generator powered pulsator (gpp)...the gpp ammeter reading at 40 \ ercent of range \ 㘀...

Generator Powered Pulsator (GPP)

Outputs and Metering

Acknowledgement to Jan Dean for several contributions

Note: peak reading digitalvoltmeter and ammeter (optional)

GPPSmith-Root, Inc.

Continuous voltage control? Frequency

PresenterPresentation Notes

Output waveforms AC or pulsed DC.

Frequency control is stepped.

Peak reading voltage and amp meters can be added via the “Power Standardization System” or by retrofit LCD metering.

Voltage control is not direct and is confounded because one control knob controls both voltage and pulse width (SCR controlled). See Miranda and Spencer (2005) for a description. In addition, the following slides run through the waveforms resulting from changes in “Percent of Range”. In actuality, “Percent of Range” refers to the % of possible pulse width, not range of voltage. In theory and as you will observe in the slides, peak voltage increases when “Percent of Range” is increased from 10 to 50% or so. After 50%, peak voltage does not increase, or increases very little. Pulse width (and duty cycle) increases directly with increasing “Percent of Range”. So, 50% of range is 50% of the maximum pulse width capacity of the control box.

How PDC is Generated

Time

Volts

Time

Volts

How PDC is Generated and Controlled

Time

Volts

Time

Volts

Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment10%

10 % of Range

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630

Chart6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

10 % of Range

0

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

0

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

SCR

XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X

00.0000.000

100.1740.174

200.3420.342

300.5000.500

400.6430.6430.000

500.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.000

901.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.174

3800.3420.342

3900.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.000

4100.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.000

4501.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

SCR

100 % of Range

Sheet1

75 % of Range

Sheet2

50 % of Range

Sheet3

30 % of Range

10 % of Range


00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000


30 % of Range

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630

Chart5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

30 % of Range

0

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

0

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

SCR


00.0000.000

100.1740.174

200.3420.342

300.5000.500

400.6430.6430.000

500.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.000

901.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.174

3800.3420.342

3900.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.000

4100.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.000

4501.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

SCR

100 % of Range

Sheet1

75 % of Range

Sheet2

50 % of Range

Sheet3

30 % of Range

10 % of Range


00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000


50 % of Range

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630

Chart4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

50 % of Range

0

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

0

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

SCR


00.0000.000

100.1740.174

200.3420.342

300.5000.500

400.6430.6430.000

500.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.000

901.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.174

3800.3420.342

3900.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.000

4100.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.000

4501.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

SCR

100 % of Range

Sheet1

75 % of Range

Sheet2

50 % of Range

Sheet3

30 % of Range

10 % of Range


00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000


75 % of Range

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630

Chart3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

75 % of Range

0

0.7660444431

0.8660254038

0.9396926208

0.984807753

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

0

0.7660444431

0.8660254038

0.9396926208

0.984807753

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

SCR


00.0000.000

100.1740.174

200.3420.342

300.5000.500

400.6430.6430.000

500.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.000

901.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.174

3800.3420.342

3900.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.000

4100.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.000

4501.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

SCR

100 % of Range

Sheet1

75 % of Range

Sheet2

50 % of Range

Sheet3

30 % of Range

10 % of Range


00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment100%100 % of Range

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630

Chart2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

100 % of Range

0

0.1736481777

0.3420201433

0.5

0.6427876097

0.7660444431

0.8660254038

0.9396926208

0.984807753

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

-2.45029690981724E-16

0.1736481777

0.3420201433

0.5

0.6427876097

0.7660444431

0.8660254038

0.9396926208

0.984807753

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

SCR


00.0000.000

100.1740.174

200.3420.342

300.5000.500

400.6430.6430.000

500.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.000

901.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.174

3800.3420.342

3900.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.000

4100.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.000

4501.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

SCR

100 % of Range

Sheet1

75 % of Range

Sheet2

50 % of Range

Sheet3

30 % of Range

10 % of Range


00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

190-0.174

200-0.342

210-0.500

220-0.643

230-0.766

240-0.866

250-0.940

260-0.985

270-1.000

280-0.985

290-0.940

300-0.866

310-0.766

320-0.643

330-0.500

340-0.342

350-0.174

360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000

3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000

4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985

4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940

4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866

4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766

5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643

5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500

5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342

5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174

5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

Percent of Range (POR) Control

60 POR 80 POR 100 POR

10 POR 20 POR 40 POR

Pulse Width vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

GPP % Range

Puls

e W

idth

(ms)

S-R GPP Pulse Width vs. Range Setting

PresenterPresentation NotesEssentially linear increase of pulse width with Percent of Range setting.

