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20112011GENDER STATISTICSINDONESIA

GENDER STATISTICS INDONESIA 2011

ISBN: 978-979-064-407-6 Publication Number: 04210.1112 BPS catalogue: 2104012 Book Size: 19 cm x 11 cm

Manuscript: Sub Directorate of Household Statistics Design and Layout: Sub Directorate of Statistical Publication Published By: BPS, Statistics Indonesia Printed By: CV. Dharmaputra The content my be cited by mentioning the source This publication was translated from its original version of Bahasa Indonesia and printed with financial support from Ministry of Women and Child Protection of the Republic of Indonesia (KPP & PA)

PREFACE

This Booklet on Gender Statistics Indonesia

2011 was published to present data on women and their linkage to the population composition, health, education, labor force, household’s socio-economic status, participation in political and governmental affairs.

This source of data used derive mostly from the results of National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas: Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) and of National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas: Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional), Village Potential (Podes: Potensi Desa), Population Census (SP: Sensus Penduduk), Population Projection, Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI: Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia), Inter-censal Population Survey (Supas: Survei Penduduk antar Sensus), and administrative registration data from related government agencies and institutions. The information is presented in such a simple manner in the form of figures and brief description for easy reading and understanding by the general public.

High appreciation and profound gratitude are duly extended to all parties who have made this booklet a reality. Any constructive criticism and suggestion are expected for improvement of the publication in the future.

Jakarta, November 2011

BPS-Statistics Indonesia Wynandin Imawan Deputy Director General for Social Statistics

iii

WRITING ORGANIZATION Person-in-charge

S. Happy Hardjo, SE, M.Ec Board of Editors:

Nona Iriana, S.Si, M.Si Ida Eridawaty H, S.Si Krido Saptono, S.Si, M.Si Authors:

Tini Suhartini, S.Si Gaib Hakiki, SE Maria Ulfa, SST Data Processor Ahmad Azhari, S.Si Dhani Arief Hartanto, SST

v

CONTENT

Page Preface iii

Writing Organization v

Contents vii

I. Introduction 1

II. Population 3

III. Health 9

IV. Household’s Socio-Economic Status 17

V. Education 23

VI. Labor Force 33

VII. Leadership, Politics, and Government 39

vii

I. INTRODUCTION

One of the eight goals of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) declared by the United Nations (UN) in the year of 2000 is to promote gender equality and empowerment of women. Where the targets of this goal are to eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education levels in 2005 and at all levels of education not more than 2015. This is in accordance with Indonesia's human development objectives of achieving gender equality in order to improve the quality of human resources without distinguishing male and female.

In order to reduce the gender gap, the government through policy and program development has been trying to integrate the experiences, aspirations, needs and problems of women and men into planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of national development programs. Strategies and policies to reduce the gender gap are called gender mainstreaming, in which to plan its implementation required an analysis of gender. Therefore, we need data, facts, and information about gender, i.e. the data disaggregated between men and women who can describe the gender gap.

This publication presents a picture of the field of gender-disaggregated data on population, health, households socio-economic status, education, employment, political leadership and government. This publication is specifically aimed to show the gender-related data in fields directly related to efforts to improve the quality of Indonesian human.

The data presented are summarized from various sources including the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), Indonesia Demographic Health Survey (IDHS), the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), Indonesian Population Projection 2000 - 2005, though results quickly Population Census (SP) 2010, as well as other data sources containing results of administrative records from various relevant agencies. Presentation of

1

2

information in this publication is in the form of figures and tables as well as reviews that are easy to understand the various parties, both the general public, as well as policy makers and is expected to be used as one reference in assessing gender issues in Indonesia.

3

II. Population

A. Population

Figure 2.1 Indonesia Population Compared with Other Countries, 2010

Source: Population Census 2000 and 2010, also

UN Data Sheet 2009

• According to the 2000 Population Census, the population of Indonesia in 2000 (October) reach some 205.13 million people.

• According to the 2010 Population Census the population of Indonesia become 237.64 million people.

• Indonesia is the fourth most populous country after China (1,339 million), India (1,210 million) and America (312 million).

• The population growth rate per year in Indonesia has increased from 1.40 percent in the period of 1990-2000 to 1.49 percent in the period of 2000-2010.

B. Population Structure

• The population pyramid (Figure 2.2) shows that the largest group of population for both men and women are at the age group of 5-9 years.

• The age structure of Indonesia’s population is moving from young structure to intermediate structure.

China America

India Indonesia

4

Figure 2.2 Population Pyramid of Indonesia, 2010

9.7510.01

9.758.87

8.268.88

8.317.80

6.955.88

4.903.68

2.451.86

1.281.34

9.339.569.34

8.698.47

9.048.37

7.776.95

5.944.82

3.432.65

2.091.631.89

12 9 6 3 0 3 6 9 12

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75+

Percent

Ag

e G

rou

p

FemaleMale

Source:Indonesian Population Census 2010

C. Population Composition

1. Sex Ratio

• In 1990, the sex ratio was 99.4 which means that there were 99 males to 100 females and in 2000 there was a little movement with sex ratio 100.5.

