g. d. h. cole: den sosialistiske tenkningens historie. bind i. forløperne. 1789-1850

7/23/2019 G. D. H. Cole: Den sosialistiske tenkningens historie. Bind I. Forlperne. 1789-1850

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Nlm

sesjdcjstjsiltlmimjmolms

fjsterjl@jmn J; Gercplrml. 4?6:-46


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Erjojmdclms tjttlc; D Fjstery eg Qeajdcjst^feuoft9 vec. J ; fl Gerlrummlrs

\tojtt grstl odmo dv Hdahjccdm, Cemnem,gl`rudr, 4:Bohdjc.aeh

JQ@M :?6-60-:4740-2:-7

Evlrsdtt dv Dtcl Flshyr


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GEPEPN

QKC eh nlmml `eid str oent p loml `ljm lr nlm hlmt vrl nlm grstl j lm slrjl seh tjc sdhhlm ndmmlr lmolmlrlcc sesjdcjstjsi tlmimjmos fjsterjl. Nlm nliilr jorevl trlii rd grd 4?6: tjc hjntlm dv nlt mjttlmnlrfumnrl, hlm lmneo jmmdger nl pcdssrdhhlml seh klofdr sdtt hlo utlcdtlr nlt plm`drt lmilctl tjmo sehtjcfrlr nlm plrjenlm. Nlm strstl dv njssl utlcdtlcslml lr

nlm seh vlnrrlr nlm russjsil sesjdcjshlm grd Rlstlcspresklitlr ger mdskemdcjslrjmo dv kernd p 4602-tdcclt, tjc@lcjmsiy, Flrzlm eo @diumjm, seh dccl vdr ditjvl lm oenstumn gr 46


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ger`umn lttlr dt nlm lurepljsil rlvecuskemrl `lvlolcslmsvdmt flm j `loymmlcslm dv 46


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.Idp. JJJ. Oenwjm, Rdjml eo Afdrcls Fdcc, s. >4.Idp. JW. Qdjmt-Qjhem, s. 74.Idp. W. Qdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml, s. 64.

Idp. WJ. Geurjlr eo geurjlrjshlm, s. :?.Idp. WJJ. Ad`lt eo nl jidrjsil iehhumjstlml, s. 447.Idp. WJJJ. Qjshemnj, s. 401.Idp. JV. Ewlm eo ewlmjshlmtjncjol gdslr, s. 410.Idp. V. Qesjdcjstjsi iemehj j 4602-rd, s. 4.Idp. VVJJ.Nlt iehhumjstjsil hdmjglst, s. 171.Idp. VVJJJ. Hdrx eo Lmolcshdrxjshlm grdh tjc 4644.


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Idp. VVW. Nl irjstml sesjdcjstlml, s. >0>.Idp. VVWJ. Lm eppsuhhlrjmo, s. >>0.

\tvdcot `j`cjeordgj eo cjttlrdturflmvjsmjmolr, s. >7>.


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IDRJ^^LC J

JM^PEN\IQKEM

Nlt uhucjol vln nlgjmlrl sesjdcjshlm fdr egtl `cjttumnlrstrlid, eo lmilctl odmolr `cjtt `ltrditd seh lmdmicdol. Hlm vlrilm mr nlt oklcnlr pecjtjii lcclr herdcfdr melmsjmml lm vjitjo jn lcclr lt vjitjo systlh vrt jstdmn tjc `cj nlgjmlrt p lisdit vjs. Fvlh idm p

tjcgrlnsstjcclmnl vjs nlgjmlrl nlheirdtj, lcclr grjflt, lcclrnyn, lcclr cyiil, lcclr stdtlm, lcclr ger nlm sdis siycnjmnjvjnudcjshlm, j strrl ordn lmm nl idm nlgjmlrlsesjdcjshlm5 Nlt `lstl lm idm fpl p j scjil tjcglcclr,hln fp eh suislss, lr eppndolcslm dv lm iklrml dvhlmjmo seh lr tjcstlnlhln ucjil tjcclooj dccl lcclr nlgclstl dv nl hdmogecnjol `ruisehrnlml mr nlt oklcnlrernd nlt lr smdii eh, hlm seh lttlr dcc sdmmsymcjofltjiil gjmmls jseclrt, utlm melm gerh ger tjccloo.Eppndolcslm dv nlmml slmtrdcl iklrmd vjc jiil slttl ess jstdmn tjc gerst njssl ernd9 ger nl tjcgynl `ltynmjmolmlndmmlr vlc s lsslmsjlccl nlclr dv nlm hlmjmod nl fdrgtt. Lt ern `ltyr fvd nlt `ruils tjc `lty lcclr, dvprditjsil flmsym, fvd nlt vdmcjovjs `ruils tjc `lty, lcclrvdmcjovjs fdr `cjtt `ruit tjc `lty dv plrsemlr fvjs

uttdclcslr vj trlmolr cyttl tjc. Nlrseh vj dccjilvlc idmgjmml lm iklrml dv hlmjmo str vj `lnrl rustd mr nltoklcnlr gerst nl ucjil htlml ernlt `ruils p9 eo jsilt lttlr nlmml iklrmd lr nlt lt vlrnjgucct grstl sirjtt gjmml ut fverndm ernlt grst `clj tdtt j `rui.Nlt lr jiil iklmt fvlh seh `ruitl ernd sesjdcjshllcclr sesjdcjstgrstl odmo. Q vjnt vj vlt epptrntl nl ptryii p jtdcjlmsi j 4621, hlm `clj nd tjccdot lm `ltynmjmo


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seh jiil fdr melm sdhhlmflmo hln nlrls sljmlrl`ltynmjmolr. Nlrlttlr fdr nlt s cdmot jiil `cjtt gummlt

mel sper lttlr nlh gr j 460?, nd ernlt sesjdcjst `clj`ruit j nlt ewlmsil Ae-eplrdtjvl Hdodzjmlger `ltlomltjcflmolrml dv Ewlms ieeplrdtjvl neitrjmlr. Ernltseajdcjshlnuiid grstl odmo epp p tryii j lt grdmsitjnssirjgt Cl Oce`l j 4610. Nlttl tjnssirjgtlt `clj ndrlnjolrt dv Rjlrrl Clreux, seh okernl nlt tjc sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrmls fevlnerodm9 eo ernlt seajdcjshl `clj`ruit seh lm idrditlrjslrjmo dv nlm sdjmt-sjhemjdmsilneitrjmlm. Ernlt `clj grjtt `ruit dv Clrdux eo Plymdun jcplt dv 4612-tdcclt j nlrls Meuvlccl Lmayacepnjl eo jdmnrl vlrilr, eo `clj smdrt `ruit j lm vjnlrl gerstdmn scjidt nlt ehgdttd lm rliil orupplr seh tei sjitl p lm mysesjdc ernlm seh fvjctl p lt iemehjsi eo sesjdct `lorlpeh hlmmlsilrlttjofltlr. Nlrlttlr `clj `nl sesjdcjshleo sesjdcjst `ruit svrt fyppjo `nl j Grdmirjil eo j

Qter`rjtdmmjd9 eo nl sprlnnl slo smdrt tjc ^ysicdmn eodmnrl lurepljsil cdmn, eo eos tjc Nl gerlmtl stdtlr. Lttlrdcc sdmmsymcjoflt fdr nl `cjtt `ruit j ndocjotdclm gr nl`loymtl `cj sirlvlt mln9 nlrls tjncjostl iklmtldmvlmnlcslsehrnlr dmtynlr jiil dt nl `clj jmmvjd p lm`lvjsst htl, skc eh nlttl idm fd vrt tjcglccl. Nl vdr`livlhhl eo odmsil mdturcjol tlrhlr ger `lsirjvlvjssl fecnmjmolr eo presklitlr ger sesjdc rlerodmjslrjmo

seh nlt, j cplt dv nlt trlnkl tjrlt dv nlt mjttlmnlrfumnrl, fdnnl `cjtt pirlvn gjmml lm `rlj,jnlmtjgjslr`dr hlrilcdpp ger j ndocjotdclm.Nlt lr lmilct mei sl, p lm olmlrlcc htl, fvd nl seh`ruitl njssl hlrilcdppernd fdnnl seh jmtlmskem gerhjncl oklmmeh sjm `rui dv nlh. Nl vdr ndmmd ut j grdernlt sesjdc, eo `clj dmvlmnt eh plrsemlr seh grlhhd


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neitrjmlr seh hdm gctl gertklmtl hlrilcdpplm sesjdc,eo eh neitrjmlml seh scjil plrsemlr tei tjc ernl ger.

Ernlt sesjdc`clj j nlmml ger`jmnlcsl `ruit j iemtrdst tjcernlt jmnjvjnulcc. Qesjdcjstlml vdr nl seh, j eppesjskemhet nlm rnlmnl vlitcloojmod dv lmilctjmnjvjnlts irdv,umnlrstrlid nlt sesjdcl lclhlmtlt j hlccehhlmmlsilcjolrlcdskemlr eo sitl `rjmol nlt sesjdcl sprshclt grdh jgerorummlm dv nlm sterl nl`dttlm vlnrrlmnlhlmmlsilrlttjofltlml seh Nlm grdmsil rlvecuskem fdnnlscupplt cs p vlrnlm, eo oklmmeh oj rlvecuskemlm lmclnsdolr p nlt iemehjsil ehrnlt. Gr ernltsesjdcjshl `clj tdtt j `rui fdnnl hlmmlsilr tdct ehsesjdcl systlhlr, seh j ster ordn `ltynnl nlt sdhhl.Ernlt sesjdcjstlr `ltlomd nl seh grlhhd lt lcclr dmmltdv nl hdmol sesjdcl systlhlml seh sdhtjnjoiemiurrlrtl hln fvlrdmnrl eo vdr gerlmt j sjm gjlmntcjofltevlrger nlm rnlmnl jmnjvjnudcjstjsil iemehjsil

ernlmlm, eo evlrger nlm gertrjmmsrlttlm seh `clj tjcnlctpecjtjsil sprshc grdhger sesjdcl eo iemehjsilsndmml jmmdger sdhtjnjol symspumitlr eo fecnmjmolrvlnrrlmnl hlmmlsilcjol rlcdskemlr eo nlm rjitjolernmjmod dv egglmtcjol dmcjoolmnlr.Nl orupplml seh j utodmospumitlt gjii hlrilcdpplmsesjdcjstjsil vdr fevlnsdilcjo trl, skc eh nlt vdrhdmol hjmnrl orupplr seh j `rlj gerstdmn rlprlslmtlrtl

cjimlmnl tlmnlmslr. Njssl trl vdr sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml eogeurjlrjstlml j Grdmirjil, eo ewlmjttlml j Qter`rjtdmmjd,seh j 46>4 eggjsjlct tei j `rui `lmlvmlcslm sesjdcjshl.Qdjmt-Qjhem, Geurjlr eo Ewlm fdnnl, tjc tress ger nlrlshdmol jmm`yrnls gersiklcclr, lm lsslmsjlct sesjdctjcmrhjmo tjc glccls. Nlttl vdr sdmt p hjmst trl ucjil, ehlmm rlcdtlrtl, htlr. Ger nlt grstl `ltrditd dccl trl nlt


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sesjdcl sprshclt seh nlt vjitjostl dv dccl, eojmsjstlrtl p dt nlt grdhger dct vdr oenl hlmms eppodvl

grlhhl nlm olmlrlccl cyiil eo vlc`lgjmmlmnl. Ger nltdmnrl `ltrditd dccl trl nlmml eppodvd seh flct ugerlmcjohln epprlttfecnlcslm dv lmfvlr sesjdc ernlm seh fvjctlp, lcclr sdttl slo gerl epphumtrl tjc, lmiemiurrdmsl`dslrt strjn hlmmlsilr j hlcceh gertjcvljl`rjmolcslm dv clvmltshjnclml. Ger nlt trlnkl vdrdccl trl hjstrejsil evlrger pecjtjii eo pecjtjilrl, eohlmtl dt nlm grdhtjnjol iemtrecclm evlr sesjdcldmcjoolmnlr j dcc fevlnsdi jiil `urnl cjool fespdrcdhlmtlr lcclr hjmjstlrl, hlm fes prenuslmtlml, eodt nlrseh nl iemehjsil eo sesjdcl sjnlml vlnhlmmlsilrs dmcjoolmnlr iumml `cj erodmjslrt p lmpdsslmnl htl, s vjccl nl trdnjskemlccl gerhlml gerrloklrjmoshdit eo pecjtjsi erodmjslrjmo smdrt `cj lttjc`dilcdot stdnjuh, eo lm my vlrnlm dv jmtlrmdskemdc grln

eo sdhdr`ljn vjccl lrstdttl nlm odhcl vlrnlmlm `dslrt pnymdstjsil eo jhplrjdcjstjsil iemgcjitlr. Nlmml hjstrelmevlrger pecjtjii eo nlmml trelm p dt nlm pecjtjsilernlmlm vdr mnt tjc smdrt `cj lrstdttd dv lm my eo `lnrldnhjmjstrdskem dv hlmmlsilrs dmcjoolmnlr, nlctl nlskcsdot hln hdmol tlmilrl tjncjo p dttlmfumnrltdccltseh jiil vdr sesjdcjstjsil j melm prlsjs gerstdmn gerlislhplc Wjater Fuoe. Iemtrdstlm hlcceh nlm

pecjtjsil eo nlm sesjdclfecnmjmo tjc hlmmlsilfltlmspre`clhlr lr sclnls oklmmehorjplmnl j tlmimjmolm sehprlod plrjenlm lttlr Mdpeclemsirjolml.Jmmdger nlmml glccls lmjofltlm vdr nlt stert hdmogecn.Geurjlrjstlml eo ewlmjttlml vdr glcclssidps`yoolrl9 nlsdttl slo gerl dvcsl nl odhcl sdhgummd oklmmeh nliil kernd hln lt mlttvlri dv ceidcsdhgumm tugtd p lm


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sdmm sesjdc `dsjs, eo trennl dt nlmml `dsjslm iumml, utlmvecn lcclr rlvecuskem, dvcsl nl lisjstlrlmnl struiturlml

oklmmeh nlm `cettl vjrimjmolm dv nlrls plm`drlevlrclolmflt mr nlt oklcnlr nlt grlhhl hlmmlsilcjovlcglrn. Qdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml vdr p nlm dmmlm sjnl stlrilj sjm tre p stersidcderodmjslrjmods eo nlm vjtlmsidplcjolpcdmcloojmods gertrjmm, eo tei sjitl p ehgerhlmdskemdcstdtlr tjc sterl prenuitjvl ierperdskemlr nehjmlrtdv vjtlmsidplms hlmm eo fy tlimjsi idpdsjtlt, eo p imyttl njssl rlolmlrlrtl stdtlml sdhhlm vln fklcp dvhlstlrpcdmlr ger vlrnlmsehsplmmlmnl iemehjsi eosesjdc utvjicjmo. Ewlmjttlml eo geurjlrjstlml ummojii gerlm ster nlc pecjtjsi ditjvjtlt j tlrhlms vdmcjol `ltynmjmo9hlms sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml sdttl slo gerl td evlrstdtsstyrjmod eo rloklrjmoshditd eo ehgerhl nlh scji dtnl `clj tjcpdssd nlrls myl gerhc.Hlms Geurjlrs njsjpclr dcts tlmitl fevlnsdilcjo ut j grd

jmtlmsjv kerniuctjvlrjmo eo flmvjstl jmnustrj eo fdmnlc tjclm odmsil uvlslmtcjo `ltynmjmo, vdr ewlmjttlml svrtoent icdr evlr `ltynmjmolm dv Nlm jmnustrjlccl rlvecuskemeo tlmitl ut j grd lt mytt sdhgumm seh fvjctl p lm`dcdmsl hlcceh kern`ruisprenuiskem eojmnustrjprenuiskem9 hlms sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrmlsepphlrisehflt fevlnsdilcjo `clj rlttd het sterljmolmjrhlssjol vlrilr idmdc`yoojmo, jrrjodskem, vlj-

eo klrm`dml`yoojmo, eo het erodmjslrjmod dv `dmivlslmeo gjmdms seh jmstruhlmtlml ger iemehjsi pcdmcloojmo jster sidcd.Nlt evlrmlvmtl rlprlslmtlrlr sterl ucjifltlr9 hlm nltglccls lclhlmtlt j nl trl neitrjmlml siuccl cjil gucct utrustlnlh hln lt glccls mdvm p gecilhumml. Nl vdr dcclgjlmnlr dv jmnjvjnudcjshl, dv nlt iemiurrdmsl`dslrtl


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iemehjsil systlhlt, eo dv jnllm eh lm mdturcjoiemehjsi cev seh vjccl grl tjc lt dcchlmt oenl nlrseh

pecjtjilrml utevlr styril ljlmnehsrlttlm lcclrs vjcclfecnl flmnlml vlii grd nlt iemehjsil cjv. Nl vdr dcclhetstdmnlrl dv cdjsslz gdjrl tjc gernlc ger nlt symlt dtiemehjsil eo sesjdcl dmcjoolmnlr trlmotl iecclitjverodmjslrjmo dv lt pesjtjvt scdo ger grlhhl vlcglrn, eodt nlmml erodmjslrjmod p lm lcclr dmmlm htl ùrnl fvjclp lt ieeplrdtjvt, eo jiil iemiurrdmsl`dslrt, prjmsjpp. J461: idrditlrjslrtl Klrehl @cdmquj, j sjtt pjemlrvlriFjstery eg Recjtjadc Laemehy, nlh dccl seh utepjsilsesjdcjstlr lt mdvm seh siuccl gertslttl flmol vlnnlh lttlr dt nlt `clj tdtt j `rui dv Hdrx eo Lmolcs j Nltiehhumjstjsil hdmjglst.Qesjdcjshl `ltynnl sclnls, scji ernlt grst `clj `ruit,iecclitjv rlouclrjmo dv hlmmlsilrs dmcjoolmnlr p ltieeplrdtjvt orummcdo, hln cyiil eo vlcglrn ger dccl seh

sjitlhc, eo hln vlitcloojmo, jiil dv pecjtjii, hlm dvprenuiskem eo gernlcjmo dv vlcstdmn eo p styrijmod dvsesjdcjslrlmnl pvjrimjmolr j nlm cjvscdmolutndmmjmoddv hlnèrolrml j ieeplrdtjvl j stlnlt geriemiurrdmsl`dslrtl dtglrnshmstrl eo sesjdcl fecnmjmolreo eppgdtmjmolr. Gcolcjo vdr dccl sesjdcjstlr nyptjmtlrlsslrt j utndmmjmossprshc, eo `ltrditd lm oensesjdc utndmmjmo seh lm orummcloolmnl hlmmlsilrltt.