Chart2

1010

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100

PW (ms)

Model

GPP % Range

Pulse Width (ms)


1.29

1.3235639616

1.98

1.8718021052

2.6

2.6471279233

3.19

3.2420563479

3.73

3.7436042104

4.23

4.1854767477

Vp

Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Peak Voltage vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State

The Gompertz and Logistic equations provide closer estimates than the Sine-based formula, though the latter is more explanatory.

Above the 60% Range setting, peak voltage is near maximum.

The GPP output occurred in 305 uS/cm ambient water conductivity.

% Range1703405001000Max132.0737826031A_147.6278136543Max1121.7916292008Smith-Root GPP 7.5 boat electrofisher peak voltage output by percent range setting.

1092186283536k_1.151526879B_1.0395242272c_1.8259156699Estimated values are peak voltage as percent of voltage setting, peak voltage,

20109232340653g_0.026308447g1_0.0395480692pulse width in mS and duty cycle in percent for given frequencies (pulses per second).

40157303442849SSR24.8Percent setting Vp values estimated from a logistic equation.

601813495151040SSR0.4SSR0.1Data from L. E. Miranda, Mississippi State University Coop Unit.

801833615331072

1001833615361072Peak voltage setting =340

% RangeVp (% Setting)VpPW (mS)dc 15dc 60dc 120

% Range% Setting% Setting% Setting% SettingAverageGompResidSineResidLogisticResid1054.61861.32.07.915.9

1054.154.756.653.654.854.50.353.51.254.60.12066.62271.92.811.222.5

2064.168.268.065.366.466.9-0.567.9-1.566.6-0.23078.22662.33.413.827.5

4092.489.188.484.988.788.40.389.5-0.888.60.14088.63012.64.015.931.8

60106.5102.6103.0104.0104.0104.1-0.199.54.5104.1-0.05097.23313.04.417.835.5

80107.6106.2106.6107.2106.9114.8-7.996.5113.1-6.260104.13543.24.919.538.9

100107.6106.2107.2107.2107.1121.6-14.581.0117.7-10.680106.93633.75.622.544.9

100107.13644.26.325.150.2

1054.553.554.6

2066.967.966.6

3078.380.078.2

4088.489.588.6

5097.096.197.2

60104.199.5104.1

Note: Check formulas under the Gomp, Sine and Logistic columns. The Gompertz and Logistic equations provide almost equivalent results.

Vp

170

340

500

1000

Sine

Gomp

Logistic

GPP % Range

Voltage (% Setting)

Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher

PW

170

340

500

1000

Sine

Gomp

Logistic

GPP % Range

Voltage (% Setting)


DC

Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Pulse Width vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State

% RangePW (ms)ModelResidc_0.4185

101.291.32-0.03e_0.5

201.981.870.11

402.602.65-0.05SSR0.02

603.193.24-0.05

803.733.74-0.01

1004.234.190.04

Note: PW = 0.419 x % Range^0.5

DC

PW (ms)

Model

GPP % Range

Pulse Width (ms)


Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Duty Cycle vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State

% Range1560120PW (ms)PW est15 est60 est120 est

101.857.7014.801.291.321.997.9415.88

202.8511.9023.301.981.872.8111.2322.46

403.7715.2030.302.602.653.9715.8831.77

604.7219.0037.003.193.244.8619.4538.90

805.7022.5044.003.733.745.6222.4644.92

1006.3025.3050.004.234.196.2825.1150.23

Note: Duty Cycle = (Pulse Width x Hz) ÷ 10

15

60

120

15 est

60 est

120 est

GPP % Range

Duty Cycle (%)

Duty Cycle vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120GPP % Range

Volta

ge (%

Set

ting)

1703405001000

S-R GPP Voltage vs. Range Setting

PresenterPresentation NotesGreater than 50 – 60% of range results in little to no voltage increase.