• In 2010, the movement is still continued, with sex ratio 101.4. This means for 100 females there are 101 males.

Figure 2.3. Sex Ratio Population of Indonesia, 1990, 2000, and 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 2000 2010

99.4 100.5 101.4

Year Source:Population Census 1990, 2000 and 2010

5

2. Dependency Ratio

• In 2010, the dependency ratio reached 51.3. This shows that every 100 productive aged people (15-64 year of age) support 51 non-productive age people (0-14 and 65+ year of age). This figure is declined when compared to the situation in 2000 where the dependency ratio stood at 54.7.

Figure 2.4 Dependency Ratio, 2000 and 2010

0

20

40

60

2000 2010

54.751.3

Year Source: Population Census 2000 and 2010

3. Number of Under Five-Year of Age Children

Figure 2.5 Percentage of Under Five-Year of Age Children by Sex,

2000 and 2010

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Girl Boy

4.78 4.954.63

4.91

2000 2010 Source: Population Census 2000 and 2010

• Percentage of under five-year of age children to the

total population in 2010 amounted to 9.54 percent, which consists of 4.63 percent girls and 4.91 percent boys.

6

• Decreased slightly compared with the year 2000 is 9.73 percent with a composition of 4.78 percent girls and 4.95 percent boys.

4. Number of School-Age Population

Figure 2.6 Percentage of Population Aged 7-12, 13-15 and 16-18 Years to

Total Population, 2000 and 2010

0

5

10

15

7-12 13-15 16-18

12.58

6.19 6.19

13.58

7.56 7.20

Perc

ent

2000 2010 Source: Population Census 2000 and 2010

• Percentage of population aged 7-12 years, 13-15 years and 16-18 years to the total population in 2010 was projected in a row at 13.58 percent, 7.56 percent and 7.20 percent.

• There was an increasing number if comparing with 2000, i.e., 12.58 percent, 6.19 percent and 6.19 percent for the same age group.

Figure 2.7 Population Aged 7-12, 13-15 and 16-18 according to

Sex Year, 2010 (in millions)

0

5

10

15

20

7-12 13-15 16-18

15.64

8.75 8.37

16.62

9.22 8.73

Mill

ion

Female Male Source: Population Census 2010

7

• In 2010 the number of females in every age group 7-12 years, 13-15 years and 16-18 years was lower than the total male population at the same age group.

• Figure 2.7 shows the number of females in age group 7-12 years, 13-15 years and 16-18 years respectively is 15.64 million people, 8.75 million residents and 8.37 million inhabitants. While the male population is 16.62 million inhabitants, 9.22 million people, 8.73 million populations for that age group.

D. Total Fertility Rate

• Total fertility rate (TFR) tended to decline since the late 1990s. According to data from 2000 Population Census, Indonesian TFR was 2.34 children per females (referring to the year 1997) and decreased to 2.26 according the inter-censal population survey in 2005 (reference year 2002).

• In 2010 TFR fell further to around 2.15 children per females (Indonesian Population Projection 2000-2025).

Figure 2.8 Total Fertility Rate, 1997, 2002 and 2010

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1997 2002 2010

2.34 2.26 2.15

Source: Population Census 2000, Inter-Censal Population Survey

2005, the Indonesian Population Projection 2000-2025

E. Infant Mortality Rate

• According to the 2002-2003 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), infant mortality rate

8

(IMR) of Indonesia was about 35 deaths per 1000 live births.

• According IDHS 2007, IMR declined to around 34 deaths per 1000 live births.

Figure 2.9 Infant Mortality Rate, 2002-2003 and 2007

Deaths per 1000 live births

0

10

20

30

40

50

2002-2003 2007

35 34

Year Source: Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2002-

2003 and 2007

F. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

• The result of the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS/SDKI) 2002 to 2003 showed that maternal mortality ratio in Indonesia about 307 deaths per 100,000 live births (year of reference 1998-2003).

• Based 2007 IDHS that number declined to 228 deaths per 100,000 live births (year of reference 2003-2007).

Figure 2.10 Maternal Mortality Ratio, 2002-2003 and 2007

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2002-2003 2007

307

228

Year Source: Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2002-2003 and

2007

9

III. Health

A. Health Complaints

• In general, females who had health complaint slightly exceeded than that of males.

Figure 3.1

Percentage of Population Who Had Health Complaints by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

10

20

30

40

50

Urban Rural Urban + Rural

30.73 32.31 31.5229.68 31.17 30.43

Per

cent

Female Male Source: National Socio Economic Survey 2010

• 32 out of the 100 females had health complaint for the last one month.

