(gk chesterton) charles dickens

8/9/2019 (GK Chesterton) Charles Dickens

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APPRECIATIONS AND CRITICISMS of the works of CHARLES DICKENS

BY

G. K. CHESTERTON

1911London: J. M. DENT & SONS, Ltd.

New York: E. P. DUTTON & CO.

All ri !t" re"er#ed



CONTENTS

• C$APTE% PA E

'. 'ntrod()tion #ii''. Sket)!e" *+ o- 1

'''. Pi)kwi)k P /er" 10' . Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+ 23

. Oli#er Twi"t 04'. Old C(rio"it+ S!o/ 56

''. rn *+ %(d e 35'''. A7eri) n Note" 83' . Pi)t(re" ro7 't l+ 48

. M rtin C!(--lewit 96'. C!ri"t7 " ook" 160

''. Do7*e+ nd Son 11;'''. D #id Co//er ield 129' . C!ri"t7 " Storie" 1;6

. le k $o("e 1;4'. C!ild<" $i"tor+ o En l nd 136

''. $ rd Ti7e" 139 =i#>'''. Little Dorrit 184' . A T le o Two Citie" 144

. re t E?/e)t tion" 198'. O(r M(t( l @riend 268

''. Edwin Drood 214

'''. M "ter $(7/!re+<" Clo)k 229' . %e/rinted Pie)e" 209



INTRODUCTION

T!e"e / /er" were ori in ll+ /(*li"!ed " /re )e" to t!e "e/ r te *ook" o Di)ken" inone o t!e 7o"t e?ten"i#e o t!o"e )!e / li*r rie" o t!e )l ""i)" w!i)! re one o t!ere l i7/ro#e7ent" o re)ent ti7e". T!(" t!e+ were ! r7le"", *ein dil(ted *+, or r t!er drowned in Di)ken". M+ ")r / o t!eor+ w " 7ere dr+ *i")(it to *e t ken wit! t!e

r nd t wn+ /ort o re t En li"! )o7ed+ nd *+ 7o"t /eo/le it w " not t ken t llB like t!e *i")(it. Ne#ert!ele"" t!e e"" +" were not in intention "o i7le"" " t!e+ //e r in )t. ' ! d ener l notion o w! t needed " +in *o(t Di)ken" to t!e new

ener tion, t!o( ! /ro* *l+ ' did not " + it. ' will 7 ke not!er tte7/t to do "o in t!i" /rolo (e, nd, /o""i*l+ il in.

T!ere w " / in (l 7o7ent "o7ew!ere *o(t t!e ei !tie" w!en we w t)!edn?io("l+ to "ee w!et!er Di)ken" w " din ro7 t!e 7odern world. e ! #e w t)!ed little lon er, nd wit! re t relie we *e in to re li"e t! t it i" t!e 7odern world t! t i"

din . All t! t (ni#er"e o r nk" nd re"/e)t *ilitie" in )o7/ ri"on wit! w!i)! Di)ken"w " ) lled ) ri) t(ri"t, ll t! t i)tori n (ni#er"e in w!i)! !e "ee7ed #(l rB ll t! ti" it"el *re kin (/ like )lo(dl nd. And onl+ t!e =#iii> ) ri) t(re" o Di)ken" re7 inlike t!in " ) r#ed in "tone. T!i", o )o(r"e, i" n old "tor+ in t!e ) "e o 7 nre/ro )!ed wit! n+ e?)e"" o t!e /oeti). A in nd in w!en t!e 7 n o #i"ion" w "

/inned *+ t!e "l+ do w!o know" t!e world,

FT!e 7 n re)o#ered o t!e *ite,T!e do it w " t! t died.G

To ) ll T! )ker + )+ni), w!i)! 7e n" "l+ do , w " indeed *"(rd *(t it i" ir to

" + t! t in )o7/ ri"on wit! Di)ken" !e elt !i7"el 7 n o t!e world. Ne#ert!ele"",t! t world o w!i)! !e w " 7 n i" )o7in to n end *e ore o(r e+e" it" ri"to)r )+! " rown )orr(/t, it" 7iddle )l "" in"e)(re, nd t!in " t! t !e ne#er t!o( !t o rew lkin *o(t t!e dr win Hroo7" o *ot!. T! )ker + ! " de")ri*ed or e#er t!e An loH'ndi n Colonel *(t w! t on e rt! wo(ld !e ! #e done wit! n A("tr li n ColonelI

! t ) n it 7 tter w!et!er Di)ken"<" )lerk" t lked )o)kne+ now t! t ! l t!e d()!e""e"t lk A7eri) nI ! t wo(ld T! )ker + ! #e 7 de o n e in w!i)! 7 n in t!e

/o"ition o Lord ew 7 + )t( ll+ *e t!e *orn *rot!er o Mr. Mo"" o rdo(r StreetI Nor doe" t!i" //l+ 7erel+ to T! )ker +, *(t to ll t!o"e i)tori n" w!o /ridedt!e7"el#e" on t!e re li"7 or "o*riet+ o t!eir de")ri/tion" it //lie" to Ant!on+Trollo/e nd, " 7()! " n+ one, to eor e Eliot. @or we ! #e not onl+ "(r#i#ed t! t

/re"ent w!i)! T! )ker + de")ri*ed: we ! #e e#en "(r#i#ed t! t (t(re to w!i)! eor eEliot looked orw rd. 't i" no lon er deK( te to " + t! t Di)ken" did not (nder"t ndt! t old world o entilit+, =i?> o / rli 7ent r+ /olitene"" nd t!e * l n)e o t!e)on"tit(tion. T! t world i" r /idl+ )e "in to (nder"t nd it"el . 't i" # in to re/e t t!e)o7/l int o t!e old ( rterl+ %e#iewer", t! t Di)ken" ! d not en o+ed (ni#er"it+ed() tion. ! t wo(ld t!e old ( rterl+ %e#iewer" t!e7"el#e" ! #e t!o( !t o t!e%!ode" S)!ol r"!i/"I 't i" ("ele"" to re/e t t!e old t t! t Di)ken" )o(ld not de")ri*e

entle7 n. A entle7 n in o(r ti7e ! " *e)o7e "o7et!in K(ite inde")ri* *le.

Now t!e intere"tin )t i" t!i": T! t Di)ken", w!o7 "o 7 n+ )on"idered to *e t t!e *e"t #(l r ent!("i "t, " w t!e )o7in )! n e in o(r "o)iet+ 7()! 7ore "o*erl+ nd")ienti i) ll+ t! n did !i" *etter ed() ted nd 7ore /retentio(" )onte7/or rie". ' i#e

*(t one e? 7/le o(t o 7 n+. T! )ker + w " ood i)tori n r di) l, w!o "ee7" to



! #e one to !i" r #e K(ite )ontented wit! t!e e rl+ i)tori n r di) l t!eor+Bt!et!eor+ w!i)! M ) (l + /re )!ed wit! (n/ r lleled l(7ino"it+ nd )o7/letene"" t!et!eor+ t! t tr(e /ro re"" oe" on "o "te dil+ t!ro( ! !(7 n !i"tor+, t! t w!ile re )tioni" inde en"i*le, re#ol(tion i" (nne)e"" r+. T! )ker + "ee7" to ! #e *een K(ite )ontentto t!ink t! t t!e world wo(ld row 7ore nd 7ore li*er l in t!e li7ited "en"e t! t @ree

Tr de wo(ld et reer t! t * llot *o?e" wo(ld row 7ore nd 7ore "e)ret t! t t l "t" "o7e " tiri"t o Li*er li"7 /(t" it e#er+ 7 n wo(ld ! #e two #ote" in"te d o one.

T!ere i" no tr )e in T! )ker + o t!e "li !te"t )on")io("ne"" t! t /ro re"" )o(ld e#er )! n e it" dire)tion. T!ere i" in Di)ken". T!e w!ole o Hard Times i" t!e e?/re""ion o

("t "()! re li" tion. 't i" not tr(e to " + t! t Di)ken" w " So)i li"t, *(t it i" not*"(rd =?> to " + "o. And it wo(ld *e "i7/l+ *"(rd to " + it o n+ o t!e re t

'ndi#id( li"t no#eli"t" o t!e i)tori n ti7e. Di)ken" " w r eno( ! !e d to know t! tt!e ti7e w " )o7in w!en t!e /eo/le wo(ld *e i7/lorin t!e St te to " #e t!e7 ro77ere reedo7, " ro7 "o7e ri !t (l orei n o//re""or. $e elt t!e "o)iet+ )! n in

nd T! )ker + ne#er did.

A" t lkin *o(t So)i li"7 nd 'ndi#id( li"7 i" one o t!e re te"t *ore" e#er end(red7on 7en, ' will t ke not!er in"t n)e to ill("tr te 7+ 7e nin , e#en t!o( ! t!e

in"t n)e *e K(eer nd e#en deli) te one. E#en i t!e re der doe" not ree wit! 7+ded()tion, ' "k !i" ttention to t!e )t it"el , w!i)! ' t!ink )(rio"it+ o liter t(re. 'nt!e l "t i7/ort nt work o Di)ken", t! t e?)ellent *ook Our Mutual Friend , t!ere i" nodd t!in *o(t w!i)! ' ) nnot 7 ke (/ 7+ 7ind ' do not know w!et!er it i"(n)on")io(" o*"er# tion or iendi"! iron+. (t it i" t!i". 'n Our Mutual Friend i" n old

/ tri r)! n 7ed A ron, w!o i" " intl+ Jew 7 de to do t!e dirt+ work o n*o7in *le C!ri"ti n ("(rer. 'n n rti"ti) "en"e ' t!ink t!e / tri r)! A ron " 7()! o

!(7*( " t!e / tri r)! C "*+. 'n 7or l "en"e t!ere i" no do(*t t ll t! t Di)ken"introd()ed t!e Jew wit! /!il nt!ro/i) ide o doin ("ti)e to J(d i"7, w!i)! !e w "told !e ! d ronted *+ t!e re t r o+le o @ in. ' t!i" w " !i" 7oti#e, it w "7or ll+ 7o"t wort!+ one. (t it i" )ert inl+ (n ort(n te or t!e $e*rew ) ("e t! t t!e

* d Jew "!o(ld *e "o #er+ 7()! 7ore )on#in)in t! n t!e ood one. Old A ron i" notn e? er tion o Jewi"! #irt(e" !e i" "i7/l+ not Jewi"!, *e) ("e !e i" not !(7 n.

T!ere i" not!in *o(t !i7 =?i> t! t in n+ w + "( e"t" t!e no*ler "ort o Jew, "()! 7 n " S/ino- or Mr. n will. $e i" "i7/l+ /(*li) /olo +, nd like 7o"t /(*li)

/olo ie", !e i" #er+ "ti nd not #er+ )on#in)in .

So r "o ood. Now we )o7e to t!e (nn+ / rt. To de")ri*e t!e !i ! #i"ion r+ nd7+"ti) Jew like S/ino- or n will i" re t nd deli) te t "k in w!i)! e#en Di)ken"

7i !t ! #e iled. (t 7o"t o (" know "o7et!in o t!e 7 ke nd 7 nner" o t!e lowJew, w!o i" ener ll+ t!e "())e"" (l one. Mo"t o (" know t!e Jew w!o ) ll" !i7"el Del n)o(rt. Now to n+ one w!o know" low Jew *+ "i !t or !e rin , t!e "tor+ ) lled

Our Mutual Friend i" liter ll+ (ll o Jew". Like ll Di)ken"<" *e"t )! r )ter" t!e+ re#i#id we know t!e7. And we know t!e7 to *e $e*rew. Mr. eneerin , t!e M n ro7

Now!ere, d rk, "/!in?Hlike, "7ilin , wit! *l )k )(rlin ! ir, nd t "te in lorid #(l r (rnit(reBo w! t "to)k w " !eI Mr. L 77le, wit! Ftoo 7()! no"e in !i" )e, too

7()! in er in !i" w!i"ker", too 7()! "/ rkle in !i" "t(d" nd 7 nner"GBo w! t *lood w " !eI Mr. L 77le<" riend", )o r"e nd t!i)kHli//ed, wit! in er" "o )o#eredwit! rin " t! t t!e+ )o(ld ! rdl+ !old t!eir old /en)il"Bdo t!e+ re7ind (" o

n+*od+I Mr. @led e*+, wit! !i" little ( l+ e+e" nd "o)i l l "!ine"" nd )r #en *odil+

"er#ilit+B7i !t not "o7e n ti) like M. Dr(7ont 7 ke intere"tin )on e)t(re" *o(t!i7I T!e / rti)(l r t+/e" t! t /eo/le ! te in Jewr+, t!e t+/e" t! t re t!e "! 7e o ll



ood Jew", *"ol(tel+ r(n riot in t!i" *ook, w!i)! i" "(//o"ed to )ont in n /olo + tot!e7. 't look" t ir"t "i !t " i Di)ken"<" /olo + were one !ideo(" "neer. 't look" " i !e /(t =?ii> in one ood Jew w!o7 no*od+ )o(ld *elie#e in, nd t!en * l n)ed !i7 wit!ten * d Jew" w!o7 no*od+ )o(ld il to re)o ni"e. 't "ee7" " i !e ! d #en ed!i7"el or t!e do(*t *o(t @ in *+ introd()in i#e or "i? @ in"Btri(7/! nt @ in",

"!ion *le @ in", @ in" w!o ! d )! n ed t!eir n 7e". T!e i7/e)) *le old A ron"t nd" (/ in t!e 7iddle o t!i" ironi) ) rni# l wit! /e)(li r "ole7nit+ nd "illine"". $elook" like one / rti)(l rl+ "t(/id En li"!7 n /retendin to *e Jew, 7id"t ll t! t)rowd o )le#er Jew" w!o re /retendin to *e En li"!7en.

(t t!i" notion o "neer i" not d7i""i*le. Di)ken" w " r too r nk nd enero(" writer to e7/lo+ "()! n el *or te /lot o "ilen)e. $i" " tire w " lw +" intended to

tt )k, ne#er to entr / 7oreo#er, !e w " r too # in 7 n not to wi"! t!e )rowd to"ee ll !i" oke". nit+ i" 7ore di#ine t! n /ride, *e) ("e it i" 7ore de7o)r ti) t! n

/ride. T!ird, nd 7o"t i7/ort nt, Di)ken" w " ood Li*er l, nd wo(ld ! #e *een!orri ied t t!e notion o 7 kin "o #eno7o(" #endett in"t one r )e or )reed.

Ne#ert!ele"" t!e )t i" t!ere, " ' " +, i onl+ " )(rio"it+ o liter t(re. ' de + n+ 7 nto re d t!ro( ! Our Mutual Friend ter !e rin t!i" "( e"tion, nd to et o(t o !i"!e d t!e )on#i)tion t! t L 77le i" t!e wron kind o Jew. T!e e?/l n tion lie", ' t!ink,in t!i", t! t Di)ken" w " "o wonder (ll+ "en"iti#e to t! t )! n e t! t ! " )o7e o#er o(r "o)iet+, t! t !e noti)ed t!e t+/e o t!e orient l nd )o"7o/olit n in n)ier wit!o(t e#enknowin t! t it w " orient l or )o"7o/olit n. $e ! d, in )t, llen #i)ti7 to #er+"i7/le ll )+ e)tin t!i" /ro*le7. So7e*od+ " id, wit! re t wit nd tr(t!, t! ttre "on =?iii> ) nnot /ro"/er, *e) ("e w!en it /ro"/er" it ) nnot *e ) lled tre "on. T!e" 7e r (7ent "oot!ed ll /o""i*le AntiHSe7iti"7 in 7en like Di)ken". Jew" ) nnot *e"ne k" nd "no*", *e) ("e w!en t!e+ re "ne k" nd "no*" t!e+ do not d7it t! t t!e+

re Jew".

' ! #e t ken t!i" ) "e o t!e rowt! o t!e )o"7o/olit n in n)ier, *e) ("e it i" not "o"t le in di")(""ion " it" / r llel, t!e rowt! o So)i li"7. (t " re rd" Di)ken", t!e" 7e )riti)i"7 //lie" to *ot!. Di)ken" knew t! t So)i li"7 w " )o7in , t!o( ! !e didnot know it" n 7e. Si7il rl+, Di)ken" knew t! t t!e So(t! A ri) n 7illion ire w ")o7in , t!o( ! !e did not know t!e 7illion ire<" n 7e. No*od+ doe". $i" w " not t+/e o 7ind to di"ent n le eit!er t!e *"tr )t tr(t!" to()!in t!e So)i li"t, nor t!e!i !l+ /er"on l tr(t! *o(t t!e 7illion ire. $e w " 7 n o i7/re""ion" !e ! " ne#er

*een eK( lled in t!e rt o )on#e+in w! t 7 n look" like t ir"t "i !tB nd !e"i7/l+ elt t!e two t!in " " t7o"/!eri) )t". $e elt t! t t!e 7er) ntile /ower w "

o//re""i#e, / "t ll *e rin *+ C!ri"ti n 7en nd !e elt t! t t!i" /ower w " no lon er w!oll+ in t!e ! nd" e#en o !e #+ En li"! 7er)! nt" like Pod"n /. 't w " l r el+ in t!e! nd" o e#eri"! nd (n 7ili r t+/e, like L 77le nd eneerin . T!e )t t! t !e

elt t!e"e t!in " i" l7o"t 7ore i7/re""i#e *e) ("e !e did not (nder"t nd t!e7.

Now or t!i" re "on Di)ken" 7("t de initel+ *e )on"idered in t!e li !t o t!e )! n e"w!i)! !i" "o(l ore" w. T! )ker + ! " *e)o7e )l ""i) l *(t Di)ken" ! " done 7ore: !e! " re7 ined 7odern. T!e r nd retro"/e)ti#e "/irit o T! )ker + i" *+ it" n t(re =?i#>

tt )!ed to /l )e" nd ti7e" !e *elon " to (een i)tori " 7()! " Addi"on *elon "to (een Anne, nd it i" not onl+ (een Anne w!o i" de d. (t Di)ken", in d rk

/ro/!eti) kind o w +, *elon " to t!e de#elo/7ent". $e *elon " to t!e ti7e" "in)e !i"

de t! w!en $ rd Ti7e" rew ! rder, nd w!en eneerin *e) 7e not onl+ Me7*er o P rli 7ent, *(t C *inet Mini"ter t!e ti7e" w!en t!e #er+ "o(l nd "/irit o



@led e*+ ) rried w r into A ri) . Di)ken" ) n *e )riti)i"ed " )onte7/or r+ o ern rd S! w or An tole @r n)e or C. @. . M "ter7 n. 'n t lkin o !i7 one need no

lon er t lk 7erel+ o t!e M n)!e"ter S)!ool or P("e+i"7 or t!e C! r e o t!e Li !tri de !i" n 7e )o7e" to t!e ton (e w!en we re t lkin o C!ri"ti n So)i li"t" or

Mr. %oo"e#elt or Co(nt+ Co(n)il Ste 7 o t" or (ild" o Pl +. $e ) n *e )on"idered

(nder new li !t", "o7e l r er nd "o7e 7e ner t! n !i" own nd it i" #er+ ro( !e ort "o to )on"ider !i7 w!i)! i" t!e e?)("e o t!e"e / e". O t!e e"" +" in t!i" *ook 'de"ire to " + " little " /o""i*le ' will di")("" n+ ot!er "(* e)t in /re eren)e wit! re dine"" w!i)! re )!e" to #idit+. (t ' 7 + #er+ )(rtl+ //l+ t!e e?/l n tion ("ed

*o#e to t!e ) "e" o two or t!ree o t!e7. T!(" in t!e rti)le on David Copperfield '! #e done r le"" t! n ("ti)e to t! t ine *ook )on"idered in it" rel tion to etern lliter t(re *(t ' ! #e dwelt t "o7e len t! (/on / rti)(l r ele7ent in it w!i)! ! "

rown enor7o(" in En l nd ter Di)ken"<" de t!. T!(" in, in introd()in t!eSketches by Boz ' ! #e elt )!ie l+ t! t ' 7 introd()in t!e7 to new ener tionin"( i)ientl+ in "+7/ t!+ wit! "()! / l/ *le nd (n"o/!i"ti) ted (n. A o rd S)!ooled() tion, =?#> e#ol#ed "in)e Di)ken"<" d +, ! " i#en to o(r /eo/le K(eer ndin deK( te "ort o re ine7ent, one w!i)! /re#ent" t!e7 ro7 en o+in t!e r w e"t" o t!e Sketches by Boz , *(t le #e" t!e7 e "il+ o/en to t! t "li !t *(t /oi"ono(""enti7ent li"7 w!i)! ' note 7id ll t!e 7erit" o D #id Co//er ield. 'n t!e " 7e w + '"! ll "/e k o ittle Dorrit , wit! re eren)e to ")!ool o /e""i7i"ti) i)tion w!i)! didnot e?i"t w!en it w " written, o Hard Times in t!e li !t o t!e 7o"t 7odern )ri"e" o e)ono7i)", nd o The Child!s History of "n#land in t!e li !t o t!e 7o"t 7 t(red

(t!orit+ o !i"tor+. 'n "!ort, t!e"e )riti)i"7" re n intrin"i) ll+ e/!e7er l )o77entro7 one ener tion (/on work t! t will deli !t 7 n+ 7ore. Di)ken" w " #er+ re t

7 n, nd t!ere re 7 n+ w +" o te"tin nd "t tin t!e )t. (t one /er7i""i*le w + i"to " + t!i", t! t !e w " n i nor nt 7 n, illHre d in t!e / "t, nd o ten )on ("ed *o(tt!e /re"ent. Yet !e re7 in" re t nd tr(e, nd e#en e""enti ll+ reli *le, i we "(//o"e!i7 to ! #e known not onl+ ll t! t went *e ore !i" li eti7e, *(t l"o ll t! t w " to)o7e ter.

@ro7 t!i" # ni"!in o t!e i)tori n )o7/ro7i"e ' 7i !t " + t!e i)tori n ill("iont!ere *e in" to e7er e 7en )in nd e#en 7on"tro(" t!in Bwe 7 + *e in in to

*e!old t!e En li"! /eo/le. ' t! t "tr n e d wn e#er )o7e", it will *e t!e in l#indi) tion o Di)ken". 't will *e /ro#ed t! t !e i" ! rdl+ e#en ) ri) t(ri"t t! t !e i""o7et!in #er+ like re li"t. T!o"e )o7i) 7on"tro"itie" w!i)! t!e )riti)" o(ndin)redi*le will *e o(nd to *e t!e i77en"e 7 orit+ o t!e )iti-en" o t!i" )o(ntr+. e"! ll ind t! t Sweedle/i/e )(t" o(r ! ir nd P(7*le)!ook "ell" =?#i> o(r )ere l" t! t

S 7 eller *l )k" o(r *oot" nd Ton+ eller dri#e" o(r o7ni*(". @or t!e e? er tednotion o t!e e? er tion" o Di)ken" " w " d7ir *l+ /ointed o(t *+ 7+ old riendnd ene7+ Mr. l t)! ord in Clarion re#iew i" #er+ l r el+ d(e to o(r 7i?in wit!

onl+ one "o)i l )l "", w!o"e )on#ention" re #er+ "tri)t, nd to w!o"e e)t tion" were ))("to7ed. 'n ) *7en, in )o**ler", in )! rwo7en, indi#id( lit+ i" o ten /("!ed to

t!e ed e o in" nit+. (t " lon " t!e T! )ker + n /l t or7 o entilit+ "tood ir7 llt!i" w ", )o7/ r ti#el+ "/e kin , )on)e led. @or t!e En li"!, o ll n tion", ! #e t!e7o"t (ni or7 (//er )l "" nd t!e 7o"t # ried de7o)r )+. 'n @r n)e it i" t!e /e " nt"w!o re "olid to (ni or7it+ it i" t!e 7 rK(i"e" w!o re little 7 d. (t in En l nd,w!ile ood or7 re"tr in" nd le#el" t!e (ni#er"itie" nd t!e r7+, t!e /oor /eo/le ret!e 7o"t 7otle+ nd 7("in )re t(re" in t!e world, (ll o !(7oro(" e)tion" nd

/re (di)e" nd twi"t" o iron+. @ren)!7en tend to *e like, *e) ("e t!e+ re ll "oldier"Pr(""i n" *e) ("e t!e+ re ll "o7et!in el"e, /ro* *l+ /oli)e7en e#en A7eri) n" re



ll "o7et!in , t!o( ! it i" not e "+ to " + w! t it i" it oe" wit! ! wkHlike e+e" nd nirr tion l e erne"". Per! /" it i" " # e". (t two En li"! ) *7en will *e "

rote"K(el+ di erent " Mr. eller nd Mr. e . Nor i" it tr(e to " + t! t ' "ee t!i"# riet+ *e) ("e it i" in 7+ own /eo/le. @or ' do not "ee t!e " 7e de ree o # riet+ in7+ own )l "" or in t!e )l "" *o#e it t!ere i" 7ore "(/er i)i l re"e7*l n)e *etween

two en"in ton do)tor" or two $i !l nd d(ke". No t!e de7o)r )+ i" re ll+ )o7/o"edo Di)ken" )! r )ter", =?#ii> or t!e "i7/le re "on t! t Di)ken" w " !i7"el one o t!ede7o)r )+.

T!ere re7 in" one t!in to *e dded to t!i" tte7/t to e?!i*it Di)ken" in t!e rowinnd )! n in li !t" o o(r ti7e. od or*id t! t n+ one e"/e)i ll+ n+ Di)ken"i n

"!o(ld dil(te or di")o(r e t!e re t e ort" tow rd" "o)i l i7/ro#e7ent. (t ' wi"! t! t"o)i l re or7er" wo(ld 7ore o ten re7e7*er t! t t!e+ re i7/o"in t!eir r(le" not ondot" nd n(7*er", *(t on o* S w+er nd Ti7 Linkinw ter, on Mr". Lirri/er nd Dr.M ri old. ' wi"! Mr. Sidne+ e** wo(ld "!(t !i" e+e" (ntil !e sees S 7 eller.

A re t 7 n+ )ir)(7"t n)e" ! #e led to t!e ne le)t in liter t(re o t!e"e e?(*er nt t+/e"w!i)! do )t( ll+ e?i"t in t!e r(der )l ""e" o "o)iet+. Per! /" t!e /rin)i/ l ) ("e i" t! t"in)e Di)ken"<" ti7e t!e "t(d+ o t!e /oor ! " )e "ed to *e n rt nd *e)o7e "ort o "! 7 ")ien)e. Di)ken" took t!e /oor indi#id( ll+: ll 7odern writin tend" to t ke t!e7)olle)ti#el+. 't i" " id t! t t!e 7odern re li"t /rod()e" /!oto r /! r t!er t! n

/i)t(re. (t t!i" i" n in deK( te o* e)tion. T!e re l tro(*le wit! t!e re li"t i" not t! t!e /rod()e" /!oto r /!, *(t t! t !e /rod()e" )o7/o"ite /!oto r /!. 't i" like ll)o7/o"ite /!oto r /!", *l(rred like ll )o7/o"ite /!oto r /!", !ideo(" nd like ll)o7/o"ite /!oto r /!", (nlike n+t!in or n+*od+. T!e new "o)iolo i) l no#el",w!i)! tte7/t to de")ri*e t!e *"tr )t t+/e o t!e workin H)l ""e", "in in /r )ti)e

in"t t!e ir"t ) non o liter t(re, tr(e w!en ll ot!er" re "(* e)t to e?)e/tion.Liter t(re 7("t lw +" *e /ointin o(t o w! t i" intere"tin in li e *(t t!e"e *ook"

re d(ller t! n t!e li e t!e+ =?#iii> re/re"ent. E#en "(//o"in t! t Di)ken" dide? er te t!e de ree to w!i)! one 7 n di er" ro7 not!erBt! t w " t le "t ne? er tion (/on t!e "ide o liter t(re it w " *etter t! n 7ere tte7/t to red()e w! ti" )t( ll+ #i#id nd (n7i"t k *le to w! t i" in )o7/ ri"on )olo(rle"" or (nnoti)e *le.E#en t!e )redit *le nd ne)e"" r+ e ort" o o(r ti7e in )ert in 7 tter" o "o)i l re or7! #e di")o(r ed t!e old di"tin)ti#e Di)ken" tre t7ent. Peo/le re "o n?io(" to do"o7et!in or t!e /oor 7 n t! t t!e+ ! #e "ort o "(*)on")io(" de"ire to t!ink t! tt!ere i" onl+ one kind o 7 n to do it or. T!(" w!ile t!e old ))o(nt" were "o7eti7e"too "tee/ nd )r -+, t!e new *e) 7e too "wee/in nd l t. Peo/le write *o(t t!e

/ro*le7 o drink, or in"t n)e, " i it were one /ro*le7. Di)ken" )o(ld ! #e told t!e7t! t t!ere i" t!e *+"" *etween !e #en nd !ell *etween t!e in)on r(o(" e?)e""e" o Mr.Pi)kwi)k nd t!e t li"ti) "o kin o Mr. i)k ield. $e )o(ld ! #e "!own t! t t!erew " not!in in )o77on *etween t!e *r nd+ nd w ter o o* S w+er nd t!e r(7 ndw ter o Mr. Sti in". Peo/le t lk o i7/r(dent 7 rri e" 7on t!e /oor, " i it were

ll one K(e"tion. Di)ken" )o(ld ! #e told t!e7 t! t it i" one t!in to 7 rr+ wit!o(t7()! 7one+, like Ste/!en l )k/ool, nd K(ite not!er to 7 rr+ wit!o(t t!e "7 lle"tintention o e#er tr+in to et n+, like $ rold Ski7/ole. Peo/le t lk *o(t !("* nd" int!e workin H)l ""e" *ein kind or *r(t l to t!eir wi#e", " i t! t w " t!e one /er7 nent

/ro*le7 nd no ot!er /o""i*ilit+ need *e )on"idered. Di)ken" )o(ld ! #e told t!e7 t! tt!ere w " t!e ) "e t!e *+ no 7e n" (n)o77on ) "e o t!e !("* nd o Mr". r er+ "

well " o t!e wi e =?i?> o Mr. (il/. 'n "!ort, Di)ken" " w t!e /ro*le7 o t!e /oor not" de d nd de inite *("ine"", *(t " li#in nd #er+ )o7/le? one. 'n "o7e w +" !e



wo(ld *e ) lled 7()! 7ore )on"er# ti#e t! n t!e 7odern "o)iolo i"t", in "o7e w +"7()! 7ore re#ol(tion r+.

