RESUMO GRAMTICA DE INGLS

GERUND (Gerndio)- O gerndio a forma verbal caracterizada pela terminao -ing. - USOS DO GERNDIO:1) Como substantivo:- Singing is her favorite hobby.- Swimming is good for you. - Painting is his favorite pastime.

OBS: As formas To sing is her favorite hobby; To swim is good for you e To paint is his favorite activity tambm esto corretas, porm so bem menos comuns e mais formais.Aps uma preposio (about, against, at, in, of, for, on, after, before, etc.), o verbo vem sempre na forma -ing; muitas vezes, a preposio forma unidade com um adjetivo, um substantivo ou verbo: - After resting I'll make the bed. - Without knowing what to do, I went home earlier. - Before opening the letter, she took a deep breath. - You can save 10% by booking on the internet. OBSERVAO: before, after, by, instead of e without vm sempre seguidos com verbo no gerndio.

2) Adjetivo + preposio + ...ing:- He is disappointed about seeing such a bad report.- She is glad about getting married again.- I'm against voting for Richard.- I'm worried about making mistakes.- He is famous for singing songs.2.1) Substantivo + preposio + ...ing:- What are the chances of finding a taxi?- He has difficulty in talking to the public.- He is in doubt about buying another car.- I like the idea of moving here.- There's no interest in writing letters.- This is a simple method of finding solutions.- There are good reasons for eating a lot of fruit.

2.2) Verbo + preposio + ...ing:- I thought about asking my father for help.- He apologized for being late.- In the lecture he talked about emigrating.- She thanked us for helping her.- We succceeded in persuading her.3) Com a funo de objeto direto e objeto indireto (com preposio):- I miss playing baseball every day.- I enjoy reading. - We have to practice dancing for our presentation next week.- I don't understand you. Can you imagine staying at home on Saturday night? That is too boring. - They were prevented from swimming.

4) O gerndio tambm usado aps os verbos go e come quando falamos sobre atividade fsica ou esporte, e aps a expresso go shopping:- We are going riding on bicycle this afternoon.- They went skiing last winter.

6) Aps determinadas expresses: CAN'T STAND (NO SUPORTAR):- I can't stand being far from you CAN'T HELP (NO PODER EVITAR):- He couldn't help falling in love with her. BE WORTH (VALER A PENA):- It was worth listening to him. (Valeu a pena escut-lo.)- It is worth speaking more than one language. FEEL LIKE (ESTAR A FIM DE, ESTAR COM VONTADE DE):- I feel like having a cup of tea.

- Do you feel like going home? IT IS NO GOOD (NO BOM):- It is no good talking to this boy.

IT IS GOOD ( BOM):- It is good talking English as much as you can to improve the language. - It is good thinking before talking what comes to our mind.

IT IS NO USE (NO ADIANTA):- It is no use talking to the headmaster. He won't help us. THERE IS NO POINT (NO H POR QUE, NO H RAZO):- There is no point researching another source for our project. - Some people believe there is no point in teaching students how to spell or pronounce words without providing their associated meanings. WHAT ABOUT / HOW ABOUT (QUE TAL):- What about going to the zoo?- How about walking home instead of taking the car? LOOK FORWARD TO (AGUARDAR ANSIOSAMENTE):- We are looking forward to meeting you again. BE USED TO (ESTAR ACOSTUMADO A):- In Norway we are used to having a lot of snow. OBJECT TO (OPOR-SE, RECUSAR):- They objected to sitting in the smoking section

Infinitive (Infinitivo)- O infinitivo a forma original do verbo e pode aparecer com ou sem a partcula to.

USOS DO INFINITIVO SEM TO:Usa-se o infinitivo sem to:1. Aps os verbos modais (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, ought to, needn't e, s vezes need) e os verbos auxiliares do e will. Veja alguns exemplos:- I can't dive.- They might be interested.- You should see a doctor more often. - They must study. - You need not wait for her. - We shall sing a song.- She doesn't study in the morning. - You may be right.2. Aps as expresses had better (seria melhor, seria aconselhvel) e would rather (preferiria):You had better find a job urgently. I'd rather go home on foot. You'd better tell me the truth. Would you rather watch tv? 3. Aps os verbos let e make na seguinte estrutura: let/make someone do something:She makes me feel good. Let me stay here with you. My parents let me go out with my friends last night.The dentist made me wait for over an hour. 4. Aps as conjunes but e except:I'll do anything for you but wash your car. She does nothing but cry. 5. Dare (atrever-se) tambm pode ser seguido de infinitivo com ou sem to:She wouldn't dare (to) repeat what she just said.(Ela no se atreveria a repetir o que ela acabou de falar.)6. Aps why (not):Why not ask your neighbour for help? (Por que no pedir ajuda ao seu vizinho?)Why pay more at other shops? We have the lowest prices! (Por que pagar mais em outros shoppings? Ns temos os preos mais baixos!)7. Aps verbos de percepo (feel, hear, notice, watch, observe, see) que seguem a estrutura verb + object + infinitve without to:I didn't see you come in. (No vi voc entrar.)I've heard he say that you were leaving.Amanda noticed them come in. (Amanda os viu entrar.)The police observed a strange man enter the bank. (A polcia viu um homem estranho entrar no banco.)8. Aps and, or, than, as e like:- Quando duas estruturas no infinitivo so ligadas por and, or, than, as e like, a segunda geralmente seguida de infinitivo sem to:I'd like to lie down and go to sleep. Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later?

It's easier to do it by yourself than explain to somebody else how to do it.

* A expresso rather than tambm seguida de infinitivo sem to: I'll have a beer rather than drink a wine, it's too hot today. (Vou tomar cerveja em vez de vinho, est muito quente hoje.)

