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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Seminar PresentationOn

Generation of Electricity from Coal

Parul Institute Of Engineering And Technology

Affiliated to

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad.

Presented By:

Swapnil Sharma

ME 1st Sem(PS)

Basic of Power Generation

Basic information on Coal/Fuel Oil

Combustion Process

Power Plant Cycle

4 Main Path come across in any thermal power plant

Boilers and Turbines

Transmission of Power and Switching

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A thermal power station is a power plant in which the

Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam

turbine and does some other work and produce

electricity .

After it passes through the turbine, the steam is

condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it

was heated, this is known as a Rankine cycle

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Power Generation, Transmission and

Distribution

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Coal

Chemical Energy

Super Heated Steam

Pollutants

Thermal Energy

Turbine Torque

Heat Loss In

Condenser

Kinetic Energy

Electrical Energy

Alternating current in Stator

Mech. Energy

LossASHHeat

Loss

Elet. Energy

Loss

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Overview of Thermal Power Plant

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Coal - 12000 Ton/day

Water – 98000 Cubic meter / day

Oil - 100 Cubic meter / day

Air - 50000 Tons/ day

This also result in the following

Ash - 4200 tons/ day

CO2 - 30000 tons/ day

So2 - 600 tons/ day

No2 - 80 tons/ day

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NR

WR

SR

ER

NER

Ennore

Kudankulam

Kayamkulam

Partabpur

Talcher/Ib Valley

Vindhyachal

Korba

MAJOR ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA

LEGEND

Coal

Hydro

Lignite

Coastal

Nuclear

Vizag

Simhadri

Kaiga

Tarapur

Mangalore

Krishnapatnam

RAPP

53,000MW

23,000MW

1,700MWSIKKIM

MY

AN

MM

AR

CHICKEN NECK

Cuddalore

SRI LANKACOLOMBO

NEPALBHUTAN

DESHBANGLA

South Madras

Pipavav

Generation Load-Centre

Kolkata

Bhubaneswar

Patna

Lucknow

Delhi

Mumbai

Chennai

Bangalore

Bhopal

Guwahati

Jammu

Ludhiana

Jaipur

Gandhinagar

Indore

Raipur

Thiruvananthapuram

Kozhikode

Hyderabad

* Hydro Potential : 1,10,000

> 25,000MW already installed

> 19,000MW under implementation

> 66,000MW still to be exploited

* 90% coal reserves in ER & WR

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Share of Coal in Power

Generation

Advantages of Coal Fuel

•Abundantly available in India

•Low cost

•Technology for Power Generation well developed.

•Easy to handle, transport, store and use

Shortcomings of Coal

•Low Calorific Value

•Large quantity to be Handled

•Produces pollutants, ash

•Disposal of ash is Problematic

•Reserves depleting fast

•India’s Coal Reserves are estimated to be 206 billion tonnes. Present consumption is about 450 million tonnes.

•Cost of coal for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of coal Rs 1000/MT) is Rs 0.75.

•Cost of Gas for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of Gas Rs 6/SMC) is Rs 1.20.

Coal

55%

Gas

10%

Diesel

1%

Hydel

26%

RES

5%

Nuclear

3%

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Coal Transportation

•Rail

•Truck

•Conveyor

•Ship

Coal production

•Surface Mining

•Underground Mining

Coal Properties

•Calorific Value

•Grade of Coal (UHV)

•Proximate Analysis

•Ultimate Analysis

•Ash and Minerals

•Grindability

•Rank

•Physical Characteristics

Coal Beneficiation (Coal cleaning and reduction in total volume of coal.)

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Coal Analysis Typical composition

Proximate Analysis Moisture, Volatile , Ash and Fixed Carbon

Ultimate Analysis Hydrogen, Sulphur , Oxygen,

Ash and Mineral Content of Ash and Mineral

Grind ability Grind a specific coal to the particles size necessary foreffective combustion

Rank Stage of coal has reached on the coalification

Physical Characteristic - Hardness , Color, Weight, Volume

Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur are sources of heat on combustion

Surface moisture removed on heating during pulverization.