LITTLE DORRIT

'n t!e ti7e o t!e de)line nd de t! o Di)ken", nd e#en 7ore "tron l+ ter it, t!erero"e ")!ool o )riti)i"7 w!i)! "(*"t nti ll+ 7 int ined t! t 7 n wrote *etter w!en

!e w " ill. 't w " "o7e "()! "enti7ent " t!i" t! t 7 de Mr. eor e i""in , t! t *lewriter, )o7e ne r to )ontendin t! t ittle Dorrit i" Di)ken"<" *e"t *ook. 't w " t!e

/rin)i/le o !i" /!ilo"o/!+ to 7 int in ' know not w!+ t! t 7 n w " 7ore likel+ to /er)ei#e t!e tr(t! w!en in low "/irit" t! n w!en in !i ! "/irit".

REPRINTED PIECES

T!e t!ree rti)le" on S(nd + o w!i)! ' "/e k re l7o"t t!e l "t e?/re""ion o nrti)(l te "ort in En li"! liter t(re o t!e n)ient nd e?i"tin 7or lit+ o t!e En li"!

/eo/le. 't i" lw +" ""erted t! t P(rit ni"7 ) 7e in wit! t!e "e#enteent! )ent(r+ ndt!oro( !l+ "o ked nd *"or*ed t!e En li"!. e re now, it i" )on"t ntl+ " id, nin)(r *l+ P(rit ni) /eo/le. Per"on ll+, ' ! #e 7+ do(*t" *o(t t!i". ' "! ll not re ("e to

d7it to t!e P(rit n" t! t t!e+ )onK(ered nd )r("!ed t!e En li"! /eo/le *(t ' do nott!ink t! t t!e+ e#er tr n" or7ed it. M+ do(*t =??> i" )!ie l+ deri#ed ro7 t!ree!i"tori) l )t". @ir"t, t! t En l nd w " ne#er "o ri)!l+ nd re)o ni" *l+ En li"! " int!e S! ke"/e ri n e *e ore t!e P(rit n ! d //e red. Se)ond, t! t e#er "in)e !e did

//e r t!ere ! " *een lon (n*roken line o *rilli nt nd t+/i) l En li"!7en w!o *elon ed to t!e S! ke"/e ri n nd not t!e P(rit ni) tr dition Dr+den, Jo!n"on, ilke",@o?, Nel"on, were ! rdl+ P(rit n". And t!ird, t! t t!e re l ri"e o new, )old, nd

illi*er l 7or lit+ in t!e"e 7 tter" "ee7" to 7e to ! #e o))(rred in t!e ti7e o (eeni)tori , nd not o (een Eli- *et!. All t!in " )on"idered, it i" likel+ t! t (t(re!i"tori n" will " + t! t t!e P(rit n" ir"t re ll+ tri(7/!ed in t!e twentiet! )ent(r+, ndt! t Di)ken" w " t!e l "t )r+ o Merr+ En l nd.

And *o(t t!e"e ddition l, 7i")ell neo(", nd e#en in erior work" o Di)ken" t!ere i",7oreo#er, not!er ("e nd ")in tion w!i)! ll Di)ken"i n" will (nder"t nd w!i)!,

ter 7 nner, i" not or t!e /ro ne. All w!o lo#e Di)ken" ! #e "tr n e "en"e t! t !ei" re ll+ ine?! ("ti*le. 't i" t!i" nt "ti) in init+ t! t di#ide" !i7 e#en ro7 t!e"tron e"t nd !e lt!ie"t ro7 nti) rti"t" o l ter d +B ro7 Ste#en"on, or e? 7/le. '! #e re d Treasure $sland twent+ ti7e" ne#ert!ele"" ' know it. (t ' do not re ll+ eel

" i ' knew ll %ick&ick ' ! #e not "o 7()! re d it twent+ ti7e" " re d in it 7illionti7e" nd it l7o"t "ee7ed " i ' lw +" re d "o7et!in new. e o t!e tr(e it! look

t e )! ot!er nd (nder"t nd +e", o(r 7 "ter w " 7 i)i n. ' *elie#e t!e *ook" reli#e ' *elie#e t! t le #e" "till row in t!e7, " le #e" row on t!e tree". ' *elie#e t! t

t!i" ir+ li*r r+ lo(ri"!e" =??i> nd in)re "e" like ir+ ore"t: *(t t!e world i"li"tenin to (", nd we will /(t o(r ! nd (/on o(r 7o(t!.

OUR MUTUAL FRIEND

One t!in t le "t "ee7" )ert in. Di)ken" 7 + or 7 + not ! #e *een "o)i li"t in !i"tenden)ie" one 7i !t K(ote on t!e ir7 ti#e "ide !i" " tire in"t Mr. Pod"n /, w!ot!o( !t Centr li" tion F(nHEn li"!G one 7i !t K(ote in re/l+ t!e )t t! t !e " tiri"edK(ite " (n7er)i (ll+ "t te nd 7(ni)i/ l o i)i l" o t!e 7o"t 7odern t+/e. (t t!ere i"



one )ondition o ir" w!i)! Di)ken" wo(ld )ert inl+ ! #e dete"ted nd deno(n)ed,nd t! t i" t!e )ondition in w!i)! we )t( ll+ "t nd toHd +. At t!i" 7o7ent it i" # in to

di")("" w!et!er "o)i li"7 will *e "ellin o 7en<" li*ert+ or *re d. T!e 7en ! #elre d+ "old t!e li*ert+ onl+ t!e+ ! #e not +et ot t!e *re d. A 7o"t in)e"" nt nd

e? )tin inter eren)e wit! t!e /oor i" lre d+ in o/er tion t!e+ re lre d+ r(led like

"l #e", onl+ t!e+ re not ed like "l #e". T!e )!ildren re or)i*l+ /ro#ided wit! ")!ool onl+ t!e+ re not /ro#ided wit! !o("e. O i)i l" i#e t!e 7o"t det ileddo7e"ti) dire)tion" *o(t t!e ire ( rd onl+ t!e+ do not i#e t!e ire ( rd. O i)i l"

*rin ro(nd t!e 7o"t "trin ent dire)tion" *o(t t!e 7ilk onl+ t!e+ do not *rin ro(ndt!e 7ilk. T!e "it( tion i" /er! /" t!e 7o"t !(7oro(" in t!e w!ole !i"tor+ o o//re""ion.

e or)e t!e ni er to di *(t " )on)e""ion to !i7 we do not i#e !i7 "/ de. e)o7/el S 7*o to )ook *(t we )on"(lt !i" di nit+ "o r " to re ("e !i7 ire.

=??ii> T!i" "t te o t!in " t le "t ) nnot )on)ei# *l+ end(re. e 7("t eit!er i#e t!eworker" 7ore /ro/ert+ nd li*ert+, or we 7("t eed t!e7 /ro/erl+ " we work t!e7

/ro/erl+. ' we in"i"t on "endin t!e 7en( into t!e7, t!e+ will n t(r ll+ "end t!e *illinto (". T!i" 7 + /o""i*l+ re"(lt it i" not 7+ /(r/o"e !ere to /ro#e t! t it will in t!edrillin o t!e En li"! /eo/le into !orde" o !(7 nel+ !erded "er " nd t!i" in 7 +7e n t!e din ro7 o(r )on")io("ne"" o ll t!o"e el#e" nd i nt", 7on"ter" nd

nt "ti)" w!o7 we re intl+ *e innin to eel nd re7e7*er in t!e l nd. ' t!i" *e "o,t!e work o Di)ken" 7 + *e )on"idered " re t #i"ionB #i"ion, " Swin*(rne " id,

*etween "lee/ nd "lee/. 't ) n *e " id t! t *etween t!e re+ / "t o territori lde/re""ion nd t!e re+ (t(re o e)ono7i) ro(tine t!e "tr n e )lo(d" li ted, nd we

*e!eld t!e l nd o t!e li#in .

L "tl+, Di)ken" i" e#en "toni"!in l+ ri !t *o(t E( ene r +*(rne. So r ro7re/ro )!in !i7 wit! not (nder"t ndin entle7 n, t!e )riti) will *e "toni"!ed t t!e

))(r )+ wit! w!i)! !e ! " re ll+ o*"er#ed t!e wort! nd t!e we kne"" o t!eri"to)r t. $e i" K(ite ri !t w!en !e "( e"t" t! t "()! 7 n ! " intelli en)e eno( ! to

de"/i"e t!e in#it tion" w!i)! !e ! " not t!e ener + to re ("e. $e i" K(ite ri !t w!en !e7 ke" E( ene like Mr. l o(r )on"t ntl+ ri !t in r (7ent e#en w!en !e i"o*#io("l+ wron in )t. Di)ken" i" K(ite ri !t w!en !e de")ri*e" E( ene " ) / *le o )(lti# tin "ort o "e)ond r+ nd l"e ind("tr+ *o(t n+t!in t! t i" not /ro it *le or

/(r"(in wit! / ""ion n+t!in t! t i" not !i" *("ine"". $e i" K(ite ri !t in 7 kinE( ene !one"tl+ //re)i ti#e =??iii> o e""enti l oodne""Bin ot!er /eo/le. $e i" K(iteri !t in 7 kin !i7 re ll+ ood t t!e r )e (l )o7*in tion o " tire nd "enti7ent,

*ot! /er e)tl+ "in)ere. $e i" l"o ri !t in indi) tin t! t t!e onl+ )(re or t!i"

intelle)t( l )ondition i" #iolent *low on t!e !e d.DA ID COPPERFIELD

T!e re l )!ie#e7ent o t!e e rlier / rt o David Copperfield lie" in )ert ini7/re""ion o t!e little Co//er ield li#in in l nd o i nt". 't i" t on)e r nt( n init" n)+ nd ro""l+ #i#id in it" )t" like (lli#er in t!e l nd o ro*din n w!en !ede")ri*e" 7o(nt ino(" ! nd" nd )e" illin t!e "k+, *ri"tle" " *i " !ed e", or 7ole" " *i " 7ole!ill". To !i7 / rent" nd ( rdi n" re not Ol+7/i n" " in Mr.

ennet! r ! 7e<" )le#er *ook , 7+"terio(" nd di ni ied, dwellin (/on )lo(d+!ill. % t!er t!e+ re ll t!e 7ore #i"i*le or *ein l r e. T!e+ )o7e ll t!e )lo"er

*e) ("e t!e+ re )olo"" l. T!eir K(eer e t(re" nd we kne""e" "t nd o(t l r e in "orto i nti) do7e"ti)it+, like t!e ! ir" nd re)kle" o ro*din n i n. e eel t!e



"o7*re M(rd"tone )o7in (/on t!e !o("e like t ll "tor7 "tridin t!ro( ! t!e "k+. ew t)! e#er+ /()ker o Pe ott+<" /e " nt )e in it" 7ood" o lint+ /re (di)e or w!i7"i) l !e"it tion. e look (/ nd eel t! t A(nt et"e+ in !er rden lo#e" w "re ll+ terri*leBe"/e)i ll+ !er rden lo#e". (t one ) nnot #oid t!e i7/re""ion t! t

" t!e *o+ row" l r er t!e"e i (re" row "7 ller, nd re not /er! /" "o )o7/letel+

" ti" )tor+.

=??i#>

CHRISTMAS BOOKS

And t!ere i" do(*tle"" )ert in /oeti) (nit+ nd iron+ in t!erin to et!er t!ree or o(r o t!e )r(de"t nd 7o"t )o)k"(re o t!e 7odern t!eori"t", wit! t!eir "!rill #oi)e"nd 7et lli) #irt(e", (nder t!e (lne"" nd t!e "onoro(" " nit+ o C!ri"ti n *ell". (t

t!e i (re" " tiri"ed in The Chimes )ro"" e )! ot!er<" / t! nd "/oil e )! ot!er in "o7ede ree. T!e 7 in /(r/o"e o t!e *ook w " /rote"t in"t t! t i7/(dent nd ! rdH!e rted (tilit ri ni"7 w!i)! rr n e" t!e /eo/le onl+ in row" o 7en or e#en in row" o

i (re". 't i" l 7in den(n)i tion o t! t "tr n e 7 t!e7 ti) l 7or lit+ w!i)! w "twi"ted o ten (n irl+ o(t o ent! 7 nd Mill: 7or lit+ *+ w!i)! e )! )iti-en 7("tre rd !i7"el " r )tion, nd #er+ #(l r r )tion. T!o( ! t!e / rti)(l r or7 o t!i" in"olent / tron e ! " )! n ed, t!i" re#olt nd re*(ke i" "till o # l(e, nd 7 + *ew!ole"o7e or t!o"e w!o re te )!in t!e /oor to *e /ro#ident. Do(*tle"" it i" oodide to *e /ro#ident, in t!e "en"e t! t Pro#iden)e i" /ro#ident, *(t t! t "!o(ld 7e n

*ein kind, nd )ert inl+ not 7erel+ *ein )old.

The Cricket on the Hearth , t!o( ! /o/(l r, ' t!ink, wit! 7 n+ "e)tion" o t!e re tr7+ o Di)ken"i n", ) nnot *e "/oken o in n+ "()! *"tr )t or "erio(" ter7". 't i"

*rie do7e"ti) li7/"e it i" n interior. 't 7("t *e re7e7*ered t! t Di)ken" w " ondo interior" " "()! !e w " like ro7 nti) tr 7/ w!o "!o(ld o ro7 window towindow lookin in t t!e / rlo(r". $e ! d t! t "olid, inde")ri* *le deli !t in t!e 7ere"olidit+ nd ne tne"" o (nn+ little !(7 nit+ in it" (nn+ little =??#> !o("e", like doll<"!o("e". To !i7 e#er+ !o("e w " *o?, C!ri"t7 " *o?, in w!i)! d n)in !(7 n dollw " tied (/ in *ri)k" nd "l te" in"te d o "trin nd *rown / /er. $e went ro7 one

le 7in window to not!er, lookin in t t!e l 7/Hlit / rlo(r". T!(" !e "tood or little w!ile lookin in t t!i" )o"+ i )o77on/l )e interior o t!e ) rrier nd !i" wi e

*(t !e did not "t nd t!ere #er+ lon . $e w " on !i" w + to K( inter town" nd #ill e".Alre d+ t!e /l nt" were "/ro(tin (/on t!e * l)on+ o Mi"" To? nd t!e re t wind

w " ri"in t! t l(n Mr. Pe)k"ni in"t !i" own ront door.TALE OF T!O CITIES

't w " well or !i7, t n+ r te, t! t t!e /eo/le ro"e in @r n)e. 't w " well or !i7, tn+ r te, t! t t!e (illotine w " "et (/ in t!e Pl )e de l Con)orde. Un)on")io("l+, *(t

not ))ident ll+, Di)ken" w " !ere workin o(t t!e w!ole tr(e )o7/ ri"on *etween"wi t re#ol(tioni"7 in P ri" nd "low e#ol(tioni"7 in London. Sidne+ C rton i" one o t!o"e "(*li7e ")eti)" w!o"e !e d o end" t!e7, nd w!o )(t it o . @or !i7 t le "t itw " *etter t! t t!e *lood "!o(ld low in P ri" t! n t! t t!e wine "!o(ld low n+ lon er in London. And i ' " + t! t e#en now t!e (illotine 7i !t *e t!e *e"t )(re or 7 n+

London l w+er, ' "k +o( to *elie#e t! t ' 7 not 7erel+ li// nt. (t +o( will not *elie#e it.



BARNABY RUDGE

't 7 + *e " id t! t t!ere i" no )o7/ ri"on *etween =??#i> t! t e?/lo"i#e o/enin o t!eintelle)t in P ri" nd n ntiK( ted 7 d7 n le din knot o /ro#in)i l Prote"t nt".T!e M n o t!e $ill, " +" i)tor $( o "o7ew!ere, i !t" or n ide t!e M n o t!e

@ore"t or /re (di)e. Ne#ert!ele"" it re7 in" tr(e t! t t!e ene7ie" o t!e red ) / lontte7/ted to re/re"ent it " "! 7 de)or tion in t!e "t+le o Si7 T //ertit. Lon ter

t!e re#ol(tioni"t" ! d "!own 7ore t! n t!e K( litie" o 7en, it w " )o77on 7onlord" nd l )K(e+" to ttri*(te to t!e7 t!e "t e+ nd /ir ti) l /retentio("ne"" o (r)!in". T!e kin " ) lled N /oleon<" /i"tol to+ /i"tol e#en w!ile it w " !oldin (/t!eir )o )! nd 7 "terin t!eir 7one+ or t!eir li#e" t!e+ ) lled !i" "word "t e "worde#en w!ile t!e+ r n w + ro7 it. So7et!in o t!e " 7e "enile in)on"i"ten)+ ) n *e

o(nd in n En li"! nd A7eri) n ! *it )o77on (ntil re)entl+: t! t o / intin t!eSo(t! A7eri) n" t on)e " r( i n" w din in ) rn e, nd l"o " /oltroon" /l +in tw r. T!e+ *l 7e t!e7 ir"t or t!e )r(elt+ o ! #in i !t nd t!en or t!e we kne""o ! #in "! 7 i !t. S()!, !owe#er, "in)e t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion nd *e ore it, ! "

*een t!e t(o(" ttit(de o )ert in An loHS ?on" tow rd" t!e w!ole re#ol(tion r+tr dition. Si7 T //ertit w " "ort o n"wer to e#er+t!in nd t!e +o(n 7en were7o)ked " </renti)e" lon ter t!e+ were 7 "ter". T!e ri"in ort(ne o t!e So(t!A7eri) n re/(*li)" toHd + i" "+7*oli) l nd e#en 7en )in o 7 n+ t!in " nd it 7 +

*e t! t t!e ro7 n)e o riot will not *e "o 7()! e?tin (i"!ed " e?tended nd ne rer !o7e we 7 + ! #e *o+" *ein *o+" in, nd in London t!e )r+ o F)l(*".G

=??#ii>

THE UNCOMMERCIAL TRA ELLER

The 'ncommercial Traveller i" )olle)tion o Di)ken"<" 7e7orie" r t!er t! n o !i"liter r+ /(r/o"e" *(t it i" d(e to !i7 to " + t! t 7e7or+ i" o ten 7ore "t rtlin in !i7t! n /ro/!e)+ in n+*od+ el"e. T!e+ ! #e t!e )! r )ter w!i)! *elon " to ll !i" #i#idin)ident l writin : t! t t!e+ tt )! t!e7"el#e" lw +" to "o7e te?t w!i)! i" )t r t!er t! n n ide . $e w " one o t!o"e "on" o E#e w!o re onder o t!e Tree o Li e t! n o t!e Tree o nowled eBe#en o t!e knowled e o ood nd o e#il. $e w " in t!i"

/ro o(nde"t "en"e re li"t. Criti)" ! #e t lked o n rti"t wit! !i" e+e on t!e o* e)t.Di)ken" " n e"" +i"t lw +" ! d !i" e+e on n o* e)t *e ore !e ! d t!e inte"t notiono "(* e)t. All t!e"e work" o !i" ) n *e"t *e )on"idered " letter" t!e+ re note" o

/er"on l tr #el, ")ri**le" in di r+ *o(t t!i" or t! t t! t re ll+ ! //ened. (t Di)ken"

w " one o t!e ew 7en w!o ! #e t!e two t lent" t! t re t!e w!ole o liter t(reB nd! #e t!e7 *ot! to et!er. @ir"t, !e )o(ld 7 ke t!in ! //en o#er in nd "e)ond, !e)o(ld 7 ke it ! //en *etter. $e ) n *e ) lled e? er ti#e *(t 7ere e? er tion)on#e+" not!in o !i" t+/i) l t lent. Mere w!irlwind" o word", 7ere 7elodr 7 " o e rt! nd !e #en do not e)t (" " Di)ken" e)t" (", *e) ("e t!e+ re e? er tion"o not!in . ' "ked or n e? er tion o "o7et!in , t!eir in#entor" wo(ld *e entirel+d(7*. T!e+ wo(ld not know !ow to e? er te *roo7H"ti)k or t!e li e o t!e7 t!e+)o(ld not e? er te ten/enn+ n il. Di)ken" lw +" *e n wit! t!e n il or t!e *roo7H"ti)k. $e lw +" =??#iii> *e n wit! )t e#en w!en !e w " 7o"t n)i (l nd e#enw!en !e drew t!e lon *ow !e w " ) re (l to !it t!e w!ite.

T!i" rioto(" re li"7 o Di)ken" ! " it" di" d# nt eB di" d# nt e t! t )o7e" o(t7ore )le rl+ in t!e"e ) "( l "ket)!e" t! n in !i" )on"tr()ted ro7 n)e". One r #e de e)t



in !i" re tne"" i" t! t !e w " lto et!er too indi erent to t!eorie". On l r e 7 tter" !ewent ri !t *+ t!e #er+ l r ene"" o !i" 7ind *(t in "7 ll 7 tter" !e "( ered ro7 t!el )k o n+ lo i) l te"t nd re d+ re)koner. $en)e !i" )o77ent (/on t!e det il" o )i#ili" tion or re or7 re "o7eti7e" /t to *e erk+ nd rrin , nd e#en ro""l+in)on"i"tent. So lon " t!in w " !eroi) eno( ! to d7ire, Di)ken" d7ired it

w!ene#er it w " *"(rd eno( ! to l ( ! t !e l ( !ed t it: "o r !e w " on "(rero(nd. (t *o(t ll t!e "7 ll !(7 n /ro e)t" t! t lie *etween t!e e?tre7e" o t!e

"(*li7e nd t!e ridi)(lo(", !i" )riti)i"7 w " /t to ! #e n ))ident l K( lit+. A"M tt!ew Arnold " id o t!e re7 rk" o t!e Yo(n M n ro7 t!e Co(ntr+ *o(t t!e

/er 7*(l tor, t!e+ re elt not to *e t t!e !e rt o t!e "it( tion. On re t 7 n+o)) "ion" t!e Un)o77er)i l Tr #eller "ee7", like ot!er ! "t+ tr #eller", to *e)riti)i"in ele7ent" nd in"tit(tion" w!i)! !e ! " K(ite in deK( tel+ (nder"tood ndon)e or twi)e t!e Un)o77er)i l Tr #eller 7i !t l7o"t " well *e Co77er)i lTr #eller or ll !e know" o t!e )o(ntr+"ide.

An in"t n)e o w! t ' 7e n 7 + *e o(nd in t!e 7("in rti)le *o(t t!e ni !t7 re" o t!e n(r"er+. S(/er i)i ll+ re d it 7i !t l7o"t *e t ken to 7e n t! t Di)ken"di" //ro#ed o !o"t "torie"Bdi" //ro#ed =??i?> o t! t old nd eni l !orror w!i)!n(r"e" ) n ! rdl+ "(//l+ "t eno( ! or t!e )!ildren w!o w nt it. Di)ken", one wo(ld! #e t!o( !t, "!o(ld ! #e *een t!e l "t 7 n in t!e world to o* e)t to !orri*le "torie",! #in !i7"el written "o7e o t!e 7o"t !orri*le t! t e?i"t in t!e world. T!e (t!or o t!e M d7 n<" M n(")ri/t, o t!e di"e "e o Monk nd t!e de t! o rook, ) nnot *e)on"idered "tidio(" in t!e 7 tter o re#oltin re li"7 or o re#oltin 7+"ti)i"7. '

rti"ti) !orror i" to *e ke/t ro7 t!e +o(n , it i" t le "t " ne)e"" r+ to kee/ little *o+"ro7 re din %ick&ick or Bleak House " to re r in ro7 tellin t!e7 t!e "tor+ o

C /t in M(rderer or t!e terri*le t le o C!i/". ' t!ere w " "o7et!in // llin in t!er!+7e o C!i/" nd /i/" nd "!i/", it w " not!in )o7/ red to t! t in ern l re r in o FM(d"t in", *lood"t in"G w!i)! Di)ken" !i7"el , in one o !i" !i !e"t 7o7ent" o !elli"! rt, /(t into Oliver T&ist .

' t ke t!i" one in"t n)e o t!e e?)ellent rti)le ) lled FN(r"e<" Storie"G *e) ("e it i"K(ite t+/i) l o ll t!e re"t. Di)ken" ))("ed o "(/er i)i lit+ *+ t!o"e w!o ) nnot

r "/ t! t t!ere i" o 7 (/on dee/ "e " w " re ll+ dee/ *o(t !(7 n *ein " t! t i", !ew " ori in l nd )re ti#e *o(t t!e7. (t *o(t ide " !e did tend to *e little"(/er i)i l. $e (d ed t!e7 *+ w!et!er t!e+ !it !i7, nd not *+ w! t t!e+ were tr+into !it. T!(" in t!i" *ook t!e re t wi- rd o t!e C!ri"t7 " !o"t" "ee7" l7o"t t!eene7+ o !o"t "torie" t!(" t!e l7o"t 7elodr 7 ti) 7or li"t w!o )re ted % l/!

Ni)kle*+ nd Jon " C!(--lewit ) nnot "ee t!e /oint in ori in l "in t!(" t!e re tdeno(n)er o o i)i l o//re""ion in En l nd 7 + *e =???> o(nd r too ind(l ent to t!e * "e"t "/e)t" o t!e 7odern /oli)e. $i" t!eorie" were le"" i7/ort nt t! n !i" )re tion", *e) ("e !e w " 7 n o eni(". (t !e !i7"el t!o( !t !i" t!eorie" t!e 7orei7/ort nt, *e) ("e !e w " 7 n.

=1>

SKETCHES BY BOZ

T!e re te"t 7+"ter+ *o(t l7o"t n+ re t writer i" w!+ !e w " e#er llowed to writet ll. T!e ir"t e ort" o e7inent 7en re lw +" i7it tion" nd #er+ o ten t!e+ re * d



i7it tion". T!e onl+ K(e"tion i" w!et!er t!e /(*li"!er ! d " !i" n 7e wo(ld "ee7 toi7/l+ "o7e "(*)on")io(" )onne)tion or "+7/ t!+ wit! t!e /(*li), nd t!(" eltin"tin)ti#el+ t!e /re"en)e o "o7et!in t! t 7i !t (lti7 tel+ tell or w!et!er t!e )!oi)ew " 7erel+ 7 tter o )! n)e nd one Di)ken" w " )!o"en nd not!er Di)ken" le t.T!e )t i" l7o"t (nK(e"tion *le: 7o"t (t!or" 7 de t!eir re/(t tion *+ * d *ook" nd

terw rd" "(//orted it *+ ood one". T!i" i" in "o7e de ree tr(e e#en in t!e ) "e o Di)ken". T!e /(*li) )ontin(ed to ) ll !i7 F o-G lon ter t!e /(*li) ! d or otten t!eSketches by Boz . N(7*erle"" writer" o t!e ti7e "/e k o F o-G " ! #in written

Martin Chuzzle&it nd F o-G " ! #in written David Copperfield . Yet i t!e+ ! d one * )k to t!e ori in l *ook "i ned F o-G t!e+ 7i !t e#en ! #e elt t! t it w " #(l r nd

li// nt. T!i" i" indeed t!e )!ie tr ed+ o /(*li"!er": t! t t!e+ 7 + e "il+ re ("e t t!e" 7e 7o7ent t!e wron 7 n(")ri/t nd t!e ri !t 7 n. 't i" e "+ to "ee o Di)ken" nowt! t !e w " t!e ri !t 7 n *(t 7 n 7i !t ! #e *een #er+ well e?)("ed i !e ! d notre li"ed =2> t! t t!e Sketches w " t!e ri !t *ook. Di)ken", ' " +, i" ) "e or t!i"

/ri7 r+ K(er+: w!et!er t!ere w " in t!e ir"t work n+ )le r "i n o !i" !i !er )re ti#e"/irit. (t Di)ken" i" 7()! le"" ) "e or t!i" K(er+ t! n l7o"t ll t!e ot!er re t 7eno !i" /eriod. T!e #er+ e rlie"t work" o T! )ker + re 7()! 7ore (ni7/re""i#e t! nt!o"e o Di)ken". N +, t!e+ re 7()! 7ore #(l r t! n t!o"e o Di)ken". And wor"t o

ll, t!e+ re 7()! 7ore n(7ero(" t! n t!o"e o Di)ken". T! )ker + ) 7e 7()! ne rer to *ein t!e ordin r+ liter r+ il(re t! n Di)ken" e#er ) 7e. %e d "o7e o t!e e rlie"t)riti)i"7" o Mr. Yellow/l("! or Mi)! el An elo Tit7 r"! nd +o( will re li"e t! t tt!e #er+ *e innin t!ere w " 7ore /otenti l )l(7"ine"" nd "illine"" in T! )ker + t! nt!ere e#er w " in Di)ken". Ne#ert!ele"" t!ere w " "o7e /otenti l )l(7"ine"" nd"illine"" in Di)ken" nd w! t t!ere i" o it //e r" !ere nd t!ere in t!e d7ir *leSketches by Boz .