Qeh lm cloolr hlril tjc j nlmml `lsirjvlcslm dv nl glcclsidrditlrjstjiilml dv nlm tjncjol sesjdcjstjsilneitrjmlm,gjmmls nlt jiil lt ern eh precltdrjdtlt lcclr icdsslidhplmhlcceh nlt eo nlm idpjtdcjstjsil icdsslm lcclrdr`ljnsojvlrml. Nlt gjmmls jmolmtjmo eh njssl `lorlplmlgernj nl, èrtsltt grd j flct tjcglcnjol sdhhlmflmolr,imdpt mei gdmt melm pcdss `cdmt njssl sesjdcjstjsil


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42-rd. Wlrilm Qdjmt-Qjhem, Geurjlr lcclr Ewlm tlmitl pmelm seh flcst htl ut j grd lm icdsslidhp hlccehidpjtdcjstlr eo dr`ljnlrl seh rjvdcjslrlmnl iemehjsilicdsslr, lcclr s ger slo dt jvlrislttjmod dv nlrls pcdmlrjmml`dr lm stersctt idhp hlcceh precltdrjdtlt eo`eurolejsjlt. Nl vdr dccl lmjol eh dt gerfecnd tdtt j`ltrditmjmo s vdr dr`ljnlrml egrl ger ut`yttjmo9 nl stendccl grdh seh gersvdrlrl dv nlt Qdjmt-Qjhem `ltlomd sehcd acdssl cd pcus meh`rlusl lt cd pcus pduvrl9 dccl ojiinl tjc dmorlp p nlm siklvl gernlcjmod dv ljlmneh eojmmtlit eo irlvnl rlouclrjmo eo `lorlmsmjmo dvljlmnehsrlttjofltlr. Hlm nl `ltrditd ljlmnehssystlhltsevlrtrdhp smdrlrl seh lt rlsuctdt dv evlrnrlvml irdv grdcls esjgsjoklm Qdjmt-Qjhems uttryiilmm grd ut`yttjmod

dv dr`ljnlrlm grd fdms njrlitl dr`ljnsojvlr9 mel seh nlsljmlrl j dcc fevlnsdi `ltrditd seh lm sliumnriemslivlms dv nlt ecjodrijsil prjvjclojlsystlhlt. Nlt hflcclr jiil ochhls dt cd acdssl cd pcus meh`rlusl lt cdpcus pduvrl gertsdtt, j fvlrt lmlstl cdmn, fevlnsdilcjo`lsten dv `mnlr eo jiil dv jmnustrjdr`ljnlrl. Qdjmt-Qjhem gervlmtd dt cls jmnustrjlcs, dr`ljnsojvlrl eodr`ljnlrl sdhhlm siuccl gerlmls j idhplm het nl odhcl

prjvjclolrtl icdsslml eo nl odhcl stdtlml sehepprlttfecnt nlrls hdit. Fdm msid dt hlmmlsilr siuccl`lcmmls j myl sdhsvdr hln nlrls vjrilcjol tklmlstlr lm neitrjml seh `jnre tjc dt fdms tjcflmolrl trdii nlmceojsil scutmjmolm dt drv siuccl dvsidggls. Fdm vdr svrtger`lrlnt p dt cls orlmns jmnustrjlcs siuccl flmtl sterljmmtlitlr tdiilt vrl sterl tklmlstlr evlrger


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dcchlmmfltlm. Geurjlr msid `lorlmsl dmnlclml tjcidpjtdcljlrl eo dnhjmjstrdterlr tjc gdstsdttl preperskemlr

dv nlt tetdcl prenuitlt, eo eos nlrhln pclool lm `rdttstjolmnl, ordnlrt sidttcloojmo dv jmmtlitlr grd ljlmneh9hlm fdm gerlsce jiil gklrml ljlmnehsrlttlm lcclrpclool cjiflt fvd jmmtlit dmor. Ewlm msid dtidpjtdclm ium siuccl hettd lm gdstsdtt lcclrhdisjhuhs`dslrt dmnlc, eo dt dcc evlrsiytlmnl pregjttsiuccl `cj sdtt tjc sjnl ger utvjicjmod dv sesjdcl tklmlstlr tjcolmlrlcc myttl9 eo fdm hlmtl eos dt lttlr fvlrt seh nltmyl sdhgumms jmstjtuskemlr hln tjnd utvjicd slo, s vjccl`lokrlt lttlr vrl rjilrl lmm dmnrl n ut eoidpjtdcljlrml vjccl grjvjccjo sj j grd slo sjm dmnlc. Wlrilmfdm lcclr Geurjlr, cjil cjtl seh Qdjmt-Qjhem, s ger slonlrls pcdmlr seh lm eppgernrjmo tjc lm hdsslstrjn hlccehdr`ljnsojvlricdsslm eo nl dr`ljnlmnl icdsslml.Geurjlr sdtt sclnls ndo lttlr ndo eo r lttlr r eo vlmtd

geroklvls p rlspems p sjml dmmemslr grd idpjtdcjstlr sehvjccl vrl rlnl tjc gjmdmsjlrl fdms gerlscttl glcclssidp9hlms Ewlm `ruitl sjml loml eo sjml vlmmlrs plmolr psjml sdhdr`ljnserjlmtlrtl cdmns`ylr eo dcctjn vdr putijii lttlr rjil hlmm seh vdr j stdmn tjc gerst fdmsjnllrs sikmmflt. Qdjmt-Qjhem nrhtl eos eh rjilstttlspjcclrl9 eo fdms lttlrgcolrl gdmt nlh tjc tjnlr. Kd,fdms hlst vlciklmtl njsjpplc, Lmgdmtjm, `clj

klrm`dmlnjrlitr, eo dmnrl sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrl seh gerlislhplc Rlrljrl-`rnrlml, ieh tjc spjccl clnlmnl recclrj gjmdmsvlrnlmlm. Qesjdcjshlm, j nlms tjncjol ndolr eo scjiseh tlrhlm nlm odmo `clj gersttt, vdrs cdmot j grd melmneitrjml eh icdsslidhp hlcceh idpjtdc eo dr`ljnsirdgt.Jiil `drl lisjstlrtl cdsslidhpneitrjmlm clmol gr ernltsesjdcjst `clj tdtt j `rui, hlm nlm fdnnl sjml loml


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4?

tdmilrltmjmolr eo hlmjmosuttryii, seh `clj `ltrditd sehdtsijctl grd sesjdcjshlms. Fevlnlispemlmtlml ger

icdsslidhplm j 4602- eo 4612-rd vdr nl seh `lgdmt slop rdnjidcjshlms yttlrstl vlmstrlsjnl, seh flmtd sjmjmspjrdskem grd tjnd tjc`dil tjc Ordaafus @d`lug eoAemspjrdtjem nls odux j 4?:7. Ernd `dèuvjshl eo`dèuvjstlvdr j vdmcjo `rui j Grdmirjil, splsjlct lttlrrlvecuskemlm j 46129 eo ernlt prectdrjlm`clj splsjlctgerùmnlt hln nlm `dèuvjstjsil trdnjskem. Lttlrgcolrmllttlr @d`lug cd, j cjil ster ordn seh ewlmjttlml,geurjlrjstlml eo sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml, vlit p cd qulstjemseajdcl9 eo nl `clj dv eo tjc puttd j sdhhl `s seh njsslorupplml umnlr mdvmlt sesjdcjstlr. Hlm jmmtjc lm oenstumn lttlr 4612 vdr nlt vdmcjolrl trliil lt sijccl, nlstehlr gernj dt hlms sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml eo geurjlrjstlml vdrerodmjslrtl eo dmlriklmtl orupplr (scji seh ewlmjttlmlvdr j Qter`rjtdmmjd), vdr `dèuvjshl smdrlrl lm tlmnlms

lmm lm slit, eo nlms lispemlmtlr `clj gummlt `cdmthlnclhhlml dv nlheirdtjsil eo rlvecuskemrl icu``lreo sdhgumm seh jiil j iecclitjv gerstdmn grlhhd nlmseh lm neitrjml, hlm `lfdmncd nlm smdrlrl seh ltgrdhstlmnl uttryii ger vlmstrlerjlmtlrt kdie`jmjshl, eoseh lt grstl gersi p grl Plvecuskemlm j 4?6: vjnlrlflct grdh tjc nlms ceojsil iemicuskemlr.Iehhumjshl vdr lt dmmlt ern seh `clj tdtt j `rui j

Grdmirjil j cplt dv nlm sesjdcl turùclmslm sehlttlrgucotl Plvecuskemlm j 4612. Fverndm eo mr nlteppsten idm jiil scs flct icdrt gdst9 hlm grstl odmo vjfrlr eh nlt vdr j ger`jmnlcsl hln melm dv nlflhhlcjol rlvecuskemrl sdhgummd j Rdrjs j cplt dvtrlttjtdcclt, eo vj vlt dt nlt `clj tdtt j dchjmmlcjo `rui j46>2-rd, fevlnsdilcjo seh lm `ltlomlcsl p tlerjlml tjc


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tjlmml Ad`lt. Nlt symls flct grd stdrtlm dv fd `rlthln slo mel dv lm neu`cl lmtlmnrl. Qcji nlt `clj `ruit dv

grdmsihlmm, cd nlt vlit p jnllm eh iehhumlm, seh nlmorummcloolmnl lmfltlm ger md`ecdo eo skcstyrl, eodmtynd lm gerh ger sesjdc erodmjslrjmo seh fvjctl p lmgnlrdskem dv grjl iehhumlr. Hlm sdhtjnjo dmtynd nltgerlstjccjmod eh aehhumduteh fd tjmo glccls eo ehglccls ljlmnehsrltt9 eo nlt vdr j nlmml gerstdmn dt nlt `cljutvjicd dv Ad`lt eo fdms tjcflmolrl, hlms nlt dmnrllclhlmtlt smdrlrl imyttd nlt tjc umnlrorummsicu``lml pnlm yttlrstl vlmstrlsjnd eo, oklmmeh nlh, tjc icu``lml`lstlmnl dv lisjclrtl rlvecuskemrl seh `jnre tjc dt nlt`clj tdtt j `rui dv Nlt iehhumjstjsil ger`umn j 46>? eo jNlt iehhumjstjsil hdmjglstj 46>6. J Qter`rjtdmmjd symlsernlt iehhumjst fd `cjtt tdtt j `rui ger grstl odmo j46>2 jhpertlrt grd Grdmirjil dv ewlmjttlm KefmOeenwym @drh`y, j sjml `rlv grd Rdrjs seh `clj tryit j

^fl Mlw Herdc _ercn. Fdm `ruitl nlt fevlnsdilcjo hlnrlglrdmsl tjc Ad`lts tjcflmolrl, seh j ster ordn fdnnl `cjttjmgculrt dv ewlmjshlm. J 46>2-rd `clj nlt egtl `ruit jger`jmnlcsl hln sesjdcjshl, hlm vdmcjovjs seh dtsijctgrd nlt, eo ojtt hlr hjcjtdmtl jhpcjidskemlr. Nlt `clj vdcothln ehfu dv nlm oruppd seh Hdrx eo Lmolcs ger`lrlntlNlt iehhumjstjsil hdmjglst ger, gernj nlt jmml`dr hlrlmm nlm sesjdcjstjsil jnllm eh rlvecuskemr idhp eo

fdnnl sdhtjnjo lm icdrlrl ger`jmnlcsl hln gerlstjccjmodeh glccls ljlmneh eo glccls myttjookrjmo dv oenlml. Nltvdr, j flmfecn tjc Lmolcs, hjmnrl utepjsi9 nlt cet sloclttlrl ger`jmnl hln jnllm eh icdsslidhp eo hln nlmhdtlrjdcjstjsil fjsterjleppgdtmjmolm.Wj fdr s cdmot tdtt utodmospumit j ern eo j jnllml eotdmil- eo fdmncjmosrltmjmolml seh nl grst `clj `ruit tjc


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`lsirjvl. Hlm hdmol dv jnllml fdnnl skcsdot lisjstlrtclmol gr nl mlvmtl rltmjmolml eppsten. Nlt vdr jmtlt mytt

j clool vlit p sdhgummlts gernrjmolr j hetsltmjmo tjcjmnjvjnlts9 jmtlt mytt j gernhhl sesjdc ucjiflt lcclr j dmicdol nl rjil ger ut`yttl nl gdttjol9 jmtlt mytt j flvnl `lfevlt ger utndmmjmo dv dccl hln`erolrml j nlmsesjdcl herdcjtltlms prjmsjpplr9 jmtlt mytt j gerlsc glcclsvdrlgerrn. Nlt vdr vjttlrcjo jmtlt mytt j sirjvl sesjdclutepjlr, lcclr j irlvl s vlc iemehjsil seh sjvjcl eopecjtjsil rlttjofltlr ger dccl. Nlt vdr gcolcjo flct mdturcjodt ernd seh fdnnl `cjtt tdtt j `rui ger `lsirjvlgeurjlrjstlml, sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml, ewlmjttlml, jadrjdmlrml(tjcflmolrml dv Ad`lt) eo nl dmnrl slitlml tjncjo p4622-tdcclt, gr lcclr sjnlm siuccl `cj dmvlmnt eh tlmilrleo presklitlr fvjs jnllr j lm lcclr dmmlm ordn `drcjifltstrlii hln nlrls loml. Hlrilcdpplmlsesjdcjstjsi, iehhumjstjsi (eo sljmlrl dmdrijstjsi)

ieh tjc `cj `ruit hln rlglrdmsl tjc dccl gerhlr gertjncjolrl neitrjmlr nlr hdm fdnnl cdot vlit p clvl jglcclssidp, iecclitjv ljlmnehsrltt, utndmmjmo j sesjdcherdcjtlt, lcclr p iecclitjv sesjdc pcdmcloojmo eo iemtreccevlr hjcklt `lstlmnl dv vdmlr eo jmstjtuskemlr sehgerhd hlmmlsilrs cjv.J Grdmirjil, fver s hyl dv nlm sesjdcjstjsil tlerjlmfdnnl sjtt eppfdv, vlmntl hlmmlsilrs tdmilr slo mdturcjo

mei grst dv dct tjc`dil tjc nl uhjnnlc`drl gercplrml tjcQdjmt-Qjhem eo Geurjlr tjc nl seh j irdgt dv vrlpfjcesepfls grd eppcysmjmostjnd j nlt dttlmnl rfumnrl,egtl j gerh dv utepjlr fdnnl cdot grdh nlm hlst trlgglmnlirjtjiilm dv nlt `lstlmnl sdhgumm. Nl gdmt gercplrl tjcsesjdcjshlm eo iehhumjshlm j vlrilml tjc Herlccy(Aenl nl cd mdturl, 4?


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tjcsirlvlt Njnlret), eo d``lnlm @emmet nl Hd`cy(Lmtrltjlms nl Rfeajem sur cls rdpperts nl cd herdcl

dvla cd pecjtjqul 4?71, eo dmnrl vlrilr), eo lmndtjncjolrl j Aur Hlscjlrs (nn ad. 4?12) ^lstdhlmt, sehnlm odmo ium vdr iklmt j lm uguccstlmnjo vlrskem rlnjolrtdv Wectdjrl. Nl gdmt lclhlmtlr dv sesjdcjstjsi neitrjml jPeussldus Njsaeurs sur cerjojml nl cjmodcjt (4?