USOS DO INFINITIVO COM TO:- Usa-se o infinitivo com to:1. Aps adjetivos, quando no forem seguidos por preposio e quando um adjetivo ou advrbio estiver acompanhado de too e enough:My car is hard to park because it is too big. It is easy to learn any language when you practice every day.

2. Would like (gostaria), would love (adoraria), would prefer (preferiria) e would hate (detestaria) pedem sempre to + infinitivo:She would hate to stay here all day. (Ela detestaria ficar aqui o dia todo.)I'd love to merry him. I'd prefer to stay at home tonight.

3. Aps o verbo to be: The most important thing now is to find a solution to the problem. The main thing is to relax.

4. Para indicar a finalidade, com que propsito se faz ou se quer algo:I'd like something to stop my toothache.Have you got the key to open this door?I need some more books to read.5. Something, anything, nothing e outras palavras similares so frequentemente seguidas por for + object + infinitive:There's nothing for the cats to eat. (No h nada para os gatos comerem.)Have you got something for me to eat?I must find somewhere for him to play the piano.

To como preposio:- To na verdade so duas palavras diferentes. pode ser um marcador de infinitivo usado para mostrar que o verbo infinitivo (ex: to swim, to laugh) e pode ser uma preposio seguida, por exemplo, por um substantivo (ex: She has gone to the park; I look forward to seeing you again.)

Quando to preposio, aplica-se a regra de que aps preposio o verbo deve ser seguido por gerndio. Expresses comuns em que isso ocorrre so look forward to, object to, be used to, prefer (doing one thing than to doing another), get around to, in addition to. Observe alguns exemplos e veja como a preposio to pode ser seguida tanto por um substantivo como por gerndio:I look forward to your next letter. She looks forward to having children. Do you object to Sunday work? Do you object to working on Sundays?

- VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE INFINITIVO OU GERNDIO COM MUDANA DE SIGNIFICADO

Alguns verbos aceitam as duas estruturas com usos e sentidos diferentes. Veja alguns exemplos:remember - forget - go on - mean - try - regret - stop

1. Remember - Remember + gerndio se refere a uma ao passada, significa lembrar-se de ter feito algo:I remember going to my uncle's farm every summer when I was a child. I remember playing soccer every day when I was a kid.

- Remember + infinitivo refere-se a uma ao futura, significa lembrar-se de fazer algo:Remember to pull down the blinds. When you go out, remember to buy today's paper.

2. Forget- Forget + gerndio refere-se a uma ao habitual, a uma ao passada, significa esquecer ou no do que fez ou do que aconteceu:He always forgets locking the door. I'll never forget meeting the Queen- Forget + infinitivo pode referir-se a uma ao futura, como tambm pode significar esquecer-se de fazer algo:Take care, and don't forget to write. Don't forget to call me on Saturday. ATENO: Com forget no se menciona o local onde o objeto foi esquecido. Para mencionar o lugar usa-se leave: I forgot my umbrella. / I left my umbrella at home.3. Go on- Go on + gerndio significa 'continuar'.She went on talking about her illness until we all went to sleep.The employees went on working until the next morning.- Go on + infinitive refere-se a uma mudana de ao, isto , quando algum passa a realizar uma ao diferente:After writing the compositions, the students went on to count the words. She stopped talking about that and went on to describe her other problems. 4. Mean- Mean + gerndio significa 'implicar em':Accepting that job offer will mean moving to a different city.

- Mean + infinitivo significa ter a inteno de fazer algo:I don't think she means to get marry for the moment.

5. Try- Try + gerndio significa experimentar, provar, fazer alguma coisa para ver o que vai acontecer:Try eating French snails. (Experimente comer scargot.)I tried sending her flowrs, writting her letters, giving her presents, but she still wouldn't speak to me.

- Try + infinitivo significa fazer esforo por algo, tentar fazer alguma coisa:The thin boy tried to lift the chair but it was too heavy for him.

Try to eat more vegetables.

6. Regret- Regret + gerndio significa lamentar-se por ter feito algo:I regret leaving the party before midnight, but I had to wake up early the next day.

I regret leaving school at 14 - it was a big mistake.

- Regret + infinitivo geralmente significa lamentar o que se vai informar, na maioria das vezes usado ao falar de ms notcias:I regret to tell you, you haven't pass the exam. (Lamento informar, voc no passou na prova.)We regret to inform passengers that the 152 train is one hour late.(Lamentamos informar aos passageiros que o trem 152 est uma hora atrasado.)7. Stop- Stop + gerndio significa deixar de realizar uma ao:I stopped drinking. (Parei de beber.)Please stop crying and tell me what's wrong. (Por favor, pare de chorar e me conte o que h de errado.)- Stop + infinitivo significa parar para fazer alguma coisa:She stopped to smoke.We stopped to admire the scenery. (Paramos para admirar a paisagem.)begin / continue / start verbs that can be followed by and infinitive or gerund form, with little or no change in meaning.

Reporting VerbsSaid, toldandaskedare the most common verbs used in indirect speech.We useaskedto report questions:-For example: IaskedLynne what time the lesson started.We usetoldwith an object.For example: Lynnetoldme she felt tired.!Note- Here me is the object.We usually usesaidwithout an object.For example: Lynnesaidshe was going to teach online.If said is used with an object we must includeto;For example: Lynnesaidtome that she'd never been to China.!Note- We usually usetold.For example: Lynnetoldme that she'd never been to China.There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.These include:-accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.For example:He asked me to come to the party:-He invited me to the party.

He begged me to come to the party.

He ordered me to come to the party.

He advised me to come to the party.