Per! /" we 7 + /(t t!e 7 tter t!i" w +: t!i" i" t!e onl+ one o Di)ken"<" work" o w!i)! it i" ordin ril+ ne)e"" r+ to know t!e d te. To )lo"e nd deli) te )o7/re!en"ionit i" indeed #er+ i7/ort nt t! t (icholas (ickleby w " written t t!e *e innin o Di)ken"<" li e, nd Our Mutual Friend tow rd" t!e end o it. Ne#ert!ele"" n+*od+)o(ld (nder"t nd or en o+ t!e"e *ook", w!ene#er t!e+ were written. ' Our Mutual

Friend w " written in t!e L tin o t!e D rk A e" we "!o(ld "till w nt it tr n"l ted. ' wet!o( !t t! t (icholas (ickleby wo(ld not *e written (ntil t!irt+ +e r" !en)e we "!o(ld

ll w it or it e erl+. T!e ener l i7/re""ion /rod()ed *+ Di)ken"<" work i" t!e =0>" 7e " t! t /rod()ed *+ 7ir )(lo(" #i"ion" it i" t!e de"tr()tion o ti7e. T!o7 "AK(in " " id t! t t!ere w " no ti7e in t!e "i !t o od !owe#er t!i" 7 + *e, t!ere w "no ti7e in t!e "i !t o Di)ken". A" ener l r(le Di)ken" ) n *e re d in n+ order not

onl+ in n+ order o *ook", *(t e#en in n+ order o )! /ter". 'n n #er e Di)ken" *ook e#er+ / rt i" "o 7("in nd li#e t! t +o( ) n re d t!e / rt" * )kw rd" +o( ) nre d t!e K( rrel ir"t nd t!en t!e ) ("e o t!e K( rrel +o( ) n ll in lo#e wit! wo7 n in t!e tent! )! /ter nd t!en t(rn * )k to t!e ir"t )! /ter to ind o(t w!o "!e i".T!i" i" not )! o" it i" eternit+. 't 7e n" 7erel+ t! t Di)ken" in"tin)ti#el+ elt ll !i"

i (re" to *e i77ort l "o(l" w!o e?i"ted w!et!er !e wrote o t!e7 or not, nd w!et!er t!e re der re d o t!e7 or not. T!ere i" /e)(li r K( lit+ " o )ele"ti l /reHe?i"ten)e

*o(t t!e Di)ken" )! r )ter". Not onl+ did t!e+ e?i"t *e ore we !e rd o t!e7, t!e+e?i"ted l"o *e ore Di)ken" !e rd o t!e7. A" r(le t!i" (n)! n e *le ir in Di)ken"de/ri#e" n+ di")(""ion *o(t d te o it" /oint. (t " ' ! #e " id, t!i" i" t!e oneDi)ken" work o w!i)! t!e d te is e""enti l. 't i" re ll+ n i7/ort nt / rt o t!e )riti)i"7

o t!i" *ook to " + t! t it i" !i" ir"t *ook. Cert in ele7ent" o )l(7"ine"", o o*#io("ne"", o e#ident *l(nder, )t( ll+ reK(ire t!e )!ronolo i) l e?/l n tion. 't i"



*io r /!i) ll+ i7/ort nt t! t t!i" i" !i" ir"t *ook, l7o"t e? )tl+ in t!e " 7e w + t! t iti" *io r /!i) ll+ i7/ort nt t! t The Mystery of "d&in Drood w " !i" l "t *ook. C! n eor no )! n e, "d&in Drood ! " t!i" /l in /oint o l "t "tor+ *o(t it: t! t it i" not

ini"!ed. (t i t!e l "t *ook i" (n ini"!ed, t!e ir"t *ook i" 7ore (n ini"!ed "till.

=;> T!e Sketches di#ide t!e7"el#e", o )o(r"e, into two *ro d )l ""e". One ! l )on"i"t"o "ket)!e" t! t re tr(l+ nd in t!e "tri)t "en"e "ket)!e". T! t i", t!e+ re t!in " t! t! #e no "tor+ nd in t!eir o(tline none o t!e )! r )ter o )re tion t!e+ re 7erel+ )t"

ro7 t!e "treet or t!e t #ern or t!e town ! ll, noted down " t!e+ o))(rred *+ nintelli en)e o K(ite e?)e/tion l #i# )it+. T!e "e)ond )l "" )on"i"t" o /(rel+ )re ti#et!in ": r)e", ro7 n)e", "torie" in n+ ) "e wit! nonHn t(r l /er e)tion, or /oeti) l

("ti)e, to ro(nd t!e7 o . One )l "" i" d7ir *l+ re/re"ented, or in"t n)e, *+ t!e"ket)! de")ri*in t!e C! rit+ Dinner, t!e ot!er *+ "()! "tor+ " t! t o HoratioSparkins . T!e"e t!in " were l7o"t )ert inl+ written *+ Di)ken" t #er+ # rio(" /eriod"o !i" +o(t! nd e rl+ " t!e ! r#e"t i", no do(*t it i" ! r#e"t nd ! d ri/ened d(rin re "on *l+ lon ti7e. Ne#ert!ele"" it i" wit! t!e"e two t+/e" o n rr ti#e t! t t!e +o(nC! rle" Di)ken" ir"t enter" En li"! liter t(re !e enter" it wit! n(7*er o o(rn li"ti)note" o "()! t!in " " !e ! " "een ! //en in "treet" or o i)e", nd wit! n(7*er o "!ort "torie" w!i)! err on t!e "ide o t!e e?tr # nt nd e#en t!e "(/er i)i l.Jo(rn li"7 ! d not t!en, indeed, "(nk to t!e low le#el w!i)! it ! " "in)e re )!ed. $i""ket)!e" o dirt+ London wo(ld not ! #e *een dirt+ eno( ! or t!e 7odern '7/eri li"t

/re"". Still t!e"e ir"t e ort" o !i" re o(rn li"7, nd "o7eti7e" #(l r o(rn li"7. 'tw " " o(rn li"t t! t !e tt )ked t!e world, " o(rn li"t t! t !e )onK(ered it.

T!e *io r /!i) l )ir)(7"t n)e" will not, o )o(r"e, *e or otten. T!e li e o Di)ken"! d *een )(rio(" one. ro( !t (/ in 7il+ ("t /oor eno( ! to *e / in (ll+ =5>)on")io(" o it" /ro"/erit+ nd it" re"/e)t *ilit+, !e ! d *een "(ddenl+ l(n *+

in n)i l ) l 7it+ into "o)i l )ondition r *elow !i" own. @or 7en on t! t e? )t ed eo t!e ed() ted )l "" "()! tr n"ition i" re ll+ tr i). A d(ke 7 + *e)o7e n ##+ or

oke, *(t )lerk ) nnot *e)o7e n ##+ or oke. Di)ken"<" / rent" went to de*tor"< /ri"on Di)ken" !i7"el went to r 7ore (n/le " nt /l )e. T!e de*tor"< /ri"on ! d

*o(t it t le "t t! t ele7ent o 7i *le )o7/ro7i"e nd kindl+ de) + w!i)! *elon ednd *elon " "till to ll t!e o i)i l in"tit(tion" o En l nd. (t Di)ken" w " doo7ed to

"ee t!e #er+ *l )ke"t "/e)t o nineteent!H)ent(r+ En l nd, "o7et!in r *l )ker t! nn+ 7ere * d o#ern7ent. $e went not to /ri"on *(t to )tor+. 'n t!e 7("t+

tr dition li"7 o t!e M r"! l"e old Jo!n Di)ken" )o(ld e "il+ re7 in o/ti7i"ti). 'n t!eero)io(" e i)ien)+ o t!e 7odern )tor+ +o(n C! rle" Di)ken" n rrowl+ e") /ed

*ein /e""i7i"t. $e did e") /e t!i" d n er in ll+ !e e#en e") /ed t!e )tor+ it"el .$i" ne?t "te/ in li e w ", i /o""i*le, e#en 7ore e))entri). $e w " "ent to ")!ool !e w ""ent o like n inno)ent little *o+ in Eton )oll r" to le rn t!e r(di7ent" o L tin

r 77 r, wit!o(t n+ re eren)e to t!e )t t! t !e ! d lre d+ t ken !i" / rt in t!e!orri*le )o7/etition nd )t( lit+ o t!e e o 7 n( )t(re". 't w " like i#in " )ked * nk 7 n er " t)!el nd "endin !i7 to d 7e<" ")!ool. Nor w " t!e t!ird"t e o t!i" ) reer (n)onne)ted wit! t!e oddit+ o t!e ot!er". On le #in t!e ")!ool !ew " 7 de )lerk in l w+er<" o i)e, " i !en)e orw rd t!i" )!ild o ridi)(lo(")! n e" w " to "ettle down into "ilent ""i"t nt or K(iet "oli)itor. 't w " e? )tl+ =3>

t t!i" 7o7ent t! t !i" (nd 7ent l re*ellion *e n to "eet!e it "eet!ed 7ore in"tt!e K(iet in lit+ o !i" le l o))(/ tion t! n it ! d "eet!ed in"t t!e "K( lor nd

"l #er+ o !i" d +" o /o#ert+. T!ere 7("t ! #e *een in !i" 7ind, ' t!ink, di7 eelin :FDid ll 7+ d rk )ri"e" 7e n onl+ t!i" w " ' )r()i ied onl+ t! t ' 7i !t *e)o7e



"oli)itor<" )lerkIG ! te#er *e t!e tr(t! *o(t t!i" )on e)t(re t!ere ) n *e no K(e"tion*o(t t!e )t" t!e7"el#e". 't w " *o(t t!i" ti7e t! t !e *e n to *(r"t nd *(**le o#er,

to in"i"t (/on !i" own intelle)t, to )l i7 ) reer. 't w " *o(t t!i" ti7e t! t !e /(tto et!er loo"e /ile o / /er", " tire" on in"tit(tion", /i)t(re" o /ri# te /er"on", ir+t le" o t!e #(l rit+ o !i" world, odd" nd end" "()! " )o7e o(t o t!e )ilit+ nd t!e

ier)e # nit+ o +o(t!. 't w " *o(t t!i" ti7e t n+ r te t! t !e de)ided to /(*li"! t!e7,nd #e t!e7 t!e n 7e o Sketches by Boz .

T!e+ 7("t, ' t!ink, *e re d in t!e li !t o t!i" +o(t! (l e?/lo"ion. 'n "o7e /"+)!olo i) l "en"e !e ! d re ll+ *een wron ed. (t !e ! d onl+ *e)o7e )on")io(" o !i" wron " " !i" wron " ! d *een r d( ll+ ri !ted. Si7il rl+, it ! " o ten *een o(ndt! t 7 n w!o ) n / tientl+ end(re /en l "er#it(de t!ro( ! (di)i l *l(nder willne#ert!ele"", w!en on)e !i" ) ("e i" well ""erted, K( rrel *o(t t!e 7o(nt o )o7/en" tion or )o7/l in o "7 ll "li !t" in !i" /ro e""ion l e?i"ten)e. T!e"e re t!e7 rk" o t!e ir"t liter r+ )tion o Di)ken". 't ! " in it ll t!e /e)(li r ! rdne"" o +o(t! ! rdne"" w!i)! in t!o"e w!o ! #e in n+ w + *een (n irl+ tre ted re )!e"e#en to i7/(den)e. 't i" terri*le t!in or n+ 7 n to ind o(t t! t !i" elder" =8> rewron . And t!i" l7o"t (nkindl+ )o(r e o +o(t! 7("t / rtl+ *e !eld re"/on"i*le or t!e "7 rtne"" o Di)ken", t! t l7o"t o en"i#e "7 rtne"" w!i)! in t!e"e e rlier *ook"o !i" "o7eti7e" irrit te" (" like t!e "!ow+ i*e" in t!e t ll t lk o ")!oolH*o+. T!e"e

ir"t / e" *e r witne"" *ot! to t!e ener + o !i" eni(" nd l"o to it" (nenli !ten7ent!e "ee7" 7ore i nor nt nd 7ore )o)k"(re t! n "o re t 7 n "!o(ld *e. Di)ken" w "ne#er "t(/id, *(t !e w " "o7eti7e" "ill+ nd !e i" o)) "ion ll+ "ill+ !ere.

All t!i" 7("t *e " id to /re/ re t!e 7ore "tidio(" 7odern or t!e"e / /er", i !e ! "ne#er re d t!e7 *e ore. (t w!en ll t!i" ! " *een " id t!ere re7 in" in t!e7 e? )tl+w! t lw +" re7 in" in Di)ken" w!en +o( ! #e t ken w + e#er+t!in t! t ) n *et ken w + *+ t!e 7o"t "tidio(" 7odern w!o e#er di""e)ted !i" r nd7ot!er. T!erere7 in" t! t primum mobile o w!i)! ll t!e 7+"ti)" ! #e "/oken: ener +, t!e /ower to)re te. ' will not ) ll it Ft!e will to li#e,G or t! t i" /ri i"! /!r "e o er7 n

/ro e""or". E#en er7 n /ro e""or", ' "(//o"e, ! #e t!e will to li#e. (t Di)ken" ! de? )tl+ w! t er7 n /ro e""or" ! #e not: !e ! d t!e /ower to li#e. And indeed it i"7o"t # l( *le to ! #e t!e"e e rl+ "/e)i7en" o t!e Di)ken" work i onl+ *e) ("e t!e+

re "/e)i7en" o !i" "/irit / rt ro7 !i" 7 t(red intelli en)e. 't i" well to *e *le tore li"e t! t )ont )t wit! t!e Di)ken" world i" l7o"t like /!+"i) l )ont )t it i" like"te//in "(ddenl+ into t!e !ot "7ell" o reen!o("e, or into t!e *le k "7ell o t!e "e .

e know t! t we re t!ere. Let n+ one re d, or in"t n)e, one o t!e ooli"! *(t

7("in r)e" in Di)ken"<" ir"t #ol(7e. Let !i7 =4> re d, or in"t n)e, "()! "tor+ "t! t o Horatio Sparkins or t! t o The Tu##ses at )ams#ate . $e will not ind #er+7()! o t! t #er* l eli)it+ or nt "ti) iron+ t! t Di)ken" terw rd" de#elo/ed t!ein)ident" re (/on t!e /l in line" o t!e "to)k )o7ed+ o t!e d +: "! r/er" w!o entr /"i7/leton", "/in"ter" w!o n le or !("* nd", +o(t!" w!o tr+ to look +roni) nd onl+look ooli"!. Yet t!ere i" "o7et!in in t!e"e "torie" w!i)! t!ere i" not in t!e ordin r+"to)k )o7edie" o t! t d +: n inde in *le l #o(r o e7/! "i" nd ri)!ne"", !int " o in init+ o (n. Do(*tle"", or in"t n)e, 7illion )o7i) writer" o t! t e/o)! ! d 7 de

7e o t!e d rk, ro7 nti) +o(n 7 n w!o /retended to *+""e" o /!ilo"o/!+ ndde"/ ir. And it i" not e "+ to " + e? )tl+ w!+ we eel t! t t!e ew 7et /!+"i) l re7 rk"o Mr. $or tio S/ rkin" re in "o7e w + re ll+ 7()! (nnier t! n n+ o t!o"e old

"to)k oke". 't i" in )ert in K( lit+ o dee/ en o+7ent in t!e writer " well " t!ere der " i t!e ew word" written ! d *een di//ed in d rk non"en"e nd were, " it



were, reekin wit! deri"ion. F e) ("e i E e)t *e t!e re"(lt o C ("e nd C ("e *e t!ePre)(r"or o E e)t,G " id Mr. $or tio S/ rkin", F' //re!end t! t +o( re wron .G

No*od+ ) n et t t!e re l "e)ret o "enten)e" like t! t "enten)e" w!i)! wereterw rd" "trewed wit! re)kle"" li*er lit+ o#er t!e )on#er" tion o Di)k Swi#eller or

Mr. M nt lini, Si7 T //ertit or Mr. Pe)k"ni . T!o( ! t!e oke "ee7" 7o"t "(/er i)i l

one ! " onl+ to re d it )ert in n(7*er o ti7e" to "ee t! t it i" 7o"t "(*tle. T!e okedoe" not lie in Mr. S/ rkin" 7erel+ ("in lon word", n+ 7ore t! n t!e oke lie"7erel+ in Mr. Swi#eller drinkin , or in Mr. M nt lini =9> de)ei#in !i" wi e. 't i""o7et!in in t!e rr n e7ent o t!e word" "o7et!in in l "t in"/ired t(rn o

*"(rdit+ i#en to "enten)e. 'n "/ite o e#er+t!in $or tio S/ rkin" i" (nn+. e) nnot tell w!+ !e i" (nn+. !en we know w!+ !e i" (nn+ we "! ll know w!+Di)ken" i" re t.

St ndin " we do !ere (/on t!e t!re"!old, " it were, o t!e work o Di)ken", it 7 + *ewell /er! /" to "t te t!i" tr(t! " *ein , ter ll, t!e 7o"t i7/ort nt one. T!i" ir"t work ! d, " ' ! #e " id, t!e (lt" o ir"t work nd t!e "/e)i l (lt" t! t ro"e ro7 it"

(t!or<" ))ident l !i"tor+ !e w " de/ri#ed o ed() tion, nd t!ere ore it w " in "o7ew +" (ned() ted !e w " )on ronted wit! t!e oll+ nd il(re o !i" n t(r l "(/erior"

nd ( rdi n", nd t!ere ore it w " in "o7e w +" /ert nd in"olent. Ne#ert!ele"" t!e7 in )t *o(t t!e work i" wort! "t tin !ere or n+ re der w!o "!o(ld ollow t!e)!ronolo i) l order nd re d t!e Sketches by Boz *e ore e7* rkin on t!e "tor7+ nd"/lendid "e o %ick&ick . @or t!e "e o %ick&ick , t!o( ! "/lendid, doe" 7 ke "o7e

/eo/le "e "i)k. T!e re t /oint to *e e7/! "i"ed t "()! n initi tion i" t!i": t! t /eo/le, e"/e)i ll+ re ined /eo/le, re not to (d e o Di)ken" *+ w! t t!e+ wo(ld ) llt!e )o r"ene"" or )o77on/l )ene"" o !i" "(* e)t. 't i" K(ite tr(e t! t !i" oke" re o tenon t!e " 7e sub*ects " t!e oke" in ! l /enn+ )o7i) / /er. Onl+ t!e+ ! //en to *e

ood oke". $e doe" 7 ke oke" *o(t dr(nkenne"", oke" *o(t 7ot!er"HinHl w, oke"*o(t !en/e)ked !("* nd", oke" w!i)! i" 7()! 7ore re ll+ (n/ rdon *le *o(t

"/in"ter", oke" *o(t /!+"i) l )ow rdi)e, oke" *o(t tne"", oke" *o(t "ittin downon one<" =16> ! t. $e doe" 7 ke (n o ll t!e"e t!in " nd t!e re "on i" not #er+ r to"eek. $e 7 ke" (n o ll t!e"e t!in " *e) ("e ll t!e"e t!in ", or ne rl+ ll o t!e7, rere ll+ #er+ (nn+. (t l r e n(7*er o t!o"e w!o 7i !t ot!erwi"e re d nd en o+Di)ken" re (ndo(*tedl+ F/(t o G " t!e /!r "e oe" *+ t!e )t t! t !e "ee7" to *ee)!oin /oor kind o )l /tr / in !i" )!oi)e o in)ident" nd i7 e". P rtl+, o )o(r"e,!e "( er" ro7 t!e #er+ )t o !i" "())e"" !i" /l + wit! t!e"e to/i)" w " "o ood t! te#er+ one el"e ! " /l +ed wit! t!e7 in)re "in l+ "in)e !e 7 + indeed ! #e )o/ied t!eold oke", *(t !e )ert inl+ renewed t!e7. @or in"t n)e, FAll+ Slo/erG w " )ert inl+

)o/ied ro7 ilkin" Mi) w*er. To t!i" d + +o( 7 + "ee in t!e ront / e o t! t ine /eriodi) l t!e * ld !e d nd t!e !i ! "!irt )oll r t! t *etr + t!e !i ! ori in l ro7w!i)! FAll+ Slo/erG i" deri#ed. (t e? )tl+ *e) ("e FSlo/erG w " "tolen ro7Mi) w*er, or t! t #er+ re "on t!e new ener tion eel" " i Mi) w*er were "tolen

ro7 FSlo/er.G M n+ 7odern re der" eel " i Di)ken" were )o/+in t!e )o7i) / /er",w!ere " in tr(t! t!e )o7i) / /er" re "till )o/+in Di)ken".

Di)ken" "!owed !i7"el to *e n ori in l 7 n *+ lw +" ))e/tin old nd e"t *li"!edto/i)". T!ere i" no )le rer "i n o t!e *"en)e o ori in lit+ 7on 7odern /oet" t! nt!eir di"/o"ition to ind new t!e7e". %e ll+ ori in l /oet" write /oe7" *o(t t!e "/rin .T!e+ re lw +" re"!, ("t " t!e "/rin i" lw +" re"!. Men w!oll+ wit!o(t ori in lit+

write /oe7" *o(t tort(re, or new reli ion", o "o7e /er#er"ion o o*")enit+, !o/int! t t!e 7ere "tin o t!e "(* e)t 7 + "/e k or t!e7. (t we do not "( i)ientl+ re li"e



=11> t! t w! t i" tr(e o t!e )l ""i) ode i" l"o tr(e o t!e )l ""i) oke. A tr(e /oet write"*o(t t!e "/rin *ein *e (ti (l *e) ("e ter t!o(" nd "/rin " t!e "/rin re ll+ i"

*e (ti (l. 'n t!e " 7e w + t!e tr(e !(7o(ri"t write" *o(t 7 n "ittin down on !i"! t, *e) ("e t!e )t o "ittin down on one<" ! t !owe#er o ten nd !owe#er d7ir *l+

/er or7ed re ll+ i" e?tre7el+ (nn+. e 7("t not di"7i"" new /oet *e) ("e !i" /oe7

i" ) lled To a Skylark nor 7("t we di"7i"" !(7o(ri"t *e) ("e !i" new r)e i" ) lled My Mother+in+la&. $e 7 + re ll+ ! #e "/lendid nd in"/irin t!in " to " + (/on netern l /ro*le7. T!e w!ole K(e"tion i" w!et!er !e ! ".

Now t!i" i" e? )tl+ w!ere Di)ken", nd t!e /o""i*le 7i"t ke *o(t Di)ken", *ot! )o7ein. N(7*er" o "en"iti#e l die", n(7*er" o "i7/le "t!ete", ! #e ! d # (e "!rinkin

ro7 t! t ele7ent in Di)ken" w!i)! *e in" # (el+ in The Tu##ses at )ams#ate nd)(l7in te" in %ick&ick . T!e+ ! #e # (e "!rinkin ro7 t!e 7ere "(* e)t 7 tter

ro7 t!e 7ere )t t! t "o 7()! o t!e (n i" *o(t drinkin or i !tin , or llin down,or elo/in wit! old l die". 't i" to t!e"e t! t t!e ir"t //e l 7("t *e 7 de (/on t!et!re"!old o Di)ken" )riti)i"7. Let t!e7 re ll+ re d t!e t!in nd re ll+ "ee w!et!er t!e!(7o(r i" t!e ro"" nd ! l Hwitted eerin w!i)! t!e+ i7 ine it to *e. 't i" e? )tl+!ere t! t t!e w!ole eni(" o Di)ken" i" )on)erned. $i" "(* e)t" re indeed "to)k "(* e)t" like t!e "k+l rk o S!elle+, or t!e (t(7n o e t". (t ll t!e 7ore *e) ("et!e+ re "to)k "(* e)t" t!e re der re li"e" w! t 7 i)i n i" t work. T!e notion o )l(7"+ ellow w!o ll" o !i" !or"e i" indeed "to)k =12> nd "t le "(* e)t. (t Mr.

inkle i" not "to)k nd "t le "(* e)t. Nor i" !i" !or"e "to)k nd "t le "(* e)t it i" "i77ort l " t!e !or"e" o A)!ille". T!e notion o t old entle7 n /ro(d o !i" le "7i !t e "il+ *e #(l r. (t Mr. Pi)kwi)k /ro(d o !i" le " i" not #(l r "o7e!ow we

eel t! t t!e+ were le " to *e /ro(d o . And it i" e? )tl+ t!i" t! t we 7("t look or int!e"e Sketches . e 7("t not le / to n+ )!e / n)+ t! t t!e+ re low r)e". % t!er we7("t "ee t! t t!e+ re not low r)e" nd "ee t! t no*od+ *(t Di)ken" )o(ld ! #e

/re#ented t!e7 ro7 *ein "o.

=10>

PICKWICK PAPERS

T!ere re t!o"e w!o den+ wit! ent!("i "7 t!e e?i"ten)e o od nd re ! //+ in !o**+ w!i)! t!e+ ) ll t!e Mi"t ke" o Mo"e". ' ! #e not "t(died t!eir l *o(r" in det il,

*(t it "ee7" t! t t!e )!ie 7i"t ke o Mo"e" w " t! t !e ne le)ted to write t!ePent te()!. T!e le""er error", // rentl+, were not 7 de *+ Mo"e", *(t *+ not!er

/er"on eK( ll+ (nknown. T!e"e )ontro#er"i li"t" )o#er t!e #er+ wide"t ield, nd t!eir tt )k" (/on S)ri/t(re re # ried to t!e /oint o wildne"". T!e+ r n e ro7 t!e

/ro/o"ition t! t t!e (ne?/(r ted i*le i" l7o"t " (n it or n A7eri) n irl"< ")!ool" i" n (ne?/(r ted S! ke"/e re t!e+ de")end to t!e /ro/o"ition t! t ki""in t!eook i" l7o"t " !+ ieni) ll+ d n ero(" " ki""in t!e * *ie" o t!e /oor. A "(/er i)i l

)riti) 7i !t well i7 ine t! t t!ere w " not one "in le "enten)e le t o t!e $e*rew or C!ri"ti n S)ri/t(re" w!i)! t!i" ")!ool ! d not 7 rked wit! "o7e in enio(" nd(ned() ted )o77ent. (t t!ere i" one / "" e t le "t (/on w!i)! t!e+ ! #e ne#er

/o(n)ed, t le "t to 7+ knowled e nd in /ointin it o(t to t!e7 ' eel t! t ' 7, or o( !t to *e, /ro#idin 7 teri l or K(ite 7(ltit(de o $+de P rk or tion". ' 7e n t! t"in (l r rr n e7ent in t!e 7+"ti) l ))o(nt =1;> o t!e Cre tion *+ w!i)! li !t i")re ted ir"t nd ll t!e l(7ino(" *odie" terw rd". One )o(ld not i7 ine /ro)e""



7ore o/en to t!e ele/! ntine lo i) o t!e i*leH"7 "!er t! n t!i": t! t t!e "(n "!o(ld *e)re ted ter t!e "(nli !t. T!e )on)e/tion t! t lie" t t!e * )k o t!e /!r "e i" indeed

/ro o(ndl+ nt oni"ti) to 7()! o t!e 7odern /oint o #iew. To 7 n+ 7odern /eo/le itwo(ld "o(nd like " +in t! t oli e e?i"ted *e ore t!e ir"t le it wo(ld "o(nd like" +in t! t )!ild!ood e?i"ted *e ore * *+ w " *orn. T!e ide i", " ' ! #e " id, lien

to 7o"t 7odern t!o( !t, nd like 7 n+ ot!er ide " w!i)! re lien to 7o"t 7odernt!o( !t, it i" #er+ "(*tle nd #er+ "o(nd ide . ! te#er *e t!e 7e nin o t!e

/ "" e in t!e )t( l /ri7e# l /oe7, t!ere i" #er+ re l 7et /!+"i) l 7e nin in t!eide t! t li !t e?i"ted *e ore t!e "(n nd "t r". 't i" not * r* ri) it i" r t!er Pl toni).T!e ide e?i"ted *e ore n+ o t!e 7 )!iner+ w!i)! 7 de 7 ni e"t t!e ide . J("ti)ee?i"ted w!en t!ere w " no need o (d e", nd 7er)+ e?i"ted *e ore n+ 7 n w "o//re""ed.

$owe#er t!i" 7 + *e in t!e 7 tter o reli ion nd /!ilo"o/!+, it ) n *e " id wit! littlee? er tion t! t t!i" tr(t! i" t!e #er+ ke+ o liter t(re. T!e w!ole di eren)e *etween)on"tr()tion nd )re tion i" e? )tl+ t!i": t! t t!in )on"tr()ted ) n onl+ *e lo#ed ter it i" )on"tr()ted *(t t!in )re ted i" lo#ed *e ore it e?i"t", " t!e 7ot!er ) n lo#e t!e(n*orn )!ild. 'n )re ti#e rt t!e e""en)e o *ook e?i"t" *e ore t!e *ook or *e ore e#ent!e det il" or 7 in e t(re" o t!e *ook t!e (t!or en o+" it nd li#e" in it wit! kind o

/ro/!eti) r /t(re. $e wi"!e" to write )o7i) =15> "tor+ *e ore !e ! " t!o( !t o "in le )o7i) in)ident. $e de"ire" to write " d "tor+ *e ore !e ! " t!o( !t o n+t!in" d. $e know" t!e t7o"/!ere *e ore !e know" n+t!in . T!ere i" low /ri i"!7 ?i7 "o7eti7e" (ttered *+ 7en "o ri#olo(" " to t ke !(7o(r "erio("l+B 7 ?i7t! t 7 n "!o(ld not l ( ! t !i" own oke". (t t!e re t rti"t not onl+ l ( !" t !i"own oke" !e l ( !" t !i" own oke" *e ore !e ! " 7 de t!e7. 'n t!e ) "e o 7 nre ll+ !(7oro(" we ) n "ee !(7o(r in !i" e+e *e ore !e ! " t!o( !t o n+ 7("inword" t ll. So t!e )re ti#e writer l ( !" t !i" )o7ed+ *e ore !e )re te" it, nd !e ! "te r" or !i" tr ed+ *e ore !e know" w! t it i". !en t!e "+7*ol" nd t!e (l illin

)t" do )o7e to !i7, t!e+ )o7e ener ll+ in 7 nner #er+ r 7ent r+ nd in#erted,7o"tl+ in irr tion l li7/"e" o )ri"i" or )on"(77 tion. T!e l "t / e )o7e" *e ore t!e

ir"t *e ore !i" ro7 n)e ! " *e (n, !e know" t! t it ! " ended well. $e "ee" t!eweddin *e ore t!e wooin !e "ee" t!e de t! *e ore t!e d(el. (t 7o"t o ll !e "ee"t!e )olo(r nd )! r )ter o t!e w!ole "tor+ /rior to n+ /o""i*le e#ent" in it. T!i" i" t!ere l r (7ent or rt nd "t+le, onl+ t! t t!e rti"t" nd t!e "t+li"t" ! #e not t!e "en"e to("e it. 'n one #er+ re l "en"e "t+le i" r 7ore i7/ort nt t! n eit!er )! r )ter or n rr ti#e. @or 7 n know" w! t "t+le o *ook !e w nt" to write w!en !e know"not!in el"e *o(t it.