Chart3

101010101010

202020202020

404040403030

606060604040

808080805050

1001001001006060

170

340

500

1000

Gomp

Logistic

GPP % Range

Voltage (% Setting)


54.1176470588

54.7058823529

56.6

53.6

54.5004271829

54.6275297593

64.1176470588

68.2352941176

68

65.3

66.8843247165

66.6297720614

92.3529411765

89.1176470588

88.4

84.9

78.2849927139

78.1987676267

106.4705882353

102.6470588235

103

104

88.3528962551

88.5518557855

107.6470588235

106.1764705882

106.6

107.2

96.9636213444

97.2187819507

107.6470588235

106.1764705882

107.2

107.2

104.1487783639

104.0779438085

Vp










801833615331072




1054.154.756.653.654.854.50.353.51.254.60.12066.62271.92.811.222.5

2064.168.268.065.366.466.9-0.567.9-1.566.6-0.23078.22662.33.413.827.5

4092.489.188.484.988.788.40.389.5-0.888.60.14088.63012.64.015.931.8

60106.5102.6103.0104.0104.0104.1-0.199.54.5104.1-0.05097.23313.04.417.835.5

80107.6106.2106.6107.2106.9114.8-7.996.5113.1-6.260104.13543.24.919.538.9

100107.6106.2107.2107.2107.1121.6-14.581.0117.7-10.680106.93633.75.622.544.9

100107.13644.26.325.150.2

1054.553.554.6

2066.967.966.6

3078.380.078.2

4088.489.588.6

5097.096.197.2

60104.199.5104.1


Vp

170

340

500

1000

Sine

Gomp

Logistic

GPP % Range

Voltage (% Setting)


PW

170

340

500

1000

Sine

Gomp

Logistic

GPP % Range

Voltage (% Setting)


DC



101.291.32-0.03e_0.5

201.981.870.11

402.602.65-0.05SSR0.02

603.193.24-0.05

803.733.74-0.01

1004.234.190.04


DC

PW (ms)

Model

GPP % Range

Pulse Width (ms)




101.857.7014.801.291.321.997.9415.88

202.8511.9023.301.981.872.8111.2322.46

403.7715.2030.302.602.653.9715.8831.77

604.7219.0037.003.193.244.8619.4538.90

805.7022.5044.003.733.745.6222.4644.92

1006.3025.3050.004.234.196.2825.1150.23


15

60

120

15 est

60 est

120 est

GPP % Range

Duty Cycle (%)



0

10

20

30

40

50

0 20 40 60 80 100

GPP % Range

Dut

y C

ycle

(%)

15 60 120

S-R GPP Duty Cycle vs. Range Setting

PresenterPresentation NotesThree frequencies, 15, 60, and 120 pulses per second. Essentially linear increases at the test water conductivity. However, Martinez and Kolz (2009) reviewed power output vs. percent of range at different voltage settings over a range of water conductivities. If you have a GPP unit and are interested in standardizing, give this paper a look. At the very least, you will see that using a high voltage setting in higher water conductivities can lead to diminished output and actually less power output than lower voltage settings. You can use Boat Power to demonstrate these dynamics as well.

Chart1

1010101010

2020202020

4040404040

6060606060

8080808080

100100100100100

15

60

120

15 est

60 est

GPP % Range

Duty Cycle (%)