He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speechIn reported speech, the wordthatis often used.For example: He told methathe lived in Greenwich.However,thatis optional.For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.!Note- That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

future (going to)He said, Iam goingto school every day.present progressiveHe said (that) heis goingto school every day.

past progressiveHe said (that) hewas goingto school every day

Direct SpeechIndirect Speech

auxiliary + verb nameHe said, Do you goto school every day?He said,Where do you goto school?simple pastHe asked meif I wentto school every day.*He asked mewhere I wentto school.

Someeanyso adjetivos indefinidos utilizados quandonose pode usara/an, isto , com osincontveisecom substantivos no plural.The mother gave her babysomemilk.(A me deu um pouco de leite ao filho.)Some empregado basicamente em oraes afirmativas, enquantoany usado em perguntas (mas no em todas) ou em oraes negativas:I boughtsomecheese, but I didn't buyanybread. (Comprei um pouco de queijo, mas no comprei po nenhum.)You don't haveanychance. (Voc no tem chance alguma.)I'm going to the post office. I needsomestamps.(Vou aos correios. Preciso de alguns selos.)Are thereanybooks here? (H alguns livros aqui?)Some usado em perguntasapenas quando se trata de um oferecimento ou pedido ou quando esperamos que a resposta seja afirmativa:I'm thirsty. Can I havesomewater, please?(Estou com sede. Voc pode me dar um pouco de gua, por favor?)A. Can you lend mesomemoney? (Voc pode me emprestar algum dinheiro?)B. Sure. How much do you need? (Claro. De quanto voc precisa?

Any usado em frases afirmativas quando:- aparecer aps as conjunesifewhether:Ifyou haveanydoubt, ask me. (Se voc tiver alguma dvida, pergunte-me.)- significarqualquer:Takeanybook you need. (Pegue qualquer livro que precisar.)Anybook about cells will explain mitosis. (Qualquer livro sobre clulas explicar mitose.)

- houver palavra de sentido negativo na frase, comoseldom,never,rarely,without,hardly,barely,scarcely,little,etc.:He leftwithoutanymoney. (Ele saiu sem dinheiro algum.)Herarelyhasanyfree time. (Raramente ele tem algum tempo livre.)Weseldomseeanyflower in their garden. (Quase nunca vemos alguma flor no jardim deles.)My motherneverbuysanysoft drink at the supermarket.(Minha me nunca compra refrigerante algum no supermercado.)

Some e Any tambm podem ser utilizados no lugar de susbstantivosYou can have some coffee, but I don't wantany. (=anycoffee)(Voc pode tomar um pouco de caf, mas eu no quero.)I've bought some chocolate. Would you likesome? (=some chocolate)(Comprei chocolate. Voc gostaria de um pouco?)

Someeanypodem seradjetivosoupronomes:I wantsomeapples. (Funo desome:adjetivo)I wantsome. (Funo desome:pronomeindefinido)I don't wantanyapples. (Funo deany:adjetivo)I don't wantany. (Funo deany:pronomeindefinido)

ATENO: Os compostos desomeeanyso:something,anything(objetos);someone,anyonesomebody,anybody(pessoas);somewhere,anywhere(lugares). So usados nos mesmos tipos de oraes quesomeeany.

Usa-seno(= adjetivo; nenhum, nenhuma) enone(= pronome; nenhum, nenhuma)com verbos na forma afirmativa para dar um sentido negativo frase:1.No sempre seguido de um substantivo e equivale a uma orao negativa com any. Assim,o verbo ser sempre usado na forma afirmativa:I havenoidea where my glasses are. (No tenho idia de onde estejam meus culos.)He hadnoenergy and couldn't concentrate. (Ele no tinha energia e no conseguiu se concentrar.)We havenomoney to buy a new car. (No temos dinheiro para comprar um carro novo.)

NOTE: negative verb +any= positive verb +no:Theyhaven'tgotanychildren. or They'vegotnochildren.(notThey haven't got no children.)Thereisn't anysugar in your coffee. or There's nosugar in your coffee.

Noneequivale anot onee usado sozinho ou tambm com a preposioof+substantivo. A concordncia pode ser com o verbo no singular ou plural:None ofmy students speak Japanese. (Nenhum dos meus alunos fala Japons.)Time? I havenone! (Tempo? No tenho nenhum!)A. Is there no bread left? (No tem po?)B. No, there isnone. (No, no tem.)Sandra bought two books, but I boughtnone.(Sandra comprou dois livros, mas eu no comprei nenhum.)Noneofthe boys went to the mountains with me. I went by myself.(Nenhum dos meninos foi s montanhas comigo. Eu fui sozinho.)

Nofunciona apenas como adjetivo e, por isso,deve ser sempre seguido desubstantivo:I havenomoneyin the bank. (No tenho dinheiro nenhum no banco.)A. Do you have any eggs? (Voc tem alguns ovos?)B. No, I havenoeggs. (No, no tenho ovo nenhum.)

Nonefunciona apenas como pronome eno seguido de substantivo, pois sua funo substitu-lo:A. Do you speak any language besides yours? (Voc fala alguma lngua alm da sua?)B. Unfortunately,none. (= no language) (Infelizmente, nenhuma.)A. Do you have any book on Zoology? (Voc tem algum livro sobre Zoologia?)B. No, I havenone. (No, no tenho nenhum.)

A expressonone of(nenhum de) pode ser seguida por:- pronome objeto:None ofussaid that. (Nenhum de ns disse isso.)- THE + substantivo no plural:She wrotenone oftheletters. (Ela no escreveu nenhuma das cartas.)- Possessivo + substantivo no plural:I sawnone ofhis friends. (No vi nenhum dos amigos dele.)None ofher childrenentered the college. (Nenhum dos filhos dela entrou na faculdade.)