%ick&ick i" in Di)ken"<" ) reer t!e 7ere 7 "" o li !t *e ore t!e )re tion o "(n or 7oon. 't i" t!e "/lendid, "! /ele"" "(*"t n)e o w!i)! ll !i" "t r" were (lti7 tel+7 de. Yo( 7i !t "/lit (/ %ick&ick into inn(7er *le no#el" " +o( )o(ld "/lit (/ t! t

/ri7e# l =13> li !t into inn(7er *le "ol r "+"te7". T!e %ick&ick %apers )on"tit(te ir"tnd ore7o"t kind o wild /ro7i"e, /reHn t l #i"ion o ll t!e )!ildren o Di)ken".

$e ! d not +et "ettled down into t!e /l in, /ro e""ion l ! *it o /i)kin o(t /lot nd)! r )ter", o ttendin to one t!in t ti7e, o writin "e/ r te, "en"i*le no#el nd"endin it o to !i" /(*li"!er". $e i" "till in t!e +o(t! (l w!irl o t!e kind o world t! t!e wo(ld like to )re te. $e ! " not +et re ll+ "ettled w! t "tor+ !e will write, *(t onl+w! t "ort o "tor+ !e will write. $e trie" to tell ten "torie" t on)e !e /o(r" into t!e /ot

ll t!e )! oti) n)ie" nd )r(de e?/erien)e" o !i" *o+!ood !e "ti)k" in irrele# nt "!ort"torie" "! 7ele""l+, " into ")r /H*ook !e do/t" de"i n" nd * ndon" t!e7, *e in"



e/i"ode" nd le #e" t!e7 (n ini"!ed *(t ro7 t!e ir"t / e to t!e l "t t!ere i" n 7ele"" nd ele7ent l e)"t "+Bt! t o t!e 7 n w!o i" doin t!e kind o t!in t! t !e) n do. Di)ken", like e#er+ ot!er !one"t nd e e)ti#e writer, ) 7e t l "t to "o7ede ree o ) re nd "el Hre"tr int. $e le rned !ow to 7 ke !i" dramatis person, ""i"t!i" dr 7 !e le rned !ow to write "torie" w!i)! were (ll o r 7*lin nd /er#er"it+,

*(t w!i)! were "torie". (t *e ore !e wrote "in le re l "tor+, !e ! d kind o #i"ion.'t w " #i"ion o t!e Di)ken" worldB 7 -e o w!ite ro d", 7 / (ll o nt "ti)town", t!(nderin )o )!e", )l 7oro(" 7 rketH/l )e", (/ro rio(" inn", "tr n e nd"w erin i (re". T! t #i"ion w " %ick&ick .

't 7("t *e re7e7*ered t! t t!i" i" tr(e e#en in )onne)tion wit! t!e 7 n<")onte7/or neo(" *io r /!+. A/ rt ro7 n+t!in el"e *o(t it, %ick&ick w " !i" =18>

ir"t re t )! n)e. 't w " *i )o77i""ion i#en in "o7e "en"e to n (ntried 7 n, t! t!e 7i !t "!ow w! t !e )o(ld do. 't w " in "tri)t "en"e " 7/le. And ("t " " 7/leo le t!er ) n *e onl+ /ie)e o le t!er, or " 7/le o )o l l(7/ o )o l, "o t!i" *ook 7 + 7o"t /ro/erl+ *e re rded " "i7/l+ l(7/ o Di)ken". $e w " n?io(" to "!ow

ll t! t w " in !i7. $e w " 7ore )on)erned to /ro#e t! t !e )o(ld write well t! n to /ro#e t! t !e )o(ld write t!i" / rti)(l r *ook well. And !e did /ro#e t!i", t n+ r te. No one e#er "ent "()! " 7/le " t!e " 7/le o Di)ken". $i" roll o le t!er *lo)ked (/t!e "treet !i" l(7/ o )o l "et t!e T! 7e" on ire.

T!e *ook ori in ted in t!e "( e"tion o /(*li"!er " 7 n+ 7ore ood *ook" ! #edone t! n t!e rro n)e o t!e 7 n o letter" i" )o77onl+ in)lined to d7it. er+ 7()!i" " id in o(r ti7e *o(t A/ollo nd Ad7et(", nd t!e i7/o""i*ilit+ o "kin eni(" towork wit!in /re")ri*ed li7it" or ""i"t n lien de"i n. (t ter ll, " 7 tter o )t,"o7e o t!e re te"t eni("e" ! #e done it, ro7 S! ke"/e re *ot)!in (/ * d )o7edie"

nd dr 7 ti"in * d no#el" down to Di)ken" writin 7 "ter/ie)e " t!e 7erer 7ework or Mr. Se+7o(r<" "ket)!e". Nor i" t!e tr(e e?/l n tion irrele# nt to t!e

"/irit nd /ower o Di)ken". er+ deli) te, "lender, nd bizarre t lent" re indeedin) / *le o *ein ("ed or n o(t"ide /(r/o"e, w!et!er o /(*li) ood or o /ri# te

in. (t *o(t #er+ re t nd ri)! t lent t!ere oe" )ert in di"d in (l enero"it+w!i)! ) n t(rn it" ! nd to n+t!in . Minor /oet" ) nnot write to order *(t #er+ re t

/oet" ) n write to order. T!e l r er t!e 7 n<" 7ind, t!e wider =14> !i" ")o/e o #i"ion,t!e 7ore likel+ it will *e t! t n+t!in "( e"ted to !i7 will "ee7 "i ni i) nt nd

/ro7i"in t!e 7ore !e ! " r "/ o e#er+t!in t!e 7ore re d+ !e will *e to writen+t!in . 't i" #er+ ! rd i t! t i" t!e K(e"tion to t!row *ri)k t 7 n nd "k !i7 to

write n e/i) *(t t!e 7ore !e i" re t 7 n t!e 7ore *le !e will *e to write *o(t t!e

*ri)k. 't i" #er+ (n ("t i t! t i" ll to /oint to !o rdin o Col7 n<" 7("t rd ndde7 nd lood o /!ilo"o/!i) l eloK(en)e *(t t!e re ter t!e 7 n i" t!e 7ore likel+ !ewill *e to i#e it to +o(. So it w " /ro#ed, not or t!e ir"t ti7e, in t!i" re t e?/eri7ento t!e e rl+ e7/lo+7ent o Di)ken". Me""r". C! /7 n nd $ ll ) 7e to !i7 wit! ")!e7e or "trin o "/ortin "torie" to "er#e " t!e )onte?t, nd one 7i !t l7o"t " +t!e e?)("e, or "trin o "ket)!e" *+ Se+7o(r, t!e "/ortin rti"t. Di)ken" 7 de "o7e7odi i) tion" in t!e /l n, *(t !e do/ted it" 7 in e t(re nd it" 7 in e t(re w " Mr.

inkle. To t!ink o w! t Mr. inkle 7i !t ! #e *een in t!e ! nd" o d(ll farceur , ndt!en to t!ink o w! t !e i", i" to e?/erien)e t!e eelin t! t Di)ken" 7 de 7 n o(t o r " nd re ("e. Di)ken" w " to work "/lendidl+ nd "())e"" (ll+ in 7 n+ ield", nd to"end ort! 7 n+ *rilli nt *ook" nd *r #e i (re". $e w " de"tined to ! #e t!e //l ("e

o )ontinent" like "t te"7 n, nd to di)t te to !i" /(*li"!er" like de"/ot *(t /er! /"



!e ne#er worked in "o "(/re7el+ well " !ere, w!ere !e worked in )! in". 't 7 +well *e K(e"tioned w!et!er !i" one ! )k *ook i" not !i" 7 "ter/ie)e.

O )o(r"e it i" tr(e t! t " !e went on !i" inde/enden)e in)re "ed, nd !e ki)ked K(iteree o t!e in l(en)e" =19> t! t ! d "( e"ted !i" "tor+. So S! ke"/e re de)l red !i"

inde/enden)e o t!e ori in l )!roni)le o $ 7let, Prin)e o Den7 rk, eli7in tinlto et!er wit! "o7e wi"do7 not!er (n)le ) lled i ler(". At t!e "t rt t!e Ni7rod

Cl(* o C! /7 n nd $ ll 7 + ! #e e#en ! d eK( l )! n)e" wit! t!e Pi)kwi)k Cl(* o +o(n Mr. Di)ken" *(t t!e Pi)kwi)k Cl(* *e) 7e "o7et!in 7()! *etter t! n n+

/(*li"!er ! d d red to dre 7 o . So7e o t!e old link" were indeed "e#ered *+ ))identor e?tr neo(" tro(*le Se+7o(r, or w!o"e " ke t!e w!ole ! d /er! /" *een /l nned,

*lew !i" *r in" o(t *e ore !e ! d dr wn ten /i)t(re". (t "()! t!in " were tri le")o7/ red to %ick&ick it"el . 't 7 ttered little now w!et!er Se+7o(r *lew !i" *r in" o(t,"o lon " C! rle" Di)ken" *lew !i" *r in" in. T!e work *e) 7e "+"te7 ti) ll+ nd

/ro re""i#el+ 7ore /ower (l nd 7 "terl+. M n+ )riti)" ! #e )o77ented on t!e"o7ew! t di")ord nt nd in rti"ti) )! n e *etween t!e e rlier / rt o %ick&ick nd t!el ter t!e+ ! #e /ointed o(t, not wit!o(t ood "en"e, t! t t!e )! r )ter o Mr. Pi)kwi)k )! n e" ro7 t! t o "ill+ *( oon to t! t o "olid 7er)! nt. (t t!e ) "e, i t!e"e)riti)" ! d noti)ed it, i" 7()! "tron er in t!e 7inor )! r )ter" o t!e re t )o7/ n+. Mr.

inkle, w!o ! " *een n idiot e#en, /er! /", " Mr. Pi)kwi)k " +", F n i7/o"torG ,"(ddenl+ *e)o7e" ro7 nti) nd e#en re)kle"" lo#er, ") lin or*idden w ll nd

/l nnin *old elo/e7ent. Mr. Snod r "", w!o ! " *e! #ed in ridi)(lo(" 7 nner inll "erio(" /o"ition", "(ddenl+ ind" !i7"el in ridi)(lo(" /o"itionBt! t o entle7 n "(r/ri"ed in "e)ret lo#e irB nd *e! #e" in 7 nner /er e)tl+ 7 nl+,

"erio(", =26> nd !ono(r *le. Mr. T(/7 n lone ! " no "erio(" e7otion l de#elo/7ent,nd or t!i" re "on it i", /re"(7 *l+, t! t we !e r le"" nd le"" o Mr. T(/7 n tow rd"

t!e end o t!e *ook. Di)ken" ! " *+ t!i" ti7e ot into t!oro( !l+ "erio(" 7oodB7ood e?/re""ed indeed *+ e?tr # nt in)ident", *(t none t!e le"" "erio(" or t! t ndinto t!i" inkle nd Snod r "", in t!e )! r )ter o ro7 nti) lo#er", )o(ld *e 7 de to it.Mr. T(/7 n ! d to *e le t o(t o t!e lo#e ir" t!ere ore Mr. T(/7 n i" le t o(t o t!e

*ook.

M()! o t!e )! n e w " d(e to t!e entr n)e o t!e re te"t )! r )ter in t!e "tor+. 't 7 +"ee7 "tr n e t t!e ir"t l n)e to " + t! t S 7 eller !el/ed to 7 ke t!e "tor+ "erio(".

Ne#ert!ele"", t!i" i" "tri)tl+ tr(e. T!e introd()tion o S 7 eller ! d, to *e in wit!,"o7e 7erel+ ))ident l nd "(/er i)i l e e)t". !en S 7(el eller ! d //e red,S 7(el Pi)kwi)k w " no lon er t!e )!ie r)i) l )! r )ter. eller *e) 7e t!e oker

nd Pi)kwi)k in "o7e "en"e t!e *(tt o !i" oke". T!(" it w " o*#io(" t! t t!e 7ore"i7/le, "ole7n, nd re ll+ re"/e)t *le t!i" *(tt )o(ld *e 7 de t!e *etter. Mr. Pi)kwi)k ! d *een t!e i (re ) /erin *e ore t!e ootli !t". (t wit! t!e d#ent o S 7, Mr.Pi)kwi)k ! d *e)o7e "ort o *l )k * )k ro(nd nd ! d to *e! #e " "()!. (t t!i"e?/l n tion, t!o( ! tr(e " r " it oe", i" 7e n nd (n" ti" )tor+ one, le #in t!e

re t ele7ent" (ne?/l ined. @or 7()! dee/er nd 7ore ri !teo(" re "on S 7 eller introd()e" t!e 7ore "erio(" tone o Pi)kwi)k. $e introd()e" it *e) ("e !e introd()e""o7et!in w!i)! it w " t!e )!ie *("ine"" o Di)ken" to /re )! t!ro( !o(t !i" li eB "o7et!in w!i)! !e ne#er /re )!ed "o well " w!en !e /re )!ed =21> it (n)on")io("l+.S 7 eller introd()e" t!e En li"! /eo/le.

S 7 eller i" t!e re t "+7*ol in En li"! liter t(re o t!e /o/(l )e /e)(li r to En l nd.$i" in)e"" nt "tre 7 o " ne non"en"e i" wonder (l )!ie#e7ent o Di)ken": *(t it i"



no re t l"i i) tion o t!e in)e"" nt "tre 7 o " ne non"en"e " it re ll+ e?i"t" 7ont!e En li"! /oor. T!e En li"! /oor li#e in n t7o"/!ere o !(7o(r t!e+ t!ink in!(7o(r. 'ron+ i" t!e #er+ ir t! t t!e+ *re t!e. A oke )o7e" "(ddenl+ ro7 ti7e to ti7einto t!e !e d o /oliti)i n or entle7 n, nd t!en " r(le !e 7 ke" t!e 7o"t o it

*(t w!en "erio(" word )o7e" into t!e 7ind o )o"ter it i" l7o"t " "t rtlin "

oke. T!e word F)! G w ", ' "(//o"e, ori in ll+ //lied to * din e to e?/re"" it" * rren nd (n"("t inin )! r )ter *(t to t!e En li"! /oor )! i" " "("t inin " r in.T!e /!r "e t! t le /" to t!eir li/" i" t!e ironi) l /!r "e. ' re7e7*er on)e *ein dri#en in

! n"o7 ) * down "treet t! t t(rned o(t to *e cul de sac , nd *ro( !t (" * n (/in"t w ll. T!e dri#er nd ' "i7(lt neo("l+ " id "o7et!in . (t ' " id: FT!i"<ll

ne#er do G nd !e " id: FT!i" i" ll ri !t G E#en in t!e )t o /(llin * )k !i" !or"e<"no"e ro7 *ri)k w ll, t! t )on ir7ed " tiri"t t!o( !t in ter7" o !i" !i !l+Htr ined ndtr dition l " tire w!ile ', *elon in to d(ller nd "i7/ler )l "", e?/re""ed 7+ eelin "in word" " inno)ent nd liter l " t!o"e o r("ti) or )!ild.

T!i" etern l o(t/(t o di#ine deri"ion ! " ne#er *een "o tr(l+ t+/i ied " *+ t!e )! r )ter o S 7 !e i" rote"K(e o(nt in w!i)! ("!e" t!e li#in w ter" =22> or e#er. Di)ken"i" ))("ed o e? er tion nd !e i" o ten (ilt+ o e? er tion *(t !ere !e doe" note? er te: !e 7erel+ "+7*oli"e" nd "(*li7 te" like n+ ot!er re t rti"t. S 7 eller doe" not e? er te t!e wit o t!e London "treet r * one to7 7ore t! n Colonel

New)o7e, let (" " +, e? er te" t!e "t teline"" o n ordin r+ "oldier nd entle7 n,or t! n Mr. Collin" e? er te" t!e t(it+ o )ert in kind o )o(ntr+ )ler +7 n. Andt!i" *re t! ro7 t!e *oi"tero(" *rot!er!ood o t!e /oor lent "/e)i l "erio("ne"" nd"7ell o re lit+ to t!e w!ole "tor+. T!e (n)on")io(" ollie" o inkle nd T(/7 n re

*lown w + like le #e" *e ore t!e "olid nd )on")io(" oll+ o S 7 eller. Moreo#er,t!e rel tion" *etween Pi)kwi)k nd !i" "er# nt S 7 re in "o7e w +" new nd # l( *lein liter t(re. M n+ )o7i) writer" ! d de")ri*ed t!e )le#er r ") l nd !i" ridi)(lo("d(/e *(t !ere, in re"! nd #er+ !(7 n t7o"/!ere, we ! #e )le#er "er# nt w!ow " not r ") l nd d(/e w!o w " not ridi)(lo(". S 7 eller "t nd" in "o7e w +"

or )!eer (l knowled e o t!e world Mr. Pi)kwi)k "t nd" or "till 7ore )!eer (li nor n)e o t!e world. And Di)ken" re"/onded to /ro o(nd !(7 n "enti7ent t!e"enti7ent t! t ! " 7 de " int" nd t!e " n)tit+ o )!ildren w!en !e 7 de t!e entler

nd le""Htr #elled t+/eBt!e t+/e w!i)! 7oder te" nd )ontrol". nowled e ndinno)en)e re *ot! e?)ellent t!in ", nd t!e+ re *ot! #er+ (nn+. (t it i" ri !t t! tknowled e "!o(ld *e t!e "er# nt nd inno)en)e t!e 7 "ter.

T!e "in)erit+ o t!i" "t(d+ o S 7 eller ! " /rod()ed one / rti)(l r e e)t in t!e *ook

w!i)! ' wonder =20> t! t )riti)" o Di)ken" ! #e ne#er noti)ed or di")(""ed. e) ("e it! " no Di)ken" F/ t!o",G )ert in / rt" o it re tr(l+ / t!eti). Di)ken", re li"in ri !tl+t! t t!e w!ole tone o t!e *ook w " (n, elt t! t !e o( !t to kee/ o(t o it n+ re te?/eri7ent" in " dne"" nd kee/ wit!in li7it" t!o"e t! t !e /(t in. $e ("ed t!i" re"tr intin order not to "/oil t!e !(7o(r *(t i !e ! d known !i7"el *etter !e 7i !t well! #e ("ed it in order not to "/oil t!e / t!o". T!i" i" t!e one *ook in w!i)! Di)ken" w ",

" it were, or)ed to tr 7/le down !i" tender eelin " nd or t! t #er+ re "on it i" t!eone *ook w!ere ll t!e tenderne"" t!ere i" i" K(ite (nK(e"tion *l+ tr(e. An d7ir *lee? 7/le o w! t ' 7e n 7 + *e o(nd in t!e ")ene in w!i)! S 7 eller oe" down to"ee !i" *ere #ed t!er ter t!e de t! o !i" "te/H7ot!er. T!e 7o"t lo+ l d7irer o Di)ken" ) n ! rdl+ /re#ent !i7"el ro7 i#in "li !t "!(dder w!en !e t!ink" o w! t

Di)ken" 7i !t ! #e 7 de o t! t ")ene in "o7e o !i" 7ore e?/ n"i#e nd 7 (dlin7o7ent". @or ll ' know old Mr". eller 7i !t ! #e "ked w! t t!e wild w #e" were



" +in nd or ll ' know old Mr. eller 7i !t ! #e told !er. A" it i", Di)ken", *einor)ed to kee/ t!e t le t (t nd !(7oro(", i#e" /i)t(re o !(7*le re"/e)t nd

de)en)+ w!i)! i" 7 nl+, di ni ied, nd re ll+ " d. T!ere i" no tte7/t 7 de *+ t!e"e"i7/le nd !one"t 7en, t!e t!er nd "on, to /retend t! t t!e de d wo7 n w "

n+t!in re tl+ ot!er t! n "!e w " t!eir re"/e)t i" or de t!, nd or t!e !(7 n

we kne"" nd 7+"ter+ w!i)! it 7("t in ll+ )o#er. Old Ton+ eller doe" not tell !i""!rewi"! wi e t! t "!e i" lre d+ w!iteHwin ed =2;> n el !e "/e k" to !er wit! n

d7ir *le ood n t(re nd ood "en"e:

FQS(" n,< ' " +", Q+o(<#e *een wer+ ood #i e to 7e lto et!er: kee/ ood !e rt, 7+de r, nd +o(<ll li#e to "ee 7e /(n)! t! t <ere Sti in"<" <e d +et.< S!e "7iled t t!i",S 7i#el ... *(t "!e died rter ll.G

T! t i" /er! /" t!e ir"t nd t!e l "t ti7e t! t Di)ken" e#er to()!ed t!e e?tre7e di nit+o / t!o". $e i" re"tr inin !i" )o7/ ""ion, nd terw rd" !e let it o. Now l ( !ter i"

t!in t! t ) n *e let o l ( !ter ! " in it K( lit+ o li*ert+. (t "orrow ! " in it *+it" #er+ n t(re K( lit+ o )on ine7ent / t!o" *+ it" #er+ n t(re i !t" wit! it"el .$(7o(r i" e?/ n"i#e it *(r"t" o(tw rd" t!e )t i" tte"ted *+ t!e )o77on e?/re""ion,F!oldin one<" "ide".G (t "orrow i" not e?/ n"i#e nd it w " terw rd" t!e 7i"t ke o Di)ken" t! t !e tried to 7 ke it e?/ n"i#e. 't i" t!e one re t we kne"" o Di)ken" "

re t writer, t! t !e did tr+ to 7 ke t! t "(dden " dne"", t! t *r(/t /it+, w!i)! we ) ll / t!o", t!in K(ite o*#io(", in e)tio(", /(*li), " i it were o(rn li"7 or t!e 7e "le".'t i" /le " nt to t!ink t! t in t!i" "(/re7e 7 "ter/ie)e, done in t!e d wn o !i" ) reer,t!ere i" not e#en t!i" int le)k (/on t!e "(n o !i" ("t "/lendo(r. Pi)kwi)k will lw +"

*e re7e7*ered " t!e re t e? 7/le o e#er+t!in t! t 7 de Di)ken" re t o t!e"ole7n )on#i#i lit+ o re t riend"!i/", o t!e err ti) d#ent(re" o old En li"! ro d",o t!e !o"/it lit+ o old En li"! inn", o t!e re t (nd 7ent l kindline"" nd !ono(r o old En li"! 7 nner". @ir"t o ll, !owe#er, it will lw +" *e re7e7*ered or it"l ( !ter, or, i +o( will, or it" oll+. A ood oke i" t!e one (lti7 te nd " )red t!inw!i)! =25> ) nnot *e )riti)i"ed. O(r rel tion" wit! ood oke re dire)t nd e#endi#ine rel tion". e "/e k o F"eein G oke ("t " we "/e k o F"eein G !o"t or #i"ion. ' we ! #e "een it, it i" (tile to r (e wit! (" nd we ! #e "een t!e #i"ion o

%ick&ick . %ick&ick 7 + *e t!e to/ o Di)ken"<" !(7o(r ' t!ink (/on t!e w!ole it i".(t t!e *ro d !(7o(r o %ick&ick !e *ro dened o#er 7 n+ wonder (l kin do7" t!e

n rrow / t!o" o %ick&ick !e ne#er o(nd in.

=23>

NICHOLAS NICKLEBY

%o7 n)e i" /er! /" t!e !i !e"t /oint o !(7 n e?/re""ion, e?)e/t indeed reli ion, tow!i)! it i" )lo"el+ llied. %o7 n)e re"e7*le" reli ion e"/e)i ll+ in t!i", t! t it i" notonl+ "i7/li i) tion *(t "!ortenin o e?i"ten)e. ot! ro7 n)e nd reli ion "eee#er+t!in " it were ore"!ortened t!e+ "ee e#er+t!in in n *r(/t nd nt "ti)

/er"/e)ti#e, )o7in to n /e?. 't i" t!e w!ole e""en)e o /er"/e)ti#e t! t it )o7e" to /oint. Si7il rl+, reli ion )o7e" to /ointBto t!e /oint. T!(" reli ion i" lw +"in"i"tin on t!e "!ortne"" o !(7 n li e. (t it doe" not in"i"t on t!e "!ortne"" o !(7 nli e " t!e /e""i7i"t" in"i"t on it. Pe""i7i"7 in"i"t" on t!e "!ortne"" o !(7 n li e in



order to "!ow t! t li e i" # l(ele"". %eli ion in"i"t" on t!e "!ortne"" o !(7 n li e inorder to "!ow t! t li e i" ri !t (ll+ # l( *leBi" l7o"t !orri*l+ # l( *le. Pe""i7i"7" +" t! t li e i" "o "!ort t! t it i#e" no*od+ )! n)e reli ion " +" t! t li e i" "o "!ortt! t it i#e" e#er+*od+ !i" in l )! n)e. 'n t!e ir"t ) "e t!e word *re#it+ 7e n" (tilit+in t!e "e)ond ) "e, o//ort(nit+. (t t!e ) "e i" e#en "tron er t! n t!i". %eli ion

"!orten" e#er+t!in . %eli ion "!orten" e#en eternit+. !ere ")ien)e, "(*7ittin to t!el"e "t nd rd o ti7e, "ee" e#ol(tion, w!i)! i" "low, reli ion "ee" )re tion, w!i)! i"

"(dden. P!ilo"o/!i) ll+ "/e kin , t!e =28> /ro)e"" i" neit!er "low nor K(i)k "in)e we! #e not!in to )o7/ re it wit!. %eli ion /re er" to t!ink o it " K(i)k. @or reli ion t!e

lower" "!oot (/ "(ddenl+ like ro)ket". @or reli ion t!e 7o(nt in" re li ted (/"(ddenl+ like w #e". T!o"e w!o K(ote t! t ine / "" e w!i)! " +" t! t in od<" "i !t t!o(" nd +e r" re " +e"terd + t! t i" / ""ed " w t)! in t!e ni !t, do not re li"e t!e

(ll or)e o t!e 7e nin . To od t!o(" nd +e r" re not onl+ w t)! *(t n e?)itinw t)!. @or od ti7e oe" t llo/, " it doe" to 7 n re din ood t le.

