gas air conditioning technologies and opportunities 6/5/12 · trane package trane centravac ......

Gas Air Conditioning Technologies and Opportunities

6/5/12

Presenter:Eric BurgisDirector Commercial and Residential MarketsEnergy Solutions Center

© 2012 Energy Solutions Center Inc. All Rights Reserved

Air Conditioning IntroductionTechnologiesEconomicsEnvironmental BenefitsMarket Strategies and Opportunities

2

Topics for Today’s Webinar


In a typical office building, lighting, heating, and cooling represent about 65 percent of total use Energy represents about 19 percent of total expenditures for the typical office building

3

Cooling Technology Introduction

Source: E Source Companies LLC.


HVAC – Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (System)Ton of Refrigeration – Approximately equal to the cooling effect of 2000 pounds of ice melting in a 24‐hour period

The value is defined as 12,000 BTU per hour, or 3517 wattsEfficiency for Gas Systems:

Coefficient of Performance (COP). COP is defined as the ratio of heat removal (Cooling) or delivered (Heating) to the energy input.

Efficiency for Electric SystemsSEER = BTU/hr ÷ Watts for Unitary systemskW/Ton for Chillers

4

Some Terminology

WARNINGThe next

several slides are a bit technical


Chemistry provides us that the Modern Gas LawPV=nRT or re‐written T= PV/nR.Temperature = (Pressure X Volume) / nRR is a gas constant and n is related to the refrigerant

In short, if the pressure and volume rise, the temperature increases and vice versa.

5

Cooling Science

© 2012 Energy Solutions Center Inc. All Rights Reserved 6

...simpler explanation

The pressure and volume inside the can goes down when it is sprayed, therefore the temperature also drops and the can feels cold.

The can gets hot if we were to pressurize it.


Vapor Compression – uses a compressor to provide coolingAbsorption – uses heat to provide coolingAdsorption – uses the interaction of gases and solids to provide cooling Heat Pumps – uses either a compressor or a heat source to provide heating and cooling

7

Primary Cooling Technologies


Step 1: Refrigerant enters the compressor in a low pressure, low temperature, gaseous formStep 2: The refrigerant is compressed to a high pressure and temperature gaseous state

8

Vapor Compression Cycle

Compressor

EvaporatorEvaporator

Hot Refrigerant Vapor

Drive

EngineMotorTurbine

Cold Refrigerant Vapor

CoolingTower

Rejected Heat

Load Heat

1

2

3

4Simplified

Fill aerosol Can

Can heats up

Warm Refrigerant Liquid

Cold Refrigerant Liquid

Condenser


Step 3: The high pressure and temperature gas enters the condenser where it changes phase from the high pressure and temperature gas to a high temperature liquid by transferring heat to a lower temperature medium, usually ambient air

9


Simplified

Cool can

Gas inside changes phases

from vapor to liquid

9

Compressor



Drive

EngineMotorTurbine


CoolingTower

Rejected Heat

Load Heat

4Warm Refrigerant Liquid


Condenser

1

2

3


Step 4: The high temperature liquid then enters the expansion device allowing a portion of the refrigerant to enter the evaporator


Simplified

Spray can for cooling effect

1010

Compressor



Drive

EngineMotorTurbine


CoolingTower

Rejected Heat

Load Heat

Warm Refrigerant Liquid


Condenser

1

2

3

4


Controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator – a metering device

Thermal expansion valve

Electronic expansion valve

11

Expansion Devices (Valves)

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=electronic+expansion+valve&view=detail&id=7DDBF6D26DBAA78B6224FEAA9D648A7A8389608D&first=91&FORM=IDFRIR


Vapor Compression (Mechanical Systems)Reciprocating compressorScrew compressorCentrifugal compressorScroll compressor

Absorption (Chemical process)Single effectDouble effect

12

Cooling System Types


Compressor Size Ranges

Scroll <2 RT – 10 RT

Reciprocating 20‐200 RT

Rotary Screw 60‐350 RT

Centrifugal 200 RT +


Electric motorConstant speedVariable Speed Drive (VSD)