Lembre-se de que no Ingls padro admite-seapenas uma partcula negativapor orao:I didnotdoanythingyesterday. / I didnothingyesterday. (No fiz nada ontem.)We willnotsay that toanybody. / We will say that tonobody. (No diremos isso a ningum.)There isn't anythingin the fridge. / There isnothingin the fridge. (No h nada na geladeira.)I havenomoney in my wallet. / I don'thaveanymoney in my wallet.(No tenho dinheiro nenhum em minha carteira.)

A lot (of), Many, Much, (A) Little, (A) few, Plenty (of)A lot of/lots of/plenty ofso expresses que significam muito / muita / muitos / muitas.Podem ser usadas com substantivoscontveis e incontveis.So normalmente usadas em oraes afirmativas.Observe os exemplos:She drinksa lot ofwater. (Ela bebe muita gua.)Sandra hasa lot oftalent for music.(Sandra tem muito talento para msica.)There area lot offruitsin the basket. (H muitas frutas na cesta.)I havea lot ofthings to do. (Tenho um monte de coisas para fazer.)

Much(muito, muita) elittle(pouco, pouca) so usados comsubstantivos incontveis.Muchgeralmente no usado em frases afirmativas e pouco nas interrogativas, sendo substitudo pora lot of,lots of(coloquial),plenty ofoua great deal of(seguido de um substantivo no singular). Observe:We don't havemuchtime. Hurry up or we'll miss the show. (negative)(Ns no temos muito tempo. Apresse-se ou perderemos o "show".)Sara didn't spendmuchtime cleaning the house. (negative)(Sara no gastou muito tempo limpando a casa.)Sara spenta lot oftime cleaning the house. (affirmative)(Sara gastou muito tempo limpando a casa.)

Did Sara spendmuch/a lot oftime cleaning the house? (interrogative)(A Sara gastou muito tempo limpando a casa?)Sara says Richard hasa great deal oftalent for drawing.(Sara diz que Ricardo tem muito talento para desenho.)Mary haslittlepatience with her children. (Mary tem pouca pacincia com os filhos.)There islittlewater in the jug. (H pouca gua na jarra.)

Many(muitos, muitas) efew(poucos, poucas) so usados comsubstantivos contveis no plural:Does he havemanyfriends? (Ele tem muitos amigos?)Manyanimals do not eat meat. (Muitos animais no comem carne.)There aremanystudents in my class. (H muitos alunos na minha sala de aula.)

I don't havemanyproblems. I guess I'm a lucky man.(No tenho muitos problemas. Acho que sou um homem de sorte.)

A little(um pouco) usado comsubstantivosincontveis/a few(alguns) usado comsubstantivoscontveis. Ambos possuem significado positivo (= some):My brother hasa fewCDs.(Meu irmo tem alguns CDs.)Judith didn't spend all her money. She hasa littlemoney left.(Judite no gastou todo o dinheiro dela. Ela tem um pouco de dinheiro.)

havea fewfriends in So Paulo. (Eu tenho alguns amigos em So Paulo.)A littlepatience doesn't hurt anybody. (Um pouco de pacincia no faz mal a ningum.)) Atente para a diferena entrefewea few. Observe quea fewequivale asome. Tanto um quanto o outro acompanham substantivos no plural.Fewpeople visited him in hospital. (Poucaspessoas o visitaram no hospital.)Could you give mea fewmore details? (Voc poderia me dar maisalgunsdetalhes?)Veryfewstudents learn Latin nowadays. (Bempoucosalunos aprendem Latim hoje em dia.)The letter camea fewdays ago. (A carta chegou halgunsdias.)2) Atente, agora, para a diferena entrelittleea little, que so usados no singular. Aqui,alittle, alm de equivaler asome, tambm significaum pouco de.We havelittletime to act. (Tempos pouco tempo para agir.)I havea littlemoney in my savings account.(Tenho um pouco de / algum dinheiro em minha poupana.)Scientists havelittlehope of finding a complete cure for cancer before 2010.(Os cientistas tm pouca esperana de encontrar uma cura completa para o cncer antes de 2010.)I've only reada littleof the book so far. (At agora s li um pouco do livro.)

All (of), Most (of), Each, Every, Both (of), Either (of), Neither (of)1.All(todo, toda, todos, todas, tudo) usado comsubstantivos contveis,substantivos incontveisepreposies:Allmy books are kept on a shelf.(Todos os meus livros so guardados em uma prateleira.)We wereallvery satisfied.(Todos ns estvamos muito satisfeitos.)I've waited for youallday. (Esperei por voc o dia todo.)Quandoallvier seguido de um determinante comothe,my,your,hisetc, pode-se usar a expressoall of:All ofmybooks are kept on a shelf. (Todos os meus livros so guardados em uma prateleira.)All ofthestudents passed the final exam. (Todos os alunos passaram na prova final.)

Diante de umpronome pessoal, somente a formaall ofpode ser utilizada:All ofusare going to stay up until late. (Todos ns vamos ficar acordados at tarde.)All ofthemwent to the stadium last Sunday. (Todos eles foram ao estdio no Domingo passado.)

Allno pode funcionar como pronome pessoal. Tem de estar acompanhado de pronomes quando h sujeito (all of us,you all,all of youetc.) ou de objeto (us all,them alletc.):We allknow what they like. (Todos ns sabemos do que eles gostam.)You allare invited. (Vocs todos esto convidados.)I wantit all. (Quero isto tudo.)All of themshared the same ideas. (Todos eles possuam as mesmas ideias.)-Allpode ser seguido de oraes que o qualifiquem:My parents can give meall(that) I need. (Meus pais podem me dar tudo de que preciso.)All(that) you need is love. (Tudo o que voc precisa amor.)