All t!i" i", in !(7*le 7 nner, tr(e or ro7 n)e. %o7 n)e i" "!ortenin nd"! r/enin o t!e !(7 n di i)(lt+. !ere +o( nd ' ! #e to #ote in"t 7 n, or write r t!er ee*l+ in"t 7 n, or "i n ille i*le /etition" in"t 7 n, ro7 n)edoe" or !i7 w! t we "!o(ld re ll+ like to "ee done. 't kno)k" !i7 down it "!orten" t!e"low /ro)e"" o !i"tori) l ("ti)e. All ro7 n)e" )on"i"t o t!ree )! r )ter". Ot!er )! r )ter" 7 + *e introd()ed *(t t!o"e ot!er )! r )ter" re )ert inl+ 7ere ")ener+ "

r " t!e ro7 n)e i" )on)erned. T!e+ re *("!e" t! t w #e r t!er e?)itedl+ t!e+ re /o"t" t! t "t nd (/ wit! )ert in /ride t!e+ re )orre)tl+ / inted ro)k" t! t rown #er+)orre)tl+ *(t t!e+ re ll l nd") /eBt!e+ re ll * )k ro(nd. 'n e#er+ /(re ro7 n)et!ere re t!ree li#in nd 7o#in )! r )ter". @or t!e " ke o r (7ent t!e+ 7 + *e) lled St. eor e nd t!e Dr on nd t!e Prin)e"". 'n e#er+ ro7 n)e t!ere 7("t *e t!etwin ele7ent" o lo#in nd i !tin . 'n e#er+ ro7 n)e t!ere 7("t *e t!e t!ree)! r )ter": t!ere 7("t *e t!e Prin)e"", w!o i" t!in to *e lo#ed t!ere 7("t =24> *e t!eDr on, w!o i" t!in to *e o( !t nd t!ere 7("t *e St. eor e, w!o i" t!in t! t

*ot! lo#e" nd i !t". T!ere ! #e *een 7 n+ "+7/to7" o )+ni)i"7 nd de) + in o(r 7odern )i#ili" tion. (t o ll t!e "i n" o 7odern ee*lene"", o l )k o r "/ on7or l" " t!e+ )t( ll+ 7("t *e, t!ere ! " *een none K(ite "o "ill+ or "o d n ero(" "t!i": t! t t!e /!ilo"o/!er" o toHd + ! #e "t rted to di#ide lo#in ro7 i !tin nd to

/(t t!e7 into o//o"ite ) 7/". T!ere )o(ld *e no wor"e "i n t! n t! t 7 n, e#en Niet-")!e, ) n *e o(nd to " + t! t we "!o(ld o in or i !tin in"te d o lo#in . T!ere) n *e no wor"e "i n t! n t! t 7 n, e#en Tol"toi, ) n *e o(nd to tell (" t! t we"!o(ld o in or lo#in in"te d o i !tin . T!e two t!in " i7/l+ e )! ot!er t!e+

i7/lied e )! ot!er in t!e old ro7 n)e nd in t!e old reli ion, w!i)! were t!e two /er7 nent t!in " o !(7 nit+. Yo( ) nnot lo#e t!in wit!o(t w ntin to i !t or it.Yo( ) nnot i !t wit!o(t "o7et!in to i !t or. To lo#e t!in wit!o(t wi"!in to i !t

or it i" not lo#e t ll it i" l("t. 't 7 + *e n ir+, /!ilo"o/!i) l, nd di"intere"ted l("t it7 + *e, "o to "/e k, #ir in l("t *(t it i" l("t, *e) ("e it i" w!oll+ "el Hind(l ent ndin#ite" no tt )k. On t!e ot!er ! nd, i !tin or t!in wit!o(t lo#in it i" not e#en

i !tin it ) n onl+ *e ) lled kind o !or"eH/l + t! t i" o)) "ion ll+ t l. !ere#er !(7 n n t(re i" !(7 n nd (n"/oilt *+ n+ "/e)i l "o/!i"tr+, t!ere e?i"t" t!i" n t(r lkin"!i/ *etween w r nd wooin , nd t! t n t(r l kin"!i/ i" ) lled ro7 n)e. 't )o7e"(/on 7 n e"/e)i ll+ in t!e re t !o(r o +o(t! nd e#er+ 7 n w!o ! " e#er *een+o(n t ll ! " elt, i onl+ or 7o7ent, t!i" (lti7 te nd /oeti) / r do?. $e =29>

know" t! t lo#in t!e world i" t!e " 7e t!in " i !tin t!e world. 't w " t t!e #er+7o7ent w!en !e o ered to like e#er+*od+ !e l"o o ered to !it e#er+*od+. To l7o"t



e#er+ 7 n t! t ) n *e ) lled 7 n t!i" e"/e)i l 7o7ent o t!e ro7 nti) )(l7in tion! " )o7e. 'n t!e ir"t re"ort t!e 7 n wi"!ed to li#e ro7 n)e. 'n t!e "e)ond re"ort, int!e l "t nd wor"t re"ort, !e w " )ontent to write one.

Now t!ere i" )ert in 7o7ent w!en t!i" ele7ent enter" inde/endentl+ into t!e li e o

Di)ken". T!ere i" / rti)(l r ti7e w!en we ) n "ee !i7 "(ddenl+ re li"e t! t !e w nt"to write ro7 n)e nd not!in el"e. 'n re din !i" letter", in //re)i tin !i" )! r )ter,t!i" /oint e7er e" )le rl+ eno( !. $e w " (ll o t!e ter low o !i" 7 rri e !e w ""till +o(n nd /"+)!olo i) ll+ i nor nt *o#e ll, !e w " now, re ll+ or t!e ir"t ti7e,"(re t! t !e w " oin to *e t le "t "o7e kind o "())e"". T!ere i", ' re/e t, )ert in

/oint t w!i)! one eel" t! t Di)ken" will eit!er *e in to write ro7 n)e" or o o on"o7et!in di erent lto et!er. T!i" )r()i l /oint in !i" li e i" 7 rked *+ (icholas

(ickleby .

't 7("t *e re7e7*ered t! t *e ore t!i" i""(e o (icholas (ickleby !i" work, "())e"" (l" it w ", ! d not *een "()! " to dedi) te !i7 "erio("l+ or irre#o) *l+ to t!e writin o

no#el". $e ! d lre d+ written t!ree *ook" nd t le "t two o t!e7 re )l ""ed 7ont!e no#el" (nder !i" n 7e. (t i we look t t!e )t( l ori in nd or7 tion o t!e"e

*ook" we "ee t! t t!e+ ) 7e ro7 not!er "o(r)e nd were re ll+ de"i ned (/on not!er /l n. T!e t!ree *ook" were, o )o(r"e, t!e Sketches by Boz , the %ick&ick %apers , ndOliver T&ist . =06> 't i", ' "(//o"e, "( i)ientl+ well (nder"tood t! t t!e Sketches by Boz

re, " t!eir n 7e i7/lie", onl+ "ket)!e". (t "(rel+ it i" K(ite eK( ll+ )le r t! t t!e %ick&ick %apers re, " t!eir n 7e i7/lie", 7erel+ / /er". Nor i" t!e ) "e t lldi erent in "/irit nd e""en)e w!en we )o7e to Oliver T&ist . T!ere i" indeed "ort o ro7 n)e in Oliver T&ist , *(t it i" "()! n (n)o77onl+ * d one t! t it ) n ! rdl+ *ere rded " re tl+ interr(/tin t!e /re#io(" /ro)e"" nd i t!e re der )!oo"e" to / +#er+ little ttention to it, !e ) nnot / + le"" ttention to it t! n t!e (t!or did. (t in )tt!e ) "e lie" r dee/er. Oliver T&ist i" "o 7()! / rt ro7 t!e ordin r+ tr )k o Di)ken", it i" "o loo7+, it i" "o 7()! ll in one t7o"/!ere, t! t it ) n *e"t *e)on"idered " n e?)e/tion or "olit r+ e?)(r"(" in !i" work. Per! /" it ) n *e"t *e)on"idered " t!e e?ten"ion o one o !i" old "ket)!e", o "o7e "ket)! t! t ! //ened to

*e *o(t #i"it to work!o("e or ol. 'n t!e Sketches by Boz !e 7i !t well ! #e#i"ited work!o("e w!ere !e " w (7*le in t!e Sketches by Boz !e 7i !t well ! #e#i"ited /ri"on w!ere !e " w @ in. e re "till in t!e re l7 o "ket)!e" nd"ket)!ine"". The %ick&ick %apers 7 + *e ) lled n e?ten"ion o one o !i" *ri !t"ket)!e". Oliver T&ist 7 + *e ) lled n e?ten"ion o one o !i" loo7+ one".

$ d !e )ontin(ed lon t!i" line ll !i" *ook" 7i !t #er+ well ! #e *een noteH*ook". 'two(ld *e #er+ e "+ to "/lit (/ ll !i" "(*"eK(ent *ook" into ")r /" nd e/i"ode", "()! "t!o"e w!i)! 7 ke (/ t!e Sketches by Boz . 't wo(ld *e e "+ eno( ! or Di)ken", in"te do /(*li"!in (icholas (ickleby , to ! #e /(*li"!ed *ook o "ket)!e", one o w!i)!w " ) lled FA York"!ire=01> S)!ool,G not!er ) lled FA Pro#in)i l T!e tre,G nd

not!er ) lled FSir M(l*err+ $ wk or $i ! Li e %e#e led,G not!er ) lled FMr". Ni)kle*+ or L d+<" Monolo (e.G 't wo(ld ! #e *een #er+ e "+ to ! #e t!rown o#er t!e r t!er )! oti) /l n o t!e Old Curiosity Shop . $e 7i !t ! #e 7erel+ written "!ort"torie" ) lled FT!e lorio(" A/ollo",G FMr". (il/<" Te HP rt+,G FMr". J rle+<"

?work,G FT!e Little Ser# nt,G nd FT!e De t! o Dw r .G Martin Chuzzle&it 7i !t! #e *een twent+ "torie" in"te d o one "tor+. Dombey and Son 7i !t ! #e *een twent+

"torie" in"te d o one "tor+. e 7i !t ! #e lo"t ll Di)ken"<" no#el" we 7i !t ! #e lo"tlto et!er Di)ken" t!e no#eli"t. e 7i !t ! #e lo"t t! t "te d+ lo#e o "e7in l nd



t! t Mr". SK(eer" w " l"o t!e #i)ti7 o * d "+"te7 *(t t! t t!e 7 n w!o "oldSK(eer" !i" ) ne ! d re ll+ )ted wit! re t indi")retion nd o( !t to *e "/oken tokindl+. So7et!in like t!i" wo(ld *e w! t, ter o(r =0;> +e r", t!e %o+ l Co77i""ionwo(ld ! #e " id *(t it wo(ld not 7 tter in t!e le "t w! t t!e %o+ l Co77i""ion ! d" id, or *+ t! t ti7e t!e /!il nt!ro/i"t" wo(ld *e o on new t )k nd t!e world

wo(ld ! #e or otten ll *o(t Dot!e*o+" $ ll nd e#er+t!in )onne)ted wit! it. +t! t ti7e t!e /!il nt!ro/i"t" wo(ld *e /etitionin P rli 7ent or not!er %o+ lCo77i""ion /er! /" %o+ l Co77i""ion to inK(ire into w!et!er Mr. M nt lini w "e?tr # nt wit! !i" wi e<" 7one+ /er! /" )o77i""ion to inK(ire into w!et!er Mr.

in)ent Cr(77le" ke/t t!e 'n nt P!eno7enon "!ort *+ 7e n" o in.

' we wi"! to (nder"t nd t!e "/irit nd t!e /eriod o (icholas (ickleby we 7("tende #o(r to )o7/re!end nd to //re)i te t!e old 7ore de)i"i#e re7edie", or, i we

/re er to /(t it "o, t!e old 7ore de"/er te re7edie". O(r t!er" ! d /l in "ort o /it+i +o( will, ro"" nd )o r"e /it+. T!e+ ! d t!eir own "ort o "enti7ent li"7. T!e+were K(ite willin to wee/ o#er S7ike. (t it )ert inl+ ne#er o))(rred to t!e7 to wee/o#er SK(eer". E#en t!o"e w!o o//o"ed t!e @ren)! w r o//o"ed it e? )tl+ in t!e " 7ew + " t!eir ene7ie" o//o"ed t!e @ren)! "oldier". T!e+ o( !t wit! i !tin . C! rle"@o? w " (ll o !orror t t!e *itterne"" nd t!e ("ele"" *lood"!ed *(t i n+ one ! din"(lted !i7 o#er t!e 7 tter, !e wo(ld ! #e one o(t nd "!ot !i7 in d(el " )ooll+ "

n+ o !i" )onte7/or rie". All t!eir inter eren)e w " !eroi) inter eren)e. All t!eir le i"l tion w " !eroi) le i"l tion. All t!eir re7edie" were !eroi) re7edie". No do(*tt!e+ were o ten n rrow nd o ten #i"ion r+. No do(*t t!e+ o ten looked t /oliti) l

or7(l w!en t!e+ "!o(ld ! #e =05> looked t n ele7ent l )t. No do(*t t!e+ were /ed nti) in "o7e o t!eir /rin)i/le" nd )l(7"+ in "o7e o t!eir "ol(tion". No do(*t, in"!ort, t!e+ were ll #er+ wron nd no do(*t we re t!e /eo/le, nd wi"do7 "! ll diewit! (". (t w!en t!e+ " w "o7et!in w!i)! in t!eir e+e", "()! " t!e+ were, re ll+#iol ted t!eir 7or lit+, "()! " it w ", t!en t!e+ did not )r+ F'n#e"ti te G T!e+ did not)r+ FEd() te G T!e+ did not )r+ F'7/ro#e G T!e+ did not )r+ FE#ol#e G Like Ni)!ol "

Ni)kle*+ t!e+ )ried FSto/ G And it did "to/.

T!i" i" t!e ir"t 7 rk o t!e /(rel+ ro7 nti) 7et!od: t!e "wi tne"" nd "i7/li)it+ wit!w!i)! St. eor e kill" t!e dr on. T!e "e)ond 7 rk o it i" e?!i*ited !ere " one o t!ewe kne""e" o (icholas (ickleby . ' 7e n t!e tenden)+ in t!e /(rel+ ro7 nti) "tor+ tore rd t!e !eroine 7erel+ " "o7et!in to *e won to re rd t!e /rin)e"" "olel+ ""o7et!in to *e " #ed ro7 t!e dr on. T!e t!er o M deline r + i" re ll+ #er+re"/e)t *le dr on. $i" "el i"!ne"" i" "( e"ted wit! 7()! 7ore /"+)!olo i) l t )t nd

tr(t! t! n t! t o n+ ot!er o t!e #ill in" t! t Di)ken" de")ri*ed *o(t t!i" ti7e. (t !i"d ( !ter i" 7erel+ t!e +o(n wo7 n wit! w!o7 Ni)!ol " i" in lo#e. e do not ) re r / *o(t M deline r +. Per"on ll+ ' "!o(ld ! #e /re erred Ce)ili o*"ter. $ere i"one re l /oint w!ere t!e i)tori n ro7 n)e ll" *elow t!e Eli- *et! n ro7 nti) dr 7 .S! ke"/e re lw +" 7 de !i" !eroine" !eroi) " well " !i" !eroe".

'n Di)ken"<" )t( l liter r+ ) reer it i" t!i" ro7 nti) K( lit+ in (icholas (ickleby t! t i"7o"t i7/ort nt. 't i" !i" ir"t de inite tte7/t to write +o(n nd )!i# lro(" =03>no#el. 'n t!i" "en"e t!e )o7i) )! r )ter" nd t!e )o7i) ")ene" re "e)ond r+ ndindeed t!e )o7i) )! r )ter" nd t!e )o7i) ")ene", d7ir *le " t!e+ re, )o(ld ne#er *e)on"idered " in t!e7"el#e" "(/erior to "()! )! r )ter" nd "()! ")ene" in 7 n+ o t!e

ot!er *ook". (t in t!e7"el#e" !ow (n or ett *le t!e+ re. Mr. Cr(77le" nd t!ew!ole o !i" t!e tri) l *("ine"" i" n d7ir *le ) "e o t! t ir"t nd 7o"t "/lendid



K( lit+ in Di)ken"B' 7e n t!e rt o 7 kin "o7et!in w!i)! in li e we ) ll /o7/o("nd d(ll, *e)o7in in liter t(re /o7/o(" nd deli !t (l. ' ! #e re7 rked *e ore t! t

ne rl+ e#er+ one o t!e 7("in )! r )ter" o Di)ken" i" in re lit+ re t ool. (t '7i !t o (rt!er. Al7o"t e#er+ one o !i" 7("in )! r )ter" i" in re lit+ re t *ore.T!e #er+ /eo/le t! t we l+ to in Di)ken" re t!e #er+ /eo/le t! t we l+ ro7 in li e.

And t!ere i" 7ore in Cr(77le" t! n t!e 7ere entert in7ent o !i" "ole7nit+ nd !i"tedi(7. T!e enor7o(" "erio("ne"" wit! w!i)! !e t ke" !i" rt i" lw +" n e? )t to()!in re rd to t!e (n"())e"" (l rti"t. ' n rti"t i" "())e"" (l, e#er+t!in t!en de/end"(/on dile77 o !i" 7or l )! r )ter. ' !e i" 7e n rti"t "())e"" will 7 ke !i7 "o)iet+ 7 n. ' !e i" 7 n ni7o(" rti"t, "())e"" will 7 ke !i7 n ordin r+ 7 n. (tonl+ " lon " !e i" (n"())e"" (l will !e *e n (n t!o7 *le nd "erio(" rti"t, like Mr.Cr(77le". Di)ken" w " lw +" / rti)(l rl+ ood t e?/re""in t!(" t!e tre "(re" t! t

*elon to t!o"e w!o do not "())eed in t!i" world. T!ere re # "t /ro"/e)t" nd "/lendid"on " in t!e /oint o #iew o t!e t+/i) ll+ (n"())e"" (l 7 n i ll t!e ("edH(/ )tor"

nd "/oilt o(rn li"t" nd *roken )lerk" )o(ld i#e )!or(", it =08> wo(ld *e wonder (l )!or(" in /r i"e o t!e world. (t t!e"e (n"())e"" (l 7en )o77onl+ ) nnote#en "/e k. Di)ken" i" t!e #oi)e o t!e7, nd #er+ rin in #oi)e *e) ("e !e w "

/er! /" t!e onl+ one o t!e"e (n"())e"" (l 7en t! t w " e#er "())e"" (l.

=04>

OLIVER TWIST

'n )on"iderin Di)ken", " we l7o"t lw +" 7("t )on"ider !i7, " 7 n o ri)!ori in lit+, we 7 + /o""i*l+ 7i"" t!e or)e" ro7 w!i)! !e drew e#en !i" ori in l

ener +. 't i" not well or 7 n to *e lone. e, in t!e 7odern world, re re d+ eno( ! tod7it t! t w!en it i" //lied to "o7e /ro*le7 o 7on "ti)i"7 or o n e)"t ti) li e. (t

we will not d7it t! t o(r 7odern rti"ti) )l i7 to *"ol(te ori in lit+ i" re ll+ )l i7to *"ol(te (n"o)i *ilit+ )l i7 to *"ol(te loneline"". T!e n r)!i"t i" t le "t ""olit r+ " t!e ")eti). And t!e 7en o #er+ #i#id #i o(r in liter t(re, t!e 7en "()! "Di)ken", ! #e ener ll+ di"/l +ed l r e "o)i *ilit+ tow rd" t!e "o)iet+ o letter",

lw +" e?/re""ed in t!e ! //+ /(r"(it o /reHe?i"tent t!e7e", "o7eti7e" e?/re""ed, "in t!e ) "e o MoliRre or Sterne, in downri !t /l i ri"7. @or e#en t!e t i" )on e""iono o(r de/enden)e on "o)iet+. 'n Di)ken", !owe#er, t!i" ele7ent o t!e ori in l

o(nd tion" on w!i)! !e worked i" K(ite e"/e)i ll+ di i)(lt to deter7ine. T!i" i" / rtl+d(e to t!e )t t! t or t!e /re"ent re din /(*li) !e i" /r )ti) ll+ t!e onl+ one o !i"lon line t! t i" re d t ll. $e "(7" (/ S7ollett nd old"7it!, *(t !e l"o de"tro+"t!e7. T!i" one i nt, *ein )lo"e"t to (", )(t" o ro7 o(r #iew e#en t!e =09> i nt"t! t *e t !i7. (t 7()! 7ore i" t!i" di i)(lt+ d(e to t!e )t t! t Di)ken" 7i?ed (/wit! t!e old 7 teri l, 7 teri l" "o "(*tl+ 7odern, "o 7 de o t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion,t! t t!e w!ole i" tr n" or7ed. ' we w nt t!e *e"t e? 7/le o t!i", t!e *e"t e? 7/le i"Oliver T&ist .

%el ti#el+ to t!e ot!er work" o Di)ken" Oliver T&ist i" not o re t # l(e, *(t it i" o re t i7/ort n)e. So7e / rt" o it re "o )r(de nd o "o )l(7"+ 7elodr 7 , t! t one

i" l7o"t te7/ted to " + t! t Di)ken" wo(ld ! #e *een re ter wit!o(t it. (t e#en i !e! d *een re ter wit!o(t it !e wo(ld "till ! #e *een in)o7/lete wit!o(t it. it! t!ee?)e/tion o "o7e or eo(" / "" e", *ot! o !(7o(r nd !orror, t!e intere"t o t!e

*ook lie" not "o 7()! in it" re#el tion o Di)ken"<" liter r+ eni(" " in it" re#el tion o



t!o"e 7or l, /er"on l, nd /oliti) l in"tin)t" w!i)! were t!e 7 keH(/ o !i" )! r )ter nd t!e /er7 nent "(//ort o t! t liter r+ eni(". 't i" *+ r t!e 7o"t de/re""in o ll

!i" *ook" it i" in "o7e w +" t!e 7o"t irrit tin +et it" ( line"" i#e" t!e l "t to()! o !one"t+ to ll t! t "/ont neo(" nd "/lendid o(t/(t. it!o(t t!i" one di")ord nt note ll!i" 7erri7ent 7i !t ! #e "ee7ed like le#it+.

Di)ken" ! d ("t //e red (/on t!e "t e nd "et t!e w!ole world l ( !in wit! !i" ir"tre t "tor+ %ick&ick . Oliver T&ist w " !i" en)ore. 't w " t!e "e)ond o//ort(nit+ i#en

to !i7 *+ t!o"e w!o ! d rolled *o(t wit! l ( !ter o#er T(/7 n nd Jin le, eller ndDowler. Under "()! )ir)(7"t n)e" "t e+ re)iter will "o7eti7e" t ke ) re to i#e

/ t!eti) /ie)e ter !i" !(7oro(" one nd wit! ll !i" 7 n+ =;6> 7or l 7erit", t!erew " 7()! t! t w " "t e+ *o(t Di)ken". (t t!i" e?/l n tion lone i" lto et!er in deK( te nd (nwort!+. T!ere w " in Di)ken" t!i" ot!er kind o ener +, !orri*le,(n) nn+, * r* ri), ) / *le in not!er e o )o r"ene"", reed+ or t!e e7*le7" o e"t *li"!ed ( line"", t!e )o in, t!e i**et, t!e *one", t!e *lood+ kni e. Di)ken" likedt!e"e t!in " nd !e w " ll t!e 7ore o 7 n or likin t!e7 e"/e)i ll+ !e w " ll t!e7ore o *o+. e ) n ll re) ll wit! /le "(re t!e )t t! t Mi"" Petowker terw rd"Mr". Lill+#i)k w " in t!e ! *it o re)itin /oe7 ) lled FT!e lood Drinker<" (ri l.G' ) nnot e?/re"" 7+ re ret t! t t!e word" o t!i" /oe7 re not i#en or Di)ken" wo(ld! #e *een K(ite " ) / *le o writin FT!e lood Drinker<" (ri lG " Mi"" Petowker w " o re)itin it. T!i" "tr in e?i"ted in Di)ken" lon "ide o !i" ! //+ l ( !ter *ot!were llied to t!e " 7e ro*("t ro7 n)e. $ere " el"ew!ere Di)ken" i" )lo"e to ll t!e

/er7 nent !(7 n t!in ". $e i" )lo"e to reli ion, w!i)! ! " ne#er llowed t!e t!o(" ndde#il" on it" )!(r)!e" to "to/ t!e d n)in o it" *ell". $e i" llied to t!e /eo/le, to t!ere l /oor, w!o lo#e not!in "o 7()! " to t ke )!eer (l l "" nd to t lk *o(t

(ner l". T!e e?tre7e" o !i" loo7 nd iet+ re t!e 7 rk o reli ion nd de7o)r )+t!e+ 7 rk !i7 o ro7 t!e 7oder te ! //ine"" o /!ilo"o/!er", nd ro7 t! t "toi)i"7w!i)! i" t!e #irt(e nd t!e )reed o ri"to)r t". T!ere i" not!in odd in t!e )t t! t t!e" 7e 7 n w!o )on)ei#ed t!e !(7 ne !o"/it litie" o Pi)kwi)k "!o(ld l"o ! #ei7 ined t!e in!(7 n l ( !ter o @ in<" den. T!e+ re *ot! en(ine nd t!e+ re *ot!e? er ted. And t!e w!ole !(7 n =;1> tr dition ! " tied (/ to et!er in "tr n e knott!e"e "tr nd" o e"ti#it+ nd e r. 't i" o#er t!e )(/" o C!ri"t7 " E#e t! t 7en ! #e

lw +" )o7/eted in tellin !o"t "torie".

T!i" ir"t ele7ent w " /re"ent in Di)ken", nd it i" #er+ /ower (ll+ /re"ent in Oliver T&ist . 't ! d not *een /re"ent wit! "( i)ient )on"i"ten)+ or )ontin(it+ in %ick&ick to7 ke it re7 in on t!e re der<" 7e7or+ t ll, or t!e t le o F *riel r(**G i"

rote"K(e r t!er t! n !orri*le, nd t!e two loo7+ "torie" o t!e FM d7 nG nd t!eF (eer ClientG re "o (tterl+ irrele# nt to t!e t le, t! t e#en i t!e re der re7e7*er t!e7 !e /ro* *l+ doe" not re7e7*er t! t t!e+ o))(r in %ick&ick . Criti)" ! #e)o7/l ined o S! ke"/e re nd ot!er" or /(ttin )o7i) e/i"ode" into tr ed+. 'treK(ired 7 n wit! t!e )o(r e nd )o r"ene"" o Di)ken" )t( ll+ to /(t tr i)e/i"ode" into r)e. (t t!e+ re not ) ( !t (/ into t!e "tor+ t ll. 'n Oliver T&ist ,!owe#er, t!e t!in *roke o(t wit! n l7o"t *r(t l in"/ir tion, nd t!o"e w!o ! d llenin lo#e wit! Di)ken" or !i" enero(" *( ooner+ 7 + #er+ likel+ ! #e *een "t rtled tre)ei#in "()! #er+ di erent re t t!e ne?t !el/in . !en +o( ! #e *o( !t 7 n<"

*ook *e) ("e +o( like !i" writin *o(t Mr. rdle<" /(n)!H*owl nd Mr. inkle<""k te", it 7 + #er+ well *e "(r/ri"in to o/en it nd re d *o(t t!e "i)kenin t!(d" t! t

*e t o(t t!e li e o N n)+, or t! t 7+"terio(" #ill in w!o"e )e w " *l "ted wit!di"e "e.



A" ni !t7 re, t!e work i" re ll+ d7ir *le. C! r )ter" w!i)! re not #er+ )le rl+)on)ei#ed " re rd" t!eir own /"+)!olo + re +et, t )ert in 7o7ent", =;2> 7 n ed"o " to "! ke to it" o(nd tion" o(r own /"+)!olo +. ill Sike" i" not e? )tl+ re l7 n, *(t or ll t! t !e i" re l 7(rderer. N n)+ i" not re ll+ i7/re""i#e " li#inwo7 n *(t " t!e /!r "e oe" "!e 7 ke" lo#el+ )or/"e. So7et!in K(ite )!ildi"!

nd etern l in (", "o7et!in w!i)! i" "!o)ked wit! t!e 7ere "i7/li)it+ o de t!, K(i#er"w!en we re d o t!o"e re/e ted *low" or "ee Sike" )(r"in t!e tellHt le )(r w!o will

ollow !i" *lood+ ootH/rint". And t!i" "tr n e, "(*li7e, #(l r 7elodr 7 , w!i)! i"7elodr 7 nd +et i" / in (ll+ re l, re )!e" it" !ideo(" !ei !t in t! t ine ")ene o t!ede t! o Sike", t!e *e"ie ed !o("e, t!e *o+ ")re 7in wit!in, t!e )rowd ")re 7inwit!o(t, t!e 7(rderer t(rned l7o"t 7 ni ) nd dr in !i" #i)ti7 ("ele""l+ (/ nddown t!e roo7, t!e e") /e o#er t!e roo , t!e ro/e "wi tl+ r(nnin t (t, nd de t!"(dden, "t rtlin nd "+7*oli) 7 n ! n ed. T!ere i" in t!i" nd "i7il r ")ene""o7et!in o t!e K( lit+ o $o rt! nd 7 n+ ot!er En li"! 7or li"t" o t!e e rl+ei !teent! )ent(r+. 't i" not e "+ to de ine t!i" $o rt!i n K( lit+ in word", *e+ond" +in t! t it i" "ort o l/! *eti) l re li"7, like t!e )r(el ) ndo(r o )!ildren. (t it! " *o(t it t!e"e two "/e)i l /rin)i/le" w!i)! "e/ r te it ro7 ll t! t we ) ll re li"7 ino(r ti7e. @ir"t, t! t wit! (" 7or l "tor+ 7e n" "tor+ *o(t 7or l /eo/le wit! t!e7 7or l "tor+ 7e nt 7ore o ten "tor+ *o(t i77or l /eo/le. Se)ond, t! t wit! ("re li"7 i" lw +" ""o)i ted wit! "o7e "(*tle #iew o 7or l" wit! t!e7 re li"7 w "

lw +" ""o)i ted wit! "o7e "i7/le #iew o 7or l". T!e end o ill Sike" e? )tl+ in t!ew + t! t t!e l w wo(ld ! #e killed !i7Bt!i" i" $o rt!i n in)ident it =;0> ) rrie" ont! t tr dition o "t rtlin nd "!o)kin /l tit(de.

All t!i" ele7ent in t!e *ook w " "in)ere t!in in t!e (t!or, *(t none t!e le"" it ) 7ero7 old "oil", ro7 t!e r #e+ rd nd t!e llow", nd t!e l ne w!ere t!e !o"t

w lked. Di)ken" w " lw +" ttr )ted to "()! t!in ", nd " @or"ter " +" wit!ini7it *le "i7/li)it+ F*(t or !i" "tron "en"e 7i !t ! #e llen into t!e ollie" o "/irit( li"7.G A" 7 tter o )t, like 7o"t o t!e 7en o "tron "en"e in !i" tr dition,Di)ken" w " le t wit! ! l *elie in "/irit" w!i)! *e) 7e in /r )ti)e *elie in * d"/irit". T!e re t di" d# nt e o t!o"e w!o ! #e too 7()! "tron "en"e to *elie#e in"(/ern t(r li"7 i" t! t t!e+ kee/ l "t t!e low nd little or7" o t!e "(/ern t(r l, "()!