Natural Gas EngineSteam Turbine

14

Vapor Compression Drive Options


Technologies

15

Engine DrivenTurbine DrivenAbsorption/AdsorptionHeat PumpsHybrid Systems

16© 2011 Energy Solutions Center Inc. All Rights Reserved 16

Engine Drives

Engine replaces electric motor in an Engine Driven systemRequires very little electricity for operation, ~5KW ancillary electricOffer variable speed capability (just like your automobile)

Can run at 20% capacity without loosing efficiency


Engine Driven Chiller with Heat Recovery Options

Cooling

Condenser

Evaporator

Expansion Valve CoolingTower

Exhaust Gas /Heat Recovery

Compressor

From LoadTo Load


Engine Fuel Use and Heat Recovery

Radiation (3%)

Shaft Power to Drive Chiller Compressor

33%

Exhaust Unrecoverable (16%)

Recoverable Energy (81%)

Fuel InputEnergy(100%)

Jacket Coolant 33%

Exhaust (15%)


Engine Chiller Manufacturers

Alturdyne Energy Systems Tecogen

Trane York


25 – 300 Tons (Chillers/DX units)Single or duel enginesReciprocating compressor

20

Alturdyne


Tecochill Packages

TECOCHILL Water‐Cooled Chillers150 – 400 Ton packaged unitsR‐134a refrigerant800,000 Btu/hr@ 230oF hot water is available per engine

TECOCHILL Air‐Cooled Chillers25 – 50 Ton packaged unitsEnvironmentally‐friendly HFC‐404a refrigerantUp to 175,000 Btu/hr@ 160oF hot water available


Trane Package

Trane CentraVac centrifugal chiller package coupled to a Waukeshau Enginatorgenerator package.Each can be individually operated to control energy costs165‐3,950 tonsLean burn engine technology provides low emissions


York Package

Millennium® Gas Engine Drive (GED) offers a COP from 1.9 at design conditions and part‐load performance as high as 2.4GED chiller line available in 350‐2,100 RTIncorporates single‐stage centrifugal compressors on HFC‐134a refrigerantUtilizes Caterpillar natural gas engines


Turbine Driven Chillers

Utilizes steam to drive refrigeration compressorExcellent use for heating boilers in the summer monthsSizes 700 to 2800 Tons1.8 Coefficient of Performance (COP) York International is the only manufacturerVariable speed capability


The thermodynamic cycle of an absorption chiller is driven by a heat source – a chemical process rather than a mechanical process.steam, hot water, or combustion as heat source

Compared to electrically powered chillers, an absorption chiller has very low electrical power requirements 15 kW combined consumption for both the solution and the refrigerant pumps

25

Absorption Cooling


COP is often 0.6 (single‐effect) to 1.2 (double‐effect)Requires a larger cooling tower than a vapor‐compression chiller (~ 30%‐50% larger)Absorption units excel where low cost, high grade heat or waste heat is readily availableExcellent for Co‐Generation

26

Absorption Cooling …cont


Consists of four major elementsGeneratorCondenserEvaporatorAbsorber

27

Absorption System Components

Single Stage Absorber Components

Simplified

Chemical process in a vacuum that creates high pressure refrigerant and cools without using a

mechanical compressor


Adsorption works with the interaction of gases and solidsThese systems are less common than Absorption.The Adsorption process is used in Liquid Desiccant systems.

28

Adsorption Chillers


Absorption Chiller ManufacturersManufacturer Sizes Special Features

Broad USA 5‐2600 Can be waste heat fired from exhaust.

Carrier Corporation 100‐680 Used in Capstone “Pure Comfort” unit

Cention Corporation 40‐650 Can be waste heat fired from exhaust.

Energy Concepts 15‐150 Available as a heat pump.

Fulton Boiler 4‐25 Incorporates Robur heat pump unit

Power Partners, Inc. 30‐250 Adsorption chiller

Robur Corporation 5‐25 Link into 25 ton units. Heat pump.

Thermax (Trane) 10‐2000 Steam, Hot Water, Thermal Fluid, or gas fired

Trane 112‐1650 Steam, Hot Water or Direct Fired

Yazaki 10‐100 Direct fired and Indirect fired units

York 120‐1350 Steam, Hot Water or Direct Fired


Gas Heat Pumps

Absorption based systemsHydronic based systemCan produce hot waterAvailable for geothermal applications5 – 25 ton systems

Engine‐driven heat pumps Variable speed loading/unloadingScroll compressors for high efficiency8 to 20 Ton units

30


What is a Gas Absorption Heat Pump?