• 30 out of the 100 males had health complaint for the last one month.

• Females and males living in rural areas ( 32.31 percent and 31.17 percent) had more health complaint than those living in urban areas (30.73 percent and 29.68 percent).

B. Self-Medical Treatment

• The number of females who had health complaint and having self treatment or not visiting health facilities (67.85 percent) was lower than males (69.58 percent).

• 68 out of the 100 females who had health complaint during the last one month having self treatment.

10

• 70 out of the 100 males who had health complaint during the last one month having self treatment.

Figure 3.2 Percentage of Population Who Experienced Health Problems and

Performed Self-Medical Treatment by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100


66.83 68.82 67.8568.99 70.13 69.58

Perc

ent


• Females and males in rural areas (68.82 percent and 70.13 percent) who have had health complaint during the last one month and having self treatment more than in urban areas (66.83 percent and 68.99 percent).

C. Outpatient Figure 3.3

Percentage of Population Experienced Health Problems and Performed Outpatient Treatment by Sex and Area of Residence,

2010

0

10

20

30

40

50


46.5742.94

44.7144.4842.11 43.26

Per

cent


11

• The number of females who had health complaint and had outpatient treatment or visiting health facilities (44.71 percent) is more than males (43.26 percent).

• Females and males who had health complaint and had outpatient treatment more in urban (46.57 percent and 44.48 percent) than in rural areas (42.94 percent and 42.11 percent).

• 45 out of the 100 females who had health complaint took outpatient treatment to cure their diseases.

• 43 out of the 100 males who had health complaint took outpatient treatment to cure their diseases.

D. Family Planning

• In general, participation in contraceptive use is still dominated by females (97.52 percent) than males (1.33 percent). This is in line with the availability of the contraceptive methods that are still dominated by the methods suitable for female used.

Figure 3.4 Percentage of Women 15-49 Years of Age are Using Contraceptive

by Methods Used and Area of Residence, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100


96.79 98.21 97.52

1.81 0.87 1.33

Perc

ent


Type of contraceptive of female (Tubectomy, IUD, injection, implant, pill, intravag, female condom)Type of contraceptive of male (condom, vasectomy)

Source: National Socio Economic Survey 2010

Note: excluding traditional family planning method • 98 out of the 100 females aged 15-49 years who are

using family planning1 , use the contraceptive methods for females.

1 Including the methods used by their partners

12

• The same condition also occurs in urban and rural areas, but males participation in family planning in urban areas (1.81 percent) was slightly higher than in rural areas (0.87 percent).

E. Adolescent Reproductive Health (ARH)

• Based on the 2007 IDHS, the level of knowledge on contraceptive methods of young females 15-24 years of age was higher than that of males at the same age (96.3 percent versus 92.8 percent).

• According to both females and males, the ideal age of marriage for females is 20-21 years, while the ideal one for males is 25-29 years.

• Age of the first menstruation for young females usually occurs at age of 12-14 years. As many as 20.5 percent of young females experienced their first menstruation at age of 12 years, 27.5 percent at the aged of 13 years, and 26.3 percent occurred at age of 14 years.

• The level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS among young females 15-24 years of age is higher than that of young males (84.0 percent compared 77.0 percent).

F. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

• Based on the result of 2007 IDHS, the level of symptoms of STI for married females aged 15-49 years was lower than that of married males at the age 15-54 years (26.9 percent compared 61.1 percent).

G. HIV-AIDS Tabel 3.1

Cumulative Number of People with HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Year 1987 to Year 2009

Category HIV/AIDS 1 Oct1987

to 31 Dec 2008

1 Jan1987 to

31 March 2009 (1) (2) (3)

People with HIV infection 6,554 6,668

AIDS cases 16,110 16,964

Source: Directorate General of Disease Control and Environment Health, Ministry of Health

13

• The prevalence of AIDS cases up to March 2009 was 7.5 per 100.000 populations. The ratio of AIDS cases between males and females is 2.98.

• The above table shows that people with HIV infection and AIDS cases increased, i.e., 1.74 percent and 5.3 percent from December 31, 2008 until March 31, 2009.

• Figure 3.5 shows that the cumulative number of AIDS cases in males 12,640 cases and females 4,239 cases.

Figure 3.5 Cumulative Number of AIDS Cases by Sex, March, 2009

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

Female Male Unknown

4 239

12 640

85

Source: Directorate General of Disease Control and Environment

Health, Ministry of Health

H. Drug User

Figure 3.6 Number of Drug Cases by Sex, 2006-2008

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

2006 2007 2008

2 212 3 035 3 354

29 42333 134

41 340

Female Male Source: National Narcotics Board, January 2009

14

• For the last three years, drug cases in Indonesia have occurred higher among males than that of females. The number of cases of females as drug users was very small, but there was an increase of 37.2 percent in 2007 compared to 2006 and 10.51 percent in 2008 compared to 2007.