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grd @lcclrs tjc Rltlr Afdh`lrclm, lcclr tjc nl hlr rdnjidclorupplml `cdmt purjtdmlrml grd èrolrirjolm lcclr

Aehhemwldctf-plrjenlm tjc Clvlcclrs eo Njoolrs,skc eh nlmml silm jiil `clj gucot epp gr lm oen stumnsljmlrl. 4 Dmd`dptjstlml grd Hmstlr `clj eos truiiltgrdh j cyslt, `nl dv gjlmnlr eo vlmmlr, ger `jnrd tjc nlsesjdcjstjsil eo iehhumjstjsil neitrjmlmls dvstdhmjmo.J nlttl `jmnlt fdr klo jiil sdtt hlo gerl oklmgertlcclfjsterjd rllcc lcclr jmm`jct tjc njssl gercplrml ger nlsesjdcjstjsil eo iehhumjstjsil `lvlolcslml j nlt mjttlmnlrfumnrl. Klo cloolr nlh tjc sjnl, jiil seh uvjitjol, hlmseh p sjnd dv nlt tlhdlt seh klo flr fdr sdtt hlo gerl sirjvl. Klo fdr jhjnclrtjn `lstlht hlo ger o tjc`dil tjclm ndte smm ehtrlmt grtj r gr `lmlvmlcslmlsesjdcjshl eo sesjdcjst `clj tdtt j dchjmmlcjo `rui,gernj fjsterjd tjc `lvlolcslml seh nuiid epp lttlrmdpeclemsirjolml jiil idm gersts evlrfenlt utlm dt hdm

tdr hln nlrls `diorumm j Nlm sterl grdmsil rlvecuskemlmeo nl pecjtjsil, iemehjsil eo sesjdcl lmnrjmolml sehPlvecuskemlm sdttl j odmo. Nlt lr m flct vdmcjo sj dt grd4?6: eo grdhevlr `lgdmt Lurepd slo j stdrtorepd ger trlgerhlr ger rlvecuskemr gerdmnrjmo pecjtjsi eo sesjdc,syhècjslrt vln `lojvlmfltlml j Grdmirjil eo nlrlslttlrnmmjmolr j dmnrl cdmn, jmnustrjlcc, prlod dv `ruilmdv ndhpirdgt eo nlm utvjnd dmvlmnlcslm dv

vjtlmsidplcjol tlimjiilr jmmlm prenuiskem eo jmmlm sjvjceo hlidmjsi jmolmjriumst, eokern`ruishlssjo, mel sehjmml`dr ehgdttlmnl lmnrjmolr j kernnyrijmoshltenlr eofusnyrdvc, eo j nlt rurdcl cjvs idrditlr. Njssl trloklmsjnjo gerùmnml rlvecuskemlml `loymtl skcsdot jiildccl sdhhlm j 4?6:. Nl jmnustrjlccl eo kern`ruishlssjolrlvecuskemlml idm jiil ndtlrls tjc lt lmilct r lcclr lm


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lmilct `lojvlmflt9 ndhphdsijmlm, seh _dtt evlrcet nlmtjc ess, vdr utgdcclt dv lj cdmo rliil eppgjmmlcslr eo

ger`lnrjmolr, eo nlt myl kern`ruilt utvjicd slo ordnvjs,utlm mlem grdhstlmnl `lojvlmflt seh sdttl sjtt prlo pnlts stdrt. Ium nlm pecjtjsil rlvecuskemlm idm `cjtjcsirlvlt lt `lstlht r nd nlm `loymtl9 eo nlms sesjdcljmmfecn `clj ger`lrlnt clmol gr @dstjcclms gdccpreicdhlrtl scuttlm ger cd dmajlm rojhlger flcl vlrnlm.4?6: lr nlrger jiil, eo idm jiil vrl, lt lisditutodmospumit9 hlm nlt vjc olmlrlct sltt tklml hjtt gerhcoent mei gernj klo j nlmml `eid fevlnsdilcjo lr epptdttdv jnllr eo ium sliumnrt dv `lojvlmfltlr eo`lvlolcslr. R jnllmls ehrnl utokr 4?6: sijcclcjmkd,gernj hlmmlsilr gctl dt nlt vdr scji, eo nl gerhd nlrlttlrsjml jnllr eo presklitlr p lm dmmlrclnls htl, sehlvlmtyrlrl seh glrnls vjnlrl j lm my vlrnlm seh lr jlhmjmo.

Getmetlr;

4 Nlm myl jmtlrlsslm ger Olrrdrn _jmstdmclys Cdw egGrllneh (47


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IDRJ^^LC JJ

NLM Q^EPL GPDMQILPLWEC\QKEM EO OPDAAF\Q@D@L\GQ IEMQRJPDQKEM

QKC eh sesjdcjshlm j lm gerstdmn `loymtl clmol gr, eoj lm dmmlm gerstdmn melm tjr lttlr, Nlm sterl grdmsil

rlvecuskem, lr nlt seh vj fdr sltt oenl mei orummlr ger td 4?6: seh utodmospumit mr nlt oklcnlr lt stunjuh dvnl henlrml sesjdcjstjsil jnllmls utvjicjmo. Nlttl lr nlttjnspumitlt seh nlt lr hucjo sperl, jiil `drl lmiemtjmulrcjo utvjicjmo dv tlmimjmolms ehrnl grd, hlmeos lm veislmnl ger`jmnlcsl hlcceh tlmimjmolm eo`lvlolcslr seh silr oj nlh lt uttryii j nlt prditjsilcjv. Nl sesjdcjstjsil eo iehhumjstjsil tlerltjilrml j nltdttlmnl rfumnrl fdnnl jmolm `lvlolcslr `di slo, jiillmodmo p tlerjlms ehrnl9 nl vdr mr sdot jseclrtltlmilrl seh `lgdmt slo j plrjglrjlm dv lm ehgdttlmnljmtlcclitulcc `lvlolcsl seh `dr j slo lt ehgdttlmnlnlheirdtjsi eo cj`lrdct jmmfecn, hlm jmolmtjmo splsjgjitsesjdcjstjsi mr nlt okdcnt nlrls lsslmsjlccl jnllr kd, jfvlrt gdcc jiil mel hlr lmm tru p hlmmlsilcjo cyiil seh

lt hc ger sesjdcpecjtjiilm eo p hlmmlsilcjoplrglitj`jcjtlt seh lt hucjo hc seh iumml ms oklmmehcls cuhjrls vlnvdrlmnl grdhsirjtt. Nlt dttlmnlrfumnrls sesjdcjstlrvdr grst eo grlhst herdcjstlr eoherdcrlgerhjstlr. Hln lm stlri fuhdmjtr ocn gernhtlnl sdhlisjstlmslm hlcceh rjineh eo gdttjoneh, hlccehcuisus eo rljm mn, eo nl sperd ijcnlml tjc njssl emnlmleo nlm gernlrvlcslm seh gucotl hln nlh, tjc nrcjol


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pecjtjsil eo sesjdcl jmstjtuskemlr. Hlmmlsilr `cljgernlrvd, flvnd nl, jiil p orumm dv lm mdturcjo sclttflt,

hlm gernj nl clvnl j lt nrcjo hjck seh eppgernrd tjccuisus, stectflt eo umnlrtryiilcsl, eo gernhtl gclrtdcclttjc lisjstlrl umnlr germlnrlmnl gerfecn prlod dvtrlccneh eo mn. Njssl sesjdcl irjtjilrml vdr p jmolmhtl mnvlmnjovjs rlvecuskemrl lcclr rl`lcclr9 lmilctldv nlh gerlsce ium `lsiklnml gerdmnrjmolr, eo nl gclstldv nlh tugtd sjml fp j cdmot strrl ordn p utndmmjmo eogrdhvlistlm dv rjhlcjoflt, lmm p mel epprr grd nlumnlrtryitls sjnl. Nl fdnnl lm tlmnlms tjc sirjvlutepjlr lcclr tjc iemstrulrl henlcclr ger lt plrglitsdhgumm eo nlts rloclr9 hlm utepjlml j nlt dttlmnlrfumnrl vdr jiil s hyl prditjsilrlerodmjslrjmospresklitlr seh `lfdolcjol nrhhlr sehgerhjncd cliskemlr j herdcsil fecnmjmolr eo njtte dtglrn.Nlt vdr j utodmospumitlt jmolm ger`jmnlcsl hlcceh njssl

vjskemlml eh lt mytt sdhgumm eo melm gecilcjo `lvlolcslkd, cdmot hjmnrl melm precltr `lvlolcsl seh siucclvjrilcjookrl lt scjit sdhgumm. Qkcvl gerlstjccjmod ehprecltdrjdtlt strliilr slo jiil clmolr tjc`dil lmm tjc@d`lug. Nl sesjdclneitrjmlml seh `lrlntl orummlm gernlt mjttlmnl rfumnrls sesjdcjstjsil `lvlolcslr, vdr j dccfevlnsdi ltjsil utclomjmolr eh hlmmlsilcjol rlcdskemlr,jiil scji nl vdr, hlm scji nl `urnl vrl.

Hlm j cplt dv rd seh gucotl uhjnnlc`drt lttlr sterhjmoddv @dstjcclm eo Nacdrdtjem nls nrejts cfehhl lt nuajteylm tvdmo nlt sesjdcl sprshclt slo grdh jgerorummlm ger grstl odmo, jiil `drl seh lt herdcsipre`clh ger lm `lorlmsd oruppl jmtlcclitulccl eohdmlrrlgerhjstlr, hlm seh lt jmsjstlrlmnl prditjsistrjnssprshc seh jmml`dr lm rllcc eo trulmnl iemgcjit


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oklmmehgrl seh gcol dv Plvecuskemlms suislss pcdmns`yond9 eo nlt ur`dml precltdrjdtlt vdr, skc eh nlt

`clj gerstlrid dv hdmol fmnvlrilrl eo shfmnvlrishlstlrl, dctger svdit tjc dt nlt iumml tklml sehgumndhlmt ger nlt myl Grdmirjil.Kd, `d`euvjshlm vdr lsslmsjlct sltt lt prenuit dvrlvecuskemr nlsjccuskemlrjmo. Q sterl gerfpmjmolrfdnnl hdm fdtt tjc Plvecuskemlm9 eo nlt seh symtls fdiehhlt ut dv nlm, ger nl gdttjolrl sliskemlml dv nlmur`dml `lgecimjmolm, vdr strrl gdttjoneh eo mn.@mnlml fdnnl gtt kernd, dr`ljnlrml ium suct eodr`ljnsclnjoflt. Melm httl g siycnd ger nlttl9Plvecuskemlm httl fd `cjtt gerrnt dv melm. Hlm dvfvlh5 Flct icdrt nl vlcstlmnl, seh fdnnl gertsdtt clvlj cuisus hlms nl hdmol cln, eo dv nl seh jljlmnehsrlttlms mdvm fdnnl cdtt scjil tjmo gjmml stln.Hlm scjil scdoern vdr jiil vlcnjo lgglitjvl, tjc tress ger

mnlm9 ger nl spcjttd nl rlvecuskemrl, tjc eo hln j `ylml,eo p cdmns`yond gjii nl jmolm rlspems j nlt flcl tdtt.Q nlm sesjdcjshlm seh nuiid epp p gcyitjo vjsoklmmeh Aemspjrdtjem nls odux j 4?:7 vdr, sltt jgerfecn tjc fevlnutvjicjmod jmmlm Nlm grdmsil rlvecuskem,dcnrj mel hlr lmm lt sjnlsprshc. Nlms `ltynmjmo cjoolrjiil j fvd nlm eppmnnl lcclr iumml fd eppmnn umnlrndtjnds ehstlmnjofltlr, hlm j gerlspljcjmod dv sljmlrl

`lvlolcslr seh utvjicd slo lttlr dt Nlm sterl grdmsilrlvecuskemlm fdnnl uttht sjm irdgt, eo sehfevlnsdilcjo vdr utiehhlt dv nlm lttlrgcolmnlutvjicjmod dv idpjtdcjshlm eo `eurolejsjlts mylrlttjofltlr. Nlt Nlm grdmsil rlvecuskemlm okernl vdr jiil oj sesjdcjshlm irdgt seh lm clvlmnl eo iemtjmulrcjosesjdc `lvlolcsl, hlm smdrlrl, oklmmeh ger grstl odmo


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16. Evlrsdtt dv @remtlrrl E@rjlm, hln fdms lomljmmgyjmolr, fdnnl nlm lm vjss jmmgcytlcsl p nlmvlmstrlerjlmtlrtl afdrtjstjsil tlmimjmolm j Qter`rjtdmmjd,s vlc seh p utvjicjmod dv tlerjlr vlnrrlmnlrlvecuskemrt njitdtur evlr nlt hlstl dv Lurepd. Qljmlrl`clj fjsterjd gertdct hlr guccstlmnjo, hln tjcodmo pyttlrcjolrl pu`cjidskemlr, dv Dnvjlccl, fvjs èi j ndo

ger`cjr nlm hlst myttjol ijcnlm ger nl seh stunlrlr`dèuvjshlm. Nlms jmmgcytlcsl vdrtl vln. Qkc fdr klo lmiepj dv Dnvjlccls èi seh _jccjdh Herrjs prlslmtlrtlger Lrmlst @lcgert @dx, hln gcolmnl tjclomlcsl; Ojtt tjcL. @lcgert @dx grd _jccjdh Herrjs p nlm `ltjmolcsl dtnlm mlvmtl @dx sirjvlr lm icdr sijcnrjmo dv flmnlcslmvlnrrlmnl @d`lug, mel nlm mlvmtl @dx tei gdtt p.


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Plvecuskemrl sesjdcjstlr gertsdttl, scji sehiehhumjstlr j ndo okr, `ltrditl @d`lugs iemspjrdskem

seh nlm grstl rljml hdmjglstdskemlm p precltdrjdtlt jrlvecuskemr diskem, oklmmeh p gerfmn preicdhlrlnlm myl rlvecuskemlm seh vdr mnt tjc gucclmnl nltvlrilt seh vdr p`loymt j 4?6:.J @uemdrretjs eo Dnvjlccls sijcnrjmolr lr nlt cltt slfverndm iemspjrdskemlm utvjicd slo. Nlt dt kdie`jmlrmlgdct eo nlrls grlhstl clnlrl `clj flmrlttd fdnnl lttlrcdttslo lm ster tjcflmolrsidrl utlm melm tjc vljclnl slo, eoieh`jmdskemlm dv njssl hlmjol kdie`jmlrml eoclnlrsidplt seh @d`lugs cjccl oruppl `jnre hln,jmicunlrt melm g hjcjtrl, ndmmd utodmospumitlt gerut`runnlt. J @d`lugs epprjmmlcjol sdhgumm \mjem nuRdmtfem fdnnl nlt vrt ucjil sesjdcl eo jnleceojsillclhlmtlr fvergrd nlm cjccl oruppd seh vdr imyttd tjc@d`lug trdii slo tjc`dil tjc lm flhhlcjo iemspjrdskem

lttlr dt njrliterdtlt `loymtl gergcol nlm mlvmtl \mjem.Lttlr vdmsilcjol gerfdmncjmolr `clj nlmml oruppd ie`cdsdhhlm hln nl oklmclvlmnl kdie`jmlrmlsumnlrorummsclnlrsidp, ger s ium g sjml pcdmlr gerrntvln stdrtlm p nlt pcdmcdotl ut`runnlt dv lm dv nltshjcjtrl ger`umnsglcclr, seh oklmmeh flcl dggrlm fdnnlspjemlrt p njrliterdtlts vloml. @d`lug eo nl dmnrlclnlrml `clj drrlstlrt eo iemspjrdskemlm gdct sdhhlm.

