NUTRITION AND CARBOHYDRATE EVALUATION

(Sudarma Dita Wijayanti, STP, MP, M.Sc)

OUTLINEMEETING I

CARBOHYDRATEPHOTOSYNTHESIS Polimerization Starch and non-starch

CARBOHYDRATECLASSIFICATION

CARBOHYDRATE CARBOHYDRATE SOURCE

CARBOHYDRATEROLE OF CARBOHYDRATE

DIGESTION DIGESTIONDigestion system animation

DIGESTION Salivary Carbohydrate DigestionEnzyme salivary -amylase 1,4 -glycosidic amylose & amylopectin dextrinMOUTH

DIGESTION PANCREASPancreatic -amylase 1,4 glycosidic dextrin maltose Produces monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Major importance in hydrolyzing starch and glycogen to maltosePolysaccharidesDisaccharidesAmylase

DIGESTI DIGESTION SMALL INTESTINEsucrase, isomaltase and lactaseDigestion mediated by enzymes synthesized by cells lining the small intestine (brush border)DisaccharidesMonosaccharidesBrush Border Enzymes* Exception is -1,4 bonds in cellulose

DIGESTION

ABSORPTION SMALL INTESTINEMonosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)Absorbed through epitel cell of small intestineTransported by blood circulation system via portal veinConc. Monosaccharide >> Passive transport or facilitative Conc. Monosaccharide

ABSORPTION LARGE INTESTINEThe large intestine absorbs water from the bolus and stores feses until it can be egestedIn humans, these include most complex saccharides (at most three disaccharides are digestible in humans).allow fermentation due to the action of gut bacteria, which breaks down some of the substances that remain after processing in the small intestine

OVERVIEWLocation Enzymes Form of Dietary CHO

Mouth Salivary Amylase Starch Maltose Sucrose Lactose

Stomach (amylase from saliva) DextrinMaltose

Small Intestine Pancreatic Amylase Maltose

Brush Border Enzymes Glucose Fructose Galactose + + + Glucose Glucose Glucose

Large Intestine NoneBacterial Microflora Ferment Cellulose

METABOLISMInsulin, epinephrine, glucagonIf glucose conc.in blood too highInsulin is secreted by the pancreasglucose glycogen (glycogenesis)If glucose conc.in blood too lowEpinephrine and glucagon aresecreted by the pancreasGlycogen glucose (glycogenolysis)

METABOLISM If glucose is needed to supply energyglucose piruvate acid + ATP (glycolysis)pyruvic acid acetyl CoA citric acid (TCA cycle)During strenuous muscular activity: piruvate acid lactic acid During resting period:lactic acid piruvate acidglucose (gluconeogenesis)

INTAKE candy, table sugar, syrups, and soft drinksSIMPLE CARBOHYDRATEsimple sugars and are chemically made of one or two sugars

INTAKE COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE

INTAKE FIBER ??????

fruits, vegetables and grains

Nutrition Claims : Calorie Low calorie adalah produk yang berisi 0,4 kalori atau kurang per gram produk atau per penyajian

Nutrition Claims : CalorieReduced Calorie adalah pro-duk yang mengandung kalori yang telah dikurangi hingga 1/3 bagian dari jumlah semula

Nutrition Claims : Caloriesugar free/sugarless/no sugar : adalah produk selain kedua kelompok sebelumnya yang biasanya disertai dengan pernyataan seperti " tidak menyebabkan kerusakan gigi "

Carbohydrate is necessary for the regulation of nerve tissue and is the ONLY source of energy for the brain. : Some carbohydrates are high in fiber, which helps prevent constipation and lowers the risk for certain diseases such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes

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