1.85

7.7

14.8

1.9853459425

7.9413837698

2.85

11.9

23.3

2.8077031578

11.2308126313

3.77

15.2

30.3

3.9706918849

15.8827675397

4.72

19

37

4.8630845219

19.4523380877

5.7

22.5

44

5.6154063156

22.4616252626

6.3

25.3

50

6.2782151215

25.1128604861

Vp










801833615331072




1054.154.756.653.654.854.50.353.51.254.60.12066.62271.92.811.222.5

2064.168.268.065.366.466.9-0.567.9-1.566.6-0.23078.22662.33.413.827.5

4092.489.188.484.988.788.40.389.5-0.888.60.14088.63012.64.015.931.8

60106.5102.6103.0104.0104.0104.1-0.199.54.5104.1-0.05097.23313.04.417.835.5

80107.6106.2106.6107.2106.9114.8-7.996.5113.1-6.260104.13543.24.919.538.9

100107.6106.2107.2107.2107.1121.6-14.581.0117.7-10.680106.93633.75.622.544.9

100107.13644.26.325.150.2

1054.553.554.6

2066.967.966.6

3078.380.078.2

4088.489.588.6

5097.096.197.2

60104.199.5104.1


Vp

170

340

500

1000

Sine

Gomp

Logistic

GPP % Range

Voltage (% Setting)


PW

170

340

500

1000

Sine

Gomp

Logistic

GPP % Range

Voltage (% Setting)


DC



101.291.32-0.03e_0.5

201.981.870.11

402.602.65-0.05SSR0.02

603.193.24-0.05

803.733.74-0.01

1004.234.190.04


DC

PW (ms)

Model

GPP % Range

Pulse Width (ms)




101.857.7014.801.291.321.997.9415.88

202.8511.9023.301.981.872.8111.2322.46

403.7715.2030.302.602.653.9715.8831.77

604.7219.0037.003.193.244.8619.4538.90

805.7022.5044.003.733.745.6222.4644.92

1006.3025.3050.004.234.196.2825.1150.23


15

60

120

15 est

60 est

120 est

GPP % Range

Duty Cycle (%)


Duty Cycle vs PORGPP 7.5, Three Frequencies

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Range

Duty

Cycle

(%)

15 60 120

Which Frequency should you use?Consider optimum Duty Cycle (20 – 40%)

Settings with a target duty cycle of 20 – 40%: 120 pps = 20 – 60 POR60 pps = 60 – 100 POR

PresenterPresentation NotesOften, the most efficient electrofishing will occur when the duty cycle is between 20 and 40%. If 20 – 40% duty cycle is your target, then there are only two frequencies that will allow the target to be achieved, 60 pps & 120 pps. Since going above 60 percent of range doesn’t increase peak voltage but does increase average power demand on your equipment, the settings you need to operate in are:

60 pps, 60 – 100 percent of range

120 pps, 15 – 60 percent of range

Chart3

101010101010

202020202020

404040404040

606060606060

808080808080

100100100100100100

15

60

120

15 est

60 est

120 est

Percent of Range

Duty Cycle (%)


1.85

7.7

14.8

1.9853459425

7.9413837698

15.8827675397

2.85

11.9

23.3

2.8077031578

11.2308126313

22.4616252626

3.77

15.2

30.3

3.9706918849

15.8827675397

31.7655350793

4.72

19

37

4.8630845219

19.4523380877

38.9046761754

5.7

22.5

44

5.6154063156

22.4616252626

44.9232505252

6.3

25.3

50

6.2782151215

25.1128604861

50.2257209723

Sheet1

Sheet1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

100 % of Range

0

0.1736481777

0.3420201433

0.5

0.6427876097

0.7660444431

0.8660254038

0.9396926208

0.984807753

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

-2.45029690981724E-16

0.1736481777

0.3420201433

0.5

0.6427876097

0.7660444431

0.8660254038

0.9396926208

0.984807753

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

75 % of Range

0

0.7660444431

0.8660254038

0.9396926208

0.984807753

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

0

0.7660444431

0.8660254038

0.9396926208

0.984807753

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

50 % of Range

0

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

0

1

0.984807753

0.9396926208

0.8660254038

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

30 % of Range

0

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

0

0.7660444431

0.6427876097

0.5

0.3420201433

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

10 % of Range

0

0.1736481777

1.22514845490862E-16

0

0.1736481777

3.67544536472586E-16

101010101010

202020202020

404040403030

606060604040

808080805050

1001001001006060

170

340

500

1000

Gomp

Logistic

GPP % Range

Voltage (% Setting)