\mnlr rlttssdid het nlh `clj nl dmicdod ger dccl scdosgerhlr ger sdmovjmsil jmtlmskemlr9 hlm nl pdpjrlml sehidm `ltrditls seh dutlmtjsil vjslr ium dt nl fdnnlpcdmcdot dt lm cjtlm oruppl rlvecuskemrl clnlrl siuccl tdhditd, ger s ltd`clrl lm rlvecuskemr rloklrjmo `dslrtp nlrls tjcflmolrl `cdmt ceidcsdhgummd j Rdrjs, hln nlmjmtlmskem s smdrt seh hucjo slttl sdhhlm lm


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1?

mdskemdcgersdhcjmo seh siuccl `cj vdcot oklmmeh nlmnlheirdtjsil stlhhlrlttlm seh nlm ugucclmntl

iemstjtuskemlm dv 4?:1 fdnnl vlntdtt, hlm seh dcnrjfdnnl gtt trl j irdgt.J pvlmtl dv dt nlmml iemstjtuskemlm siuccl slttls ut j cjvlgerlsce @d`lug eo fdms tjcflmolrl ltd`clrl lthjnclrtjnjo njitdtur, fevlnsdilcjo `dslrt p nl pdrjsjsildr`ljnlrml9 hlm nl fdnnl jmolm tlerj eh rlvecuskemrt eo cdmot hjmnrl precltrt njitdtur seh mel hlr lmm ltiertvdrjo evlrodmostjctdi j rltmjmo dv lm gucct utnlheirdtjsi iemstjtuskem `dslrt p dcchlmm stlhhlrltt.Nl gerlsce jhjnclrtjn dt hdm uhjnnlc`drt utlm vlmtlp dt iemstjtuskemlm trntl j irdgt tynnl tjc sterstjctllispreprjlrjmos- eo ehgernlcjmostjctdi vlnrrlmnlljlmnehs`lsjttlcslr p orummcdo dv glccls tjclomlcsl eomyttjookrjmo dv dccl vdrlr. Mdturlm, preicdhlrtl nl jpmjmosslivlmslm dv sjtt hdmjglst, fdr ojtt fvlrt lmilct

hlmmlsil lm cjil ster rltt tjc mytl oent dv dccl scdosvdrlr, eo p nlttl orummcdolt gerlsce nl dt hdmuhjnnlc`drt lispreprjlrtl dcc ljlmneh seh tjcfrtlierperdskemlr eo gecilts gjlmnlr, eo dt hdm sdhtjnjodvsidggd dccl drvlrlttjofltlr scji dt ljlmneh seh gertsdttvdr p prjvdtl flmnlr j cplt dv lm lmilct olmlrdskem,vjccl tjcgdccl glcclssidplt eo `cj ljn dv nlt. J flmfecn tjcpcdmlr seh @d`lug ger`lrlntl siuccl Grdmirjil `cj nlct

jmm j myl dnhjmjstrdtjvl ehrnlr nlr ljlmneh seh `cljevlrgrt tjc egglmtcjo ljlrsidp siuccl `cj sesjdctdnhjmjstrlrt dv gecilvdcotl tklmlstlhlmm seh ium siucclhettd sdhhl cmm seh dr`ljnlrml. Dr`ljn siuccl `cje`cjodterjsi ger dccl, eo ium plrsemlr seh vdr lmodsklrt jmyttjo dr`ljn siuccl fd rltt tjc stlhhl. \tndmmjmo siucclokrls tjcoklmolcjo ger dccl, eo siuccl `cj rlttd het crl


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gecilt prjmsjpplml ger nlt myl sdhgummlt `dslrt pglcclsljl. J flmfecn tjc @d`lugs pcdmlr `clj

kern`ruisljlmnehhlr gertsdtt `ltrditd scji nl vdr mnttjc9 hlm lispreprjlrjmod dv jmnustrjierperdskemlr `cljeos vurnlrt p lm icdr htl, eo fdm dpplcclrtl splsjlct tjcnl ur`dml dr`ljnlrml seh j hlccehtjnd od `lvlolcslmnlms fevlnstttl.Plttssdid het @d`lug eo fdms ger`umnsglcclr lmntl, scjinlm httl, hln gernhhlcslm eo flmrlttlcslm dv nlclnlmnl iemspjrdtrlml @d`lug eo Ndrtf. Hdmol `cljjhjnclrtjn cscdtt, m seh gdrlm vdr evlr9 eo lm rliil dvnlh `clj spdrt ger flmrlttlcslm eo ium nlpertlrt. @cdmt nlnlpertlrtl vdr Qycvdjm Hdrafdc, seh gditjsi sirljvutidstlt tjc hdmjglstlt nlrls, eo @uemdrretj. @uemdrretjiumml trecjo tdiil sjtt vlmmsidp hln @emdpdrtl ger dtfdm `lrod cjvlt, eo sjstmlvmtl tjc`n fdh dnhjmjstrdtjvlstjccjmolr umnlr jhplrjlt. Fdm clvnl jmmtjc 461?,

fevlnsdilcjo j @lcojd, pu`cjslrtl sjm `ei j @russlc j 4606,eo vlmntl s tjc`dil tjc Grdmirjil lttlr Plvecuskemlm j4612.@d`lugs lcclr smdrlrl Qycvdjm Hdrafdcs 4Hdmjglstlnls odux vdr gditjsi nlm grstl sesjdcjstjsil pecjtjsillricrjmod. @d`lug eo fdms tjcflmolrl `ltrditdsesjdcjslrjmod dv `nl kern eo jmnustrj seh mnvlmnjo ger gucclmnl Plvecuskemlm seh vdr p`loymt j 4?6:. Nl

preicdhlrtl dccl hlmmlsilrs cjil rltt tjc mytl oent dvdccl vdrlr seh mdturlm `n p, nlm umjvlrslcclgerpcjitlcslm tjc dr`ljnl, nlm umjvlrslccl rlttlm tjcutndmmjmo, eo mnvlmnjofltlm dv dvsidggl `nl rjineheo gdttjoneh j nlm hlmmlsilcjol cyiilms jmtlrlssl. Hlmlttlr umnlrtryiijmod dv @d`lugs iemspjrdskem gersvdmtnlm lodcjtrl sesjdcjshlm seh pecjtjsi `lvlolcsl ut dv


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1:

syml umnlr Mdpeclems flrrlnhhl eo umnlr irjolmspiklmmjmolr, ger s grst nuiil epp joklm lttlr dt Nlm

grdmsil rlvecuskemlm j 4612 fdnnl scupplt cs nl irlgtlmlseh fdnnl `cjtt fecnt mlnl `nl umnlr Mdpeclem eoumnlr rlstdurdskemlm j nlms tjncjolrl gdslr.

Getmetlr;

4 Hdrafdc (4?


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>2

IDRJ^^LC JJJ

OEN_JM, RDJML EO AFDPCLQFDCC

J Qter`rjtdmmjd grdh`rditl nlt dttlmnl rfumnrl jmolm`lvlolcsl seh p melm seh flcst htl idmsdhhlmcjimls hln nlm tjc Ordaafus @d`lug. Lpeilm gr4?6: od vjssl tlom p dvdmslrt cj`lrdc, hlm jiilrlvecuskemr tlmimjmo. Nlm dhlrjidmsil rlvecuskemfdnnl lm `ltynlcjo vjrimjmo mr nlt okdcnt stjhuclrlrdnjidcl neitrjmlr eo rdnjidc gecilhlmjmo j Lmocdmn, hlmnl vdr utlm flmtynmjmolr tjc sesjdcjshlm. Nlt gjmmlsjmolmtjmo seh lm odmo hjmmlr eh sesjdcjshl j vlrilml tjcKefm _jcils, Hdker Adrtwrjoft, Pjafdrn Rrjal lcclrKeslpf Rrjlstcly, lcclr lmneo ^fehds Rdjml j fdms

tjncjolrl dhlrjidmsil gdsl. Nlt sprshclt seh `clj rljstj Qter`rjtdmmjd grdh tjc 4?6: vdr mrhlst utlcuiilmnl ltseh nrljnl slo eh pecjtjsil rlttjofltlr jmicunlrtsidttcloojmo eo jiil eh lmnrjmolr j nlt sesjdclsystlhlt. Nlt lr jiil gr vj iehhlr tjc dmnrl fdcvnlc dv^eh Rdjmls Pjofts eg Hdm dt vj gjmmlr nlt grstlorummcloolmnl sesjdcl preordhhlt cdot grdh p geciltsvloml sjnlm _jmstdmclys eo tfl Njoolrs ndolr.

Nlssutlm `lgdttd lmneo Nlm grdmsil rlvecuskem j nlmstjncjolrl gdslr, skc eh nlm `rditl nlt sesjdcl pre`clhltepp p lm prlsslrlmnl htl rumnt eh p cdmns`yond, slosmdrlrl hln sprshc `dslrt p `mnlmls hjsmyl lmmhln flcl nlt sesjdcl systlhlt9 eo nlt vdr grst ndurecjofltlml seh Plvecuskemlm gerrsdid, eoirjosut`runnlt seh pgrtl sterl gecilhdsslr j `ylmldiutt mn, dt strjnssprshclt vlnrrlmnl


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>4

ljlmnehsrlttjofltlr j sjm flcflt `clj rljst njrlitl, lcclr dtmelm iehhumjstjsi lcclr sesjdcjstjsi csmjmo `clj cdot

grdh j mel dmmlt lmm lm rljmt utepjsi gerh. Lmneo tflCemnem Aerrlspemnjmo Qeajlty eo dmnrl gersdhcjmolrseh veistl grdh j nl gclstl dv nl strrl lmolcsilprevjms`ylml vln jmmodmolm tjc Nlm grdmsil rlvecuskemfdnnl, skc eh nl jiil vli tjc`dil ger s vlc iemehjsilseh pecjtjsil hcslttjmolr, jmolm icdr vjskem eh mel myttsesjdct systlh. Nlrls fevlndmstrlmolcslr vdr slmtrlrtrumnt pecjtjsil rlgerhlr, eo nlt gjmmls g sper `cdmtneitrjmlml tjc nlrls clnlrl, hln lt ummtdi, dv mel sehidm idccls sesjdcjshl, lcclr tjc eo hln lm gercplr tjc nlm.Nlt vdr sdmmlcjo hyl tjc glccls hlcceh @d`lugssymspumitlr vlnrrlmnl kernljlmneh eo symspumitlml tjcvjssl `rjtjsil kernrlgerhdterlr j nlt dttlmnl rfumnrl(Pe`lrt _dccdal, 47:?-4??4, _jccjdh Eojcvjl, 4?17-4641, eo ^fehds Rdjml, 4?1?-462:). Hlm nlm lmlstl

rlgerhdterlm seh mrhd slo @d`lug mr nlt okdcntgycnlm j fdms sesjdcl sijsslr, vdr ^fehds Qplmal (4?), seh vdr ditjv j tfl Cemnem AerrlspemnjmoQeajlty (eo sljmlrl j Mlwadstcl upem ^yml).Hlm jiilp mel tjnspumit j sjm clvltjn fdnnl Qplmal melm`ltynlcjo tjcflmolrsidrl lcclr gjii melm srcjoepphlrisehflt ger sjml jnllr. Qplmal sten geriehhumdct ljl dv kernd j rloj dv nl ceidcl iehhumlml,

seh siuccl td evlr ljlmnehsrlttlm eo cljl ut kernd tjc geciseh vjccl nyril nlm. Nlmml cljd siuccl nliil dcclrloklrjmosutojgtlml. Qplmal s ger slo dt njssl utojgtlmlvjccl vrl sh, ger fdm s ger slo lt systlh `dslrt p lmsvrt lmilct styrlgerh j rloj dv nl ceidcl iehhumlml,hln lm cs gnlrdskem seh siuccl srol ger nliil nllmicl `lfevd ger ieernjmlrt dnhjmjstrdskem evlr lt strrl


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>0

ehrnl. Qplmal pu`cjslrtl sjm pcdm ger grstl odmo jMlwadstcl j 4?? dt sdhgummltdv splmaldmsil gjcdmtreplr, seh fdnnl `cjtt ndmmd j 4640,gjii melm pecjtjsi `ltynmjmo. Qkc j nl urecjol rd lttlrgrlnlm j 464< fdnnl nlt ium g tjcflmolrl, skc eh nltsjmmgcytlcsl `clj `ltynlcjo evlrnrlvlt dv rloklrjmod eo dvpdrcdhlmtlt j nlrls gersi p grdhstjccl nlmsplmaldmsil `lvlolcslm seh lm utstrdit iemspjrdskemseh trud nlm egglmtcjol sjiilrflt. Pdppertlml grd tflAehjttlls eg Qlarlay, seh `clj sdtt epp `nl dv evlr-eo umnlrfuslt lttlr pre`clhlml j 4647, nd lm cjtlm orupplsplmaldmlrl erodmjslrtl lm scdos epprrsi nlhemstrdskemj Cemnem, `clj `ruit seh ummsiycnmjmo ger eppndolcslmdv lt nyptorjplmnl pcett seh tei sjitl p lm eppstdmn

seh gditjsi dcnrj symls fd lisjstlrt j melm erodmjslrtgerh. Dt nlt gdmtls epprrsil lclhlmtlr `cdmtsplmaldmlrml idm sls p seh `lvjst oklmmeh Adte Qtrllt-iemspjrdskemlm j 4602, nlr lm cjtlm oruppl splmaldmlrl,clnd dv Drtfur ^fjstclween, pcdmcd hyrnl flclrloklrjmosid`jmlttlt hlms nlt sdtt hjnt j lm slskem eo tdhditd oklmmeh lt pcutslcjo iupp. Hlm nlt vecnlcjolut`runnlt, seh `clj gerrnt tjc duterjtltlml p gerfmn, fdr

`cjtt vjst, j nlt hjmstl nlcvjs, fd vrt lt vlri jsalmlsdttdv dolmt preveadtlurs. Flcl dggrlm vdr udmsltt j lmsvrt cjtlm sidcd eo jhpcjslrtl p jmolm htl gclrl lmm lmfmngucc gdmdtjilrl, lmneo `cdmt splmaldmlrml. Nlm `cljskcsdot p jmolm htl teclrlrt dv melm dv nl grdhstlmnlclnlrml ger nlm rdnjidcl rlgerh`lvlolcslm, seh gerlislhplc _jccjdh Ae``ltt eo Flmry Fumt. Wlrilml tjc


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>1

^fehds Qplmal utokr lm jmtlrlssdmt stunjl j nlm `rjtjsilsesjdcjshlms eppfdv, hlm nl gjii cjtlm prditjsi

jmmvjrimjmo p nlm sdhtjnjol utvjicjmod dv `rjtjsi rdnjidclcclr dr`ljnlricdsslerjlmtlrt tlmimjmo. \lmnlcjo hylvjitjolrl j sjm prditjsil jmmgcytlcsl vdr tlerjlml tjc_jccjdh Oenwjm (4?


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>>

iummsidplm. Fdm vdr jiil j tvjc eh dt nlt iklmml tjc nltoenl eo okrl nlt oenl vdr ltt eo nlt sdhhl9 nlm

germugtlm fdm eppfynl vdr lm herdcsi germugt, seh vjcclgrl tjc dt hlmmlsilr ut j grd sjm lolm mdtur vjccl fdmnclrlttlglrnjo j trn hln ehgdmolt dv nlrls gerstlcsl dvrlttglrnjofltlms cevlr. Nlt symtls skcjmmcyslmnl ger fdhdt dccl hlmmlsilr, skc eh nl vdr gersiklccjol fvdmdturcjol idpdsjtltlr lcclr iummsidp dmor, fdnnl cjilirdv evlrger fvlrdmnrl eo evlrger clvmltshjnclml. Fdmgernhtl jiil `drl dt melm hlmmlsilr tjclomd slomdturrlssurslml seh `urnl tjcfrl dccl, hlm eos nlt dtmel hlmmlsil siuccl clvl j evlrgcen, skc eh nlt vdr dvnlts loml prenuitlr, s clmol mel dmmlt hlmmlsil fdnnlstrrl `lfev ger nlh. Fdms neitrjml vdr `dslrt p rljmiehhumjshlmr nlt okdcnt myttjookrjmod dv mdturlmsgruitlr eo dv hlmmlsilrs dr`ljn hln nlt mdturlm `n p.Hlm Oenwjm vdr jiil `drl lm njsjpplc ger nl grdmsil

germugtsgjceseglml, hlm eos lm lttlriehhlr lttlr nllmolcsil purjtdmlrml. Fdms dmdrijshl fvjctl p lmd`secutt eppfylcsl dv nlm jmnjvjnulccl sdhvjttjofltlmsirdv, mel seh jmml`dr lm guccstlmnjo tjc`dilvjsmjmo dvdmnrl gerpcjitlcslr tjc cynjoflt lmm nlm hdm fdnnlevlrger nlmml. Nlttl gucotl sdmmlcjo grd fdms tru pumjvlrslcc germugt seh lm ugljc`drcjo hlmter. Fdm iummljiil eppndol melm rlttjoflt fes melm seh flcst iecclitjv

gersdhcjmo, udmsltt fver nlheirdtjsi erodmjslrt nlm vdr,tjc `lernrl lt jmnjvjn tjc fdmncl, utevlr scji nltssdhvjttjoflt, eppcyst dv germugtlm, `n nlt tjc fdmncl.Nlssutlm `dr Oenwjms purjtdmjshl stlrit prlo dv dsilsl,lcclr j nlt hjmstl lm gerdit ger lmfvlr gerh gerumnvlmnjo plrsemcjo ger`rui. Fdm sdmo, aem dherl,cevprjsmjmolr tjc fyl tdmilr eo spdrsehhlcjo cjvsgrslc,


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>7

ieccdèrdskem `cdmt hlmmlsilr seh lt emnl, seh vdr mnttjc rlsuctlrl j dt lt hlmmlsil `clj umnlrernmd lt dmmlt.