Most(a maioria de/dos/das, a maior parte de) pode ser usadodiante de substantivos precedidos ou no de adjetivos:Mostpeople prefer the beach to the mountains.(A maioria das pessoas prefere praia s montanhas.)Mostboys like to play soccer.(A maioria dos meninos gosta de jogar futebol.)I spent themosttime on the first question.(Passei a maior parte do tempo na primeira pergunta.)Hospital admission is not necessary inmostcases.(A internao hospitalar no necessria na maioria dos casos.)

Most ofsomente pode ser usado se seguido de um determinante (the, this, thatetc.) ou um pronome pessoal ou possessivo (us, you, her, his, them, ours, myetc.)I spentmost ofmychildhood in a small town.(Passei a maior parte da minha infncia em uma cidade pequena.)Most ofthestories about him are apocryphal.(A maioria das histrias sobre ele so duvidosas.)We have accounts withmost ofoursuppliers.(Ns temos contratos com a maiorias dos nossos fornecedores.)Most ofthecast acted well. (A maioria do elenco atuou bem.)

Each(cada, cada um, cada uma, cada um dos, cada uma das) eevery(todos, todas, cada) so usados comsubstantivos contveis no singular:Eachring costs a lot of money. (Cada anel custa muito dinheiro.)Eachquestion is worth 20 points. (Cada pergunta vale 20 pontos.)She gave a chocolate bar toeachof the children.(Ela deu uma barra de chocolate para cada uma das crianas.)

I visitedeverymuseum of the citiy.(Visitei todos os museus da cidade.)I wake up at seven o'clockeveryday. (Acordo s sete da manh todos os dias.)Everystudent has to get on time. (Todos os alunos devem chegar no horrio.)

- Posio deeach: logo depois do sujeito ou no final da sentena.Theyeachbought an ice cream. OU They bought an ice creameach.(Cada um deles comprou um sorvete.)Weeachhave our own car. OU We have our careach.(Cada um de ns tem o seu prprio carro.)- Quandoeachvier seguido de um determinante comothe,my,your,hisetc, pode-se usar a expressoeach of. Comeveryisto no ocorre:Each ofthemonuments we visited was built in the 12th century.(Cada um dos monumentos que visitamos foi construdo no sculo 12.)Eachoneofthehouses was slightly different. (Cada uma das casas era pouco diferente.)

Bothsignifica "ambos" / "ambas" ou "os dois" / "as duas", usado para falar sobre duas coisas ou pessoas, acompanha substantivos ou pronomes pessoais no plural e no usado em sentenas negativas.Bothhouses are really in bad condition.(Ambas as/ as duas casas esto realmente em pssimas condies.)Webothknow what we want. (Ns dois sabemos o que queremos.)Bothwomen were French. (Ambas / as duas as mulheres eram Francesas.)They werebothFrench. (Ambas / as duas eram Francesas.)Bothcars are very expensive. (Ambos os/ os dois carros so bem caros.)Theybothlike pizza. (Ambos / os dois gostam de pizza.)Quandobothvier seguido de umpossessivooupronome pessoal, pode-se usar a expressoboth of.I likeboth ofthosepictures. OU I likeboththose pictures. (Gosto desses dois quadros.)Paul has two sisters,both ofthemare married. OU Paul has two sisters,bothare married.

Neither;neither ... nor(= nenhum(a) [dos dois, duas]; nem um nem outro, nem ... nem; tambm no), usado para falar sobre duas coisas ou pessoas; acompanha substantivos no singular e o verbo ser sempre afirmativo. Observe os exemplos:A. Do you want to go to the cinema or the theatre? (Voc que ir ao cinema ou ao teatro?)B.Neither. I want to stay at home. (Nenhum dos dois. Quero ficar em casa.)(neither= not the cinema or the theatre.)NeitherAlfrednorAlexander passed the test. (Nem Alfredo nem Alexandre passaram no teste.)She doesn't like tea andneitherdo I. (Ela no gosta de ch e eu tambm no.)A. Would you like tea or coffe? (Voc gostaria de ch ou caf?)B.Neither. (Nenhum dos dois.)

Quandoneitherfor seguido de um possessivo ou de um pronome pessoal, usa-se a expresso neither of:Neither ofthemwants to go to college. (Nenhum deles quer ir para a faculdade.)Neither ofPaul'ssisters is married. (Nenhuma das irms do Paulo casada.)Arthur and I didn't eat anything.Neither ofuswas hungry.(Artur e eu no comemos nada. Nenhum de ns [dois] estava com fome.)Paula and I didn't know the time becauseneither ofushad a watch.(Paula e eu no sabamos a hora porque nenhuma de ns [duas] tinha relgio.)

Either;either ... or(= um dos dois; ou ... ou; um ou outro; tambm), usado para falar sobre duas coisas ou pessoas; acompanha substantivos no singular e, quando houver verbo na forma negativa,eitherdeve ser usado ao invs deneither.We have two types of dessert; you can haveeither.(Temos dois tipos de sobremesa; voc pode comer uma ou outra.)A. Would you like tea or coffee? (Voc gostaria de ch ou caf?)B.Either. I don't mind. (Qualquer um dos dois. Tanto faz.)Eitheryou eat your dinneroryou go to your room.(Ou voc come o seu jantar ou vai para o seu quarto.)Come on Tuesday or Thursday.Eitherday is OK.(Venha na Tera ou na Quinta. Qualquer um dos dias est bom.)

Quandoeitherfor seguido depossessivo, pronome pessoaloudeterminante(the,my,these,her,themetc), usa-se a preposioof:You can useeither ofthebathrooms. (Voc pode usar qualquer um dos banheiros.)I don't likeeither of*myMaths teachers.(No gosto de nenhum dos meus professores de Matemtica.)A. Which jacket do you prefer, this one or that one? (Qual jaqueta voc prefere, esta ou aquela?)B. I don't likeeither of*them. (No gostei de nenhuma das duas.)Helen has two sisters and a brother. I've met her brother, but I haven't meteither of*hersisters. (Helen tem duas irms e um irmo. Conheci o irmo dela, mas no conheci nenhuma de suas irms.)

