tissues

I. Membrane Epithelium - those lining the body surface cavities or coverings.

II. Glandular Epithelium =- specialized to synthesize specific products.

- contains extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum.

MEMBRANE EPITHELIUMCLASSIFICATIONSUBTYPE:A. According to the number of cell layers. 1.. Simple – made up of only one layer of cells. 2. Pseudostratified – made up of a single layer of cells but appears to have multiple layers because of the various locations of the nuclei. - mostly columnar. 3. Stratified – with several layers of cells and made up of a distinct shape of cells on the most

superficial layer. 4. Transitional – with several layers of cells but the thickness of the layer varies depending of the functional status of the organ.

According to the presence of cell surface specializations.

1. cilia 2. microvillus / microvilli

a. brush border b. striated borders c. stereocilia

3. keratin

Classification:

B. According to the shape of the cells predominating of the most superficial surface.

1. Squamous – cells are flat or

plate-like. 2. Cuboidal – polygonal and

are about as tall as they are

wide. 3. Columnar – polygonal and

are taller than they are wide.

SQUAMOUSSQUAMOUS

CUBOIDALCUBOIDAL

COLUMNARCOLUMNAR

A.2 SPECIFIC SUBTYPESA.2 SPECIFIC SUBTYPES

A. SIMPLE EPITHELIUMA. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

1.1. A. Simple squamous epitheliumA. Simple squamous epithelium

endothelium,mesothelium, parietal endothelium,mesothelium, parietal layerlayer

of Bowmanns capsule,pulmonary of Bowmanns capsule,pulmonary alveolialveoli

Simple SquamousSimple Squamous

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM

Simple CuboidalSimple Cuboidal

Thyroid follicles, germinal epith of Thyroid follicles, germinal epith of ovary, ducts of many glandsovary, ducts of many glands

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM

Simple Columnar- non Simple Columnar- non ciliatedciliated

Lining of GIT and gallbladderLining of GIT and gallbladder

SIMPLE COLUMNAR SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM

Simple Columnar Simple Columnar CiliatedCiliated

Lining of the uterus and fallopian tubesLining of the uterus and fallopian tubes

Stratified Squamous Non Stratified Squamous Non keratinizedkeratinized

Lining of the oral cavity, Lining of the oral cavity, esophagus ,vaginaesophagus ,vagina

Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous keratinizedkeratinized

EpidermisEpidermis

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM

Pseudostratified ColumnarPseudostratified Columnar non-ciliated non-ciliated

Lining of the ducts of male reproductive Lining of the ducts of male reproductive and accessory reproductive organsand accessory reproductive organs

Pseudostratified Pseudostratified columnar ciliatedcolumnar ciliatedLINING OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACTLINING OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

TRANSITIONALTRANSITIONAL

II. Glandular Epithelium

Classification Principles:

A. Based on the presence or absence of ducts 1. endocrine gland- ductless 2. exocrine- with ducts

B. According to the number of cells that make up a gland:

1. Unicellular – made up of single cell. e.g. goblet cells

2. Multicellular – many cells make up a gland. e.g. salivary glands

C. According to the type of secretions: 1. Purely Serous – secretes a thin and

watery product e.g. parotid glands

2. Purely Mucus – thick and viscid product e.g. goblet cells

3. Muco-serous (Mixed) – submandibular glands

(predominantly serous) sublingual glands (predominantly mucus)

4. Cytogenic – produces cells as in the testis and ovaries

D. According to mode of secretion:

1. Merocrine – no destruction of the secretory cells

e.g. eccrine sweat glands

2. Apocrine – there is partial destruction of secretory cells

e.g. mammary glands, apocrine sweat glands of the axillary areas or groin areas

3. Holocrine – there is total destruction of secretory cells

e.g. sebaceous glands

E. According to morphology

1. Tubular a. simple tubular – e.g. intestinal

crypts of Lieberkuhn

b. simple coiled tubular – e.g. eccrine sweat glands of the skin

c. simple branched tubular – e.g. fundic glands of the stomach d. compound tubular – e.g. liver, testis

2. Alveolar / Acinar / Saccular a. simple alveolar – e.g. sebaceous gland

b. simple branched alveolar – e.g. sebaceous gland

c. compound alveolar – mammary gland

3. Tubulo-Acinar / Mixed / Racemose

a. compound tubulo-acinar – e.g. salivary glands

II. CONNECTIVE TISSUEII. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Characterized by large amounts of Characterized by large amounts of

extracellular materials that separate extracellular materials that separate cells from one anothercells from one another