Wln dmlriklmml nlm mnvlmnjol oklmsjnjoldvflmojofltlm hlcceh hlmmlsilr seh clvlr j sdhgumm,eo `dslrl flcl sjm herdcsil neitrjml p fvlrt lmilctjmnjvjns gerpcjitlcsl tjc lttlrstrl`l strst hucjo cyiilhln cjil ster flmojvlmflt ger lmfvlr plrsem p kernd,`ltrditd Oenwjm jiil nlste hjmnrl sdhhlmscutmjmolrseh j `lstl gdcc lt mnvlmnjo emnl. Fdm `lmlitd dtsdhgummlt skc, tjc gersiklcc grd jmnjvjnlml seh nlt `lstendv, fdnnl mel seh flcst irdv p jmnjvjnlts cekdcjtlt lcclrherdcsil pcjit9 eo fdms gerlstjccjmo eh hlmmlsilcjolrlcdskemlr p nlrls `lstl `lsten j lt vjsst dmtdccudvflmojol hlmmlsilr seh fvlr eo lm sitl dccl nldmnrls vlcglrn utlm melm `mn hlcceh nlh èrtsltt grd nlseh `lsten j oklmsjnjol irdv eo gerpcjitlcslr. Fdm vjsstljhjnclrtjn dt hlmmlsilt jiil iumml orljl slo utlm sesjdc

erodmjslrjmo, lcclr lmneo flct eo fecnlmt utlm tvdmoskceh fdm fpd dt nl lm ndo vjccl iumml okrl nlt. Jhlccehtjnd vdr fdm ger`lrlnt p dislptlrl lm hjcn ordndv sdhhlmscutmjmo, hlm fdm msid fecnl nlm jmmdgerhlst hucjo jmmsmlvrd rdhhlr eo cd nlm fvjcl p nlmdturcjol mdècdosrlcdskemlml j sh ceidcl orupplr, utlmmelm dmnrl `mn hlcceh nlh lmm gdsjcjtltlml sehjmnjvjnulcc `lvlolcsl eo sdhivlh od. Fdm msid gljl

mdskemdcl rloklrjmoshditlr guccstlmnjo tjc sjnl9 ger lttlrfdms sym vdr nl mnt tjc grdh`rjmol irjolr hlccehmdskemlr, eo jmml`rl lm slpdrdskem hlcceh nlrloklrlmnl eo nl rloklrtl seh vdr gdtdc ger grjfltlm. Fdmmsid sl lm vlrnlm `lstlmnl dv udvflmojol shceidcsdhgumm, seh fvlrt lmilct styrtl sjml loml dggrlrhln hjmst hucjo `rui dv tvdmo eo nlm strst hucjol


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>?

dmvlmnlcsl dv grj nl`dtt seh grtl tjc lmjoflt, eo utlmmelm tvdmos`dslrt lcclr gnlrlrt hdit seh vdr ptvumolt

nlt utlmgrd. ^jc scjil sh glcclssidp vdr fdm `lrlnt tjc ojlt cjtl hjmjhuh dv tvdmoshdit seh siuccl `ruils tjc tycl sidnlokrlrl, p nlm `ltjmolcsl dt njssl tyclmldcnrj siuccl `cj utvjnd tjc ehgdttl oklmoklcnlcslsstrdgglcclr dvsirliilmnl hjnclr, hlm `urnl `cj strlmot`lorlmsd tjc gerfjmnrl nlm jmnjvjnulccl sidnlokrlr grd `lo yttlrcjolrl uoklrmjmolr eo eh hucjo rlgerhlrl fdmlcclr fum oklmmeh rlsemmlrlmnl njdceo eo oenl rn.Nlt gucotl dv nlttl dt Oenwjm jiil msid iecclitjvjslrlljlmneh, hlm dvsidggl skcvl gerlstjccjmod eh nlm. Nltirdvlt tjc `lsjttlcsl seh fdm od reh ger fvjctl flct eofecnlmt p idpdsjtltlm eo vjcklm tjc okrl oen `rui dvtjmolml seh hdm fdnnl j `lsjttlcsl j olmlrlcc gdvr dvjmnjvjnlml seh sdhgummlt `lsten dv9 eo fdm gerlsce jiilmelm hjnclr tjc rlouclrl lm scji `lsjttlcsl `ertsltt grd

njssl jmnjvjnlmls summl germugt eo oenvjckl. Fdmeppemlrtl het dccl cevlr seh rlouclrtl scjil sdilr9 fdmflvnd dt ltfvlrt strjnssprshc seh nuiid epp siucclcsls seh lt jmnjvjnulct tjcglccl, oklmmeh oenvjckl eosumm germugt, eo s cdmot seh hucjo oklmmeh lmjoflt. Kd,fdm `lmlitd dt hlmmlsilr p clojtjht vjs iumml cdolcevlr eh mel seh flcst9 nl lmlstl oycnjol cevlml vdrgermugtlms sndmml, eo hlmmlsilr siuccl j `lstl gdcc sil

tjcclhpl germugtlms cevlr tjc nl lmilctl tjcglcclml, hlnhjmst hucjo ordn dv rljmt gertecimjmoshlssjo cevojvmjmotjc vljclnl nlrls `lnhhlcsl.Oenwjm `dslrtl nlmml hetstdmnlm evlrger cevlr eorlouclrjmolr p sjm evlr`lvjsmjmo eh dt lm fdmncjmosoenflt `lrennl p nlms hetjv, eo dt nlt gcolcjo vdrvlrnjcst gersil okrl hlmmlsilr oenl oklmmeh


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>6

`lernrl nlh tjc okrl oenl tjmo. Lm scji `lgdcjmo,grdhfecnt fdm, vjccl grl tjc dt nlm mdturcjol

tjc`ylcjofltlm fes nlh tjc gcol germugtlms cys vjcclsvjmml flm, nlclool dmsvdrsgclcslm eo sclnlsgericunrl hlmmlsilrs mdturcjol tlmnlms tjc `cj hlrgermugtjol lttlr seh iummsidplm itl. Fdm hlmtl jiil dtnlmml tlmnlmslm iumml cd slo rldcjslrl j jmnjvjnlts loltsjmm utlm `jstdmn grd nlts hlnhlmmlsilr, hlm tvlrt j hetdt nlt `lfvnl stttl oklmmeh lm iemstdmt grj njsiuskem.Fdm msid dt fdms sh glcclssidp siuccl dvfecnliemtjmulrcjol nl`dttlr vlnrrlmnl sjml dmcjoolmnlr, scjidt nlt siuccl iehhl tjc icdrlrl eo icdrlrl gerlstjccjmolreh oen, germugtjo grdhglrn eo `cj stdnjo nyitjolrl tjc fdmncl j cys dv lm gerstlcsl dv nlt glccls `lstl utlm `lfvl dvfecnl dvstlhmjmolr lcclr oj cevlr lcclriehhdmnelr.Nlmml jmsjstlrjmod p dt nlm jmnjvjnulccl grdhglrnlms

oenflt flct eo fecnlmt fvjctl p hetjvlml `di nlm,ieh`jmlrtl Oenwjm pdrdneisdct mei hln lm d`secuttnltlrhjmjshl eo germlitlcsl dv herdcsi dmsvdr geruoklrmjmolr. Fdm jmsjstlrtl p dt sidnlokrlrlm jiil lrmel hlr dmsvdrcjo ger sjm fdmncjmo lmm necilm seh fdmstjiilr j sjtt egglr9 ger `lool lr cjil gerut`lstlhtl tjc okrl nlt nl okr. Nlt Oenwjm hlmlr hln nlttl lr dtsidnlokrlrlm idm okrl seh fdm okr ium gernj fdm fdr

gdrt vjcc, eo jiil gernj fdm msilr okrl emnt. Nlt iklmml nlt oenl lr okrl nlt9 eo lt hlmmlsil idm jiilfecnls dmsvdrcjo ger sjm uvjtlmflt j fvlrt gdcc jiil j ltsdhgumm seh jiil fdr tynn tjc pdsslmnl tjctdi ger jmstrulrl nlt. Qclnls flmolr Oenwjms neitrjml sdhhlm,nlrseh hdm or oen ger fdms neitrjml eh dt nlt iklmml


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>:

tjc nlt oenl eo okrl nlt oenl idm jnlmtjgjslrls hlnfvlrdmnrl.

Nlttl vdr nlt germugtlms ùnsidp seh, j rd sehlttlrgucotl Nlm grdmsil rlvecuskem, jmspjrlrtl nlm umolAeclrjnol eo nlm umol _ernswertf hln nlrlsgerlstjccjmolr eh pdmtjseirdtj. Nlttl vdr ùnsidplt sehnlm umol Qflccly sljmlrl evlrgrtl tjc nlm oycml pelsjlm jFlccdseo Rrehltflus \mèumn. R jnllmls ehrnl vdrnlt lt jmtlmst rlvecuskemrt ùnsidp9 p fdmncjmolmsehrnl, scji Oenwjm gerhuclrtl nlt, vdr nlt s oent sehjiil rlvecuskemrt j nlt flcl tdtt. Oenwjm tei sdmmlcjo tjcernl ger nlm lmnlcjol gerpcjitlcslm tjc okrl hetstdmnhet sidnlcjo duterjtlt, eo lmneo tjc cjnl hdrtyrnnlmger nlttl. Fdm jmsjstlrtl p dt lt hlmmlsil jiil h okrlmel seh or p tvlrs dv sdhvjttjofltlm eo germugtlm9 hlmfdm jmsjstlrtl cjil stlrit p dt germugtlm ium iumml tklmlseh lt vlclomd vplm tjc grlhhl nlm sdhgummstyplm

seh fdm fdnnl j sjmml, eo dt `ruilm dv hdit hln nlttlgerhclt j sjitl vjccl vrl gruitlscs, gernj hdit jiiliumml okrl mel ger gerdmnrl hlmmlsilrs sjmm. Nlmrlvecuskemlm seh trlmotls vdr fevlnsdilcjo j hlmmlsilrssjmm, eo ehgerhjmod dv nlrls jmstjtuskemlr iumml iumgcol nlmml hlmtdcl eppcysmjmospreslsslm.Nlttl symlt jmml`dr dt ytrjmosgrjflt eo utndmmjmo `clj sdttumnlr nlr yttlrstl prlss. Qeh gersvdrlr dv rlttlm tjc

ytrjmosgrjflt vjstl Oenwjm, p nlm tjnd ndgerrnlrrlttssdilml j 4?:> gdmt stln, dt fdm skc iummliklhpl tdpplrt. Hlm mr nlt okdcnt utndmmjmossprshcgrtl fdms gjlmntcjol jmmstjccjmo tjc tvdmo eo fdms stlriljmnjvjnudcjshl fdh tjc eppemlrl het dccl nlrlgerhdterlml seh msid lt egglmtcjo utndmmjmossystlhseh lt hjnnlc tjc utvjicl nlm eppveislmnl


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guccl stttl tjc nlms clnlrls idhpdmkl het dccl gerhlr gerljlmnehsrltt seh utlcuiilmnl fvjctl p prjvjclojlr, eo od

uttryii ger sjm tjccjtt tjc dt rlvecuskemlm grtl hln slocgtlt eh lt gucct ut nlheirdtjsi systlh.Nlt gdcclr utdger rdhhlml dv nlmml `eid oj lmgrdhstjccjmo dv fevlnneitrjmlml j ^fl Pjofts eg Hdm, nlrRdjml `lod slo ut p sjm clolmndrjsil iemtrevlrs hln@uril. Rdjmls gersvdr dv Plvecuskemlm lr, j cjiflt hlnPlvecuskemlm skc, jiil lt sprshc seh idm prlssls jmm jlm `ei eh utvjicjmod dv sesjdcjstjsil tlerjlr. Hlm fdmsPjofts eg Hdmidm jiil clools tjc sjnl gernj lttlr dt fdmfdnnl tdct j gdvr dv Plvecuskemlm eo gerhuclrt sjtt lolt`lorlp eh nlheirdtj j nlts pecjtjsil gersdmn, gertsdttlRdjml grd sjtt njrlitl gersvdr dv hlmmlsilrs pecjtjsilrlttjofltlr eo flvnd dt nl eos fdnnl iemehjsilrlttjofltlr, eo evlrvljnl fverndm nl, j erodmjslrtlnlheirdtjsil sdhgumm, iumml ojs lm rjhlcjo utvliscjmo

dv iemehjsil rlttjofltlr odrdmtlrt vln cev, jiehplmsdskem ger dt nl stjcclr j `lre sjm mdturcjolrlttjoflt tjc myttjookrl slo grjtt dv kernds gruitlr.Nlttl lr fevlntlhdlt j nlc JJ dv Pjofts eg Hdm, pu`cjslrtlt r lttlr nlc J, eo cjil `lhlrilcslsvlrnjo j sjm sesjdclneitrjml. J nlc JJ cd Rdjml grdh utidstlt tjc lm iemehjsieo sesjdc pecjtjii seh fdm `ltrditd seh pirlvn eorlttglrnjo ger lt nlheirdtjsi ernmd sdhgumm. Rreordhhlt

seh fdm cd grdh idm p rjhlcjo orummcdo `cjr `ltrditdseh gercplrlm tjc dccl sljmlrl preordhhlr gerdmvlmnlcslm dv sidttcloojmo seh lt jmstruhlmt gerehgernlcjmod dv jmmtlit j nlm sesjdcl rlttglrnjofltlmsmdvm. Fdm grlhhd splsjlct lt systlh hlndcnlrsplmskemlr, egglmtcjo gjmdmsjlrjmo dvutndmmjmostklmlstlr eo lj rliil dmnrl sesjdcl rlgerhlr


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IDRJ^^LC JW

QDJM^-QJHEM

L^^LP vlrilt tjc Rdjml eo Oenwjm, eo ut`runnlt dv nlmgrstl iehhumjstjsil `lvlolcslm umnlr Ordaafus@d`lugs clnlrsidp, gdmt nl mlstl grdhstlmnlutvjicjmolml dv sesjdcjshlms tlerj stln j Grdmirjil umnlrMdpeclems flrrlnhhl. Ger lm stumn vdr nlt, lttlr dt nlcjilvlrnjols iemspjrdskem`clj sctt mln, jmolm hucjofltger lm prditjsi `lvlolcsl `dslrt fevlnsdilcjo p lmdpplcc tjc nl dr`ljnlmnl icdsslml, eo jmolm dv nl tehlmmlml seh olmlrlct sltt `cjr sltt p seh orummcloolrmldv nlm henlrml sesjdcjshlm okernl mel gersi p ltd`clrl lm scji `lvlolcsl, lcclr tlmitl ut j grd lm dpplcc tjclm j dcc fevlnsdi precltr lcclr dr`ljnlricdsslerjlmtlrt

tjcflmolrsidrl. Njssl te hlmmlml, Acdunl-Flmrj nlPeuvrey, orlv nl Qdjmt-Qjhem (4?72-460


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stlnlt ger stdtcjo fdmncjmo, eo sclnls vdr lm gercplr tjcieeplrdtjvl smdrlrl lmm sesjdcjstjsil jnllr, eo Qdjmt-

Qjhem gernj fdm, skc eh fdm hln ster tymonl irlvnl ltiecclitjvt pcdmcdot sdhgumm, dcnrj s ger slo dtsesjdcjshlm siuccl jmml`rl lm icdsslidhp hlccehidpjtdcjstjsil dr`ljnsojvlrl eo dr`ljnlrl, hlm smdrlrl snlt scji dt `lool njssl icdsslml, seh fdm hln lmsdhcl`ltlomlcsl idctl cls jmnustrjlcs, fdnnl lm glcclsjmtlrlssl het cls ejsjgs nlm uvjrisehhl icdsslmrlprlslmtlrt prjhrt dv dnlclm eo hjcjtdjrls nlstrjnlmnl hlmm.Nlt lr dccjilvlc flct uhucjo utlcdtl s vlc Geurjlr sehQdjmt-Qjhem grd mlntlomlcslm dv nlm sesjdcjstjsilutvjicjmo, gernj dt udvflmojo dv eh nl skc vdr sesjdcjstlrs jmspjrlrtl nl `lool te utvjcseht hdmol sljmlrlsesjdcjstjsil jnllr.Cd ess stdrtl hln nlm lcnstl dv nl te Qdjmt-Qjhem. Nlt

lr vjitjo okrl icdrt flct grd stdrtlm dv dt nlt lr lm stergersiklcc hlcceh Qdjmt-Qjhem skc eo sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml nlm rltmjmod seh `clj jmmvjd dv Lmgdmtjm, @dzdrn eoPenrjouls lttlr fdms nn, eo eos seh vj sidc sl hlccehnl ucjil sdjmt-sjhemjdrmlrml ger lislhplc hlcceh@dzdrn eo Lmgdmtjm eo Rjlrrl Clreux. Qdjmt-sjhemjshlmshlst sesjdcjstjsilgdsl vdr nlm seh gucotl uhjnnlc`drtlttlr nlms hlstlrs nn, eo symls j ster ordn siycnls

jmmgcytlcslm grd @dzdrn eo Clreux. \mnlr Lmgdmtjmslistrdernjmrl jmmgcytlcsl `clj sdjmt-sjhemjshlm ger lmtjn lm hlssjdmsi rlcjojem smdrlrl lmm lt pecjtjsi arlne9 eonlttl lclhlmtlt vln nlm sten vln cdo jmmtjc nlt sjstl, skceh nlms iemehjsil nlc sljmlrl gjii tjc`dil sjmepprjmmlcjol `ltynmjmo. Cd nlt j nlt uhjnnlc`drtgcolmnl vrl icdrt dt klo flct eo fecnlmt sjitlr tjc Qdjmt-


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Qjhem skc, eo jiil j nlt flcl tdtt tjc fvd fdms njsjpclrokernl ut dv fdms neitrjmlr lttlr fdms nn.