I. Birth Attendant

In general, the majority of birth are attended by midwives.

Figure 3.7 Percentage of Births by Birth Attendants and Area of Residence,

2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

Doctor Midwives Traditional Other

25.10

64.18

9.580.09

9.09

59.71

27.66

0.22

Perc

ent

Urban Rural Source: National Socio-Economic Survey 2010

• Out of the 100 births, 17 of which were attended by medical doctors (physicians), 62 by midwives, 19 by traditional birth attendants.

• The births attended by medical doctors and midwives more frequently in urban areas (25.10 percent and 64.18 percent), while the births attended by traditional birth attendants took place more often in rural areas (27.66 percent and 0.22 percent).

• Out of the 100 births in urban areas, 25 of which were attended by doctors, 64 by midwives, and 10 by the traditional birth attendants.

• Out of the 100 births in rural areas, 9 of which were attended by doctors, 60 by midwives, and 28 by the traditional birth attendants.

15

J. Ever Breast-Fed Infants

• In general, female infants who ever breast-fed little more than male infants.

• Out of the 100 female infants 95 of them had breast-fed.

• Out of the 100 male infants, 94 of them had breast-fed.

• Under five years of age children in rural areas experienced higher number ever breast-fed compared to urban areas.

Figure 3.8 Percentage of Ever Breast-fed Under-Five Year Old Infants

by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100


93.83 96.20 95.0192.39 95.73 94.08

Perc

ent


K. Children 2-4 Year of Age Experienced Breast-fed for 18-23 Months

• In general, there is no significant difference in breastfeeding during the 18-23 months between female infants and male infants of 2-4 years old.

• Out of the 100 female infants 2-4 years of age, 21of them were breast-fed for a period of 18-23 months.

• Out of the 100 male infants 2-4 years of age, 21 of them were breast-fed for a period of 18-23 months.

• Breast-feeding to children 2-4 years of age in rural areas is likely to be higher than that in urban areas.

16

Figure 3.9 Percentage of Children 2-4 Years of Aged Experienced Breast-fed

for 18-23 Months by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

5

10

15

20

25


19.01

23.4121.25

18.94

23.2321.17

Perc

ent


L. Children 2-4 Years of Age Who Only Breast-fed for a Period of 6 Months or More

Figure 3.10 Percentage of Children 2-4 Years of Age who Were Only Breast-fed for a Period of Six Months or More by Sex and Area of Residence,

2010

0

10

20

30

40

50


34.5935.98 35.3035.02

33.31 34.15

Per

cent


• There is no significant difference between male infants and female infants who were only breast-fed for a period of six months or more.

• 35 out of 100 female infants 2-4 years of age who were breast-fed for a period of six months or more.

• 34 out of 100 male infants 2-4 years of age who were breast-fed for a period of six months or more.

17

IV. Household’s Socio-Economic Status

A. Marital Status of Population 10 Years of Age or Over

• Nationally, percentage of married females or males are higher than that of single, divorced or widowed females or males.

Figure 4.1 Percentage of Population 10 Year of Age and Over by Sex and

Marital Status, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

Single Married Divorce Widowed

28.52

59.08

2.579.84

37.55

59.37

1.06 2.02

Perc

ent


• Out of the 100 females, 59 of whom are married, 28 are single, 10 are widowed and 3 got divorced.

• Out of the 100 males, 59 of whom are married, 38 are single, 2 are widowed and 1 got divorced.

• The number of single females (28.52 percent) is lower than that of males (37.55 percent) for the reason because generally age of first time married for females is younger than that of males.

• The number of married females relatively equal to married males (59.08 percent compare to 59.37 percent), whereas the status of divorced females, either divorced (2.57 percent) or widowed (9.84

18

percent) more than that of males (1.06 percent and 2.02 percent).

• This situation indicates that divorce or widowed females decide not to remarried, while the reverse happens for males.

B. Head of Household

• Generally head of household in Indonesia is still much dominated by males both in urban and in rural areas.

• 14 out of 100 head of households are females.

Figure 4.2 Percentage of Head of Household by Sex and Area of Residence,

2010

0

20

40

60

80

100


14.39 13.44 13.91

85.61 86.56 86.09

Perc

ent

Female Male


• Based on the type of area, female head of households in urban areas are larger in terms of number than that of in rural areas.

• In urban areas, out of 100 head of household, 14 of whom are females and 86 are males.

• In rural areas, out of 100 head of household, 13 of whom are females and 87 are males.

C. Floor Area

Households with floor area of less than 9 square meters (m2) per capita, male head of households outnumber

19

female head of households. The same situation takes place in both urban and rural areas.

• Out of 100 female head of households, there are 11 households with floor area of less than 9 m2 and 89 households with more than 9 m2 floor area per capita.