*Atente que nesses casos,eitherofsignifica "nenhum(a)".Depois de um verbo naformanegativa, o significado deeither "tambm":If youdon'tgo, I won't goeither. (Se voc no for, eu tambm no vou.)(NOIf you don't go, I won't go neither.)I don't like classic music and my sisterdoesn'tlike iteither.(Eu no gosto de msica clssica e minha irm tambm no.)(NOI don't like classic music and my sister doesn't like it neither.)

PASSIVE VOICE- Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action Example: My bike was stolen.Form of PassiveSubject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)EX: ACTIVE: Peter builds a housePASSIVE: A house is built by PeterTempo verbal da sentena originalForma PassivaExemplo Voz AtivaExemplo Voz Passiva

Simple PresentAm/is/are + past participleGorillas inhabit is jungle. This jungle is inhabited by gorillas

Present ContinuousAm being/is being/are being + past participleSorry, but we are remodelling the airport Sorry, but the airport is being remodelled.

Simple Pastwas/were + past participleThey didnt hear me, so I escaped. I wasnt heard, so I escaped.

Past Continuouswas being/were being + past participleSomeone was playing the violin. The violin was being played.

Present Perfecthave been/has been + past participleThe virus has already attacked this country. This country has already been attacked by the virus.

Past Perfecthad been + past participleI realized that they had hit me on purpose. I realized that I had been hit on purpose.

Will - Futurewill be + past participleSomeone will rob you if you go there. You will be robbed if you go there.

Going to - FutureAm/is/are going to be + past participleThey are going to build a bridge here. A bridge is going to be built here.

Personal and Impersonal Passive- Personal Passive means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.Example: They build houses. Houses are built.- Impersonal Passive Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.Example: he says it is saidIn English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e.g. say, think, know).Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer than men.OBS1) Use to+infinitive in the passive structure after the vers see, hear, make and allowThree very suspicious men were seen to leave the building carrying black sacks.A young boy at the back of the hall was heard to laugh during the President speech.The passenger were no allowed to get of the plane When the verb let is used in an active sentence, allow must be used in the equivalent passive sentenceACTIVE: The police didn`t let him phone his lawyer.PASSIVE: He wasn`t allowed to phone his lawyer.2) Use the structure HAVE + NOUN/PRONOUN + PAST PARTICIPLE when someone else does something for you. Sorry, I can`t talk. I`m just having my hair cut.This structures can be used to refer to things that are done by someone else and are beyond your control: The boy had his locker broken into and his camera stolen.

CONJUNCTIONS (Linking words)- So palavras que ligam oraes, palavras ou grupos de palavras estabelecendo uma relao de coordenao ou subordinao entre eles. Podem ser:Adversativas

- So aquelas que do idias opostas: But mas However entretanto Nevertheless - no obstante, mesmo assim

Consecutivas ou conclusivas- So usadas para terminar frases, fazer concluses. so - ento, por isso therefore portanto thus por isso consequently consequentemente then ento hence da

Concessivas- Concesses, permisses Although embora Even though - muito embora in spite of - apesar de

De acrscimos- Continuidade. besides - alm disso moreover - alm do mais furthermore - alm disso, ademais

Explicativas

- Para dar explicao algo, dar razo because porque as como since desde for - pois, visto que

1.COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS- As coordinating conjunctions ligam oraes, palavras ou grupos de palavras coordenadas entre si. As principais so: and e but mas nor nem or ou then ento yet no entantoEx.:Lucinda and Hugo are married and are very happy.The test was easy, but I couldnt pass.You can study or listen to music.

Algumas vezes a coordenao de duas estruturas se d tambm pela adio de uma palavra no comeo da primeira estrutura, a fim de enfatizar que o que dito se aplica a ambos os grupos coordenados. A essa estrutura d-se o nome de correlative coordenation.

As principais corretative conjunctions so: both...and... - tanto...quanto... either...or... - ou...ou.... neither...nor... - nem...nem... not only...but also... - no s...mas tambm.. whether...or... - se...ouExs.:Both English and Spanish are important languages.Early man could neither read nor write.The woman was not only healthy but also wealthyEither you go or stay here.She doesn't speak either english or portuguese.

SUBORTINATING CONJUNCTIONSAs subortinating conjunctions introduzem as oraes subordinadas.although/though- emboraas - medida que ; enquanto; conforme; comobecause-porqueif sein order to para; a fim de (que)in spite of/despite - apesar de (que)like comoso that para queunless a no ser quewhile enquanto

Ex.:As I was hungry,I went to the restaurant.If I have money, Ill go to the cinema.I didnt go to school because I was sick.

NOTES:

a) As conjunctions citadas so todas adverbiais, ou seja, introduzem oraes quefuncionam como advrbio, estabelecendo uma circunstncia de tempo, causa,finalidade, etc.b) A principal conjunction utilizada para introduzir oraes subordinadas substantivas that.c) Algumas prepositions podem tambm ser usadas como conjunctions: after depois que before antes que for pois since desde que until at que

d) O mesmo acontece com alguns interrogative adverbs,podem tambm ser usados como conjunctions: when quando where onde

e) H ainda algumas palavras chamadas de sentence adverbials que so usadas para conectar idias em estruturas mais longas (geralmente em perodos diferentes), estabelecendo uma relao de coordenao ou subordinao entre elas.As principais so:besides alm dissohowever porm; no entantomoreover alm do maisnevertheless - no obstanteotherwise caso contrrioso assimstill - todavia;ainda assimtherefore - por essa razo; portantothough entretantoyet contudo

Ex.:

I cant go to the theatre.. Im doing my homework. Besides, I have no money.My room is small. Its very comfortable, however.These hats are very ugly. Yet people buy them.