Flmrj nl Peuvrey, Aehtl nl Qdjmt-Qjhem, dv lm sdhhlgdhjcjl seh nlm `lrhtl Nua, eo seh hlmtl dt fdm vdrlm njrlitl lttlriehhlr lttlr Idrc nlm sterl, `loymtl sjmidrrjlrl seh lm grjfltslcsilmnl drjsteirdt. Fdm iklhpd pdhlrjidmlrmls sjnl umnlr nlrls Plvecuskem eo s, lttlr fd vlmnt tjc`dil tjc Grdmirjil, gercet fdm frlm sehe`lrst eo `loymtl p sjtt cjvsvlri. Dcclrlnl p nlttlstdnjlt vdr fdm nypt pvjrid dv hlmmlsilts `lfev ger il sjm hdit evlr sjtt mdturhjck. Hlms fdm gertsdtt vdr jDhlrjid gerlsce fdm evlrger iljslrlm dv Hlxjae ltpresklit seh nrljnl slo eh `yool lm idmdc seh siucclimyttl nl te fdvlml sdhhlmlm typl presklit seh fdmstjcflmolrl siuccl `cj svrt epptdtt dv lttlr fdms nn.^jc`dil j Lurepd `loymtl fdm dr`ljnl p lm vlcutvjicdcpl`dml hln stunjlr eo rljslr, eo hlms fdm vdr j Qpdmjd

gerlsce fdm `yoojmod dv lm idmdc grd Hdnrjn eo ut tjcfdvlt. Hlms fdm gertsdtt vdr epptdtt dv nlm stunjlrltmjmodseh fdm fdnnl sdtt slo gerl hlstrl, `rt Nlm grdmsilrlvecuskem ut. Fdms lmlstl nlcditjoflt j nlm vdr tklmlslo lm gerhul oklmmeh spliuclrl j vdcutdhdrilnlt, jnlm flmsjit gjmml hjnclr tjc oklmmehgrl nllisplrjhlmtlml fdm fdnnl pcdmcdot. Fdm fdnnl iehhlttjc nlm iemicuskem dt ger gerst vlrnlm rjitjo, vdr fdm

mnt tjc oklmmehclvl nlt strst hucjol hdmogecnlt dvplrsemcjol lrgdrjmolr, hlms fdm ger`clj lm e`slrvdtr dvfvjcilm rltmjmo nl egglmtcjol `lojvlmfltlml tei jmmtjc fdmvdr rlnl tjc pvjril nlh. Fdm vdr dcclrlnl evlr`lvjstjiil `drl eh dt fdm fdnnl lm hjskem, hlm dt fdm vdrsikl`ml`lstlht tjc `cj lm dv vlrnlms strstl hlmm eoslttl hlmmlsilfltlm jmm p lt mytt sper j cjil ster ordn


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seh nlt Qeirdtls, lcclr melm dmmlm gjceseg seh fdnnlgerdmnrd vlrnlm, fdnnl okert. Fdm hlmtl dt

hlmmlsildrtlm sten vln `loymmlcslm dv lm ster my,lvecuskemr gerdmnrjmo nlm strstl sjnlmirjstlmnehhlm eppsten, seh Qeirdtls fdnnl vrt`un`rjmolrlm eh nd fdm preicdhlrtl Ouns lmflt,umjvlrslts lmflt, eo nlts umnlrernmjmo j gerfecn tjc ltumjvlrslct prjmsjpp. Hlm fdm vdr lmm jiil sjiilr p fvdfdms hjskem vdr, eo fdm flmod slo tjc gjmml ut nlttloklmmeh stunjlt dv hlmmlsilr eo tjmo, grdhger dct dvvjtlmsidplml eo dv fvjcilm vlj `lojvlmfltlml tei lttlrPlvecuskemlm. Fdms eppodvl, scji fdm gerhuclrtl nlm,vdr gjmml lt prjmsjpp seh vdr j stdmn tjc gerlml dcclvjtlmsidplml eo sclnls oj hlmmlsilfltlm lm icdrgeriummsidp eh sjm grdhtjn, scji dt hlmmlsilr hln sjmgerstlcsl vjccl vrl j stdmn tjc pcdmclool sjm lolmiecclitjvl utvjicjmosrltmjmo j sdhsvdr hln nlm

umjvlrslccl cevlms iklmtl ernlm. Fdms sjmm vdr p nlttlstdnjlt nehjmlrt dv fdms jn eh lmflt, seh fdm nd tlmitlp prjhrt seh iummsidplms lmflt lm tjctrlmot symtlsleo utvjnlcsl dv nl sterl grdhsirjttd seh fdnnl `cjtt okertsjnlm @daem eo Nlsadrtls j nl stdnjo hlr splsjdcjslrtlgerorljmjmolml dv mdturvjtlmsidplml eo j gerstlcslm dvhlmmlsilt skc. R nlttl stdnjlt fvjctl fdm j ster ordn pnDclh`lrt eo Aemneralt, eo grd njssl utclnd fdm sjm tre

p `ruilm dv dmvlmnt vjtlmsidp seh orummcdolt ger sesjdcerodmjslrjmo eo sjtt `lorlp eh fjsterjsi utvjicjmo sehfvjclmnl p grdhsirjttlt jmmlm hlmmlsilcjo iummsidp.Qdjmt-Qjhem vdr dcclrlnl >0 r odhhlc, eo Mdpeclemdcclrlnl flrrl evlr Grdmirjil, nd fdm `loymtl sirjvl.Fdms tjncjolrl vlrilr (Clttrls num fd`jtdmt nl Olmvl,46209 Jmtrenuatjem dux trdvdux sajlmtjgjquls nu 4:.


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sjacl, 462?-269 Lsqujssl numl meuvlccl lmayacepnjl,46429 Hlhejrls sur cd sajlmal nl cfehhl, 46419

Hhejrl sur cd ordvjtdtjem umjvlrslccl, 4641), lr dcclsdhhlm utvjicjmolr dv fdms jnllr eh vjtlmsidplms mylrd. Fdm dpplcclrlr tjc cls sdvdmtsdv dccl scdo eh sdhclslo eh lt mytt ehgdttlmnl cjvssym p nl hlmmlsilcjoldmcjoolmnlmls ehrnl, sidpl lm vjtlmsidp ehhlmmlsilfltlm, eo `ruil nlms gerstlcsl tjc grlhhlhlmmlsilcjo vlc`lgjmmlmnl. Fdms gerlstjccjmo ehvjtlmsidp fdr dcclrlnl `cjtt utvjnd grd vjtlmsidplmlscji nl vdmcjovjs `cjr gersttt, tjc ehgdttl flcliummsidplms ehrnl. Nlt h vrl lm herdclmsvjtlmsidp seh tdr ger slo hcslttjmolmls ehrnl, svlc seh lm myttjo mdturvjtlmsidp seh tdr slo dv hjnclml nlt vjc sj, dv hlmmlsilts hlstrjmo dv sjtt hjck.Nlssutlm ieh s vlc nl gjml iumstlml seh nl dmvlmntliumstlml j fdms tlmimjmo tjc jmmlfd lm pcdss vln sjnd dv

nl te dmnrl gerorljmjmolml p iummsidplms trl. Fdm gctldt nlt trlmotls lm umjvlrslcc iummsidp, uttryit j trl sterlgerhlr, iumstlml, mdturvjtlmsidplml eoherdcvjtlmsidplm. Njssl trl trlmotl `cj imyttd sdhhlmeo systlhdtjslrt j lm My lmayiceplnj, seh uttryitl nlmmyl tjnsdcnlrlms mn tjc gersiklcc grd nDclh`lrts eoNjnlrets tjn9 eo nl trlmotl eos clolhcjookrls j sterliumstdidnlhjlr, mdturvjtlmsidplcjol didnlhjlr eo

didnlhjlr ger herdcsil eo sesjdcl vjtlmsidplcjoldmcjoolmnlr. Nlm gerhd seh njssl didnlhjlml siuccl tdvdrjlrtl j nl ucjil vlrilml tjc Qdjmt-Qjhem9 hlm nlmlsslmsjlccl jnllm `lsten ugerdmnrd. Fdm dpplcclrtl tjcMdpeclem, seh dcclrlnl fdnnl ndmmd ltmdturvjtlmsidplcjo didnlhj, eh sidpl nlm mylstruiturlm j sjm flcflt. Nlm vdr utgerhd, eh jiil flct eo


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7), sirlvlt j sdhdr`ljn hln fjsterjilrlmDuoustjm ^fjlrry, lm pcdm ger lt gnlrdct Lurepd sehfevlnsdilcjo siuccl `dslrls p lm dccjdmsl hlccehGrdmirjil eo Qter`rjtdmmjd seh nl te cdmnd seh vdr jstdmn tjc oj Lurepd clnlrsidp Grdmirjil mr nlt okdcntnl sterl jnllmls ehrnl, eo Qter`rjtdmmjd mr nlt okdcnterodmjslrjmod dv jmnustrjlm tjc ger`lnrjmo dvhlmmlsilfltlms vl eo vlc.

Jmmlm nlm tjn fdnnl Qdjmt-Qjhem dcclrlnl utvjicdfevlnjmmfecnlt j sjtt `lorlp eh nlm myl sesjdcl ernlm,seh lttlr fdms sym vjccl fvjcl p grlnlms iumst sehhjnclml tjc ger`lnrl hlmmlsilrs vl eo vlc. Nlttl lrtlhdlt seh `cjr utvjicd seh nlm nehjmlrlmnl jnllm jfdms vlrilr lttlr 464


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lclhlmtlt. Nlttl vdr tjc nlt oenl s clmol hjcjtrlt vdr,scji seh umnlr gyndcjshlm, eos nl iehpltlmtl

iemtreccrlml dv prenuiskemlm, fevlnsdilcjoclolhcjookert j kern`ruilts iumstlr. Hlm lttlrhjnnlcdcnlrlm eppsten nlt lt sijccl hlccehdnlcshlmmlml, seh fevlnsdilcjo vdr epptdtt dvirjogrjmo eo hln mlodtjv ut`yttjmo dv prenuslmtlml, eocls jmnustrjlcs, seh utvjicd nl prenuitjvl iumstlml umnlrurlouclrtl prjvdtl gerltdi eo utlm `cj tjcnlct nlm sesjdclprlstjskl seh sdhsvdrtl hln nlrls tdclmtlr. Nlm irjtjsiltjnsdcnlrlm seh mlttepp lr ger`j fdnnl vrt prlod,grdhger dct j Lmocdmn, dv grdhvlistlm tjc cls jmnustrjlcseo oklmmeh lm veislmnl strjn hlcceh nl sesjdcl irdvd tjccls ejsjgs nl odhcl prjvjclolrtl icdsslml eo nlvjrilcjol tklmlstlml seh nlm jmnustrjlccl icdsslm tjcgrtlsdhgummlt. ^jnd vdr m jmml ger cd cls jmnustrjlcs tdiemtrecclm evlr sdhgummlt, eo ger gklrml nehjmdmslm tjc

cls ejsjgs dnlclm eo secndtlml. Qdhgummlt ùrnl jgrdhtjnd `cj erodmjslrt dv cls jmnustrjlcs tjc grlhhl dvvlc`lgjmmlmnlt tjc cd acdssl cd pcus meh`rlusl lt cd pcuspduvrl, eo gertklmlstlml ùrnl `cj gernlct tjc lmfvlr jflmfecn tjc fdms lcclr flmmls idpdsjtlt scji nlm ieh tjcuttryii oklmmeh fvlr lmilct sjml pesjtjvl tklmlstlr tjcgrlhhl dv hlmmlsilcjo vlc`lgjmmlmnl.J dct nlttl gdmtls nlt jiil mel lclhlmt dv nlheirdtj.

Qdjmt-Qjhem jmsjstlrtl iemtjmulrcjo p dt sdhgummlt httl`cj erodmjslrt ger nl gdttjols vlcglrn9 hlm fdm fdnnl lmstlri hjstjccjt tjc p`lcvlcnl, j nlm gerstdmn dt nltjmml`dr uvjtlmfltlms flrrlnhhl evlr iummsidplm9 eofdm vdr gersirliid evlr nlm uernlmlm seh lt scjitflrrlnhhl fdnnl cdot oreùmm ger j rd lttlr 4?6:. Fdmvjccl dt iummsidplm siuccl rloklrl9 eo fdm jmsjstlrtl p dt


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7:

nl mdturcjol clnlrml ger nl dr`ljnsehhl gdttjol lr nlsterl jmnustrjdcjstlml, grdhger dct `dmijlrlml, seh sidgglr

tjc vljl irlnjtt ger jmnustrjlm eo sclnls dmtdr lmiemehjsi pcdmcloojmosgumiskem. Fdm tvjctl jiil p dt nlsterl jmnustrjdcjstlml, ojtt hdit seh nlt myl sdhgummltsclnlrl, vjccl jvdrltd nl gdttjols jmtlrlsslr oklmmeh ilprenuiskemlm, sprl ikplirdgtd eo sclnls ger`lnrl nlmolmlrlccl vlcglrnsstdmndrnlm. Nlt gjmmls jmolm fjmt tjcmelm sdmmsymcjo dmtdoemjshl hlcceh idpjtdcjst eodr`ljnlr9 ger skc eh Qdjmt-Qjhem vlnor dt nlidpjtdcjstjsil dr`ljnsojvlrml j vjrilcjofltlm epptrlr ut jgrd lm mn prlod dv jmnjvjnulcc loejshl, s lr fdm vlcgersjird eh dt nlttl lr gernj nl epptrlr j lt nrcjo sdhgummseh lr flmgdct tjc loejshl seh gcol dv nlts irjtjsilcjvssym, eo dt nl sterl jmnustrjdcjstlml, ojtt s vlc dmsvdrseh lmfltcjo iummsidp, vjc fdmncl j lm secjndrjtltlms mnsdhhlm hln strstlnlclm dv nlm jmnustrjlccl icdsslm.

Qdjmt-Qjhem fdr jmolm `rui ger gerlstjccjmolr ehjmnjvjnulccl rlttjofltlr lcclr grjfltlr9 fdm cevprjslr ernlmseh nlm mnvlmnjol `ltjmolcslm ger vjtlmsidplcjo sesjdcerodmjslrjmo, eo fdm lr hyl hjmnrl jmtlrlsslrt j okrlgeci cyiilcjol lmm j slttl nlh tjc okrl oent dr`ljn.Idmsikl trennl fdm dt nlttl vjccl okrl nlh cyiilcjol9hlm nlt lr irldtjvjtlt smdrlrl lmm cyiil seh lr fdmsfevlnhc.