31

Small gas fired boiler (traditional combustion)

95,500 BTU/HR input

Produces HOT (up to 149oF) or COLDwater (down to 37oF)Additional process to use energy from a renewable source (exothermic reaction with a refrigerant)Hydronic product

Piped into hydronic loop just like a hydronic boiler


Achieving >100% Thermal EfficiencyHow is this possible?

10%Heat flue loss

Up to 149%Heat

Energy available

100%Inlet primary Energy for the combustion

50%Energy fromnatural source

(ground, water, air)

32


Air Source

33


Ground or Water Source

Well field reduction up to 40% compared to electric ground source systems!

34


Efficiency ComparisonHeating Product

CategoryMaximum Thermal

EfficiencyNon‐Condensing Boilers 88%

Condensing Boilers 99%

Gas Absorption Heat Pumps 149%

35


Capital Investment & PaybackLIST prices of the Invictus heat pumps range from $8,800 ‐ $9,900 per unit.Can achieve reasonable initial capital investment by designing hybrid systems with boilers, chillers or other technologies.

36

Fulton Heating Solutions, Inc.


GAHP SystemsAir‐source water‐ammonia absorption heat pumpsUp to 140oF hot water availableSingle phase power requirementsCan be linked using single or multiple controllers

Re‐Packaged by Fulton Boiler, known as Invictus

37

Robur CorporationAbsorption Heat Pump


15‐300 Tons Absorption Heat PumpUsed for Cooling or refrigeration160oF hot water at 1.5 COPCustom designed for application

38

Energy ConceptsAbsortption Heat Pump

39© 2011 Energy Solutions Center Inc. All Rights Reserved

Similar to electric heat pumps.

Electric motor replaced with a natural gas driven engine.

Excellent part load efficiencies

Multiple zone capable

Heating efficiency COP = 1.6

Engine Driven Heat pumps

39


Multi‐Zone GHP OverviewFeatures Application Benefit

8‐ton & 15‐ton

R‐410A

Multi‐zones (up to 33 zones)

Ground or roof mounted

Designed to operate in extreme high and low temperatures

Space saver on existing or future mechanical rooms

Quiet as a whisper, 58 dB

Lower operating cost than two or four pipe systems

Commercial buildings

Custom & semi‐custom residential

New or retrofit construction

Ducted, ductless, or combination of both

Outdoor unit can be set back as far as 400 feet from the building

Up to a total of 1,706 relative feet

Best applications are large 100, 200, 300+ tonnage, multiple zones

Highly efficient in both heating and cooling modes

All‐in‐one heating and cooling unit

Multi‐zone feature provides higher comfort level

Potential for innovative building design with ductless capabilities

Fully optimizing part loads (IPL)

Freeing up electricity for redistribution within the facilities

40


Packaged GHP OverviewFeatures Application Benefits

11‐ton

R‐410A

Rooftop package

Built in the U.S.

Made for harsh temperatures of the desert Southwest

Commercial

Retrofit

New construction

Mounted on rooftop curb, similar to electric rooftop units

Avoid high demand and time‐of‐use electric charges

Highly efficient in both heating and cooling modes

Captures and utilizes waste heat from the engine in heat mode

Future option to capture waste heat from the engine for water heating

Saves water compared to electric units

41


8, 10 & 15 Ton units availableZoning capabilities17 zone capability on 8 RT unit

Ducted or ductless air handlers availableAir‐cooled condensing in packaged unitCOP 1.4 for Cooling and 1.6 for heating

42

IntelliChoice EnergyEngine Driven Heat Pump


Committed to smart, sustainable technology.

43

Coming soon


Incorporate electric & gas chillers into a combined chiller plantInstall both unit types into system50% electric/50% gas capacities

Base load chiller based on utility costs or time of dayIdeal for facilities that have minimal electrical service

44

Hybrid Chiller Applications


Utilize a Life Cycle Cost AnalysisA detailed Cost Analysis is essentialfor evaluating any Cooling project at a facility.Using the real energy costs associated with the cooling technology is critical.