MODAL VERBSModal Verbs

CANMIGHT

MUSTSHOULD

MAYSHALL

COULDOUGHT TO

WILLWOULD

BE ABLE TOUSED TO

HAD BETTERNEED TO

HAVE TO -

ABILITYCAN describe an ability in the present (Smith can speak five languages)COULD ability in the past (max could write)WILL BE ABLE ability in the future (after months of training you will be able)

PERMISSIONCAN ask and give a permission in the present ( can I ask you a question?)COULD - polite way to ask for a permission (could I use your dictionary)- permitted activities in the pastWILL BE ABLE future

POSSIBILITYMIGHT/MAY + PAST PARTICIPLE talk about a possibility in the past. It implies some uncertainty about whether the action happened or notI`m not sure, but I might/may have read this book when I was young

OBLIGATIONMUST express a positive obligaton in the present or future when the speaker feels an obligaton himselfI must lose a bit of weight before I go on holidayHAVE TO speaker feels an obligation from outside (rule,law) or is just expressing a fact We have to put the paper to be recycled in the green box

ADVICE/RECOMMENDATIONSHOULD/OUGHT TO

ASSUMPTIONS/DEDUCTIONMUST logical deduction about the present;express certaintyMUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OR CAN`T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE make logical deductions about the pastThe burglars must have got in through the little kitchen windowMAY HAVE/MIGHT HAVE/COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE to make assumptions that you are not entirely sure about:I was expecting a package today, but it hasnt arrived. I suppose it may/might/could have got lost in the post.

AUXILIARY VERBS

VERBOS AUXILIARES (auxiliary verbs) aqueles que , em uma orao,ajudam outro verbo, chamadoprincipal, e svezes, no tm sentido isoladamente.- verbos auxiliaresdividem-se emduas categorias, de acordo com afuno que assumem na orao:1)aqueles que no mudam o sentido do verbo principal.To be- auxilia naformao da passive voice(voz passiva) e dosprogressivetenses(locues verbais).- Hamletwaswritten by Shakespeare. - Iamworking

To do- auxilia naforma interrogativa e negativa do simple present(presente) esimple past(pretrito perfeito/imperfeito).-Do you work here? -IDidntgo to the movies yesterday. To have- auxilia naformao dos perfect tenses(tempos compostos).- Ihaveworked a lot lately- Hehad already been here

Esses trs verbos funcionam tambm como verbo principal.- Iamlate. - Hehasa fast car.- Wedidthe homework.

2 )MODAL AUXILIARES/MODAL VERBS (aqueles que mudam ou completam o sentido do verbo principal, sendo usados para indicar capacidade, habilidade, obrigao, permisso ou possibilidade)Modal verbs - verbos auxiliares que exprimem determinados sentidos.

canought

couldshall

mayshould

mighwill

mustwould

Exs:- Youcanuse my car tomorrow. - Shemuststudy

OBS: 1 - Os verbos modais no tm marcas de nmero(-s de 3 pessoa)nem de tempo(-ing ou -ed)2 - so sempre seguidos de infinitivo sem to, exceto ought, que por isso apresentado como ought to3 -Como outros verbos auxiliares(do, have),passam para antes do sujeito nas perguntas e so seguidos de "not" nas negativas4 -Nasua maioria no tm passado, mas podem, eles prprios, referir-se ao presente e ao futuro5 -Hverbos com funo modal quenoso propriamente verbos modais em absoluto(need,have to,be able to)

UTILIZAO DOS VERBOS MODAIS CAN / COULD1.ability(ser capaz de, saber)Ex: Look, daddy, Icandraw a tree!

2.asking for permission(pedir autorizao)Ex: CanI come in? (posso?)3.giving / refusing permission(dar / recusar autorizao)Ex: Yes, youcan. / Yes, please.

4.requests(pedidos)Ex: Canyou tell me the time, please? / Could you tell me the time, please (could + formal)

5.suggestions(sugestes)Ex: What do you want to do?

6.offers(ofertas)Ex: Can / couldI help you with this exercise?

7.possibility(possibilidade)Ex: Look, some rocks are falling!Thiscan / couldbe dangerous!

OUGHT TO / SHOULD1. advice(aconselhar)Ex: Youshould / oughtto drive more slowly. There's too much traffic. (Devias = era melhor se) NEEDN'T1. lack of necessity in the present(ser desnecessrio)Ex: Youneedn'tworry about that class; they're very well-behaved= don't / doesn't need to or don't /doesn't have to(present only)

2. lack of necessity in the past(ser desnecessrio - passado)Ex: Ididn't needto bring the books, because they weren't necessary today (no precisei) MUST / CAN'T

1. positive logical deductions(dedues lgicas positivas)Ex: Look, the lights are on. Theymustbe at home.2.negative logical deductions(dedues lgicas negativas)Ex: No, theycan'tbe.They're on holiday. MUST / HAVE TO1.obligation / necessity(obrigao / necessidade)Ex: I'm very tired , and tomorrow Ihave tobe up early. HAVE TO( obrigao imposta por outros a quem fala) MUST (obrigao imposta por quem fala a si mesmo)shall

1.offers(ofertas de ajuda)

Ex:

ShallI walk you home?(posso, queres que?)

(ver tambm can / could - offers)

2.suggestions(sugestes)

Ex:

Shallwe go to the cinema tonight? (e se

fssemos?)