Qdjmt-Qjhem sdttl slo sclnls gerl gerlml nl jmnustrjlcclicdsslml het cls ejsjgs, eo splsjlct het nl tednlcsstlmnlml j Grdmirjil nl sidctl dmajlmmlme`clssleo nlm myl me`clsslsidpt dv Mdpeclem sehumnlr rlstdurdskemlm utokernl lm gerlmt dmtjsesjdc irdgt.Lttlr 464


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?2

gersitl fdm evlrtdcl iemolm tjc dccjlrl slo hln clsjmnustrjlcs het dnlclm eo nl hjcjtrl, eo eppgernrd

Cunvjo VWJJJ tjc evlrcdtl `unsklttutgerhjmosgumiskemlm iemtrecclm evlr gjmdmslml tjc lt rn `lstlmnl dv nlclnlmnl jmnustrjdcjstlml, seh siuccl `cj pcdmcloolrl dvsterl presklitlr `lstlmnl dv egglmtcjol dr`ljnlr eoprenuitjvl jmvlstlrjmolr. Nlttl siuccl sdhhlmgdccl hlnlt furtjo grdhsirjtt j rltmjmo dv jmtlrmdskemdc lmflt, tugtdp idpjtdcjstjsi sdhdr`ljn vlnrrlmnl vlrnlmsiemehjsil utvjicjmo.Qdjmt-Qjhem vdr jhjnclrtjn svrt `lvjsst p dt iemehjsiutvjicjmo jiil vdr nlt lmlstl hlmmlsilcjol `lfevlt.Iumstlml eo nl herdcsil vjtlmsidplml spjctl eos lmlsslmsjlcc reccl. Jmnustrjdcjstlml siuccl iemtrecclrlgjmdmslml eo fd sjstl ernlt j `lscutmjmolml vlnrrlmnlnlt seh siuccl okrls9 hlm nl siuccl rngrl slo hln nlsidctlslvdmtseo iumstmlrml, seh siuccl sdhdr`ljnl eh

oj sdhgummlt lm icdr rltmjmo p hcsltmjmolmls ehrnl.Qdjmt-Qjhem cd j nlmml ger`jmnlcsl nlm strstl vlit putndmmjmo, seh lttlr fdms pcdm utlcuiilmnl siuccliemtrecclrls dv cls slvdmts eo fvjcl p lt orummcdo`lstlmnl dv lm umjvlrslcc orummclolmnl siecl seh vdrutgerhd tjc jmneitrjmlrl flcl gecilt j lt sdmt systlh dvsesjdcl vlrnjlr seh ierrlspemnlrtl hln grdhsirjttlt tjccls cuhjrls. Fdm vdr evlr`lvjst eh dt sdhgummlt ger

gumolrl sijiilcjo trlmotl lt glccls vlrnjorummcdo, seh nltvdr herdcvjtlmsidplms eppodvl gerhuclrl tjc lm ienlger utndmmjmo eo sesjdc grdhglrn. J hjnnlcdcnlrlm fdnnlnlmml gerlmlmnl gumiskemlm p herdclms ehrnl `cjttjvdrltdtt dv ijrid, seh fdnnl sidpt lm rllccirjstlmnehslmflt eo cdot nlm sliucrl preslsslm jmmumnlr sjm olmlrlccl iemtrecc oklmmeh sjm


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oklmmehorjplmnl jmmgcytlcsl evlr dccl nl irjstml gecilml.Nl irjstml neohlml vdr m utndtlrtl, hlm sdhgummlt

trlmotl j vlc s ster ordn seh gr lm glccls mnlcjo rltmjmoseh httl sils j nlm vjtlmsidplcjol iummsidplmsumjvlrsjtds.Nlttl `rjmolr ess tjc scuttgdslm j Qdjmt-Qjhems sirjvmjmo,clolhcjookert j fdms vlriCl Meuvldu Afrjstjdmjshl, fvjsium grstlnlc melmsjmml `clj glrnjostjct. Fdm fdnnl `cjtthlr eo hlr epphlriseh p jmtlcclitlts utjcstrliilcjofltp lolm fdmn mr nlt okdcnt vjril seh lt hetjv gersesjdc fdmncjmo eo p `lfevlt ger td hln eos clsslmtjhlmtsj `ltrditmjmo p nlt sesjdcl grdhsirjttlts sjnl.Fdms Myl irjstlmneh siuccl clolhcjookrls j lj ijrilseh iemtrecclrtl utndmmjmo eo gerhd ienlm ger sesjdcgrdhglrn eo tre p orummcdo dv nlm clvlmnl trelm p ounseh umjvlrslts fylstl cevojvlr. Nlt siuccl eos vrl lmmy rlcjojem, utlm tleceoj, `dslrt p nlt stdnjlt seh

hlmmlsilsjmmlt cdmot eh clmol fdnnl mnn j sjmutvjicjmo, jiil `drl seh jmtlcclit, hlm eos j tjctrelm tjchlmmlsilfltlms grdhtjn.Q cdmot eh Qdjmt-Qjhem skc, seh p sjtt nnscljlevlrcet nlmml gerlstjccjmod eh lm My irjstlmneh `dslrtp vjtlmsidp seh sjm drv tjc lj cjtd oruppl tjcflmolrlseh tjc scutt fdnnl sdhcd slo rumnt fdh. J flcl sjtt cjv, eoflct tjc nlt sjstl, fdnnl fdm dr`ljnd prditjsi tdct utlm

dmlriklmmlcsl, eo ger lm cdmo tjn j nlm nyplstl gdttjoneh.J nlt nlserjlmtlrtl grdmsil sdhgummlt p 4602-tdcclt`loymtl fdm gjmml sjml tjcfrlrl eo njsjpclr. Fvd nlokernl ut dv fdms neitrjml sidc vj smdrt sl. Grst h nltsjls lm nlc eh Qdjmt-Qjhems loml jnllr oklmmeh lm cjtlmeppsuhhlrjmo.


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J flmfecn tjc Qdjmt-Qjhems fjsterjlgerstlcsl fdmo pecjtjsirlvecuskem eo rlvecuskem p nlm hlmmlsilcjol

tlmijmolms ehrnl sdhhlm, nlr fvlr lmilct sterlpecjtjsil ehvlctmjmo uhjnnlc`drt `clj lttlrgucot dv lmrlvecuskem jmmlm hlmmlsilrs fecnmjmolr tjc herdclms eovjtlmsidplms pre`clhlr. Qdjmt-Qjhem pplitl sclnls dtnl rlcjojsl eo gjcesegjsil rlvecuskemlml seh iummltjcsirjvls Cutflr eo Nlsadrtls, fdnnl gucot j ikcvdmmltdv hjnnlcdcnlrvlrnlmlms epp`runn. Mlwtem fdnnlgerhuclrt sjm vjtlmsidplcjol gjcesegj vln stdrtlm p`erolrirjolm j Lmocdmn, eo Ceail vdr, j sjml gjcesegjsilspliucdskemlr, gertecilrlm dv Nlm lmolcsil rlvecuskem j4766. Qdjmt-Qjhem gctl slo vjss p dt Nlm grdmsilrlvecuskem j hyl stlrilrl ordn rlprlslmtlrtl ltvlmnlpumit j fjsterjd, eo dt nlm ger gucclmnls irlvnl lmvjtlmsidplcjo rlvecuskem dv tjcsvdrlmnl njhlmskemlr. Rnlm tjnd nd fdm sirljv sjm Jmtrenuiskem tjc nlt mjttlmnl

rfumnrls vjtlmsidplcjol dr`ljnlr (462?-26) vdr fdm lmstlri tjcflmolr dv Mdpeclem, eo `ltrditd Mdpeclemslre`rjmo dv vlrnlm seh Nlm grdmsil rlvecuskemsut`rlnlcsl, nlt lsslmsjlccl orummcdolt ger utvjicjmod dv lmmy vjtlmsidplcjo ernlm. Fdm vdr sjiilr p dtlmolcsihlmmlml vjccl `cj sctt dv Grdmirjil, eo `ltrditd`lsljrjmod dv Lmocdmn seh nlm vjssl scutt p utgernrjmoddv Mdpeclems vlrnlmsflrrlnhhl. Fdm trennl jhjnclrtjn

jiil dt Mdpeclems vlrnlmsflrrlnhhl vjccl vdrl vln,lcclr dt nlt vjccl gjmmls melm iljslr seh lttlrgucotl fdh.Fdm tlmitl tvlrt j het dt mr Mdpeclem fdnnl gucclmnt sjttvlri hln rynnl nlm odhcl vlrnlms trr dv vljlm, svjccl lm my lpeil vrl j lhmjmo ger hlmmlsilfltlm, hlnprenuslmtlml, vjtlmsidplms hlmm eo iumstmlrml nl trl myttjolicdsslmlseh erodmjsdterlr smdrlrl lmm


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flrsilrl evlr nlt myl vjtlmsidplcjo `dslrtl sdhgummlt.Hln iumstmlrl hlmtl Qdjmt-Qjhem hyl hlr lmm nl

seh prditjslrtl nl lncl iumstlml. Fdm jmicunlrtl gerlislhplc dccl cjttrdtlurs eo sdvdmts p ltfvlrt ehrnl`ertsltt grd mdturvjtlmsidplm. Hlm j nlt myl sdhgummlttjcsirlv fdm clnlrreccd smdrlrl tjc cls jmnustrjlcs lmm tjciumstmlrml. Fdm s ger slo nlt mjttlmnl rfumnrl sehstdrtlm p lm ster tjnsdcnlr `dslrt p dmvlmntmdturvjtlmsidp. Fdm tlmitl dt j lm scji lpeil iummliumstlml ium spjccl lm sliumnr, eh lmm vjitjo, reccl.Qdjmt-Qjhem vdr seh vj fdr sltt stlrit pvjrid dvAemneralts spliucdskemlr vlnrrlmnl hlmmlsilmnlmsgrdhsirjtt eo nlm lmnlcjol plrgliskemlrjmod dvhlmmlsilsdhgummlt. Fdm sijctl slo jhjnclrtjn grdAemneralt oklmmeh sl grdh, jiil het lt sdhgumm sehvdr plrgliskemlrt j dccl sjml dsplitlr, hlm smdrlrl het ltnlr nl gerlstjccjmoshlssjol lvmlmls mlnodmo vjccl `cj

iehplmslrt ger oklmmeh nlm vjtlmsidplcjol mnlmsvlist. Nlmml gerlstjccjmod symls jhjnclrtjn jiil pdsslflct jmm j gerfecn tjc fdms jmsjstlrjmo p dt nlt lriumstmlrmls eppodvl nlgjmlrl nl hcd sehvjtlmsidplms hlmm sidc strl`l het, lcclr j gerfecn tjc fdmseppfylcsl dv hlmmlsilts irldtjvl mn seh grdhsirjttltsvjrilcjol ijcnl. J vjrilcjofltlm trer klo dt fdm `ltrditd nlutvlmnl vjtlmsidpshlmmlml eo eppgjmmlrml seh

irldtjvl iumstmlrl j nlrls lolm sgrl, eo dt fdm s ger slodt nl j nlm myl tjnsdcnlrlm vjccl td evlr hyl seh fdnnlvrt nl gerlstjccjmos`dslrtl iumstmlrmls sgrl p lttjncjolrl stdnjuh dv nlm hlmmlsilcjol utvjicjmo.Nlttl vdr orummcdolt ger Qdjmt-Qjhems sesjdcjshl jnlm ordn nlt vdr sesjdcjshl. Qkcvl `dsjslm ger fdmsneitrjml vdr gerlstjccjmod eh dt hlmmlsilts lsslmsjlccl


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eppodvl eo gerpcjitlcsl vdr dr`ljn, eo dt j nlm myl sesjdclernlmlm vjccl jmolm rlsplit vlniklmmls mel hlmmlsil

`ertsltt grd nlm seh svdrtl tjc nlts tklmlstlr evlrgersdhgummlt j gerh dv dr`ljn ger glcclssidplt. Hln nlmmlgerlstjccjmod rynnd fdm ummd dccl nlm odhcl vlrnlmlmsprjvjclojlr, lm vlrnlm seh fdnnl dislptlrt lmilctlhlmmlsilrs rltt tjc clvl j uvjrisehflt, eo cd j stlnltgrdh gerlstjccjmod eh dt prlstjskl vjccl eppms ium j trnhln nl tklmlstlml hdm fdnnl `jnrd hln. J trn hlnnlmml mnlm s fdm ger slo dt ljlmnehsrlttlm vjcclevlrclvl ium j gerh dv lm rlttjoflt tjc fd iemtrecc evlrljlmneh j trn hln lvmd tjc dmvlmnl nlm ger oenlgerhc. ^limjilrlm eo nlm gdocrtl erodmjsdterlm vjccl fdlm ordn dv iemtrecc evlr ljlmneh seh sten j stjc hlnnlrls hdmogecnjol lvmlr seh vdr stjct tjc njspesjskem gerdcchlmmfltlm, eo dccl prenuslmtlr, grd njssl eo mln tjc nlugdocrtl dr`ljnlrml, vjccl `lsjttl sjvjcl rlttjofltlr j irdgt

dv nlt dr`ljnlt nl utgrtl. Qeh vj fdr sltt dpplcclrtl jiilQdjmt-Qjhem tjc dr`ljnlrml eh slttl slo epp het sjmldr`ljnsojvlrl. Fdm dpplcclrtl tvlrt j het tjc dcclprenuslmtlr eh dislptlrl `ltjmolcslml gervjtlmsidplcjo erodmjslrt prenuiskem eo eh sdhdr`ljnlgumiskemlct sltt j flmfecn tjc nlrls hdmol idpdsjtltlr tjc utvjnl nlm sesjdcl prenuitjvjtltlm. Fdm jmsjstlrtliemtjmulrcjo p dt nlm jmnustrjlccl icdsslms clnlrsidp

vjccl fvjcl p cls ordmns jmnustrjlcs p nl seh fdnnlvjst sjm idpdsjtlt seh prenuiskemserodmjsdterlr9 eo `cdmtnjssl tjcnlctl fdm clnlrreccd tjc `dmijlrlml, seh fdm`ltrditd seh nlh seh fdnnl nlm hlst olmlrlcclidpdsjtltlm tjc pcdmclool iemehjsil dmcjoolmnlr. Fdmtlmitl p `dmijlrlml prjhrt ut j grd nlrls idpdsjtlt, sehnlh seh gjmdmsjlrtl jmnustrjlm, tjc sidggl


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?).\mnlr Lmgdmtjms hdomltjsil jmmgcytlcsl tei nlmml oruppdsmdrt nlt sirjtt erodmjslrl slo tjc lm fjlrdrijsi ijril.Hlm gr nlt `loymtl nl hln gerlclsmjmolr eo


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iemglrdmslr, nlr nl gersitl clool grdh eosystlhdtjslrl hlstlrlms jnllr. Hln Qdjmt-Dhdmn

@dzdrn (4?:4-4610), tjncjolrl lm rdnjidclr gerùmnlt hlnadrèmdrjlml, seh rlnditr, prenuslrtl oruppd lm mrt`lsclitd lricrjmo umnlr tjttlclm Cd Neatrjml sdjmt-sjhemjlmml (4606-12). Nlttl vlrilt, `dslrt pgerlclsmjmosrliilr nlr nl cd grdh hlstlrlmscrnehhlr, utokr lm `ltynlcjo utvjicjmo dv Qdjmt-Qjhems iemehjsil jnllr j rltmjmo dv lm gerh gerstdtssesjdcjshl. Nlm tdr utvltynjo tjc ernl ger dvsidggldrv dv ljlmneh seh ugerlmcjo hln prjmsjpplt eh dt fvlrtlmilct hlmmlsil ùrnl `lcmmls lml eo dcljml j flmfecntjc nlts idpdsjtltlr seh lm tklmlr ger sdhgummlt. Nlttlfdrhemlrlr gucct ut hln Qdjmt-Qjhems lolt sym, hlm fdmfdnnl dcnrj gucct ut sltt nlts iemslivlmslr j ymlml.Nlrseh rjineh jiil iumml `cj drvd vjccl rjinehhlr vlnnnsgdcc httl tjcgdccl sdhgummlt nlt vjc j vjrilcjofltlm

sj stdtlm, seh sclnls vjccl `cj nlm lmlstl ijcnlm tjcidpjtdc. Hlm sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml hlmtl jiil hln nlttl dtnlm pecjtjsil rloklrjmod siuccl evlrtd iemtrecclm evlrjmnustrjlm. Nl msid slo lm ster slmtrdc`dmi, iemtrecclrtdv cls ordmns jmnustrjlcs, hln splsjdcjslrtl `dmilr sehvdr dvflmojol dv nlm, eo seh vjccl nlcl ut idpjtdc tjc nlseh vdr `lst lomd tjc myttjookrl slo dv nlm pprenuitjvt vjs. Qdjmt-Qjhem fdnnl dcclrlnl tdtt tjc ernl

ger dt nlm rlttl gerhlm ger jmnustrj j nlt myl sdhgummltvjccl vrl ierperdskemlm lcclr slcsidplt, umnlr gdocjotlimjsi clnlcsl9 eo sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml drouhlmtlrtl mger erodmjslrjmod dv jmnustrjlm j sterl slcsidplr seh vjccl`cj gjmdmsjlrt dv `dmilml eo seh vjccl utgrl nliemehjsil pcdmlml seh hdm fdnnl rngrt slo grdh tjcoklmmeh clnlrml ger jmnustrjlccl eo styrjmoshlssjol


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tlimjiilr. Nl jmsjstlrtl, joklm seh lt liie dv Qdjmt-Qjhem, p dt nlmml pcdmcloojmod h sidggl dr`ljn tjc dccl

