Further Challenges to the Catholic Church

Chapter 14:v

Switzerland emerged as the centre of the Protestant Reformation.

Ulrich Zwingli, a priest in Zurich,

abolished the Catholic Mass,

confessions, and indulgences. He

also allowed priests to marry.

Zwingli held services in

undecorated buildings and read sermons based on the

Bible.

John Calvin, a leader of the

Protestant Reformation in

Switzerland, published the

Institutes of the Christian

Religion in 1536.

Calvin believed in predestination, the idea that God had chosen who would

be saved.

God alone decided whether an individual received eternal life.

Calvin established churches with strong, disciplined leadership based on the strict morality taught in the Old Testament.

Calvinsim rapidly won many converts amongst

middle-class townspeople.

Calvinism reflected

their belief that people should live simply and work hard.

Huguenots

• French Calvinists

• were powerful in southern France

• experienced persecution at the hands of Roman Catholics

Gaspardde Coligny

(1519-72)

• French admiral and Huguenot leader

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

John Knox took the Reformation to Scotland.

Puritans

Anabaptists

• called Baptists today• argued against infant baptism

-restricted church baptism and membership to adults

• were vigorously persecuted by other Protestants and Roman Catholics alike

The Reformation in England

The young English King Henry VIII published stinging

attacks on the teachings of

Martin Luther in 1521.

The pope awarded

Henry VIII the title

“Defender of the Faith.”

When his wife of eighteen

years failed to produce a male heir, Henry VIII

asked the pope to annul their

marriage.Catherine of Aragon

Pope Clement VII refused to grant King Henry VIII an annulment so he could remarry.

King Henry VIII took the

English church from

under the pope’s control and placed it

under his own rule.

Parliament recognized the king as the supreme head of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy.

Thomas Cranmer

[Here or Later!?]

Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, annulled Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Henry VIII secretly

married Anne Boleyn months

before his marriage to Catherine of Aragon had

been formally annulled.

Sir Thomas More, lord

chancellor of England,

opposed Henry VIII’s attempt to get his first

marriage annulled.

More was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1534 and beheaded in 1535.

The six wives of

King Henry VIII of

England.

Changes during Henry VIII’s reign

• closed monasteries-sold the lands he seized to nobles, wealthy farmers, and merchants to raise money

• established the Anglican Church-allowed the use of English Bibles-allowed priests to marry

Edward VI

Mary Tudor, daughter of

Henry VIII by his first wife, tried to make

England a Catholic

nation again.

Mary Tudor alienated

many of her subjects when she married Philip II, the Catholic king

of Spain.

She was known as “Bloody Mary”

because of the number of people executed

during her reign.

Elizabeth I followed her

half-sister Mary I on

the throne as the ruler of England.

Elizabeth I adopted a skillful policy of

religious compromise.

Although she firmly established England as a Protestant nation, she managed to preserve many traditional Catholic beliefs.

Sir Francis Drake

The arts - particularly literary - flourished during her reign.

The Catholic Reformation

Aka The Counter Reformation

Pope Paul III

• led the reform of the Catholic Church

-appointed scholars and reformers to high church offices

-summoned the council at Trent

Council of Trent

• reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrine

• called for

-better trained priests

-reform of church finances and administration

Ignatius Loyola founded the

Society of Jesusin 1534.

The Jesuits had as their object the spread of the church by preaching and teaching.

Loyola wrote the treatise

Spiritual Exercises, a manual that taught strict

religious discipline.

The Catholic Church tried to prevent the spread of Protestant ideas by reviving the Inquisition.

The Church also published the Index, a list of books Catholics were forbidden to read.

The lines between Protestant and Catholic areas were sharply drawn by 1600.

Protestant:• England• Scotland• Scandinavia• northern

Germany

Catholic:• Italy• France• Spain• Ireland• southern

Germany