" o7en", )(r"e", "/e)tre", nd retri*(tion", *(t ind !i ! nd ! //+ "(/ern t(r li"7K(ite in)redi*le. T!(" t!e P(rit n" denied t!e " )r 7ent", *(t went on *(rnin wit)!e".T!i" "! dow doe" re"t, to "o7e e?tent, (/on t!e r tion l En li"! writer" like Di)ken""(/ern t(r li"7 w " d+in , *(t it" ( lie"t root" died l "t. Di)ken" wo(ld ! #e o(nd ite "ier to *elie#e in !o"t t! n in #i"ion o t!e ir in wit! n el". T!ere, or ood or

e#il, !owe#er, w " t!e root o t!e old diablerie in Di)ken", nd t!ere it i" in Oliver T&ist . (t t!i" w " onl+ t!e ir"t o t!e new Di)ken" ele7ent", w!i)! 7("t ! #e"(r/ri"ed t!o"e Di)ken"i n" w!o e erl+ *o( !t !i" "e)ond *ook. T!e "e)ond o t!enew Di)ken" ele7ent" i" eK( ll+ indi"/(t *le nd "e/ r te. 't "welled terw rd" toenor7o(" /ro/ortion" in Di)ken"<" work *(t it re ll+ ! " it" ri"e !ere. A in, " in t!e) "e o t!e ele7ent o diablerie , it wo(ld *e =;;> /o""i*le to 7 ke te)!ni) l e?)e/tion"in #o(r o %ick&ick . J("t " t!ere were K(ite in //ro/ri te ")r /" o t!e r(e"o7eele7ent in %ick&ick , "o t!ere re K(ite in //ro/ri te ll("ion" to t!i" ot!er to/i) in

%ick&ick . (t no*od+ *+ 7erel+ re din %ick&ick wo(ld e#en re7e7*er t!i" to/i) noone *+ 7erel+ re din %ick&ick wo(ld know w! t t!i" to/i) i" t!i" t!ird re t "(* e)to Di)ken" t!i" "e)ond re t "(* e)t o t!e Di)ken" o Oliver T&ist .



T!i" "(* e)t i" "o)i l o//re""ion. 't i" "(rel+ ir to " + t! t no one )o(ld ! #e t!eredro7 %ick&ick !ow t!i" K(e"tion *oiled in t!e *lood o t!e (t!or o %ick&ick . T!erere, indeed, / "" e", / rti)(l rl+ in )onne)tion wit! Mr. Pi)kwi)k in t!e de*tor<"

/ri"on, w!i)! /ro#e to (", lookin * )k on w!ole /(*li) ) reer, t! t Di)ken" ! d *eenro7 t!e *e innin *itter nd inK(i"iti#e *o(t t!e /ro*le7 o o(r )i#ili" tion. No one

)o(ld ! #e i7 ined t t!e ti7e t! t t!i" *itterne"" r n in n (n*roken ri#er (nder llt!e "(r e" o t! t "(/er* iet+ nd e?(*er n)e. it! Oliver T&ist t!i" "terner "ide o Di)ken" w " "(ddenl+ re#e led. @or t!e #er+ ir"t / e" o Oliver T&ist re "tern e#enw!en t!e+ re (nn+. T!e+ 7("e, *(t t!e+ ) nnot *e en o+ed, " ) n t!e / "" e" *o(tt!e ollie" o Mr. Snod r "" or t!e !(7ili tion" o Mr. inkle. T!e di eren)e *etweent!e old e "+ !(7o(r nd t!i" new ! r"! !(7o(r i" di eren)e not o de ree *(t o kind. Di)ken" 7 ke" 7e o Mr. (7*le *e) ("e !e w nt" to kill Mr. (7*le !e7 de 7e o Mr. inkle *e) ("e !e w nted !i7 to li#e or e#er. Di)ken" ! " t ken t!e"word in ! nd in"t w! t i" !e de)l rin w rI

=;5> 't i" ("t !ere t! t t!e re tne"" o Di)ken" )o7e" in it i" ("t !ere t! t t!edi eren)e lie" *etween t!e /ed nt nd t!e /oet. Di)ken" enter" t!e "o)i l nd /oliti) lw r, nd t!e ir"t "troke !e de l" i" not onl+ "i ni i) nt *(t e#en "t rtlin . @(ll+ to "eet!i" we 7("t //re)i te t!e n tion l "it( tion. 't w " n e o re or7, nd e#en o r di) l re or7 t!e world w " (ll o r di) l" nd re or7er" *(t onl+ too 7 n+ o t!e7took t!e line o tt )kin e#er+t!in nd n+t!in t! t w " o//o"ed to "o7e / rti)(l r t!eor+ 7on t!e 7 n+ /oliti) l t!eorie" t! t /o""e""ed t!e end o t!e ei !teent!)ent(r+. So7e ! d "o 7()! /er e)ted t!e /er e)t t!eor+ o re/(*li) ni"7 t! t t!e+

l7o"t l + w ke t ni !t *e) ("e (een i)tori ! d )rown on !er !e d. Ot!er" were"o )ert in t! t 7 nkind ! d !it!erto *een 7erel+ "tr n led in t!e *ond" o t!e St te t! tt!e+ " w tr(t! onl+ in t!e de"tr()tion o t ri " or o *+Hl w". T!e re ter / rt o t! t

ener tion !eld t! t )le rne"", e)ono7+, nd ! rd )o77onH"en"e, wo(ld "oon de"tro+t!e error" t! t ! d *een ere)ted *+ t!e "(/er"tition" nd "enti7ent litie" o t!e / "t. 'n

/(r"( n)e o t!i" ide 7 n+ o t!e new 7en o t!e new )ent(r+, K(ite )on ident t! tt!e+ were in#i or tin t!e new e, "o( !t to de"tro+ t!e old "enti7ent l )leri) li"7,t!e old "enti7ent l e(d li"7, t!e oldHworld *elie in /rie"t", t!e oldHworld *elie in

/ tron", nd 7on ot!er t!in " t!e oldHworld *elie in *e r". T!e+ "o( !t 7onot!er t!in " to )le r w + t!e old #i"ion r+ kindline"" on t!e "(* e)t o # r nt". $en)et!o"e re or7er" en )ted not onl+ new re or7 *ill *(t l"o new /oor l w. 'n )re tin7 n+ ot!er 7odern t!in " t!e+ )re ted t!e 7odern =;3> work!o("e, nd w!en Di)ken") 7e o(t to i !t it w " t!e ir"t t!in t! t !e *roke wit! !i" * ttleH ?e.

T!i" i" w!ere Di)ken"<" "o)i l re#olt i" o 7ore # l(e t! n 7ere /oliti)" nd #oid" t!e#(l rit+ o t!e no#el wit! /(r/o"e. $i" re#olt i" not re#olt o t!e )o77er)i li"tin"t t!e e(d li"t, o t!e Non)on or7i"t in"t t!e C!(r)!7 n, o t!e @reeHtr der in"t t!e Prote)tioni"t, o t!e Li*er l in"t t!e Tor+. ' !e were 7on (" now !i"

re#olt wo(ld not *e t!e re#olt o t!e So)i li"t in"t t!e 'ndi#id( li"t, or o t!eAn r)!i"t in"t t!e So)i li"t. $i" re#olt w " "i7/l+ nd "olel+ t!e etern l re#olt itw " t!e re#olt o t!e we k in"t t!e "tron . $e did not di"like t!i" or t! t r (7ent or o//re""ion !e di"liked o//re""ion. $e di"liked )ert in look on t!e )e o 7 n w!en!e look" down on not!er 7 n. And t! t look on t!e )e i", indeed, t!e onl+ t!in int!e world t! t we ! #e re ll+ to i !t *etween !ere nd t!e ire" o $ell. T! t w!i)!

/ed nt" o t! t ti7e nd t!i" ti7e wo(ld ! #e ) lled t!e "enti7ent li"7 o Di)ken" w "

re ll+ "i7/l+ t!e det )!ed " nit+ o Di)ken". $e ) red not!in or t!e ( iti#ee?/l n tion" o t!e Con"tit(tion l Con"er# ti#e" !e ) red not!in or t!e ( iti#e



e?/l n tion" o t!e M n)!e"ter S)!ool. $e wo(ld ! #e ) red K(ite " little or t!e( iti#e e?/l n tion" o t!e @ *i n So)iet+ or o t!e 7odern ")ienti i) So)i li"t. $e " w

t! t (nder 7 n+ or7" t!ere w " one )t, t!e t+r nn+ o 7 n o#er 7 n nd !e "tr()k t it w!en !e " w it, w!et!er it w " old or new. !en !e o(nd t! t oot7en nd r("ti)"

were too 7()! r id o Sir Lei)e"ter Dedlo)k, !e tt )ked Sir Lei)e"ter Dedlo)k !e

did not ) re w!et!er Sir Lei)e"ter Dedlo)k " id !e w " =;8> tt )kin En l nd or w!et!er Mr. %o(n)ewell, t!e 'ron7 "ter, " id !e w " tt )kin n e ete oli r)!+. 'nt! t ) "e !e /le "ed Mr. %o(n)ewell, t!e 'ronH7 "ter, nd di"/le "ed Sir Lei)e"ter Dedlo)k, t!e Ari"to)r t. (t w!en !e o(nd t! t Mr. %o(n)ewell<" work7en were 7()!too ri !tened o Mr. %o(n)ewell, t!en !e di"/le "ed Mr. %o(n)ewell in t(rn !edi"/le "ed Mr. %o(n)ewell #er+ 7()! *+ ) llin !i7 Mr. o(nder*+. !en !ei7 ined !i7"el to *e i !tin old l w" !e #e "ort o # (e nd ener l //ro# l tonew l w". (t w!en !e ) 7e to t!e new l w" t!e+ ! d * d ti7e. !en Di)ken" o(ndt! t ter !(ndred e)ono7i) r (7ent" nd r ntin !(ndred e)ono7i))on"ider tion", t!e )t re7 ined t! t / (/er" in 7odern work!o("e" were 7()! too

r id o t!e *e dle, ("t " # "" l" in n)ient ) "tle" were 7()! too r id o t!eDedlo)k", t!en !e "tr()k "(ddenl+ nd t on)e. T!i" i" w! t 7 ke" t!e o/enin )! /ter"o Oliver T&ist "o )(rio(" nd i7/ort nt. T!e #er+ )t o Di)ken"<" di"t n)e ro7, ndinde/enden)e o , t!e el *or te in n)i l r (7ent" o !i" ti7e, 7 ke" 7ore de inite ndd --lin !i" "(dden ""ertion t! t !e "ee" t!e old !(7 n t+r nn+ in ront o !i7 " /l in

" t!e "(n t noonHd +. Di)ken" tt )k" t!e 7odern work!o("e wit! "ort o in"/ired"i7/li)it+ " o *o+ in ir+ t le w!o ! d w ndered *o(t, "word in ! nd, lookin

or o re" nd w!o ! d o(nd n indi"/(t *le o re. All t!e ot!er /eo/le o !i" ti7e rett )kin t!in " *e) ("e t!e+ re * d e)ono7i)" or *e) ("e t!e+ re * d /oliti)", or

*e) ("e t!e+ re * d ")ien)e !e lone i" tt )kin t!in " *e) ("e t!e+ re * d. All t!eot!er" re % di) l" wit! l r e % !e =;4> lone i" r di) l wit! "7 ll one. $een)o(nter" e#il wit! t! t *e (ti (l "(r/ri"e w!i)!, " it i" t!e *e innin o ll re l

/le "(re, i" l"o t!e *e innin o ll ri !teo(" indi n tion. $e enter" t!e work!o("e ("t" Oli#er Twi"t enter" it, " little )!ild.

T!i" i" t!e re l /ower nd / t!o" o t! t )ele*r ted / "" e in t!e *ook w!i)! ! " / ""ed into /ro#er* *(t w!i)! ! " not lo"t it" terri*le !(7o(r e#en in *ein! )kne+ed. ' 7e n, o )o(r"e, t!e e#erl "tin K(ot tion *o(t Oli#er Twi"t "kin or 7ore. T!e re l /oi n n)+ t! t t!ere i" in t!i" ide i" #er+ ood "t(d+ in t! t "tron")!ool o "o)i l )riti)i"7 w!i)! Di)ken" re/re"ented. A 7odern re li"t de")ri*in t!edre r+ work!o("e wo(ld ! #e 7 de ll t!e )!ildren (tterl+ )r("!ed, not d rin to "/e k

t ll, not e?/e)tin n+t!in , not !o/in n+t!in , / "t ll /o""i*ilit+ o ordin e#en

n ironi) l )ontr "t or /rote"t o de"/ ir. A 7odern, in "!ort, wo(ld ! #e 7 de ll t!e *o+" in t!e work!o("e / t!eti) *+ 7 kin t!e7 ll /e""i7i"t". (t Oli#er Twi"t i" not / t!eti) *e) ("e !e i" /e""i7i"t. Oli#er Twi"t i" / t!eti) *e) ("e !e i" n o/ti7i"t.T!e w!ole tr ed+ o t! t in)ident i" in t!e )t t! t !e doe" e?/e)t t!e (ni#er"e to *ekind to !i7, t! t !e doe" *elie#e t! t !e i" li#in in ("t world. $e )o7e" *e ore t!e

( rdi n" " t!e r ed /e " nt" o t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion ) 7e *e ore t!e in " ndP rli 7ent" o E(ro/e. T! t i" to " +, !e )o7e", indeed, wit! loo7+ e?/erien)e", *(t!e )o7e" wit! ! //+ /!ilo"o/!+. $e know" t! t t!ere re wron " o 7 n to *ere#iled *(t !e *elie#e" l"o t! t t!ere re ri !t" o 7 n to *e de7 nded. 't ! " o ten

*een re7 rked " "in (l r )t t! t t!e @ren)! =;9> /oor, w!o "t nd in !i"tori)tr dition " t+/i) l o ll t!e de"/er te 7en w!o ! #e dr ed down t+r nn+, were, "

7 tter o )t, *+ no 7e n" wor"e o t! n t!e /oor o 7 n+ ot!er E(ro/e n )o(ntrie" *e ore t!e %e#ol(tion. T!e tr(t! i" t! t t!e @ren)! were tr i) *e) ("e t!e+ were *etter



o . T!e ot!er" ! d known t!e "orrow (l e?/erien)e" *(t t!e+ lone ! d known t!e"/lendid e?/e)t tion nd t!e ori in l )l i7". 't w " ("t !ere t! t Di)ken" w " "o tr(e )!ild o t!e7 nd o t! t ! //+ t!eor+ "o *itterl+ //lied. T!e+ were t!e one o//re""ed

/eo/le t! t "i7/l+ "ked or ("ti)e t!e+ were t!e one P ri"! o+ w!o inno)entl+"ked or 7ore.

=56>

OLD CURIOSITY SHOP

Not!in i" i7/ort nt e?)e/t t!e te o t!e "o(l nd liter t(re i" onl+ redee7ed ro7 n(tter tri#i lit+, "(r/ ""in t! t o n ( !t" nd )ro""e", *+ t!e )t t! t it de")ri*e" nott!e world ro(nd (" or t!e t!in " on t!e retin o t!e e+e or t!e enor7o(" irrele# n)+ o en)+)lo/ di ", *(t "o7e )ondition to w!i)! t!e !(7 n "/irit ) n )o7e. All ood

writer" e?/re"" t!e "t te o t!eir "o(l", e#en " o))(r" in "o7e ) "e" o #er+ oodwriter" i it i" "t te o d 7n tion. T!e ir"t t!in t! t ! " to *e re li"ed *o(t Di)ken"i" t!i" (lti7 te "/irit( l )ondition o t!e 7 n, w!i)! l + *e!ind ll !i" )re tion". T!i"Di)ken" "t te o 7ind i" di i)(lt to /i)k o(t in word" " re ll ele7ent r+ "t te" o 7ind t!e+ ) nnot *e de")ri*ed, not *e) ("e t!e+ re too "(*tle or word", *(t *e) ("et!e+ re too "i7/le or word". Per! /" t!e ne re"t //ro )! to "t te7ent o it wo(ld

*e t!i": t! t Di)ken" e?/re""e" n e er nti)i/ tion o e#er+t!in t! t will ! //en int!e 7otle+ ir" o 7en !e look" t t!e K(iet )rowd w itin or it to *e /i)t(re"K(e

nd to /l + t!e ool !e e?/e)t" e#er+t!in !e i" torn wit! ! //+ !(n er. T! )ker + i"lw +" lookin * )k to +e"terd + Di)ken" i" lw +" lookin orw rd to toH7orrow.ot! re /ro o(ndl+ !(7oro(", or t!ere i" !(7o(r o t!e 7ornin nd !(7o(r o

t!e e#enin *(t t!e ir"t =51> (e""e" t w! t it will et, t ll t!e rote"K(ene"" nd# riet+ w!i)! d + 7 + *rin ort! t!e "e)ond look" * )k on w! t t!e d + ! " *een

nd "ee" e#en it" "ole7nitie" " "li !tl+ ironi) l. Not!in ) n *e too e?tr # nt or t!el ( !ter t! t look" orw rd nd not!in ) n *e too di ni ied or t!e l ( !ter t! t look"

* )k. 't i" n idle *(t o*#io(" t!in , w!i)! 7 n+ 7("t ! #e noti)ed, t! t we o ten indin t!e title o one o n (t!or<" *ook" w! t 7i !t #er+ well "t nd or ener lde")ri/tion o ll o t!e7. T!(" ll S/en"er<" work" 7i !t *e ) lled - Hymn to

Heavenly Beauty or ll Mr. ern rd S! w<" *o(nd *ook" 7i !t *e ) lled .ou (ever Can Tell . 'n t!e " 7e w + t!e w!ole "(*"t n)e nd "/irit o T! )ker + 7i !t *e

t!ered (nder t!e ener l title /anity Fair . 'n t!e " 7e w + too t!e w!ole "(*"t n)end "/irit o Di)ken" 7i !t *e t!ered (nder t!e ener l title 0reat "1pectations .

'n re)ent )riti)i"7 on t!i" /o"ition ' " w it re7 rked t! t ll t!i" i" re din intoDi)ken" "o7et!in t! t !e did not 7e n nd ' ! #e *een told t! t it wo(ld ! #e re tl+"(r/ri"ed Di)ken" to *e in or7ed t! t !e Fwent down t!e *ro d ro d o t!e %e#ol(tion.GO )o(r"e it wo(ld. Criti)i"7 doe" not e?i"t to " + *o(t (t!or" t!e t!in " t! t t!e+knew t!e7"el#e". 't e?i"t" to " + t!e t!in " *o(t t!e7 w!i)! t!e+ did not knowt!e7"el#e". ' )riti) " +" t! t t!e $liad ! " / n r t!er t! n C!ri"ti n /it+, or t! tit i" (ll o /i)t(re" 7 de *+ one e/it!et, o )o(r"e !e doe" not 7e n t! t $o7er )o(ld! #e " id t! t. ' $o7er )o(ld ! #e " id t! t t!e )riti) wo(ld le #e $o7er to " + it. T!e

(n)tion o )riti)i"7, i it ! " le iti7 te (n)tion t ll, ) n onl+ *e one (n)tionBt! t=52> o de lin wit! t!e "(*)on")io(" / rt o t!e (t!or<" 7ind w!i)! onl+ t!e )riti) ) ne?/re"", nd not wit! t!e )on")io(" / rt o t!e (t!or<" 7ind, w!i)! t!e (t!or !i7"el ) n e?/re"". Eit!er )riti)i"7 i" no ood t ll #er+ de en"i*le /o"ition or el"e



)riti)i"7 7e n" " +in *o(t n (t!or t!e #er+ t!in " t! t wo(ld ! #e 7 de !i7 (7/o(t o !i" *oot".

Do(*tle"" t!e n 7e in t!i" ) "e 0reat "1pectations i" n e7/t+ )oin)iden)e nd indeedit i" not in t!e *ook" o t!e l ter Di)ken" /eriod t!e /eriod o 0reat "1pectations t! t

we "!o(ld look or t!e *e"t e? 7/le" o t!i" " n (ine nd e?/e)t nt "/irit w!i)! i" t!ee""enti l o t!e 7 n<" eni(". T!ere re /lent+ o ood e? 7/le" o it e"/e)i ll+ in t!ee rlier work". (t e#en in t!e e rlier work" t!ere i" no e? 7/le o it 7ore "trikin or 7ore " ti" )tor+ t! n The Old Curiosity Shop . 't i" / rti)(l rl+ noti)e *le in t!e )tt! t it" o/enin nd ori in l r 7ework e?/re"" t!e ide o r ndo7 e?/erien)e, t!in)o7e )ro"" in t!e "treet "in le )e in t!e )rowd, ollowed (ntil it tell" it" "tor+.T!o( ! t!e t!in end" in no#el it *e in" in "ket)! it *e in" " one o t!e Sketchesby Boz . T!ere i" "o7et!in (n)on")io("l+ rti"ti) in t!e #er+ )l(7"ine"" o t!i"o/enin . M "ter $(7/!re+ "t rt" to kee/ ")r /H*ook o ll !i" d#ent(re", nd !e

ind" t! t !e ) n ill t!e w!ole ")r /H*ook wit! t!e "eK(el" nd de#elo/7ent" o oned#ent(re !e oe" o(t to noti)e e#er+*od+ nd !e ind" !i7"el *("il+ nd # riedl+

o))(/ied onl+ in w t)!in "o7e*od+. 'n t!i" t!ere i" #er+ /ro o(nd tr(t! *o(t t!etr(e e?)ite7ent nd ine?! ("ti*le /oetr+ o li e. T!e tr(t! i" not "o 7()! t! t eternit+ i"

(ll o "o(l" " t! t one "o(l ) n =50> ill eternit+. 'n "tri)t rt t!ere i" "o7et!in K(itel 7e nd l(7*erin *o(t t!e w + in w!i)! t!e *ene#olent old "tor+Hteller "t rt" to tell7 n+ "torie" nd t!en dro/" w + lto et!er, w!ile one o !i" "torie" t ke" !i" /l )e.

(t in l r er rt, !i" )olli"ion wit! Little Nell nd !i" )o7/lete e)li/"e *+ !er /er"on lit+ nd n rr ti#e ! #e re l "i ni i) n)e. T!e+ "( e"t t!e r ndo7 ri)!ne"" o "()! 7eetin ", nd t!eir (n) l)(l ted re"(lt". 't 7 ke" t!e w!ole *ook "ort o "/lendid

))ident.

't i" not tr(e, " i" )o77onl+ " id, t! t t!e Di)ken" / t!o" " / t!o" i" * d. 't i" nottr(e, " i" "till 7ore )o77onl+ " id, t! t t!e w!ole *("ine"" *o(t Little Nell i" * d.T!e ) "e i" 7ore )o7/le? t! n t! t. Yet )o7/le? " it i" it d7it" o one "( i)ientl+)le r di"tin)tion. T!o"e w!o ! #e written *o(t t!e de t! o Little Nell, ! #e ener ll+noti)ed t!e )r(ditie" o t!e )! r )ter it"el t!e little irl<" (nn t(r l nd "t rininno)en)e, !er )on"tr ined nd wkw rd /iet+. (t t!e+ ! #e ne rl+ ll o t!e7 entirel+

iled to noti)e t! t t!ere i" in t!e de t! o Little Nell one K(ite de inite nd re ll+rti"ti) ide . 't i" not n rti"ti) ide t! t little )!ild "!o(ld die r!etori) ll+ on t!e "t e

like P (l Do7*e+ nd Little Nell doe" not die r!etori) ll+ (/on t!e "t e like P (lDo7*e+. (t it i" n rti"ti) ide t! t ll t!e ood /ower" nd /er"on litie" in t!e "tor+"!o(ld "et o(t in /(r"(it o one in"i ni i) nt )!ild, to re/ ir n in ("ti)e to !er, "!o(ld

tr )k !er ro7 town to town o#er En l nd wit! ll t!e re"o(r)e" o we lt!, intelli en)e,nd tr #el, nd "!o(ld llB rri#e too l te. All t!e ood irie" nd ll t!e kind7 i)i n", ll t!e ("t kin " nd ll t!e ll nt =5;> /rin)e", wit! )! riot" nd l+indr on" nd r7ie" nd n #ie" o ter one little )!ild w!o ! d "tr +ed into wood, nd

ind !er de d. T! t i" t!e )on)e/tion w!i)! Di)ken"<" rti"ti) in"tin)t w " re ll+ i7int w!en !e in ll+ )onde7ned Little Nell to de t!, ter kee/in !er, "o to "/e k, "o

lon wit! t!e ro/e ro(nd !er ne)k. T!e de t! o Little Nell i" o/en )ert inl+ to t!e / rti)(l r deni l w!i)! it" ene7ie" 7 ke *o(t it. T!e de t! o Little Nell i" not / t!eti). 't i" /er! /" tr i) it i" in re lit+ ironi). $ere i" #er+ ood ) "e o t!ein ("ti)e to Di)ken" on !i" /(rel+ liter r+ "ide. 't i" not t! t ' " + t! t Di)ken" )!ie#edw! t !e de"i ned it i" t! t t!e )riti)" will not "ee w! t t!e de"i n w ". T!e+ o on

t lkin o t!e de t! o Little Nell " i it were 7ere e? 7/le o 7 (dlin de")ri/tion



like t!e de t! o Little P (l. A" )t it i" not de")ri*ed t ll "o it ) nnot *eo* e)tion *le. 't i" not t!e de t! o Little Nell, *(t t!e li e o Little Nell, t! t ' o* e)t to.

'n t!i", in t!e )t( l /i)t(re o !er /er"on lit+, i +o( ) n ) ll it /er"on lit+, Di)ken"did ll into "o7e o !i" )ile #i)e". T!e re l o* e)tion to 7()! o !i" / t!o" *elon "

re ll+ to not!er / rt o !i" )! r )ter. 't i" )onne)ted wit! !i" # nit+, !i" #or )it+ or llkind" o /r i"e, !i" re"ti#e e?/eri7ent li"7 nd e#en /er! /" !i" en#+. $e "tr ined!i7"el to )!ie#e / t!o". $i" !(7o(r w " in"/ir tion *(t !i" / t!o" w " 7*ition. $i"l ( !ter w " lonel+ !e wo(ld ! #e l ( !ed on de"ert i"l nd. (t !i" rie w "

re rio(". $e liked to 7o#e re t 7 ""e" o 7en, to 7elt t!e7 into tenderne"", to /l +on t!e /eo/le " re t /i ni"t /l +" on t!e7 to 7 ke t!e7 7 d or " d. $i" / t!o"=55> w " to !i7 w + o "!owin !i" /ower nd or t! t re "on it w " re ll+

/owerle"". $e )o(ld not !el/ 7 kin /eo/le l ( ! *(t !e tried to 7 ke t!e7 )r+. e)o7e in t!i" no#el, " we o ten do )o7e in !i" no#el", (/on ! rd l(7/" o (nre lit+,(/on /!r "e t! t "(ddenl+ "i)ken". T! t i" lw +" d(e to !i" )on")io(" de"/oti"7 o#er t!e deli) te eelin " t! t i" lw +" d(e to !i" lo#e o 7e " di"tin)t ro7 !i" lo#e o

(n. (t it i" not tr(e t! t ll Di)ken"<" / t!o" i" like t!i" it i" not e#en tr(e t! t ll t!e / "" e" *o(t Little Nell re like t!i" t!ere re two "tr nd" l7o"t e#er+w!ere ndt!e+ ) n *e di erenti ted " t!e "in)ere nd t!e deli*er te. T!ere i" re t di eren)e

*etween Di)ken" t!inkin *o(t t!e te r" o !i" )! r )ter" nd Di)ken" t!inkin *o(tt!e te r" o !i" (dien)e.

!en ll t!i" i" llowed, !owe#er, nd t!e e? er ted )onte7/t or t!e Di)ken" / t!o"i" /ro/erl+ )orre)ted, t!e *ro d )t re7 in": t! t to / "" ro7 t!e "ole7n )! r )ter" int!i" *ook to t!e )o7i) )! r )ter" in t!i" *ook, i" to *e like "o7e Ul+""e" w!o "!o(ld

/ "" "(ddenl+ ro7 t!e l nd o "! dow" to t!e 7o(nt in o t!e od". Little Nell ! " !er own /o"ition in ) re (l nd re "on *le )riti)i"7: e#en t! t wo**lin old "", !er

r nd t!er, ! " !i" /o"ition in it /er! /" e#en t!e di""i/ ted @red w!o7 lon)K( int n)e wit! Mr. Di)k Swi#eller ! " not 7 de n+ le"" di"7 l in !i" di""i/ tion

! " /l )e in it l"o. (t w!en we )o7e to Swi#eller nd S 7/"on r "" nd (il/ ndMr". J rle+, t!en @red nd Nell nd t!e r nd t!er "i7/l+ do not e?i"t. T!ere re no"()! /eo/le in t!e "tor+. T!e re l !ero nd !eroine o The Old Curiosity Shop re o )o(r"e Di)k Swi#eller nd t!e M r)!ione"". =53> 't i" "i ni i) nt in "en"e t! t t!e"etwo " ne, "tron , li#in , nd lo# *le !(7 n *ein " re t!e onl+ two, or l7o"t t!e onl+two, /eo/le in t!e "tor+ w!o do not r(n ter Little Nell. T!e+ ! #e "o7et!in *etter todo t! n to o on t! t "! dow+ )! "e ter t! t )!eerle"" /! nto7. T!e+ ! #e to *(ild (/

*etween t!e7 tr(e ro7 n)e /er! /" t!e one tr(e ro7 n)e in t!e w!ole o Di)ken".