54.1176470588

54.7058823529

56.6

53.6

54.5004271829

54.6275297593

64.1176470588

68.2352941176

68

65.3

66.8843247165

66.6297720614

92.3529411765

89.1176470588

88.4

84.9

78.2849927139

78.1987676267

106.4705882353

102.6470588235

103

104

88.3528962551

88.5518557855

107.6470588235

106.1764705882

106.6

107.2

96.9636213444

97.2187819507

107.6470588235

106.1764705882

107.2

107.2

104.1487783639

104.0779438085

1010

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100

PW (ms)

Model

Percent of Range

Pulse Width (ms)

Pulse Width vs PORGPP 7.5 Electrofisher

1.29

1.3235639616

1.98

1.8718021052

2.6

2.6471279233

3.19

3.2420563479

3.73

3.7436042104

4.23

4.1854767477

101010101010

202020202020

404040404040

606060606060

808080808080

100100100100100100

15

60

120

15 est

60 est

120 est

Percent of Range

Duty Cycle (%)


1.85

7.7

14.8

1.9853459425

7.9413837698

15.8827675397

2.85

11.9

23.3

2.8077031578

11.2308126313

22.4616252626

3.77

15.2

30.3

3.9706918849

15.8827675397

31.7655350793

4.72

19

37

4.8630845219

19.4523380877

38.9046761754

5.7

22.5

44

5.6154063156

22.4616252626

44.9232505252

6.3

25.3

50

6.2782151215

25.1128604861

50.2257209723

Peak & GPP Current vs POR AdjustmentGPP 7.5, 60 & 120 Hz

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Range

Curre

nt (A

mps

)

Fluke 120 GPP 120 Fluke 60 GPP 60

A Consideration About MeteringDoes the GPP ammeter measure Peak or Average current?

Fluke 60 or 120 = scopemeter measured peak current under 60 pps or 120 ppsGPP 60 or 120 = GPP ammeter displayed current under 60 pps or 120 pps

Using the 60 pps, 60% of range settings, the peak voltage was ~25 amps and the GPP ammeter reading was ~5 amps. Duty cycle at 60 pps, 60 POR is about 20%. Thus, the average current is about 20% of the peak. In this case, 20% of 25 amps is 5 amps.

PresenterPresentation NotesThe GPP ammeter reads less current than the scopemeter at both frequencies. The scopemeter is reading peak current, thus the GPP ammeter is definitely not reading peak current but is it displaying average current?

We can use duty cycle to answer this question. At 60 pps, 40 percent of range, the duty cycle from the previous graph is about 15%. The GPP ammeter reading at 40 percent of range (60 pps) is about 4 amps. The peak current from the scopemeter is about 23 amps.

Average amps = (peak amps) x duty cycle = 23 x 0.15 = 3.5 average amps.

This is close agreement to the GPP ammeter reading so we can conclude that the ammeter reads average amps. Now, although the GPP ammeter tracks the scopemeter readings, the tracking is not exact. Additional measurements have shown that the GPP ammeter is more an index of average amp output than a precise average ammeter.

Chart1

10101010

20202020

40404040

60606060

80808080

100100100100

Fluke 120

GPP 120

Fluke 60

GPP 60

Percent of Range

Current (Amps)


15.1

3.2

15.2

1.6

17.4

4.5

17.5

2.4

22.3

8

22.9

4.2

25.6

11.6

26.2

5.8

26.2

14.5

26.3

7.3

25.8

15.3

26

7.6

Black Bass Box

Hot Springs Black Bass Boat; Black Bass Box (GPP 7.5); Lake Greenlee 6/20/11

Cs = 580 at 32°C; Ca = 666 µS/cm; all at 120 Hz

One Boom: 180 Vp, 14.3 Ap; 12.6 ΩA + C = 12.6 Ω

Two Booms: 177 Vp, 23.9 Ap; 7.4 Ω½ A + C = 7.4 Ω

Therefore, ½ A = 5.2 Ω, A = 10.4 Ω, C = 2.2 Ω at ambient resistance of 666 µS/cm

A is the resistance of one anode boom. 10.4 x 6.66 = 69 Ω at 100 µS/cm

C is the resistance of the boat hull. 2.3 x 6.66 = 14.7 Ω at 100 µS/cm

Percent of Power to the Anodes = 5.2 ÷ 7.4 = 70%

Guidelines: Clean Boat Hulls are often 15 Ω at 100 µS/cm

Percent of Power to the Anodes 60-75% optimum

Total resistance often 40-60 Ω

Conclusions: This EF boat appears ideal in terms of overall resistance, boat hull resistance

and percent of power to the anodes

Lacked voltage gradient probe to map voltage gradients but expect the field is good.