Inherent moisture and volatiles are released at higher temperature, making coal porous and leading to char/ coke formation. (Thermal preparation stage)

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Main reactions

2C + O2 = 2CO + 3950 BTU/lb (Deficit air)

C + O2 = CO2 +14093 BTU/lb

Secondary reactions

2CO + O2 = 2CO2 + 4347BTU/lb

C + CO2 = 2CO -7.25MJ/kg

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Carbon reaction

2C + O2 =2CO [Eco =60kJ/mol]

C + O2 =CO2 [Eco2 =140kJ/mol]

reaction at 1200oC

4C + 3O2 =2CO + 2CO2 (Ratio 1:1)

Reaction at 1700oC

3C + 2O2 = 2CO +CO2 (Ratio 2:1)

It is desirable to supply combustion air at lower temperature regime in furnace

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Hydrogen reaction

2H2 + O2 = 2H2O +61095 BTU/lb

Sulfur reaction

S + O2 = SO2 + 3980 BTU/lb (undesirable)

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Anthracite

Semi-anthracite

Bituminous

Semi-Bituminous

Lignite

Peat

High CV, low VM

High CV, low VM

Medium CV, medium VM

Medium CV, medium VM

Low CV, high VM, high TM

Very low CV, high VM & TM

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liquid fuels used in power plantsLight Diesel Oil (LDO) -Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) -

Droplet formation on atomization (by steam/compressed air/ mechanical pressurization)

Combustion initiation by High energy sparkignition

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one would come across in any

thermal power plant layout are

- Coal and Ash Circuit

- Air and Gas Circuit

- Feed Water and Steam Circuit

- Cooling Water Circuit

Wagon Tripler Conveyer Belt Magnetic Separation Crusher (20-25 mm) Bunker

Mill Burner

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Ash Circuit

Bottom Ash Fly Ash

(80%) (20%)

Slurry Silo

Ash Ponds

Fuel gas Circuit

Furnace Super heater Economiser

APH ESP ID Fan

Chimney

Air Circuit

FD Fan APH Wind Box

Furnace

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Circulating Pump

Condenser

Cooling Tower

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Steam generating device for a specific purpose.

Capable to meet variation in load demand

Capable of generating steam in a range of operating pressure and temperature

For utility purpose, it should generate steam uninterruptedly at operating pressure and temperature for running steam turbines.

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Raw materials for design of boilers

1. Coal from mines

2. Ambient air

3. Water from natural resources

4. (river, ponds)

o Generating heat energy

o Air for combustion

o Working fluid for steam

o generation, possessing heat energy

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A 500MW steam generator consumes about 8000 tonnes of coal every

day

It will be considered good, if it requires about 200 cubic meter of DM

water in a day

It will produce about 9500 tonnes of Carbon di Oxide every day

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ARRANGEMENT OF MAIN BOILER (STEAM

GENERATOR)

A STEAM GENERATOR IS A COMPLEX INTEGRATION OF THE FOLLOWING ACCESSORIES:

* ECONOMISER * REHEATER

* BOILER DRUM * DIV PANEL

•DOWN COMERS * CCW PUMPS

* BOTTOM RING HEADER * BURNERS

* WATER WALLS * APHs

Water Tube Boiler: Here the heat source is outside the tubes and the water to be heated is inside. Most high-pressure and large boilers are of this type. In the water-tube boiler, gases flow over water-filled tubes. These water-filled tubes are in turn connected to large containers called drums.

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Tangential Firing System

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Bypass

Turbine

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The steam turbine is a

form of heat engine that

derives much of its

improvement in

thermodynamic efficiency

from the use of multiple

stages in the expansion

of the steam

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Turbine

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Switchyard One line Diagram

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Transfer Bus 400 KV

Main Bus II

Main Bus I

CB CB

CB

GT

20.5/400KV

Gen Bay Feeder Bay

Bus

Isolator

Transfer Bus

Bay

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