Di)k Swi#eller re ll+ ! " ll t!e ! l H!eroi) )! r )teri"ti)" w!i)! 7 ke 7 n re"/e)ted *+ wo7 n nd w!i)! re t!e 7 le )ontri*(tion to #irt(e. $e i" *r #e, 7 n ni7o(","in)ere *o(t !i7"el , 7("in , *"(rdl+ !o/e (l *o#e ll, !e i" *ot! "tron nd we k.On t!e ot!er ! nd t!e M r)!ione"" re ll+ ! " ll t!e )! r )teri"ti)", t!e entirel+ !eroi))! r )teri"ti)" w!i)! 7 ke wo7 n re"/e)ted *+ 7 n. S!e i" e7 le: t! t i", "!e i" ton)e in)(r *l+ ) ndid nd in)(r *l+ lo+ l, "!e i" (ll o terri*le )o77onH"en"e, "!ee?/e)t" little /le "(re or !er"el nd +et "!e ) n en o+ *(r"t" o it *o#e ll, "!e i"

/!+"i) ll+ ti7id nd +et "!e ) n )e n+t!in . All t!i" "olid ro)k+ ro7 nti)i"7 i" re ll+i7/lied in t!e "/ee)! nd )tion o t!e"e two )! r )ter" nd ) n *e elt *e!ind t!e7 llt!e ti7e. e) ("e t!e+ re t!e two 7o"t *"(rd /eo/le in t!e *ook t!e+ re l"o t!e7o"t #i#id, !(7 n, nd i7 in *le. T!ere re two re ll+ ine lo#e ir" in Di)ken"

nd ' l7o"t t!ink onl+ two. One i" t!e ! //+ )o(rt"!i/ o Swi#eller nd t!eM r)!ione"" t!e ot!er i" t!e tr i) )o(rt"!i/ o Toot" nd @loren)e Do7*e+. !en



Di)k Swi#eller w ke" (/ in *ed nd "ee" t!e M r)!ione"" /l +in )ri** e !e t!ink"t! t !e nd "!e re /rin)e nd /rin)e"" in ir+ t le. $e t!ink" ri !t.

=58> ' "/e k t!(" "erio("l+ o "()! )! r )ter" wit! deli*er te /(r/o"e or t!e ri#olo(")! r )ter" o Di)ken" re t ken 7()! too ri#olo("l+. 't ! " *een K(ite in"( i)ientl+

/ointed o(t t! t ll t!e "erio(" 7or l ide " t! t Di)ken" did )ontri#e to e?/re"" !ee?/re""ed lto et!er t!ro( ! t!i" nt "ti) 7edi(7, in "()! i (re" " Swi#eller nd t!elittle "er# nt. T!e w r7e"t (/!older o Di)ken" wo(ld not o to t!e "ole7n or "enti7ent l / "" e" or n+t!in re"! or "( e"ti#e in it! or /!ilo"o/!+. No onewo(ld /retend t! t t!e de t! o little Do7*e+ wit! it" F ! t re t!e wild w #e"" +in IG told (" n+t!in new or re l *o(t de t!. A ood C!ri"ti n d+in , one wo(ldi7 ine, not onl+ wo(ld not know w! t t!e wild w #e" were " +in , *(t wo(ld not) re. No one wo(ld /retend t! t t!e re/ent n)e o old P (l Do7*e+ t!row" n+ li !t ont!e /"+)!olo + or /!ilo"o/!+ o re/ent n)e. No do(*t old Do7*e+, w!iteH! ired nd

7i *le, w " re t i7/ro#e7ent on old Do7*e+ *rownH! ired nd (n/le " nt. (t in!i" ) "e t!e "o tenin o t!e !e rt "ee7" to *e r too )lo"e re"e7*l n)e to "o tenin o t!e *r in. !et!er t!e"e "erio(" / "" e" re " * d " t!e )riti) l /eo/le or " ood "t!e "enti7ent l /eo/le ind t!e7, t le "t t!e+ do not )on#e+ n+t!in in t!e w + o nill(7in tin li7/"e or *old "( e"tion *o(t 7en<" 7or l n t(re. T!e "erio(" i (re"do not tell one n+t!in *o(t t!e !(7 n "o(l. T!e )o7i) i (re" do. T ke n+t!in

l7o"t t r ndo7 o(t o t!e"e d7ir *le "/ee)!e" o Di)k Swi#eller. Noti)e, or in"t n)e, !ow e?K(i"itel+ Di)ken" ! " ) ( !t )ert in #er+ dee/ nd deli) te K( lit+ tt!e *otto7 o t!i" idle kind o 7 n. ' =54> 7e n t! t odd i7/er"on l "ort o intelle)t( l

("ti)e, *+ w!i)! t!e ri#olo(" ellow "ee" t!in " " t!e+ re nd e#en !i7"el " !e i"nd i" *o#e irrit tion. Mr. Swi#eller, +o( re7e7*er, "k" t!e M r)!ione"" w!et!er t!er "" 7il+ e#er t lk *o(t !i7 "!e nod" !er !e d wit! #i# )it+. FQCo7/li7ent r+I<

inK(ired Mr. Swi#eller. T!e 7otion o t!e little "er# nt<" !e d ltered.... Q (t "!e " +",<)ontin(ed t!e little "er# nt, Qt! t +o( in<t to *e tr("ted.< Q ell, do +o( know,M r)!ione"",< " id Mr. Swi#eller t!o( !t (ll+, Q7 n+ /eo/le, not e? )tl+ /ro e""ion l

/eo/le, *(t tr de"7en, ! #e ! d t!e " 7e ide . T!e e?)ellent )iti-en ro7 w!o7 'ordered t!i" *eer in)line" "tron l+ to t! t o/inion.<G

T!i" /!ilo"o/!i) l reedo7 ro7 ll re"ent7ent, t!i" "tr n e lo#e o tr(t! w!i)! "ee7")t( ll+ to )o7e t!ro( ! ) rele""ne"", i" #er+ re l /ie)e o "/irit( l o*"er# tion. E#en7on li r" t!ere re two )l ""e", one i77e "(r *l+ *etter t! n not!er. T!e !one"t li r

i" t!e 7 n w!o tell" t!e tr(t! *o(t !i" old lie" w!o " +" on edne"d +, F' told 7 ni i)ent lie on Mond +.G $e kee/" t!e tr(t! in )ir)(l tion no one #er"ion o t!in "

"t n te" in !i7 nd *e)o7e" n e#il "e)ret. $e doe" not ! #e to li#e wit! old lie" !orri*le do7e"ti)it+. Mr. Swi#eller 7 + 7i"le d t!e w iter *o(t w!et!er !e ! " t!e7one+ to / + *(t !e doe" not 7i"le d !i" riend, nd !e doe" not 7i"le d !i7"el ont!e /oint. $e i" K(ite " well w re " n+ one ) n *e o t!e ))(7(l tin l"it+ o t!e

/o"ition o entle7 n w!o *+ !i" # rio(" de*t" ! " )lo"ed (/ ll t!e "treet" into t!eStr nd e?)e/t one, nd w!o i" oin to )lo"e t! t toHni !t wit! / ir o lo#e". =59> $e"!(t" (/ t!e "treet wit! / ir o lo#e", *(t !e doe" not "!(t (/ !i" 7ind wit! "e)ret.T!e tr i) o tr(t! i" "till ke/t o/en t!ro( ! !i" "o(l.

't i" e? )tl+ in t!e"e *"(rd )! r )ter", t!en, t! t we ) n ind 7 "" o /"+)!olo i) lnd et!i) l "( e"tion. T!i" ) nnot *e o(nd in t!e "erio(" )! r )ter" e?)e/t indeed in

"o7e o t!e l ter e?/eri7ent": t!ere i" little o "()! /"+)!olo i) l nd et!i) l"( e"tion in i (re" like ridle+, like J "/er, like r dle+ $e d"tone. (t in t!e"e



e rlier *ook" t le "t, "()! " The Old Curiosity Shop , t!e r #e or 7or l i (re" t!rowno li !t (/on 7or l". ' "!o(ld 7 int in t!i" ener li" tion e#en in t!e /re"en)e o t! t

// rent e?)e/tion The Christmas Carol wit! it" trio o did )ti) !o"t". C! rit+ i")ert inl+ "/lendid, t on)e l(?(r+ nd ne)e""it+ *(t Di)ken" i" not 7o"t e e)ti#ew!en !e i" /re )!in )! rit+ "erio("l+ !e i" 7o"t e e)ti#e w!en !e i" /re )!in it

(/ro rio("l+ w!en !e i" /re )!in it *+ 7e n" o 7 ""i#e /er"on litie" nd #i#id")ene". One 7i !t " + t! t !e i" *e"t not w!en !e i" /re )!in !i" !(7 n lo#e, *(tw!en !e i" /r )ti"in it. 'n !i" r #e / e" !e tell" (" to lo#e 7en *(t in !i" wild / e"!e )re te" 7en w!o7 we ) n lo#e. + !i" "ole7nit+ !e )o77 nd" (" to lo#e o(r nei !*o(r". + !i" ) ri) t(re !e 7 ke" (" lo#e t!e7.

T!ere i" n odd liter r+ K(e"tion w!i)! ' wonder i" not /(t 7ore o ten in liter t(re. $owr ) n n (t!or tell tr(t! wit!o(t "eein it !i7"el I Per! /" n )t( l e? 7/le will

e?/re"" 7+ 7e nin . ' w " on)e t lkin to !i !l+ intelli ent l d+ *o(t T! )ker +<" (e&comes . e were "/e kin o t!e )! r )ter o Mr". M )ken-ie, t!e C 7/ i ner, ndin t!e 7iddle =36> o t!e )on#er" tion t!e l d+ le ned )ro"" to 7e nd " id in low,!o r"e, *(t e7/! ti) #oi)e, FS!e dr nk. T! )ker + didn<t know it *(t "!e dr nk.G Andit i" re ll+ "toni"!in w! t "! t o w!ite li !t t!i" "!ed" on t!e C 7/ i ner, on !er terri*le te7/er 7ent, on !er oni"ed *("i#ene"" nd !er l7o"t 7ore oni"ed(r* nit+, on !er )l 7o(r w!i)! i" ne#ert!ele"" not o/en or e?/li) *le, on !er te7/er w!i)! i" not "o 7()! * d te7/er " in" ti *le, *loodt!ir"t+, 7 nHe tin te7/er. $ow r ) n writer t!(" indi) te *+ ))ident tr(t! o w!i)! !e i" !i7"el i nor ntI ' tr(t! i"

/l n or / ttern o t!in " t! t re ll+ re, or in ot!er word", i tr(t! tr(l+ e?i"t" o(t"ideo(r"el#e", or in ot!er word", i tr(t! e?i"t" t ll, it 7("t *e o ten /o""i*le or writer to(n)o#er )orner o it w!i)! !e ! //en" not to (nder"t nd, *(t w!i)! !i" re der doe"! //en to (nder"t nd. T!e (t!or "ee" onl+ two line" t!e re der "ee" w!ere t!e+ 7eet

nd w! t i" t!e n le. T!e (t!or "ee" onl+ n r) or r 7ent o )(r#e t!e re der "ee" t!e "i-e o t!e )ir)le. T!e l "t t!in to " + *o(t Di)ken", nd e"/e)i ll+ *o(t

*ook" like The Old Curiosity Shop , i" t! t t!e+ re (ll o t!e"e (n)on")io(" tr(t!". T!e) rele"" re der 7 + 7i"" t!e7. T!e ) rele"" (t!or l7o"t )ert inl+ did 7i"" t!e7. (t

ro7 t!e7 ) n *e t!ered n i7/re""ion o re l tr(t! to li e w!i)! i" or t!e r #e)riti)" o Di)ken" n l7o"t (nknown *ene it, *(ried tre "(re. $ere or in"t n)e i" oneo t!e7 o(t o The Old Curiosity Shop . ' 7e n t!e / "" e in w!i)! *+ *l -in "trokeo eni(" t!e d "!in Mr. C!()k"ter, one o t!e lorio(" A/ollo" o w!o7 Mr.Swi#eller w " t!e Per/et( l r nd, i" 7 de to entert in ! tred *orderin (/on ren-+=31> or t!e "tolid, / tient, re"/e)t (l, nd l *orio(" it. Now in t!e or7 l /l n o t!e"tor+ Mr. C!()k"ter i" ool, nd it i" l7o"t !ero t le "t !e i" no*le *o+. Yet

(n)on")io("l+ Di)ken" 7 de t!e idiot C!()k"ter " + "o7et!in /ro o(ndl+ "( e"ti#eon t!e "(* e)t. 'n "/e kin o it Mr. C!()k"ter 7 ke" ("e o t!e"e two re7 rk *le /!r "e" t! t it i" F7eekG nd t! t !e i" F "no*.G Now it i" re ll+ #er+ re"! nd7 nl+ /i)t(re o *o+, ir7, " ne, )!i# lro(", re "on *le, (ll o t!o"e t!ree re t%o7 n #irt(e" w!i)! Mr. ello) ! " "o o ten )ele*r ted, virtus nd verecundia nd

pietas . $e i" "+7/ t!eti) *(t "till "tr i !t orw rd "t(d+ o t!e *e"t t+/e o t! t 7o"tre"/e)t *le o ll !(7 n )l ""e", t!e re"/e)t *le /oor. All t!i" i" tr(e ll t! t Di)ken"(tter" in /r i"e o it i" tr(e ne#ert!ele"" t!e w (l word" o C!()k"ter re7 in writtenon t!e etern l "kie". it i" 7eek nd it i" "no*. $i" n t(r l di nit+ doe" in)l(de ndi" / rtl+ 7 rred *+ t! t in"tin)ti#e "(*"er#ien)e to t!e e7/lo+in )l "" w!i)! ! " *eent!e )o7 ort *le we kne"" o t!e w!ole En li"! de7o)r )+, w!i)! ! " /re#ented t!eir

7 kin n+ re#ol(tion or t!e l "t two !(ndred +e r". it wo(ld not "er#e n+ wi)ked7 n or 7one+, *(t !e wo(ld "er#e n+ 7oder tel+ ood 7 n nd t!e 7one+ wo(ld



i#e )ert in di nit+ nd de)i"i#ene"" to t!e oodne"". All t!i" i" t!e En li"! /o/(l r e#il w!i)! oe" lon wit! t!e En li"! /o/(l r #irt(e" o eni lit+, o !o7eline"",toler n)e nd "tron !(7o(r, !o/e nd n enor7o(" //etite or ! ndHtoH7o(t!! //ine"". T!e ")ene in w!i)! it t ke" !i" 7il+ to t!e t!e tre i" 7on(7ent o t!e7 ""i#e K( litie" o old En li"! en o+7ent. ' w! t we w nt i" Merr+ En l nd, o(r =32>

ntiK( ri n" o( !t not to re#i#e t!e M +/ole or t!e Morri" D n)er" t!e+ o( !t tore#i#e A"tle+<" nd S dler<" ell" nd t!e old "ole7n Cir)(" nd t!e old "t(/idP nto7i7e, nd ll t!e " wd("t nd ll t!e or n e". O ll t!i" "tren t! nd o+ in t!e

/oor, it i" "/lendid nd in l "+7*ol. (t 7id ll !i" 7 ")(line nd En li"! #irt(e,!e ! " t!i" we k to()! o 7eekne"", or ))e/t n)e o t!e /ower" t! t *e. 't i" "o(ndto()! it i" re l tr(t! *o(t it. (t Di)ken" did not know it. Mr. C!()k"ter did.

Di)ken"<" "torie" t ken " w!ole ! #e 7ore rti"ti) (nit+ t! n //e r" t t!e ir"tl n)e. 't i" t!e i77edi te i7/(l"e o 7odern )riti) to di"7i"" t!e7 " 7ere

di"orderl+ ")r /H*ook" wit! #er+ *rilli nt ")r /". (t t!i" i" not K(ite "o tr(e " it look".'n one o Di)ken"<" no#el" t!ere i" ener ll+ no / rti)(l r (nit+ o )on"tr()tion *(tt!ere i" o ten )on"ider *le (nit+ o "enti7ent nd t7o"/!ere. T!in " re irrele# nt,

*(t not "o7e!ow in //ro/ri te. T!e w!ole *ook i" written ) rele""l+ *(t t!e w!ole *ook i" ener ll+ written in one 7ood. To t ke r(de / r llel ro7 t!e ot!er rt", we7 + " + t! t t!ere i" not 7()! (nit+ o or7, *(t t!ere i" 7()! (nit+ o )olo(r. 'n 7o"to t!e no#el" t!i" ) n *e "een. (icholas (ickleby , " ' ! #e re7 rked, i" (ll o )ert in

re"!ne"", )ert in li !t nd o/enH ir )(rio"it+, w!i)! irr di te" ro7 t!e i7 e o t!e+o(n 7 n "win in lon t!e York"!ire ro d" in t!e "(n. $en)e t!e )o7i) )! r )ter"wit! w!o7 !e ll" in re )o7i) )! r )ter" in t!e " 7e ke+ t!e+ re * nd o "trollin

/l +er", )! rl t n" nd /o"e(r", *(t too !(7 ne to *e ) lled !(7*( ". 'n t!e " 7e w +,t!e )entr l "tor+ o =30> Oliver T&ist i" "o7*re nd !en)e e#en it" )o7i) )! r )ter i"

l7o"t "o7*re t le "t !e i" too ( l+ to *e 7erel+ 7("in . Mr. (7*le i" in "o7ew +" terri*le rote"K(e !i" /o/le)ti) #i" e re) ll" t!e F ireHred C!er(*i77e<"

)e,G w!i)! dded "()! !orror to t!e !ei !t nd "t t(re o C! ()er<" So7/no(r. 'n *ot! t!e"e ) "e" e#en t!e rioto(" nd *"(rd )! r )ter" re little to()!ed wit! t!e tinto t!e w!ole "tor+. (t t!i" ne le)ted 7erit o Di)ken" ) n )ert inl+ *e "een *e"t in TheOld Curiosity Shop .

T!e )(rio"it+ "!o/ it"el w " l(7*er o rote"K(e nd "ini"ter t!in ", o(tl ndi"!we /on", twi"ted nd di *oli) de)or tion". T!e )o7i) )! r )ter" in t!e *ook re ll likei7 e" *o( !t in n old )(rio"it+ "!o/. (il/ 7i !t *e r o+le. $e 7i !t *e "o7e"ort o de#ili"! doorHkno)ker, dro//ed down nd )r wlin *o(t t!e / #e7ent. T!e

" 7e //lie" to t!e "ini"ter nd re ll+ terri +in "ti ne"" o S ll+ r "". S!e i" like"o7e old "t rin i (re )(t o(t o wood. S 7/"on r "", !er *rot!er, in i" rote"K(e in t!e " 7e r t!er in!(7 n 7 nner !e i" e"/e)i ll+ !i7"el w!en !e )o7e"

in wit! t!e reen "! de o#er !i" e+e. A*o(t ll t!i" ro(/ o * d i (re" in The Old Curiosity Shop t!ere i" "ort o diablerie . T!ere i" l"o wit!in t!i" t7o"/!ere ne?tr ordin r+ ener + o iron+ nd l ( !ter. T!e ")ene in w!i)! S 7/"on r "" dr w"(/ t!e de")ri/tion o (il/, "(//o"in !i7 to *e de d, re )!e" /oint o iendi"! (n.F e will not " + #er+ * nd+, Mr". Jiniwin,G !e " +" o !i" riend<" le ", Fwe will)on ine o(r"el#e" to * nd+. $e i" one, 7+ riend", w!ere !i" le " wo(ld ne#er *e) lled in K(e"tion.G T!e+ o on to t!e di")(""ion o !i" no"e, nd=3;> Mr". Jiniwinin)line" to t!e #iew t! t it i" l t. FAK(iline, +o( ! AK(iline,G )rie" Mr. (il/,

/("!in in !i" !e d nd "trikin !i" no"e wit! !i" i"t. T!ere i" not!in *etter in t!ew!ole *r(t l e?(*er n)e o t!e )! r )ter t! n t! t e"t(re wit! w!i)! (il/ /(n)!e" !i"



own )e wit! !i" own i"t. 't i" indeed /er e)t "+7*ol or (il/ i" lw +" i !tin!i7"el or w nt o n+*od+ el"e. $e i" ener +, nd ener + *+ it"el i" lw +" "(i)id l!e i" t! t /ri7ordi l ener + w!i)! te r" nd w!i)! de"tro+" it"el .

=35>

BARNABY RUDGE

Barnaby )ud#e w " written *+ Di)ken" in t!e "/rin nd ir"t lowin tide o !i" /o/(l rit+ it ) 7e i77edi tel+ ter The Old Curiosity Shop , nd onl+ "!ort ti7e

ter %ick&ick . Di)ken" w " one o t!o"e r re *(t o ten #er+ "in)ere 7en in w!o7 t!e!i ! 7o7ent o "())e"" l7o"t )oin)ide" wit! t!e !i ! 7o7ent o +o(t!. T!e ) ll"(/on !i7 t t!i" ti7e were in"i"tent nd o#erw!el7in t!i" ne)e"" ril+ ! //en" t )ert in "t e o "())e"" (l writer<" ) reer. $e w " ("t "())e"" (l eno( ! to in#ite

o er" nd not "())e"" (l eno( ! to re e)t t!e7. At t!e *e innin o !i" ) reer !e )o(ldt!row !i7"el into %ick&ick *e) ("e t!ere w " not!in el"e to t!row !i7"el into. At t!eend o !i" li e !e )o(ld t!row !i7"el into - Tale of T&o Cities , *e) ("e !e re ("ed tot!row !i7"el into n+t!in el"e. (t t!ere w " n inter#enin /eriod, e rl+ in !i" li e,w!en t!ere w " l7o"t too 7()! work or !i" i7 in tion, nd +et not K(ite eno( !work or !i" !o("ekee/in . To t!i" /eriod Barnaby )ud#e *elon ". And it i" )(rio("tri*(te to t!e K(ite )(rio(" re tne"" o Di)ken" t! t in t!i" /eriod o +o(t! (l "tr in wedo not eel t!e "tr in *(t eel onl+ t!e +o(t!. $i" own 7 -in wi"! to write eK( lled or o(t"tri//ed e#en !i" re der"< 7 -in wi"! to re d. orkin too ! rd did not )(re !i7o =33> !i" *"tr )t lo#e o work. Unre "on *le /(*li"!er" "ked !i7 to write ten no#el"

t on)e *(t !e w nted to write twent+ no#el" t on)e. All t!i" /eriod i" "tr n el+ (ll o

!i" own "en"e t on)e o ertilit+ nd o (tilit+ !e did work w!i)! no one el"e )o(ld! #e done, nd +et !e )o(ld not *e )ert in " +et t! t !e w " n+*od+.

Barnaby )ud#e 7 rk" t!i" e/o)! *e) ("e it 7 rk" t!e )t t! t !e i" "till )on ("ed *o(tw! t kind o /er"on !e i" oin to *e. $e ! " lre d+ "tr()k t!e note o t!e nor7 lro7 n)e in (icholas (ickleby !e ! " lre d+ )re ted "o7e o !i" !i !e"t )o7i))! r )ter" in %ick&ick nd The Old Curiosity Shop , *(t !ere !e *etr +" t!e )t t! t it i""till K(e"tion w! t (lti7 te (ide !e "! ll ollow. Barnaby )ud#e i" ro7 nti),!i"tori) l no#el. 't" de"i n re7ind" (" o S)ott "o7e / rt" o it" (l il7ent re7ind (",

l " o $ rri"on Ain"wort!. 't i" #er+ ine ro7 nti) !i"tori) l no#el S)ott wo(ld ! #e *een /ro(d o it. (t it i" "till "o r di erent ro7 t!e ener l work o Di)ken" t! t it i" /er7i""i*le to wonder !ow r Di)ken" w " /ro(d o it. T!e *ook, e e)ti#e " it i", i"

l7o"t entirel+ de#oted to de lin " wit! )ert in rti"ti) ele7ent, w!i)! in it" 7erei"ol tion Di)ken" did not )o77onl+ e)t n ele7ent w!i)! 7 n+ 7en o in initel+le"" eni(" ! #e o ten "ee7ed to e)t 7ore "())e"" (ll+ ' 7e n t!e ele7ent o t!e

/i)t(re"K(e.

't i" t!e )("to7 in 7 n+ K( rter" to "/e k "o7ew! t "neerin l+ o t! t ele7ent w!i)! i" *ro dl+ ) lled t!e /i)t(re"K(e. 't i" lw +" elt to *e n in erior, #(l r, nd e#en n

rti i)i l or7 o rt. Yet two t!in " 7 + *e re7 rked *o(t it. T!e ir"t i" t! t, =38>wit! ew e?)e/tion", t!e re te"t liter r+ rti"t" ! #e *een not onl+ / rti)(l rl+ )le#er tt!e /i)t(re"K(e, *(t / rti)(l rl+ ond o it. S! ke"/e re, or in"t n)e, deli !ted in)ert in 7erel+ /i)tori l )ontr "t" w!i)! re K(ite di"tin)t ro7, e#en w!en t!e+ re kinto, t!e "/irit( l #iew in#ol#ed. @or in"t n)e, t!ere i" d7ir *le " tire in t!e ide o



To()!"tone te )!in worldl+ wi"do7 nd worldl+ !ono(r to t!e woodl nd +okel".T!ere i" e?)ellent /!ilo"o/!+ in t!e ide o t!e ool *ein t!e re/re"ent ti#e o )i#ili" tion in t!e ore"t. (t K(ite / rt ro7 t!i" dee/er 7e nin in t!e in)ident, t!e7ere i (re o t!e e"ter, in !i" *ri !t 7otle+ nd !i" ) / nd *ell", in"t t!e reen

* )k ro(nd o t!e ore"t nd t!e r(de or7" o t!e "!e/!erd", i" "tron e? 7/le o t!e

/(rel+ /i)t(re"K(e. T!ere i" e?)ellent tr i) iron+ in t!e )on ront tion o t!e7el n)!ol+ /!ilo"o/!er 7on t!e to7*" wit! t!e )!eer (l di er o t!e r #e". 't"(7" (/ t!e e""enti l /oint, t! t de d *odie" ) n *e )o7i) it i" onl+ de d "o(l" t! t ) n

*e tr i). (t K(ite / rt ro7 "()! iron+, t!e 7ere /i)t(re o t!e rote"K(e r #edi er,t!e *l )kH)l d /rin)e, nd t!e "k(ll i" /i)t(re in t!e "tron e"t "en"e /i)t(re"K(e.C li* n nd t!e two "!i/wre)ked dr(nk rd" re n d7ir *le "+7*ol *(t t!e+ re l"o

n d7ir *le ")ene. otto7, wit! t!e ""<" !e d, "ittin in rin o el#e", i" e?)ellent7o#in )o7ed+, *(t l"o e?)ellent "till li e. @ l"t wit! !i" !( e *od+, rdol/! wit!!i" *(rnin no"e, re 7 "ter/ie)e" o t!e /en *(t t!e+ wo(ld *e ine "ket)!e" e#en or t!e /en)il. in Le r, in t!e "tor7, i" l nd") /e " well " )! r )ter "t(d+. T!ere i""o7et!in de)or ti#e e#en *o(t t!e in"i"ten)e on t!e "w rt!ine"" =34> o Ot!ello, or t!e de or7it+ o %i)! rd '''. S! ke"/e re<" work i" 7()! 7ore t! n /i)t(re"K(e *(t iti" /i)t(re"K(e. And t!e " 7e w!i)! i" " id !ere o !i7 *+ w + o e? 7/le i" l r el+ tr(eo t!e !i !e"t )l "" o liter t(re. D nte<" Divine Comedy i" "(/re7el+ i7/ort nt "

/!ilo"o/!+ *(t it i" i7/ort nt 7erel+ " / nor 7 . S/en"er<" Faery 2ueen /le "e" ("" n lle or+ *(t it wo(ld /le "e (" e#en " w llH/ /er. Stron er "till i" t!e ) "e o

C! ()er w!o lo#ed t!e /(re /i)t(re"K(e, w!i)! lw +" in)l(de" "o7et!in o w! t we)o77onl+ ) ll t!e ( l+. T!e !( e "t t(re nd "t rtlin ") rlet )e o t!e So7/no(r i"in ("t t!e " 7e "/irit " S! ke"/e re<" "k(ll" nd 7otle+ t!e " 7e "/irit #eC! ()er<" 7iller * /i/e", nd )l d !i" do)tor in )ri7"on. 't i" t!e "/irit w!i)!, w!ile7 kin 7 n+ ot!er t!in ", lo#e" to 7 ke /i)t(re.

Now t!e "e)ond t!in to *e re7 rked in /olo + or t!e /i)t(re"K(e i", t! t t!e #er+t!in w!i)! 7 ke" it "ee7 tri#i l o( !t re ll+ to 7 ke it "ee7 i7/ort nt ' 7e n t!e

)t t! t it )on"i"t" ne)e"" ril+ o )ontr "t". 't *rin " to et!er t+/e" t! t "t nd o(t ro7t!eir * )k ro(nd, *(t re *r(/tl+ di erent ro7 e )! ot!er, like t!e )lown 7on t!e

irie" or t!e ool in t!e ore"t. And !i" (d )io(" re)on)ili tion i" 7 rk not o ri#olit+ *(t o e?tre7e "erio("ne"". A 7 n w!o de l" in ! r7onie", w!o onl+ 7 t)!e"

"t r" wit! n el" or l 7*" wit! "/rin lower", !e indeed 7 + *e ri#olo(" or !e i"t kin one 7ood t ti7e, nd /er! /" or ettin e )! 7ood " it / ""e". (t 7 nw!o #ent(re" to )o7*ine n n el nd n o)to/(" 7("t ! #e "o7e "erio(" #iew o t!e(ni#er"e. T!e 7 n w!o =39> "!o(ld write di lo (e *etween two e rl+ C!ri"ti n" 7i !t

*e 7ere writer o di lo (e". (t 7 n w!o "!o(ld write di lo (e *etween n e rl+C!ri"ti n nd t!e Mi""in Link wo(ld ! #e to *e /!ilo"o/!er. T!e 7ore widel+di erent t!e t+/e" t lked o , t!e 7ore "erio(" nd (ni#er" l 7("t *e t!e /!ilo"o/!+w!i)! t lk" o t!e7. T!e 7 rk o t!e li !t nd t!o( !tle"" writer i" t!e ! r7on+ o !i""(* e)t 7 tter t!e 7 rk o t!e t!o( !t (l writer i" it" // rent di#er"it+. T!e 7o"t

li// nt l+ri) /oet 7i !t write /rett+ /oe7 *o(t l 7*" *(t it reK(ire" "o7et!in *older nd r #er t! n /oet, it reK(ire" n e)"t ti) /ro/!et, to t lk *o(t t!e lion l+indown wit! t!e l 7*.