• Out of 100 males head of households, there are 18 households with floor area of less than 9 m2 and 82 households with more than 9 m2 floor area per capita.

Figure 4.3 Percentage of Households with Floor < 9 m2 and ≥ 9 m2 per

Capita by Sex of Head of Household, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

< 9 m2 ≥ 9 m2

10.54

89.46

18.50

81.50

Per

cent

Female Male


D. Access to Clean Water

Households with access to clean water are the ones headed predominantly by male. Households in urban areas have more access to clean water than the ones in rural areas.

• 59 out of 100 female head of households have access to clean water.

• 61 out of 100 male head of households have access to clean water.

20

E. Access to Information Technology

Access to information using telephones/mobile phones more by male head of households than females head of households.

• 9 out of 100 female head of households have access to information technology using telephones.

• 10 out of 100 male head of households have access to information technology using telephones.

Figure 4.4 Percentage of Head of Household by Sex and Usage/Access to

Telephones and Mobile Phones, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

Telephone Mobile Phones

8.95

58.19

9.53

74.24

Per

cent


• 58 out of 100 female head of households have access to information technology using cellular/mobile phones.

• 74 out of 100 male head of households have access to information technology using cellular/mobile phones.

F. Average per Capita Expenditures

Average monthly per capita expenditure on households with female head of households is higher than that of the households with male head of households.

• Female head of households have the average monthly per capita expenditure as IDR 615,620.00 while male head of households as IDR 536,148.00.

21

• According to area of residence, the average expenditure per capita a month in urban areas for both female and male head of households is greater than that of in rural area.

Figure 4.5 Average Monthly per Capita Expenditure by Sex, 2010

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1000 000


805 486

414 920

615 620684 176

391 528

536 148

Rup

iahs


G. Education Level of Head of Households

The education level attained by male head of households is higher than that of female head of households.

• Out of 100 female head of households, 72 of whom attained elementary school and below, whereas 28 of whom attained high education and above.

• Out of 100 male head of households, 53 of whom attained elementary school and below, and 47 of whom attained high education and above.

• The same pattern takes place in both urban and rural areas. Education level of both male and female head of households, in urban areas is better than that of in rural areas.

22

Figure 4.6

Percentage of Head of Households by Sex and Highest Educational Attained, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

Elementary and below

Junior High School and above

71.67

28.33

53.2146.79

Perc

ent


23

V. Education

A. Population 10 Years of Age and Over Who Does Not/Never Attend School

• In general females population 10 years of age and over who does not/never attend school is more than that of male population.

• According to urban and rural areas, there are significant difference between females and males who does not/never attend school.

Figure 5.1 Percentage of Population 10 Years of Age and Over Who Does Not/Never Attend School by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14


5.31

12.80

9.04

1.91

5.96

3.94Per

cent


• 9 out of 100 females population 10 years of age and over do not/never attend school.

• 4 out of 100 males population 10 years of age and over do not/never attend school.

B. Population 10 Years of Age and Over Who is Still Attending School

In general females population 10 years of age and over who is still attending school is less than that of males population. The same pattern occurs in both urban and rural areas. • 18 out of 100 females population 10 years of age

and over are still in school.

24

• 19 out of 100 males population 10 years of age and over are still in school.

Figure 5.2 Percentage of Population 10 Years of Age and Over Who is Still

Attending School by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

5

10

15

20

25


19.2917.25

18.2720.17

18.81 19.48

Perc

ent


C. School Enrollment Rate (SER)

1. School Enrollment Rate of Population 7-12 Years of Age

School enrollment rate (SER) of population 7-12 years of age is not significantly different between female and male, either both in urban and in rural areas.

Figure 5.3 School Enrollment Rate of Population 7-12 Years of Age


0

20

40

60

80

100


98.99 97.73 98.3298.53 97.06 97.74

Per

cen

t


• 98 out of 100 populations 7-12 years of age, both female and male are still in school.

25


• Nationally, SER of female population 13-15 years of age is slightly higher than that of male population.



0

20

40

60

80

100


90.9084.19

87.4189.5881.44 85.15

Per

cent


• 87 out of 100 females population 13-15 years of age are still in school.

• 85 out of 100 males population 13-15 years of age are still in school.

• When it is compared by area of residence, the SER of female population 13-15 years of age either in urban or in rural area is higher than that of male population.


• In general, SER of male population 16-18 years of age is higher than that of female population

• 57 out of 100 males population 16-18 years of age are still in school.

• 55 out of 100 females population 16-18 years of age are still in school.

26



0

20

40

60

80

100


61.57

47.8855.12

64.20

49.3756.86

Per

cen

t


• Based on the area of residence, SER of population 16-18 years of age in urban is higher than that of in rural areas, both applies for females or males population.

D. Net Enrollment Rate (NER)

1. Net Enrollment Rate of Elementary School (SD)/ Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI)/Package A

Net enrollment net (NER) of population 7-12 years of age who is attending elementary school/MI/package A is relatively balanced between females and males.