(ver tambm can / could - suggestions)

may / might

1.possibility(possibilidade)

Ex:

Look at those clouds. Itmay / mightrain

today. (pode, possvel)

(ver tambm can/could)

2.asking for permission(pedir autorizao)

Ex:

MayI go to the toilet? (posso? mais

formal que can)

MightI say something? (poderia? mais

formal que may)

(ver tambm can/could)

3.giving / refusing permission(dar

ou recusar autorizao)

Ex:

Can we play football here? ~ No, you know you can't. Look at the sigh! It says

"Studentsmay notplay

games on the grass."(no podem)

may not=

dizer formalmente o que no permitido

can't/cannot= dizer informalmente o que no se tem autorizao para fazer

4.requests(pedidos)

Ex:

May / MightI use the phone?(posso? - might mais formal)

(ver tambm can/could)

mustn't / can't

1.prohibition(proibies)

Ex:

Youmustn'teat in class; you know

it's forbidden. (no podes)

Hey, you! Stop! Youcan'tgo

there. (no podes)

(ver tambm may/might)

will / would

1.requests(pedidos)

Ex:

Will / Wouldyou hold this for me?(no se importa de)

(ver tambm can/could - ou - may/might)

PARTICIPLE CLAUSESParticiple clauses are a bit like relative clauses they give us more information. People wearing carnival costumes filled the streets of Rio de Janeiro. The paintings stolen from the National Gallery last week have been found.The participle clauses (wearing and stolen.) act like relative clauses. We could say: People who were wearing carnival costumes filled the streets of Rio de Janeiro. The paintings which were stolen from the National Gallery last week have been found.With the Past Participle A pair of shoes worn by Marilyn Monroe have been sold for fifty thousand dollars. Trees blown down in last nights storms are being removed this morning.We use the past participle blown in the last example but the ending -ed is used in regular verbs when the meaning is passive.

With the Present Participle A woman carrying a bright green parrot walked into the room. A man holding a gun shouted at us to lie down.We use the present participle - the -ing form to form the participle clause when the meaning is active.

Notice that the participle clauses with the present participle have a continuous meaning. If we replaced them with a relative clause it would be in a continuous tense. A man holding a gunhas the same meaning asA man who was holding a gun.We cant make a participle clause with a present participle when the meaning is not continuous. The woman living next door is on holiday. The woman who lives next door is on holiday.

Conditional Sentences / If-Clauses Type I, II und III- Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1- Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the FUTURE. - An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic so we think it is likely to happen. It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.Form: if + Simple Present, will-FutureExample: If I find her address, Ill send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2- Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the PRESENT. - An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine what would happen if It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Were instead of WasIn IF Clauses Type II, we usually use were even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it .Example: If I were you, I would not do this.

Conditional Sentence Type 3- Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the PAST.- An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Alternatives to IFYou can always use PROVIDED (OR PROVIDING) and AS LONG AS instead of if:Jim will land safely on the ground provided/as long as his parachute opensSUPPOSING (OR SUPPOSE) means what if. It can replace IF in questions and comes first in the sentence:Supposing you missed the plane, what would you do?Unless can be used to mean ifnot

MIXED CONDITIONALSMixed conditional sentences are formed from two clauses with different time references. The most common mixed conditionals involve a clause from a second conditional and a clause from a third conditionalThe if clause can state the causeor reasonand refers to the past (third conditional), with the result in the main clause referring to the present (second conditional)

If I had won the lottery (3rd), I would be rich.(2nd) But I didn't win the lottery in the past and I am not rich now. If I had taken French in high school (3rd), I would have more job opportunities.(2nd) But I didn't take French in high school and I don't have many job opportunities. If she had been born in the United States (3rd), she wouldn't need a visa to work here. (2nd)But she wasn't born in the United States and she does need a visa now to work here. If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow. But she didn't sign up for the ski trip last week and she isn't going to join us tomorrow. If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai. But Mark didn't get the job and Mark is not going to move to Shanghai. If Darren hadn't wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas, he would go to Mexico with us next month. But Darren wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas and he won't go to Mexico with us next month.

CONFUSING STRUCTURES'as' versus 'like'Both 'as' and 'like' can be usedto make comparisons. 'As' is a conjunction and therefore is followed by a clause, while 'like' is followed by a noun.

Example:Stop lookedlikesomebody I used to work with.He moved to London,ashis brother had done the year before.

'used to' versus 'be/get used to''used to + infinitive' describes a habit in the past. 'be used to + gerund' means to be accustomed to whilst 'get used to + gerund' means the process of becoming accustomed to.

Example:Iused to visitmy grandmother every weekendI've been learning French for 2 years but I'mstillnot used to pronouncing many of the most basic words.I'mslowlygetting used to livingin our new house.

'a little/few' versus 'little/few''a little' and 'a few' are both positive expressions that mean 'some'. 'little' and 'few' are negative and mean 'not much' or 'not many'.Example:There area fewpeople in the shop but it's quite quiet.There arefewpeople who could do as good a job as her.

'to have something done' versus 'to have done something'The causative structure 'have something done' means to get someone to do something. This compares to 'to have done something' which is an active statement.Example:Hehad posted the reportwhen he noticed the spelling mistakes.

Ihad the letter postedby my secretary.

'except (for)' versus 'besides''except for' means 'apart from', whereas 'besides' means 'as well as'.

Example:Besidesthe people who live next door, we're also inviting the lady across the road to the housewarming partyNobody came to the partyexceptmy close relatives

'didn't need to' versus 'needn't have''didn't need to' refers to something that was unnecessary and may or may not have been done. 'needn't have' refers to something which was not necessary butwhichwasdone.

Wedidn't need totake an umbrella as we were getting a taxi.

Weneedn't havetaken an umbrella as it didn't rain.