Components of Extracellular MatrixComponents of Extracellular Matrix

1. Protein fiber1. Protein fiber a. Collagena. Collagen b. Reticularb. Reticular C. ElasticC. Elastic

2. Ground Substance2. Ground Substance -is the shapeless -is the shapeless background background against which cells and against which cells and collagen collagen fibers are seen in the fibers are seen in the light light microscope. An microscope. An important important component is component is proteoglycans made proteoglycans made up of protein and up of protein and polysaccharidepolysaccharide

3. Fluid3. Fluid

FUNCTIONS OF FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE

1. 1. Enclosing and separating tissuesEnclosing and separating tissues 2. Connecting tissues to one another2. Connecting tissues to one another 3. Supporting and moving3. Supporting and moving 4. Storing energy4. Storing energy 5. Cushioning and insulating5. Cushioning and insulating 6. Transporting6. Transporting 7. Protecting7. Protecting

CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUETISSUE

1.1. LOOSE OR AREOLAR LOOSE OR AREOLAR - consists of collagen and elastic fiber- consists of collagen and elastic fiber - most common cells found are fibroblast- most common cells found are fibroblast - Fibroblasts, are responsible for the - Fibroblasts, are responsible for the production of the fibers of the matrix.production of the fibers of the matrix.

2. ADIPOSE 2. ADIPOSE -consists of collagen and elastictissue but -consists of collagen and elastictissue but is not a typical connective tissueis not a typical connective tissue - adipose cells are filled with lipids and - adipose cells are filled with lipids and

function function to store energyto store energy - it also acts as a pad and thermal insulator- it also acts as a pad and thermal insulator

LOOSE OR AREOLARLOOSE OR AREOLAR

ADIPOSEADIPOSE

3. DENSE CONNECTIVE 3. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUETISSUE - consists of densely packed - consists of densely packed fibersfibers

Two types:Two types:1. Dense Collagenous – has 1. Dense Collagenous – has

extracellular matrix extracellular matrix consisting consisting mostly of collagen mostly of collagen fibersfiberse.g. tendons, ligaments, e.g. tendons, ligaments, dermis and dermis and capsule capsule

DENSE COLLAGENOUSDENSE COLLAGENOUS

2. Dense Elastic – has 2. Dense Elastic – has abundant elastic fibers abundant elastic fibers among collagen fibers.among collagen fibers.

e.g. vocal cordse.g. vocal cords walls of large arteries walls of large arteries elastic ligaments elastic ligaments

DENSE ELASTICDENSE ELASTIC

Cartilage = is composed of Cartilage = is composed of cartilage cartilage cells or chondrocytes cells or chondrocytes

Types:Types:a. Hyaline – most abundant a. Hyaline – most abundant of the of the cartilages and it covers cartilages and it covers bones, bones, forms joints, costal forms joints, costal cartilages cartilages that attach ribs to that attach ribs to sternumsternum

HYALINEHYALINE

b. Fibrocartilage – has more b. Fibrocartilage – has more collagen than does collagen than does hyaline hyaline cartilage. It is found in cartilage. It is found in the disks between the disks between vertebrae and vertebrae and some joints some joints

FIBROCARTILAGEFIBROCARTILAGE

c. Elastic – contains elastic c. Elastic – contains elastic

fibers that appear as fibers that appear as coiled coiled fibers among bundles of fibers among bundles of collagen fibers. collagen fibers.

e.g. external ear, epiglottis e.g. external ear, epiglottis andand auditory tube auditory tube

ELASTICELASTIC

BONE - BONE - is a hard is a hard connective tissue that connective tissue that consists of living cell and a consists of living cell and a mineralized matrix mineralized matrix- osteocytes are located within - osteocytes are located within the the spaces in the matrix called spaces in the matrix called lacunaelacunae

2 types:2 types:a. Compacta. Compactb. Cancellousb. Cancellous

BLOODBLOOD

Is unique because the matrix is Is unique because the matrix is liquid, enabling blood cells to liquid, enabling blood cells to move through blood vesselsmove through blood vessels

MUSCLE TISSUEMUSCLE TISSUE

- - main characteristic is its ability to main characteristic is its ability to contract or shortencontract or shorten

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUETYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

A.A. SKELETALSKELETAL

B.B. CARDIACCARDIAC

C.C. SMOOTHSMOOTH

IV. NERVOUS TISSUEIV. NERVOUS TISSUE

- - forms the brain, spinal cord and forms the brain, spinal cord and nervesnerves

- contains very important cells - contains very important cells which are neurons and neuroglia which are neurons and neuroglia

He who follows He who follows righteousness and righteousness and mercy finds life, mercy finds life,

righteousness and righteousness and honorhonor

Proverbs 21:21Proverbs 21:21