Qdjmt-Qjhem vdr, trer klo, nlm seh jmmgrtl jnllm ehgucc sysslcslttjmo eo h vrl rlttd jmm hetdr`ljnlricdsslms (cd pcus meh`rlusl lt cd pcus pduvrl)jmtlrlsslr. R sjml iemglrdmslr utvjicd nl sterl presklitlrger egglmtcjol dr`ljnlr, jiil `drl jmicunlrt idmdc`yoojmovln Qulz eo Rdmdhd (lm odhhlc jn grd hlstlrlm), hlmeos nlt nliil flcl kernd hln lt mlttvlri dv klrm`dmlrseh lt hjnnlc tjc gerlml hlmmlsilsclitd umnlrvjtlmsidpshlmmlmls clnlcsl. (Nl vdr gditjsi gercplrmltjc prlsjnlmt ^ruhdms pumit gjrl. Jmolmtjmo vdr gerordmnjest ger nlh pcdmclool.)Nlm grstl guccl utclomjmolm dv sdjmt-sjhemjshlm vdrfevlnsdilcjo @dzdrns vlri, nd fdm sdmmlcjo vdr`lvlolcslms vjitjostl tlerltjilr j nl rd seh lttlrgucotlhlstlrlms nn. Nl utprlod sesjdcjstjsil lclhlmtlml j

sdjmt-sjhemjshlm siycntls j ster ordn @dzdrns jmmgcytlcsl,eo sljmlrl eos Rjlrrl Clreux. Nlrseh @dzdrn jiilfdnnl `cjtt grdtdtt clnlrsidplt dv Lmgdmtjm, vjccl nlm sdjmt-sjhemjdmsil `lvlolcslm fd iummlt utvjicd slo cdmos flctdmmlrclnls eo hyl germugtjolrl cjmklr, eo vjccl iummlfd gtt lm hyl hlr njrlitl jmmvjrimjmo p nl dr`ljnlmnlicdsslml.Dct nlttl vdr jhjnclrtjn ium lt dsplit vln cd neatrjml9

eo vlcnjo smdrt ocln sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml, umnlr Lmgdmtjmsclnlcsl, evlr j lm my eo lmlstlmnl gdsl. J nlrls utclomjmodv Cd Neatrjml sdjmt-sjhemjlmml fdnnl nltoklmmeholmnl vrt lm dpeirygjsi teml. Qdjmt-Qjhemfdnnl `cjtt ehtdct seh eh fdm jiil `drl vdr lt hlmmlsil,eh lmm dcnrj s eppfyn seh gjceseg, hlm seh lmjmspjrlrt gertecilr dv ouns rst, kd, mrhlst seh lm oun j


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slo skc. Qdjmt-sjhemjshlm fdnnl `cjtt prlslmtlrt jiil`drl seh lm gjcesegj lcclr lm vjtlmsidplmls vjtlmsidp,

hlm eos seh lm my rlcjojem seh vdr utplit tjc evlrtdnlm hjskemlm seh nlm idtecsil ijrid fdnnl utgrt jhjnnlcdcnlrlm, vln gerlml vlrnlm oklmmeh lt myttspjrjtulct prjmsjppmrhlrl `lstlht nlt seh ojii ut pdt dr`ljn vdr ltfvlrt hlmmlsils pcjit eo gumiskem. Rnlttl orummcdolt gerltei sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml nlt sirjtt erodmjslrl slo skc tjc lj ijril, hln lt lolt fjlrdrij, jiil`lstlmnl dv pdvl eo idrnjmdclr, hlm dv lm gdr eodpestclr, prlstlr eo fklhhlcshlmm, hln lm my cjturoj,myl fyhmlr eo slrlhemjlr. Ijrids fylstl clnlrlh`ltlhttl sdmmlcjo j stdrtlm, j hdmolc p lmjoflt, nlclshlcceh Lmgdmtjm eo @dzdrn, nl te grdhstlmnlsijiilcslml9 hlm nlt rllccl clnlrsidplt c smdrt fesLmgdmtjm. Glnrlml eo dpestclml tei epp prdisjslmhln clvl j glcclssidp, j trn hln nl tjncjol irjstmls

sijii. Nlrls uttdclcslr `clj hlr eo hlr hystjsidpeidcyptjsil. R nlt ndvrlmnl tjnspumit eppndodLmgdmtjm dt nlm myl ijrid, j sdhsvdr hln nlrlspreicdhlrtl prjmsjpp eh cjiflt hlcceh ikmmlml sehnl fdnnl tjcgyn tjc hlstlrlms neitrjmlr trlmotl ljher s vlc seh lm gdr, ger syh`ecjslrl lmfltlmhlcceh jmtlcclit eo gclcslr, lcclr hlcceh mnlm eoiknlt, seh fdnnl vrt jhpcjsjtt j Qdjmt-Qjhems sljmlrl

crl. Nl flvnd dt nlt vdr lm nlc dv nlrls hjskem dvdmslrl ger`j nlt irjstml fdtlt evlrger iknlt, tjc lmeppfylcsl dv nlt seh lm mnvlmnjo utgycclmnl nlc jgerfecn tjc mnlm (clspjrjt). Lm eppfyn Lmgdmtjmpreicdhlrtl dtCd Hrlp rltthlssjo vjs vjccl dvnliils,ger s `cj syh`ecsi gerlmt hln Cl Rrl. Hlm nlt vdr teRrls, eo nlm lml dv nlh vdr dcclrlnl ojgt9 eo gru @dzdrn


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64 cd fdm grdh lm rdppert nlrfdm eppgernrd tjc lm umjem hlcceh grdmsihlmm eodrd`lrl ger utvjicl cdmnlt oklmmeh lt systlh `dslrt piecclitjvl kern`ruisiecemjlr seh nlt grstl stdnjlt j ltlitlsidp hlcceh st eo vlst vln dt stlm `cljevlrstrhhlt dv grdmsi tlimeceojsi eo iucturlcc


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pvjrimjmo. ^jc`dil j Grdmirjil, fver fdm gertsdtt fdnnlmelm rlstlrlmnl tregdstl njsjpclr, oklmepptei fdm sjm

ditjvjtlt ger Qulzidmdcpresklitlt eo ndmmd lt slcsidp gernlts grlhhl, ger s ium `cj siu``d dv vljlm dv nlClsslps, seh fdnnl vrt ger`umnlt hln sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml umnlr nlrls eppfecn j Loypt, hlm jiilvjccl fd nlh seh pdrtmlrl nd fdm s dt vljlm tjc eppmiemslskem vdr lmiclrl utlm nlrls fklcp. Lttlr fd `cjtt`lsljrd p nlttl ehrnlt tei Lmgdmtjm ger slo lmnd lm dvnl tjncjol sdjmt-sjhemjdmsil pcdmlml. Hln fklcp grdgjmdmsgeci seh fdnnl `cjtt jmgculrt dv sdjmt-sjhemjshlm jnlms tjncjolrl gdslr, cyitls fdm `cj fevlnprehetrlm gersdhhlmimytmjmolm dv klrm`dmlr seh sidptl cjmkd Rdrjs-Cyem-Hjnnlcfdvlt, eo `ruitl sjml rlstlrlmnl r seh lmdv nlms clnlmnl sijiilcslr. Fdm od jhjnclrtjn jiil eppsjm neitrjml. Qdjmt-sjhemjdmsil fp veistl slo fyljoklm j cplt dv rlvecuskemlml j 46>6, ger s ium rlmml

ut j sdmnd9 eo Lmgdmtjm eo fdms oruppl `licdod slonlrlttlr geroklvls evlr dt Mdpeclem JJJ `clj gerltruiilt.Hlm jmmlm nlm tjn vdr slitlm p nlt mrhlstl nn, nlmshlnclhhlr sprlnn ger dccl vjmnlr eo ger nlt hlstl jiilclmolr epptdtt dv nlm. Lmilctl, scjil seh HjaflcAflvdcjlr, seh gerfdmncd grdh Ae`nlm-trditdtlm j 4672,eppmnnl lm fy stjccjmo9 `rnrlml Rlrljrl `clj sterljmnustrjlccl `dmijlrlr Lmgdmtjm skc, seh vj fdr sltt, lm

klrm`dmlnjrlitr. Nlt vdr jhjnclrtjn ium Lmgdmtjm seh`lgdttd slo hln cd neatrjml. J 46nnl fdm.


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Lmgdmtjm vdr utvjcseht lm fyst `lhlrilcslsvlrnjoplrsem. Fdm fdnnl lm sclmnl lvml tjc jmspjrlrl tjc

ikrcjoflt eo r`njoflt, eo tjc g geci tjc cyttlrlsplitgucct tjc d`secutt memslms. Fdm vdr flct epprjitjo9fdm trunnl p nlm sdjmt-sjhemjdmsil rlcjojemlm, p sjmlolm ounnehhlcjol jmspjrdskem eo p dt Cd Glhhl pgerut`lstlht vjs vjccl nuiil epp eo sdhhlm hln fdhrlnnl vlrnlm. Fdm trunnl dt Qulzidmdcpresklitlt, eo nldmnrl ordmnjesl utvjicjmospcdmlml seh fdm eo fdmsiecclolr cd grdh, vdr nlt lsslmsjlccl uttryiilt ger lm mysesjdc rlcjojem `dslrt p dr`ljn, seh siuccl afdsslr clsejsjgs eo ger`lnrl nl gdttjols ir oklmmeh gklrml dccut`yttjmo eo dccl icdsslhetsltmjmolr. Fdm vdr utvjcsehtodc, eo fdm `lordvnl Qdjmt-Qjhems gruit`drl jnllr umnlrnlm fduolm dv vrvc seh fdm `yonl epp nlh. Qdjmt-Qjhem vdr ocht, lttlr seh grdmsihlmmlmleo sdmmlcjolm ster nlc dv nlm vlstcjol vlrnlm vdr vjtml tjc sdjmt-

sjhemjdmlrmls lttlrnmmjmolr eo dvsirljv nlh sehsrcjmolr lcclr gernhtl nlh seh herdcsil eo sesjdclumnlrordvlrl. Eo cjil gucct vdr nlrls vjskem eh nlmidpjtdcjstjsil grdhtjn evlrrdsilmnl grdhsymt j hdmolflmsllmnl.Jmtlr dcjdvdr nl `cdmt nl grstl tjc sl (eo ooen ger) nlt seh m `cjr idctdnhjmjstrdskemsrlvecuskemlm.Nlt vjccl vrl flct gljc dmtd dt Qdjmt-Qjhemjdmlrml, j

cplt dv nl rd nd Lmgdmtjm fdnnl gerrdmo `cdmt nlh, jiilieh epp hln mel dmmlt lmm d`surnjtltlr. Qjnl eh sjnlhln nlrls rlcjojsl odhhlchenjofltlr epprlttfecnt nltvlrt j het lm cjvcjo prepdodmnd evlr flcl nlt glctlt seh`lsten dv sdhtjnjol pecjtjsil eo iemehjsil pcdmlr.Nlttl vdr splsjlct tjcglccl j cplt dv nl grstl rd lttlr Nlmgrdmsil rlvecuskem j 4612lm rlvecuskem seh nl gerditd


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ger jiil fd rrt vln mel su`stdmsjlct dmolmnl nlmgljcditjol struiturlm j nlt sdhgummlt nlm fdnnl tdtt evlr.

Nl ojii iemtjmulrcjo tjc dmorlp p nl pdrtjlml sehepprlttfecnt Cunvjo Gjcjps `erolrhemdrij, s vlc seh pnl seh eppemlrtl het nlt ut j grd clojtjhjtltsflmsym lcclrp vloml dv nlm idtecsil ijrids irdv. Nl dmorlpiemehlml seh sten ger prjmsjpplt eh cdjsslz gdjrlp lmcjil flgtjo htl seh nl gernhtl nlt pdrtjlt seh sten gerernlm. Evlrdct rumnt slo s nl jhpetlms eo dmdrij,seh nl mnvlmnjol rlsuctdtlml dv lm rljmt hdmoclmnllvml tjc gerst nl trdmsgerhdskemlml seh vdr j okrl psdhgummlts orummpcdm, lcclr `lfevlt ger nrljlduterjtltlm `ert grd pecjtjilrml eo hjcjtdrjstlml eo evlr tjccls jmnustrjlcs, seh dcljml vdr hlstlrml evlr nlutvjiclmnl iemehjsil irlgtlml.Grd 4612 eo grdhevlr vdr nlt Rjlrrl Clreux seh `lsdttnlm clnlmnl pesjskemlm j sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrmls

keurmdcjstjsil idhpdmklr, nd Clreux vdr fevlnrlnditrlmger nlm tjncjolrl cj`lrdcl dvjsd Cl Oce`l, eo fdm skcmycjo fdnnl iemvlrtlrt tjc sdjmt-sjhemjshlm. Qdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml ikptlCl Oce`l, sdttl Hjaflc Aflvdcjlr eodmnrl hlnclhhlr dv nlrls oruppl tjc sdhdr`ljnl hlnClreux, eo okernl dvjsd tjc lt rlnsidp ger grlhhl nlrlshjmnrl lsetlrjsil symspumitlr. Clreux fdnnl skc `cjtttjctruiilt dv Qdjmt-QjhemsMeuvldu Afrjstjdmjshl, s vlc

seh dv nl hlr kernmrl dsplitlml vln hlstlrlmsneitrjml9 hlm fdm flmgdct jiil tjc nl lislsslml eod`surnjtltlml seh Lmgdmtjm eo fdms uhjnnlc`drl irltstei tjc ernl ger. Qdhhlm hln Aflvdcjlr vlvnl fdm sdmt-sjhemjshlm sdhhlm tjc lm cplmnl irjtjii dv flmnlcslmlj grdmsi pecjtjii lttlr Cunvjo Gjcjps trem`lstjolcsl, p lm


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scji htl dt nl rlprlslmtlrtl lt sdhhlmflmolmnl, eh lmmjiil gucct ut tjcgrlnsstjcclmnl preordh.

Qdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml, scji Cl Oce`l cd grdh nlrls sdi,grdhsten seh tdcshlmm ger lt oklmmehorjplmnltlimeirdtjsi systlh. Nl cd ger ndolm lm nyp gerdit ger nltpdrcdhlmtdrjsil nlheirdtjlts hlidmjshlr, eo ger flclnlt gerltdilt seh nrljnl slo eh tlccl fenlr seh lthjnnlc tjc vlcol lm rloklrjmo. Nlm vjrilcjo iehpltlmtlclnlr, nlm hdmm seh gerstr eo lr j stdmn tjc fdiehhdmne evlr prenuiskemspreslsslml, vlmtlr jiil,flvnd nl, p `cj vdcot dv nlm uvjtlmnl fep9 fdm vlcolrslo skc oklmmeh nlt plm`drl gdituh dt fdm lr j`lsjttlcsl dv evlrcloml lvmlr. Diiurdt fverndm scjilhlmm siuccl eppm nlm hditd seh vdr nlrls rltthlssjolsndmml, gericdrtl jiil sdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml9 nlttl siucclsikl mr mdskemlm, trtt dv jmiehpltlmtl pecjtjilrl eout`yttlmnl ejsjgs, jmstjmitjvt vlmntl `cjiilt het nl

hlmmlml seh dcljml vjsstl fverndm nl siuccl rynnl epp jretlt. Qdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml spettd j cjil stlri ordn repd ehgrjflt seh nl spettd stlhhlojvmjmosnlheirdtjlt.Grjflt, sd nl, vdr ium dmdrij utrustd hln lm prdmolmnltjttlc9 nlt sdhgummlt trlmotl vdr jiil grjflt, hlm ernlm.Nlt vdr skcsdot eos fvd lm oen nlc rldiskemrl sd9 hlmsdjmt-sjhemjdmlrml siymntl slo hln gericdrl dt nlmernlmlmnl sten ger p jmolm htl vdr nlm seh iumml

eppms oklmmeh iruttryi lcclr lm pecjtjstdtsjmstjtuskemlr. Nlrls ernlm vdr nlm grlnlcjol ernlmlm`dslrt p vjtlmsidplcjo jmnustrjlcc eo iemehjsierodmjslrjmo lm ernlm seh, mr nlm vdr ltd`clrt, jiilvjccl trlmol melm hjcjtr- lcclr pecjtjhdit ger sjirl nlmsiemtrecc.


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Nl jmsjstlrtl jhjnclrtjn lcclr j fvlrt gdcc s okernlAflvdcjlr nltp dt nlm ernlmlm seh sdhgummlt trlmotl

jiil iumml `cj sjird utlm slmtrdcjslrjmo dv hdit. Nd nl`clj dmicdod ger pcdmclool lm slmtrdcjslrt, `yrirdtjsiiemtrecc, tei nl oklrml j het nlm lml fdcvnlclm dvdmicdod ger vdr jiil slmtrdcjslrjmo uummvrcjo ger lmoen iemehjsi pcdmcloojmo eo ger sjirl dt, lttlr sehdrv vjccl vrl dvsidggd, stdtlm vjccl vrl j stdmn tjc pcdsslrl `ruilm dv idpjtdcrlssurslr fes nlh seh vdr `lstrustd tjc `ruil nlh tjc nlt glccls `lstl5 Cl Oce`lcd stervlit p gerscdolt eh okrl scutt p hditd tjc cls ejsjgsoklmmeh dvsidgglcslm dv nlm clodcl rlttlm tjc drvlljlmneh. Gerlstjccjmod eh dt ljlmnehsrltt vdr lmmnvlmnjo dmsperjmo tjc prenuitjvl gerltdi, dmorlp nlmseh u`lrlttjod. Lcsid jiil `emnlm kernd fdm nyrid cdmotfylrl lmm oensljlrlm seh ium eppirlvnl lm cljl gernlm5 Wjccl jiil jmnustrjclnlrml dr`ljnl hyl hlr lmlrojsi

nlrseh nlrls jvdrltdilcsl dv sjml pesjskemlr vdrdvflmojol dv dt nl gditjsi eppmnnl oenl r

g. d. h. cole: den sosialistiske tenkningens historie. bind i. forløperne. 1789-1850

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