45


Provide comparison of technologies

46

Sample Payback Analysis Tools

Natural Gas vs. Electric Air Conditioning


Size: 500 Tons, Equivalent Full Load Hours: 1,500

Life Cycle Cost of Ownership

Energy Maintenance Capital

Life Cycle Costs consider the full costs of ownership over the life of the equipment including fuel, inflation costs, maintenance costs, and capital costs

$1M

$2M

GasAbsorber

GasEngine

Electric Chiller

$1.3M without heat recovery &

$1.2M with recovery

$1.9M

$1.7M


Environmental Benefits

49

•No CFC’s or HCFC’s in Absorption Cooling•Potential for Reduced Carbon Footprint with Gas Cooling


Emissions for various cooling technologies need to be consideredCO2 emissions need to be evaluated on a site vs. source basisIn General….

Emissions are lower for Engine Driven chillers and Steam Turbine Chillers than electric ChillersEmissions may or may not be lower for absorption than electric cooling

50

Emissions


www.gasairconditioning.com

51

Emissions Calculator for Engine Driven and Steam Turbine Chillers

http://www.gasairconditioning.com/


Gas Engine Chiller CO2 Reduction Benefits

Peak Demand (kW)

272272

220220

33

Conventional Electric ChillerCoal Central StationGas Central Station (advanced GT)

High Efficiency Electric ChillerCoal Central StationGas Central Station

Gas EngineWithout Heat RecoveryWith Heat Recovery (Boiler Credit)

CO2 (tons/yr)

770320

614255

300100-150

Annual CO2 Outputs - 400 Ton Chiller Alternatives


Market Strategies & Opportunities

53

•Electric Grid Issues•Case Studies


Typical Gas & Electric Demand Profile

Gas cooling reduces peak electric demand which reduces billed demand


T & D Constraints continue to increase

Gas Air Conditioning can reduce demand

9,000 MW > 7,000 MW < 8,000 MW

Generation: (Growing)

Transmission

& Distribution:

(?????)

Load: (Growing)


Average Gas vs. Electric Pricing

$‐

$5.00

$10.00

$15.00

$20.00

$25.00

$30.00

$35.00

$40.00

$45.00

Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

$/MMBT

UAverage Commercial Retail Energy Rates

Electric

Natural Gas

*EIA data as of September 2011, uses 1032 BTU/CF Natural Gas and 3412 BTU/KWH Electric.


Why is Owning an Electric Chiller Like an Iceberg?


Total Cost of Electric Chiller Ownership

First Costs

Hidden Costs(Future Costs)

Price

Energy CostsBurden on Electrical System


Applications

Residential

Commercial

Industrial


Case Studies

60


Engine driven heat pump

Fire Station # 13, May 2011 (LEED Silver), Plano, TX

Plan to compare to “sister” Fire Station # 12 (electric VRV heat pump)

Firehouse, TX


Healthcare – Cedars Sinai, CA

•Two 1,500‐ton double‐effect, steam‐fired absorption chillers

• One 1,500‐ton electric chiller

•Three gas‐fired steam boilers


University Medical Center, IL

•Two absorption chillers, 4,600 tons absorption cooling

•Part of Co‐gen plant

•Supplies electric power and steam to 32‐building campus


Office Building – One Parkway, PA

•Two 400‐ton natural gas engine‐driven chillers

•Hybrid cooling system for peak Shaving

•Free heating for domestic hot water


Hybrid Installation, MA

•350 Tone Engine Driven Chiller

•United States Military Building

•Military Entrance Processing Station


Air Cooled Engine Driven Units, NY

•5 x 50 Ton Engine Driven Chillers

•Air‐Cooled Roof Top Chillers

•Jamaica, NY Hospital


Industrial – Ghirardelli, CA

145 Tons Absorption


Industrial – Poultry Processor

100 tons chilling and 3.2 MBH heat pumped hot water from 2 MBH steam.Saves 30% of water heating and 80% of chilling energy.40ºF chill water and 136ºF hot water.

Custom built Heat Pump


Break down & Field Reassembly

Apartment Building

West Hartford, CT


Office Building – Heat Pump, NV

•113 Tons of Engine driven heat pumps

•7, 15 Ton units

•1, 8 Ton unit

•42 Indoor air handlers


AdditionalResources

71

www.gasairconditioning.org


Questions

72

gas air conditioning technologies and opportunities 6/5/12 · trane package trane centravac ......

Documents