Figure 5.6 Net Enrollment Rate of Elementary School (SD)/Madrasah

Ibtidaiyah (MI)/Package A by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100


94.33 95.02 94.7095.67 94.10 94.83

Per

cent


27

• There is no significant difference between NER of elementary school/MI/Package A both in urban and in rural area.

• Out of 100 population 7-12 years of age, 94 of whom are still attending elementary school/MI/ Package A applies both for female and male population.

2. Net Enrollment Rate (NER) of Junior High School/Madrasah Tsanawiah (MTs)/Package B

• When it is compared to the NER of elementary school/MI/Package A, it is shown that the NER of population 13-15 years of age who attended junior high school/MTs/Package B is slightly lower, both for female and male population.

• In general, NER of junior high school/MTs/ Package B in female population is higher than that of male population.

Figure 5.7 Net Enrollment Rate (NER) of Junior High School/Madrasah

Tsanawiah (MTs)/Package B by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100


69.40 67.54 68.4370.00

64.62 67.08

Per

cen

t


• 68 out of 100 females population 13-15 years of age are still attending junior high school/MTs/ Package B.

• 67 out of 100 males population 13-15 years of age are still attending junior high school/MTs/ Package B.

28

• By area of residence, NER of females in junior high school/MTs/Package B in rural area is higher than that of males, whereas in urban area the NER of females is lower than that of males.

3. Net Enrollment Rate (NER) of Senior High School/Vocational School/Madrasah Aliyah (MA)/Package C

• When it is compared with the NER of elementary school/MI/Package A and NER of junior high school/MTs/Package B, it is shown that the NER of population 16-18 years of age who attend senior high school/vocational school/MA/Package C is lower than that, applies both for female and male population.

• Based on area of residence it is shown that differences between NER of senior high school/ vocational school/MA/Package C in urban and rural area is significant.

Figure 5.8 Net Enrollment Rate (NER) of Senior High School/Vocational

School/Madrasah Aliyah (MA)/Package C by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100


50.28

38.3344.65

54.66

38.1546.49

Pe

rce

nt


• 45 out of 100 females population 16-18 years of age are still in senior high school/vocational school/ MA/Package C.

29

• 46 out of 100 males population 16-18 years of age are still in senior high school/vocational school/ MA/Package C.

• In urban area, NER of senior high school/vocational school/MA/Package C of males is higher than that of females, whereas in rural area NER of senior high school/vocational school/MA/Package C of males is lower than that of females.

E. Population 10 Years of Age and Over Who Do Not Obtain a Diploma

• Females population 10 years of age and over who do not obtain a diploma is much higher than that of males population, applies both in urban and rural area.

• 28 out of 100 females population do not obtain a diploma.

• 22 out of 100 males population do not obtain a diploma.

Figure 5.9 Percentage of Population 10 Years of Age and Over Who Do Not

Obtain a Diploma by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

15

30

45


19.97

35.70

27.81

15.68

28.81

22.26

Perc

ent


• Females population 10 years of age and over in rural area who do not obtain a diploma is much higher than that in urban area.

• 36 out of 100 females population in rural area do not obtain a diploma.

• 20 out of 100 females population in urban area do not obtain a diploma.

30

F. Population 15 Years of Age and Over Who Attained Primary Education

• Females population 15 years of age and over who have successfully completed primary education (at least graduated junior high school/MTs) is lower than that of males population.

Figure 5.10 Percentage of Population 15 Years of Age and Over Who Attained

Primary Education by Sex and Area of Residence, 2010

0

20

40

60

80


58.87

30.68

44.57

66.98

37.70

52.19

Per

cent


• Low attainment of basic education for females occurred in rural area.

• 45 out of 100 females population have successfully completed primary education.

• 52 out of 100 males population have successfully completed primary education.

• Population of female and male who have successfully completed primary education in rural area is much lower than that of in urban area.

G. Illiteracy/Literacy Rate in Indonesia

• Females population 10 years of age and over who are illiterate is twice higher than that of males population. The same situation occurs in the population 15 years of age and over.

• 8 out of 100 females population 10 years of age and over are illiterate.

31

• 4 out of 100 males population 10 years of age and over are illiterate.

• 9 out of 100 females population 15 years of age and over are illiterate.

• 5 out of 100 males population 15 years of age and over are illiterate.

Figure 5.11 Percentage of Population 10 Years of Age and Over and 15 Years

of Age and Over Who Are Illiterate by Sex, 2010

0

3

6

9

12

10 years and over 15 years and over

8.479.48

4.19 4.65

Perc

ent


H. Principal and Teacher in 2009-2010

Figure 5.12 Percentage of Principals by Sex and School Levels, 2009/2010

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Elementary School

Junior High School

Senior High School and

Vocational School

34.08

14.23 12.20

65.9285.77 87.80

Female Male Source: Ministry of Education 2009/2010

32

• The number of males principal in elementary school through high school is higher than that of females principal.