PORVpDuty CycleApGPPWpRaR100GPP/Peak

1012222.216.94.220627.220.25

2014229.219.96.228267.140.31

4016434.322.58.236907.290.36

6017739.524.811.043907.140.44

8017945.625.312.545297.080.49

10017948.925.513.445657.020.53

7.1547.6

Note: GPP ammeter does not measure peak current, and peak current

is needed to standardize electrofishing by power for different conductivities

Black Bass Box

Vp

Percent of Range

Peak Voltage

Peak Voltage vs POR Adjustment

River Box

Ap

Percent of Range

Peak Current

Peak Current vs POR Adjustment

GPP

Percent of Range

GPP Current

GPP Current vs POR Adjustment

Duty Cycle

Percent of Range

Duty Cycle (%)

Duty Cycle vs POR Adjustment

Ap

Percent of Range

Peak Power

Peak Power vs POR Adjustment

Duty Cycle

Duty Cycle (%)

GPP ÷ Peak Current

GPP/Peak vs Duty Cycle

Hot Springs Black Bass Boat; River Box (GPP 7.5); Lake Greenlee 6/20/11

Cs = 580 at 32°C; Ca = 666 µS/cm; 60 and 120 Hz

PORFluke 120GPP 120Fluke 60GPP 60Duty Cycle

1015.13.215.21.620.1

2017.44.517.52.423.3

4022.38.022.94.233.3

6025.611.626.25.839.9

8026.214.526.37.346.5

10025.815.326.07.652.0

Fluke 120

GPP 120

Fluke 60

GPP 60

Percent of Range

Current (Amps)


POR

Percent of Range

Duty Cycle (%)

Duty Cycle vs POR Adjustment

Summary• GPPs have interrelated controls, i.e., the POR controls peak voltage (and

peak current and peak power) in an asymptotic fashion, it increases over 10-60 POR then begins to level off within 60-100 POR

• This interrelatedness between voltage and duty cycle (two important fish-catching factors) leads to greater variation and hinders standardization

• The operator does not have fine control over voltage and duty cycle, hindering the use of standardization tables

• POR increases pulse width in a linear fashion• Changing frequency affects duty cycle (possibly why some agencies only

use 120 pps with GPPs)• GPPs lack peak metering for current and have no voltage metering (to

monitor peak voltage or current output, either must use external metering or install Smith-Root, Inc. metering)

Summary (continued)• Settings for general warmwater fish sampling:

– set Frequency to 120 pps– set Percent of Range (POR) knob in a range of 40 –

60– in very low (say ≤ 50 µS/cm) or in very high (say ≥

800 µS/cm) conductivity, try Alternating Current (AC)

Optional Meter for GPPs

GPP Meter Display

All the important attributes are displayed: peak volts, peak amps, and peak power plus frequency and duty cycle. However, you still have very little direct control of output.

PresenterPresentation NotesAll the important attributes are displayed: peak volts, amps, and power plus frequency and duty cycle. However, you still have very little direct control of output.

Generator Powered Pulsator (GPP)Slide Number 2How PDC is GeneratedHow PDC is Generated and ControlledSmith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�10%Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�30%Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�50%Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�75%Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�100%Percent of Range (POR) ControlS-R GPP Pulse Width vs. Range SettingS-R GPP Voltage vs. Range SettingS-R GPP Duty Cycle vs. Range SettingSlide Number 14Slide Number 15SummarySummary (continued)Optional Meter for GPPsGPP Meter Display

generator powered pulsator (gpp)...the gpp ammeter reading at 40 \ ercent of range \ 㘀...

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