• Out of 100 elementary school principals, 34 of whom are females and 66 are males.

• Out of 100 junior high school principals, 14 of whom are females and 86 are males.

• Out of 100 High school principals, 12 of whom are females and 88 are males.

Figure 5.13 Percentage of Teachers by Sex and School Levels, 2009/2010

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Elementary School

Junior High School

Senior High School and

Vocational School

63.5753.07 46.67

36.4346.93 53.33

Female Male Source: Ministry of Education 2009/2010

• Females teacher in elementary and junior high school is much higher than that of males, whereas at senior high school and vocational school the number of males teacher is much higher than that of females.

• Out of 100 elementary school teachers, 64 of whom are females and 36 are males.

• Out of 100 junior high school teachers, 53 of whom are females and 47 are males.

• Out of 100 high school teachers, 47 of whom are females and 53 are males.

33

VI. Labor Force

A. Workforce Enrollment Rate and Open Unemployment Rate

• Workforce enrollment rate of females (51.76 percent) is much lower than that of males (83.65 percent).

• Open unemployment rate of females (8.76 percent) is higher than that of males (7.51 percent).

Figure 6.1 Workforce Enrollment Rate and Open Unemployment Rate of

Population 15 Years of Age and Over by Sex, 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

Workforce Enrollment Rate Open Unemployment Rate

51.76

8.76

83.65

7.51

Pers

en

Female Male Source: National Labor Force Survey 2010

B. Main Industry

• Role of women in industrial and public services sector almost equal compare to the men. Whereas role of women in agricultural sector only half portion compare to the men.

• Females working in industry and services sector is almost balanced by the males, whereas females working in the agricultural sector is only half the males population.

34

Figure 6.2 Percentage of Population 15 Years of Age and Over Who Work

by Sex and Main Industry, 2010

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Agriculture Industry Public Service

36.92 43.39 44.07

63.08 56.6155.93

Female Male

Source: National Labor Force Survey 2010

C. Employment Status

• Employment status as employer and worker/ employee is more dominated by males, while employment status as unpaid worker is more dominated by females.

Figure 6.3 Percentage of Population 15 Years of Age and Over who Work by

Sex and Employment Status, 2010

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 2 3 4

34.19

22.7735.35

72.32

65.8177.23

64.65

27.68


1 = own acount worker 2 = employer assisted by permanent worker 3 = employees/worker 4 = unpaid worker

35

D. Occupation

• Type of occupation as administrative and managerial worker is more dominated by males (81.95 percent) than by females (18.05 percent), while sales worker and professional, technician and related worker is more dominated by females than that of males.

Figure 6.4 Percentage of Population 15 Years of Aged and Over Who Work

by Sex and Main Occupation, 2010

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

50.60

18.05

40.4051.06 47.31

37.1525.14

4.27

49.40

81.95

59.60 48.94 52.6962.85

74.86

95.73


Description: 1= Professional, technician and related worker 2= Administrative and managerial worker 3= Clerical and related worker 4= Sales worker 5= Public service worker 6= Agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fisherman 7= Production, transport equipment operator & laborer 8= Others

E. Working Hour

• Average working hour of female workers is lower than that of male workers.

• Males population who work over 35 hours in a week is 73.07 percent, whereas that of females population is 56.83 percent.

• Total working hour in a week less than 35 hours is dominated by females population.

36

Figure 6.5 Percentage of Population 15 Years of Age and Over Who Work

by Sex and Working Hours in a Week, 2010

Female Male

2.31

24.90

15.95

56.83

2.2912.03

12.61

73.07

0 1 - 24 25 - 34 ≥35 Source: National Labor Force Survey 2010

F. Wage

• Average wage of female workers is lower than compare to that of male workers in both agricultural and non agricultural sector.

Table 6.1 Average Wages by Sex and Sector, 2010

Sector Male Female M + F

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Agriculture 959,604 630,428 889,195

Non Agriculture 1,593,629 1,221,764 1,457,529

Total 1,530,485 1,192,463 1,410,982

Source: National Labor Force Survey 2010

• Comparison between the average wage of workers in agricultural sector and in non-agricultural sector is 1 : 2 for males, but the ratio is 1 : 3 for females.

• Female workers in agricultural sector receive half of average wages of male workers.

G. Child Labour

• Child labour is dominated by boys • Out of 100 children 10-17 years of age who are

working, 40 of whom are girls and 60 are boys

37

G. Micro and Small Industry

• Micro Industry is an industrial company who employed 1 until 4 employees. Small Industry is an industrial company who employed 5 until 19 employees.

• According to Micro and Small Industrial Survey 2010, there are 2,732,724 company of micro and small industry in the entire of 33 provinces.

• Participation of females as an enterpreneur shows the equal proportion compare to that of males. Proportion of females as an enterpreneur is 41.40 percent, and proportion of males is 58.60 percent.

• According to the age group, most of the females enterpreneur are in the age group of 25 until 44 years old (49.58 percent), whereas males enterpreneur are in the age group of 45 until 64 years old (46.62 percent)

Figure 6.6 Proportion of the Small and Micro

Industrial Enterpreneur by Sex, 2010

58.60

41.40

Female Male Source : Micro and Small Industrial Survey, 2010

• According to the education level, most of the females enterpreneur are elementary school graduated and below (72.25 percent). Proportion of males enterpreneur who graduated from elementary school and below is 66.45 percent.

38

Figure 6.7 Percentage of Micro and Small Industrial Enterpreneur

by Sex, 2010

0

10

20

30

40

50

Never Attended School

Elementary School

Junior High School

Senior High School

D I/II D III/ S1/S2/S3

30.08

42.17

16.29

10.19

0.22 1.04

22.05

44.40

16.6714.89

0.401.58

Per

sen

Female Male

Source : Micro and Small Industrial Survey, 2010

39

VII. Leadership, Politics, and Government

A. Civil Servants (PNS)

In general, the number of male civil servant is higher than that of female civil servants. • The number of civil servant in December 2010

reached at 4,598,100 peoples, 46,49 percent out of them are females.

• Out of 100 civil servants, 54 of whom are males and 46 are females.

• In the age group of 18-35 years of age, the number of female civil servants is higher than that of male civil servants.

• 9 out of 100 echelon I officers are females. • 7 out of 100 echelon II officers are females. • 16 out of 100 echelon III officers are females. • 25 out of 100 echelon IV officers are females.

Figure 7.1 Number of Civil Servant by Sex and Age Groups,

December 2010 (in thousand)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56+

100.848

558.323

714.099663.829

100.71866.422

479.968

787.747

997.154

128.992

Th

ou

sand

Female Male Source: National Civil Service Agency

• Civil servant who obtained senior high school degree, diploma degree (D1-D3), and bachelor degree (D4/S1) are higher than that of those who

40

obtained other level of education, these are apply to both female and male civil servant.

• Out of 100 female civil servants, 33 of whom graduated from senior high school, 34 are graduated from D1-D3, 30 are graduated from D4/under graduated schools, and 1 is graduated from S2/S3 (post graduated).

• Out of 100 male civil servants, 38 of whom graduated from senior high school, 19 are graduated from D1-D3, 31 are graduated from D4/under graduated schools, and 3 are graduated from S2/S3 (post graduated).

Figure 7.2 Number of Civil Servant by Sex and Level of Education,

May 2010 (in thousand)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

< Senior High School

Senior High School

Diploma Degree D1-D3

Bachelor Degree D4-S1

Post Graduated

S2-S3

24.163

721.452 744.751

652.475

29.548

237.006

971.663

495.244

782.492

73.678

Th

ou

sand

Female Male Source: National Civil Service Agency

B. Head of Village

There are more male than female head of village. The educational levels of female head of village are better than that of male head of village (Village Potential, 2008).

• Out of 100 head of village, 96 of whom are males and only 4 are females.

• Out of 100 males head of village, 70 of whom obtained senior high school education and above

41

• Out of 100 females head of village, 84 of whom obtained senior high school education and above

C. Executive Institution

• Out of 20 ministers who lead ministries for the period of 2009-2014, 17 of whom are males and only 3 are females.

• Out of 10 state ministers for the period of 2010- 2014, 8 of whom are males and only 2 are females.

• Out of 33 governors, 32 of whom are males and only one is woman.

• Out of 440 mayors/regents, 432 of whom are males and only 8 are females.

D. Legislative Institution

• Out of 5 leaders of the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR), 4 are males and only one is femalese.

• Out of 100 members of the House of Representatives (DPR) from the period of 2009- 2014, 82 are males and 18 are females.

• Out of 100 members of the Regional House of Representatives (DPRD), 79 are males and 21 are females.

Figure 7.3 Composition of Members of Parliamalest by Sex,

for the Period of 2009-2014

82.14

17.86

Female Male

Source: DPR-RI’s Website

• Out of 100 members of House of Regional Representatives (DPD) for the period of 2010-2014, 73 are males and only 27 are females.

42

Figure 7.4 Composition of Members of DPD by Sex,

for the Period of 2009-2014

27.27

72.73

Female Male

Source: MPR-RI’s Website

E. Judicatory Institution

• None out of 12 leaders of the Supreme Court is females.

• None out of 5 leaders of Commission on the Eradication of Corruption (KPK) is females.

• Out of 9 leaders of the Constitutional Court (MK), 1 is female.

• None out of 6 leaders of the Judicial Commission (KY) is females.

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