Di)ken", t n+ r te, "tron l+ "(//ort" t!i" )on)e/tion: t! t re t liter r+ 7en " "()!do not de"/i"e t!e /(rel+ /i)tori l. No 7 n<" work" ! #e "o 7()! t!e K( lit+ o

ill("tr tin t!e7"el#e". @ew 7en<" work" ! #e *een 7ore t!oro( !l+ nd e erl+ill("tr ted ew 7en<" work" ) n it ! #e *een *etter (n to ill("tr te. A" r(le t!i"



")in tin K( lit+ in t!e 7ere nt "ti) i (re" o t!e t le w " in"e/ r *le ro7 t!eir r)i) l K( lit+ in t!e t le. Sti in"<" red no"e i" di"tin)tl+ )onne)ted wit! t!e )t t! t

!e i" 7e7*er o t!e E*ene-er Te7/er n)e A""o)i tion (il/ i" little, *e) ("e littleo !i7 oe" lon w +. Mr. C rker "7ile" nd "7ile" nd i" #ill in Mr. C! d* nd i"

t *e) ("e in !i" ) "e to *e t i" to *e ! ted. T!e "tor+ i" i77e "(r *l+ 7ore

i7/ort nt t! n t!e /i)t(re it i" not 7ere ind(l en)e in t!e /i)t(re"K(e. ener ll+ it i"n intelle)t( l lo#e o t!e )o7i) not /(re lo#e o t!e rote"K(e.

(t in one *ook Di)ken" "(ddenl+ )on e""e" t! t !e =86> like" t!e rote"K(e e#enwit!o(t t!e )o7i). 'n one ) "e !e 7 ke" )le r t! t !e en o+" /(re /i)t(re" wit! /(relo#e o t!e /i)t(re"K(e. T! t /l )e i" Barnaby )ud#e . T!ere ! d indeed *een !int" o itin 7 n+ e/i"ode" in !i" *ook" not *l+, or e? 7/le, in t! t ine ")ene o t!e de t! o

(il/B ")ene in w!i)! t!e dw r re7 in" nt "ti) lon ter !e ! " )e "ed to *e inn+ w + (nn+. Still, t!e dw r w " 7e nt to *e (nn+. $(7o(r o !orri*le kind, *(t

"till !(7o(r, i" t!e /(r/o"e o (il/<" e?i"ten)e nd /o"ition in t!e *ook. L ( !ter i"t!e o* e)t o ll !i" odditie". (t l ( !ter i" not t!e o* e)t o rn *+ %(d e<" odditie".$i" idiot )o"t(7e nd !i" ( l+ r #en re ("ed or t!e /(r/o"e o t!e /(re rote"K(e"olel+ to 7 ke )ert in kind o ot!i) "ket)!.

't i" )o77onl+ t!i" lo#e o /i)t(re" t! t dri#e" 7en * )k (/on t!e !i"tori) l no#el. (tit i" #er+ t+/i) l o Di)ken"<" li#in intere"t in !i" own ti7e, t! t t!o( ! !e wrote two!i"tori) l no#el" t!e+ were neit!er o t!e7 o #er+ n)ient !i"tor+. T!e+ were *ot!,indeed, o #er+ re)ent !i"tor+ onl+ t!e+ were t!o"e / rt" o re)ent !i"tor+ w!i)! were"/e)i ll+ /i)t(re"K(e. ' do not t!ink t! t t!i" w " d(e to n+ 7ere )on")io("ne"" on !i"

/ rt t! t !e knew no !i"tor+. Undo(*tedl+ !e knew no !i"tor+ nd !e 7 + or 7 + not! #e *een )on")io(" o t!e )t. (t t!e )on")io("ne"" did not /re#ent !i7 ro7 writin

History of "n#land . Nor did it /re#ent !i7 ro7 interl rdin ll or n+ o !i" work"wit! t le" o t!e /i)tori l / "t, "()! " t!e t le o t!e *roken "word" in Master

Humphrey!s Clock , or t!e inde en"i*l+ deli !t (l ni !t7 re o t!e l d+ in t!e "t eH)o )!, w!i)! !el/" to "o ten t!e 7i *le end =81> o Pi)kwi)k. Neit!er, wor"t o ll, didit /re#ent !i7 ro7 do 7 ti"in n+w!ere nd e#er+w!ere *o(t t!e / "t, o w!i)! !eknew not!in it did not /re#ent !i7 ro7 tellin t!e *ell" to tell Trott+ e)k t! t t!eMiddle A e" were il(re, nor ro7 "ole7nl+ de)l rin t! t t!e *e"t t!in t! t t!e7edi # l 7onk" e#er did w " to )re te t!e 7e n nd "no**i"! K(iet(de o 7odern) t!edr l )it+. No, it w " not !i"tori) l re#eren)e t! t !eld !i7 * )k ro7 de lin wit!t!e re7ote / "t *(t r t!er "o7et!in 7()! *etterB li#in intere"t in t!e li#in)ent(r+ in w!i)! !e w " *orn. $e wo(ld ! #e t!o( !t !i7"el K(ite intelle)t( ll+

) / *le o writin no#el *o(t t!e Co(n)il o Trent or t!e @ir"t Cr(" de. $e wo(ld! #e t!o( !t !i7"el K(ite eK( l to n l+"in t!e /"+)!olo + o A*el rd or i#in *ri !t, " tiri) "ket)! o St. A( ("tine. 't 7("t r nkl+ *e )on e""ed t! t it w " not "en"e o !i" own (nwort!ine"" t! t !eld !i7 * )k ' e r it w " r t!er "en"e o St.A( ("tine<" (nwort!ine"". $e )o(ld not "ee t!e /oint o n+ !i"tor+ *e ore t!e ir"t "low"well o t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion. $e )o(ld (nder"t nd t!e re#ol(tion" o t!e ei !teent!)ent(r+ ll t!e ot!er re#ol(tion" o !i"tor+ "o 7 n+ nd "o "/lendid were (n7e ninto !i7. (t t!e re#ol(tion" o t!e ei !teent! )ent(r+ !e did (nder"t nd nd to t!e7t!ere ore !e went * )k, " ll !i"tori) l no#eli"t" o * )k, in "e r)! o t!e /i)t(re"K(e.And ro7 t!i" )t n i7/ort nt re"(lt ollow".

T!e re"(lt t! t ollow" i" t!i": t! t !i" onl+ two !i"tori) l no#el" re *ot! t le" o re#ol(tion"Bo ei !teent!H)ent(r+ re#ol(tion". T!e"e two ei !teent!H)ent(r+



re#ol(tion" 7 + "ee7 to di er, nd /er! /" =82> do di er in e#er+t!in e?)e/t in *einre#ol(tion" nd o t!e ei !teent! )ent(r+. T!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion, w!i)! i" t!e t!e7e o

- Tale of T&o Cities , w " re#olt in #o(r o ll t! t i" now ) lled enli !ten7ent ndli*er tion. T!e re t ordon %iot, w!i)! i" t!e t!e7e o Barnaby )ud#e , w " re#olt in

#o(r o "o7et!in w!i)! wo(ld now *e ) lled 7ere i nor nt nd o*")(r nti"t

Prote"t nti"7. Ne#ert!ele"" *ot! *elon ed 7ore t+/i) ll+ to t!e e o(t o w!i)!Di)ken" ) 7eBt!e re t ")e/ti) l nd +et )re ti#e ei !teent! )ent(r+ o E(ro/e.

!et!er t!e 7o* ro"e on t!e ri !t "ide or t!e wron t!e+ *ot! *elon ed to t!e ti7e inw!i)! 7o* )o(ld ri"e, in w!i)! 7o* )o(ld )onK(er. No rowt! o intelle)t( l")ien)e or o 7or l )ow rdi)e ! d 7 de it i7/o""i*le to i !t in t!e "treet", w!et!er or t!e re/(*li) or or t!e i*le. ' we wi"! to know w! t w " t!e re l link, e?i"tin

)t( ll+ in (lti7 te tr(t!, e?i"tin (n)on")io("l+ in Di)ken"<" 7ind, w!i)! )onne)tedt!e ordon %iot" wit! t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion, t!e link 7 + *e de ined t!o( ! not wit!

n+ re t deK( )+. T!e ne re"t nd tr(e"t w + o "t tin it i" t! t neit!er o t!e two)o(ld /o""i*l+ ! //en in @leet Street toH7orrow e#enin .

Anot!er /oint o re"e7*l n)e *etween t!e two *ook" 7i !t *e o(nd in t!e )t t! tt!e+ *ot! )ont in t!e "ket)! o t!e " 7e kind o ei !teent!H)ent(r+ ri"to)r t, i indeedt! t kind o ri"to)r t re ll+ e?i"ted in t!e ei !teent! )ent(r+. T!e di *oli) l d nd+ wit!t!e r /ier nd t!e "neer i" t n+ r te ne)e""it+ o ll nor7 l /l +" nd ro7 n)e"!en)e Mr. C!e"ter ! " ri !t to e?i"t in t!i" ro7 n)e, nd @o(lon ri !t to e?i"t in

/ e o !i"tor+ l7o"t " )lo(d+ nd di"/(t *le =80> " ro7 n)e. ! t Di)ken" ndot!er ro7 n)er" do /ro* *l+ o7it ro7 t!e /i)t(re o t!e ei !teent!H)ent(r+ oli r)! i"

/ro* *l+ !i" li*er lit+. 't 7("t ne#er *e or otten t! t e#en w!en !e w " de"/ot in /r )ti)e !e w " ener ll+ li*er l in t!eor+. Di)ken" nd ro7 n)er" 7 ke t!e /reHre#ol(tion t+r nt "in)ere *elie#er in t+r nn+ ener ll+ !e w " not. $e w " ")e/ti)

*o(t e#er+t!in , e#en *o(t !i" own /o"ition. T!e ro7 nti) @o(lon " +" o t!e /eo/le,FLet t!e7 e t r "",G wit! *itter nd deli*er te )onte7/t. T!e re l @o(lon i !e e#er " id it t ll /ro* *l+ " id it " "ort o dre r+ oke *e) ("e !e )o(ldn<t t!ink o n+ot!er w + o(t o t!e /ro*le7. Si7il rl+ Mr. C!e"ter, )+ni) " !e i", *elie#e" "erio("l+in t!e *e (t+ o *ein entle7 n re l 7 n o t! t t+/e /ro* *l+ di"*elie#ed in t! t

" in e#er+t!in el"e. Di)ken" w " too *r )in , one 7 + " + too *o(n)in !i7"el to(nder"t nd t!e /"+)!olo + o ti (e in /rote)ted nd lei"(red )l "". $e )o(ld(nder"t nd t+r nt like (il/, t+r nt w!o i" on !i" t!rone *e) ("e !e ! " )li7*ed (/into it, like 7onke+. $e )o(ld not (nder"t nd t+r nt w!o i" on !i" t!rone *e) ("e !ei" too we r+ to et o(t o it. T!e old ri"to)r t" were in de d w + K(ite oodHn t(red.T!e+ were e#en !(7 nit ri n" w!i)! /er! /" ))o(nt" or t!e e?tent to w!i)! t!e+

ro("ed in"t t!e7"el#e" t!e !e lt!+ ! tred o !(7 nit+. (t t!e+ were tired!(7 nit ri n" tired wit! doin not!in . @i (re" like t! t o Mr. C!e"ter, t!ere ore, il"o7ew! t to i#e t!e tr(e "en"e o "o7et!in !o/ele"" nd !el/le"" w!i)! led 7en tode"/ ir o t!e (//er )l "". $e ! " *o+i"! /le "(re in /l +H )tin !e ! " n intere"t inli e *ein =8;> #ill in i" !i" !o**+. (t t!e tr(e 7 n o t! t t+/e ! d o(nd ll !o**ie"

il !i7. $e ! d we ried o !i7"el " !e ! d we ried o !(ndred wo7en. $e w "r )e (l nd )o(ld not e#en d7ire !i7"el in t!e l "". $e w " witt+ nd )o(ld not

e#en l ( ! t !i" own oke". Di)ken" )o(ld ne#er (nder"t nd tedi(7.

T!ere i" no 7 rk 7ore "tr n e nd /er! /" "ini"ter o t!e intere"tin nd not #er+ " ne)ondition o o(r 7odern liter t(re, t! n t!e )t t! t tedi(7 ! " *een d7ir *l+

de")ri*ed in it. O(r *e"t 7odern writer" re ne#er "o e?)itin " t!e+ re *o(t d(lne"".Mr. %(d+ rd i/lin i" ne#er "o /ower (l " w!en !e i" / intin + wnin de"ert",



)!in "ilen)e", "lee/le"" ni !t", or in ern l i"ol tion. T!e e?)ite7ent in one o t!e"torie" o Mr. $enr+ J 7e" *e)o7e" ten"e, t!rillin , nd l7o"t intoler *le in ll t!e! l !o(r" d(rin w!i)! not!in w! te#er i" " id or done. e re enterin in into t!e7ind, into t!e re l 7ind o @o(lon nd Mr. C!e"ter. e *e in to (nder"t nd t!e dee/de"/ ir o t!o"e t+r nt" w!o7 o(r t!er" /(lled down. (t Di)ken" )o(ld ne#er ! #e

(nder"tood t! t de"/ ir it w " not in !i" "o(l. And it i" n intere"tin )oin)iden)e t! t!ere, in t!i" *ook o Barnaby )ud#e , t!ere i" )! r )ter 7e nt to *e w!oll+ rote"K(e,w!o, ne#ert!ele"", e?/re""e" 7()! o t! t ele7ent in Di)ken" w!i)! /re#ented !i7

ro7 *ein tr(e inter/reter o t!e tired nd ")e/ti) l ri"to)r t.

Si7 T //ertit i" ool, *(t /er e)tl+ !ono(r *le ool. 't reK(ire" "o7e "in)erit+ to /o"e. Po"in 7e n" t! t one ! " not dried (/ in one"el ll t!e +o(t! (l nd inno)ent# nitie" wit! t!e "low / r l+"i" o 7ere /ride. Po"in 7e n" t! t one i" "till re"! =85>eno( ! to en o+ t!e ood o/inion o one<" ellow". On t!e ot!er ! nd, t!e tr(e )+ni) ! "not eno( ! tr(t! in !i7 to tte7/t e)t tion !e ! " ne#er e#en "een t!e tr(t!, r le""tried to i7it te it. Now we 7i !t #er+ well t ke t!e t+/e o Mr. C!e"ter on t!e one ! nd,

nd o Si7 T //ertit on t!e ot!er, " 7 rkin t!e i""(e, t!e )on li)t, nd t!e #i)tor+w!i)! re ll+ ("!ered in t!e nineteent! )ent(r+. Di)ken" w " #er+ like Si7 T //ertit.T!e Li*er l %e#ol(tion w " #er+ like Si7 T //ertit re#ol(tion. 't w " #(l r, it w "o#erdone, it w " *"(rd, *(t it w " li#e. Di)ken" w " #(l r, w " *"(rd, o#erdide#er+t!in , *(t !e w " li#e. T!e ri"to)r t" were /er e)tl+ )orre)t, *(t K(ite de d de dlon *e ore t!e+ were (illotined. T!e )l ""i)" nd )riti)" w!o l 7ented t! t Di)ken"w " no entle7 n were K(ite ri !t, *(t K(ite de d. T!e re#ol(tion t!o( !t it"el r tion l *(t "o did Si7 T //ertit. 't w " re ll+ !( e re#olt o ro7 nti)i"7 in"t re "on w!i)! ! d rown "i)k e#en o it"el . Si7 T //ertit ro"e in"t Mr. C!e"ter nd,t! nk od !e /(t !i" oot (/on !i" ne)k.



C! rle" Di)ken", 14;2@ro7 *("t *+ $. De?ter, e?e)(ted d(rin Di)ken"<" ir"t #i"it to A7eri) .=83>

AMERICAN NOTES

-merican (otes w " written "oon ter Di)ken" ! d ret(rned ro7 !i" ir"t #i"it toA7eri) . T! t #i"it ! d, o )o(r"e, *een re t e/o)! in !i" li e *(t !ow 7()! o ne/o)! 7en did not tr(l+ re li"e (ntil, "o7e ti7e ter, in t!e 7iddle o K(iet "tor+

*o(t S li"*(r+ nd ridi)(lo(" r)!ite)t, !i" eelin " l 7ed o(t nd l red (/ to t!e"t r" in Martin Chuzzle&it . T!e -merican (otes re, !owe#er, intere"tin , *e) ("e int!e7 !e *etr +" !i" eelin " w!en !e doe" not know t! t !e i" *etr +in t!e7. Di)ken"<"

ir"t #i"it to A7eri) w ", ro7 !i" own /oint o #iew, nd t t!e *e innin , ! //+ nde"ti#e e?/eri7ent. 't i" #er+ )! r )teri"ti) o !i7 t! t !e went 7on t!e A7eri) n",

en o+ed t!e7, e#en d7ired t!e7, nd t!en ! d K( rrel wit! t!e7. Not!in w " e#er "o (n7i"t k *le " !i" oodHwill, e?)e/t !i" illHwill nd t!e+ were ne#er r / rt. Andt!i" w " not, " "o7e *loodle"" 7odern" ! #e "neerin l+ in"in( ted, 7ere re/etitiono t!e /ro?i7it+ *etween t!e *ene#olent "t e nd t!e K( rrel"o7e "t e o drink. 't

w " /ie)e o /(re o/ti7i"7 !e *elie#ed "o re dil+ t! t 7en were oin to *e ood to



!i7 t! t n in (r+ to !i7 w " "o7et!in 7ore t! n n in (r+: it w " "!o)k. ! t w "t!e e? )t n t(re o t!e A7eri) n "!o)k 7("t, !owe#er, *e 7ore ) re (ll+ "t ted.

=88> T!e 7o(" K( rrel *etween Di)ken" nd A7eri) , w!i)! ind" it" 7o"t el *or tee?/re""ion in -merican (otes , t!o( ! it" 7o"t *rilli nt e?/re""ion in Martin

Chuzzle&it , i" n in)ident *o(t w!i)! re t de l re7 in" to *e " id. (t t!e t!inw!i)! 7o"t "/e)i ll+ re7 in" to *e " id i" t!i". T!i" old An loHA7eri) n K( rrel w "7()! 7ore (nd 7ent ll+ riendl+ t! n 7o"t An loHA7eri) n lli n)e". 'n Di)ken"<"d + e )! n tion (nder"tood t!e ot!er eno( ! to r (e. 'n o(r ti7e neit!er n tion(nder"t nd" it"el e#en eno( ! to K( rrel. T!ere w " n En li"! tr dition, ro7 @o? ndei !teent!H)ent(r+ En l nd t!ere w " n A7eri) n tr dition ro7 @r nklin ndei !teent!H)ent(r+ A7eri) nd t!e+ were "till )lo"e eno( ! to et!er to di")("" t!eir di eren)e" wit! )ri7on+, /er! /", *(t wit! )ert in (nd 7ent l (nder"t ndin ". T!eei !teent!H)ent(r+ *elie in li*er l )i#ili" tion w " "till do 7 or do 7 i" t!eonl+ t!in t! t 7 ke" r (7ent or re "onin /o""i*le. A7eri) , (nder ll it" "w er,did "till re ll+ *elie#e t! t E(ro/e w " it" o(nt in nd it" 7ot!er, *e) ("e E(ro/e w "7ore (ll+ )i#ili"ed. Di)ken", (nder ll !i" di" ("t, did "till *elie#e t! t A7eri) w " in

d# n)e o E(ro/e, *e) ("e it w " 7ore de7o)r ti). 't w " n e, in "!ort, in w!i)!t!e word F/ro re""G )o(ld "till *e ("ed re "on *l+ *e) ("e t!e w!ole world looked toone w + o e") /e nd t!ere w " onl+ one kind o /ro re"" (nder di")(""ion. Now, o )o(r"e, F/ro re""G i" ("ele"" word or /ro re"" t ke" or r nted n lre d+ de ineddire)tion nd it i" e? )tl+ *o(t t!e dire)tion t! t we di" ree. Do not let (" t!ere ore

*e 7i"led into n+ 7i"t ken o/ti7i"7 or "/e)i l "el H)on r t(l tion=84> (/on w! t7 n+ /eo/le wo(ld ) ll t!e i7/ro#ed rel tion" *etween En l nd nd A7eri) . T!erel tion" re i7/ro#ed *e) ("e A7eri) ! " in ll+ *e)o7e orei n )o(ntr+. And wit!

orei n )o(ntrie" ll " ne 7en t ke ) re to e?)! n e )ert in )on"ider tion nd)o(rte"+. (t e#en " l te " t!e ti7e o Di)ken"<" ir"t #i"it to t!e United St te", weEn li"! "till elt A7eri) " )olon+ n in"olent, o en"i#e, nd e#en (nintelli i*le)olon+ "o7eti7e", *(t "till )olon+ / rt o o(r )i#ili" tion, li7* o o(r li e. AndA7eri) it"el , " ' ! #e " id, (nder ll it" *o(n)e nd inde/enden)e, re ll+ re rded ("

" 7ot!er )o(ntr+. T!i" *ein t!e ) "e it w " /o""i*le or (" to K( rrel, like kin"7en. Now we onl+ *ow nd "7ile, like "tr n er".

T!i" tone, " "ort o 7il+ re"/on"i*ilit+, ) n *e elt K(ite "/e)i ll+ ll t!ro( ! t!e" tire" or "( e"tion" o t!e"e -merican (otes . Di)ken" i" )ro"" wit! A7eri) *e) ("e!e i" worried *o(t A7eri) " i !e were it" t!er. $e e?/lore" it" ind("tri l, le l,

nd ed() tion l rr n e7ent" like 7ot!er lookin t t!e !o("ekee/in o 7 rried

"on !e 7 ke" "( e"tion" wit! )ert in )idit+ !e t ke" "tr n e /le "(re in *ein /e""i7i"ti). $e d#i"e" t!e7 to t ke note o !ow 7()! *etter )ert in t!in " re done inEn l nd. All t!i" i" #er+ di erent ro7 Di)ken"<" )! r )teri"ti) w + o de lin wit!

orei n )o(ntr+. 'n )o(ntrie" re ll+ orei n, "()! " @r n)e, Swit-erl nd, nd 't l+, !e! d two ttit(de", neit!er o t!e7 in t!e le "t worried or / tern l. !en !e o(nd t!in in E(ro/e w!i)! !e did not (nder"t nd, "()! " t!e %o7 n C t!oli) C!(r)!, !e"i7/l+ ) lled it n oldHworld "(/er"tition, nd " t lookin t it like 7oonlit =89> r(in.

!en !e o(nd "o7et!in t! t !e did (nder"t nd, "()! " l(n)!eon * "ket", !e *(r"tinto ) rol" o /r i"e o#er t!e "(/erior "en"e in o(r )i#ili" tion nd ood 7 n e7ent toContinent l 7et!od". An e? 7/le o t!e ir"t ttit(de 7 + *e o(nd in one o !i" letter",in w!i)! !e de")ri*e" t!e * )kw rdne"" nd idlene"" o C t!oli)" w!o wo(ld not *(ild

ir7in ! 7 in 't l+. $e "ee7" K(ite (n)on")io(" o t!e o*#io(" tr(t!, t! t t!e * )kw rdne"" o C t!oli)" w " "i7/l+ t!e re (" l o o* Cr t)!it to enter t!e !o("e o



r d rind. An e? 7/le o t!e "e)ond ttit(de ) n *e o(nd in t!e /(r/le / t)!e" o (nin Mu#by 3unction in w!i)! t!e En li"! w itre"" deno(n)e" t!e /ro li te @ren)! ! *ito /ro#idin new *re d nd )le n ood or /eo/le tr #ellin *+ r il. T!e /oint i",!owe#er, t! t in neit!er ) "e ! " !e t!e ir o one "( e"tin i7/ro#e7ent" or "! rin

/ro*le7 wit! t!e /eo/le en ed on it. $e doe" not o ) re (ll+ wit! note*ook

t!ro( ! Je"(it ")!ool" nor o er riendl+ "( e"tion" to t!e o#ernor" o P ri"i n /ri"on". Or i !e doe", it i" in di erent "/irit it i" in t!e "/irit o n ordin r+ to(ri"t *ein "!own o#er t!e Coli"e(7 or t!e P+r 7id". (t !e #i"ited A7eri) in t!e "/irit o

o#ern7ent in"/e)tor de lin wit! "o7et!in it w " !i" d(t+ to in"/e)t. T!i" i" ne#er elt eit!er in !i" /r i"e or *l 7e o Continent l )o(ntrie". !en !e did not le #e orei n )o(ntr+ to de) + like de d do , !e 7erel+ w t)!ed it t /l + like kitten.

@r n)e !e 7i"took or kitten. 't l+ !e 7i"took or de d do .

(t wit! A7eri) !e )o(ld eelB nd e r. T!ere !e )o(ld ! te, *e) ("e !e )o(ld lo#e.T!ere !e )o(ld eel =46> not t!e / "t lone nor t!e /re"ent, *(t t!e (t(re l"o nd, like

ll *r #e 7en, w!en !e " w t!e (t(re !e w " little r id o it. @or o ll te"t" *+w!i)! t!e ood )iti-en nd "tron re or7er ) n *e di"tin (i"!ed ro7 t!e # (e ddi"tor t!e in!(7 n ")e/ti), ' know no *etter te"t t! n t!i"Bt! t t!e (nre l re or7er "ee" in

ront o !i7 one )ert in (t(re, t!e (t(re o !i" d w!ile t!e re l re or7er "ee" *e ore!i7 ten or twent+ (t(re" 7on w!i)! !i" )o(ntr+ 7("t )!oo"e, nd 7 +, in "o7edre d (l !o(r, )!oo"e t!e wron one. T!e tr(e / triot i" lw +" do(*t (l o #i)tor+

*e) ("e !e know" t! t !e i" de lin wit! li#in t!in t!in wit! ree will. To *e)ert in o ree will i" to *e (n)ert in o "())e"".

T!e "(* e)t 7 tter o t!e re l di eren)e o o/inion *etween Di)ken" nd t!e /(*li) o A7eri) ) n onl+ *e (nder"tood i it i" t!(" tre ted " di"/(te *etween *rot!er" *o(tt!e de"tin+ o )o77on !erit e. T!e /oint t i""(e 7i !t *e "t ted like t!i". Di)ken",on !i" "ide, did not in !i" !e rt do(*t or 7o7ent t! t En l nd wo(ld e#ent( ll+

ollow A7eri) lon t!e ro d tow rd" re l /oliti) l eK( lit+ nd /(rel+ re/(*li) nin"tit(tion". $e li#ed, it 7("t *e re7e7*ered, *e ore t!e re#i# l o ri"to)r )+, w!i)!! " "in)e o#erw!el7ed ("Bt!e re#i# l o ri"to)r )+ worked t!ro( ! /o/(l r ")ien)e

nd )o77er)i l di)t tor"!i/, nd w!i)! ! " now!ere *een 7ore 7 ni e"t t! n inA7eri) it"el . $e knew not!in o t!i" in !i" !e rt !e )on)eded to t!e Y nkee" t! t notonl+ w " t!eir re#ol(tion ri !t *(t wo(ld (lti7 tel+ *e )o7/leted e#er+w!ere. (t ont!e ot!er ! nd, !i" w!ole /oint in"t t!e A7eri) n e?/eri7ent w " t!i"Bt! t i iti nored )ert in n)ient=41> En li"! )ontri*(tion" it wo(ld o to /ie)e" or l )k o t!e7.O t!e"e t!e ir"t w " ood 7 nner" nd t!e "e)ond indi#id( l li*ert+Bli*ert+, t! t i",

to "/e k nd write in"t t!e trend o t!e 7 orit+. 'n t!e"e t!in " !e w " 7()! 7ore"erio(" nd 7()! 7ore "en"i*le t! n it i" t!e "!ion to t!ink !e w " !e w " indeed oneo t!e 7o"t "erio(" nd "en"i*le )riti)" En l nd e#er ! d o )(rrent nd /re"ent

/ro*le7", t!o( ! !i" )riti)i"7 i" ("ele"" to t!e /oint o nonentit+ *o(t ll t!in "re7ote ro7 !i7 in "t+le o )i#ili" tion or in ti7e. $i" /oint *o(t ood 7 nner" i"re ll+ i7/ort nt. All !i" r(7*lin " t!ro( ! t!i" *ook o -merican (otes , ll !i""!riekin " tire in Martin Chuzzle&it re e?/re""ion" o r #e nd re "on *le e r !e! d to()!in t!e (t(re o de7o)r )+. And re7e7*er in w! t ! " *een lre d+re7 rkedBin"tin)ti#el+ !e / id A7eri) t!e )o7/li7ent o lookin t !er " t!e (t(reo de7o)r )+.

T!e 7i"t ke w!i)! !e tt )ked "till e?i"t". ' ) nnot i7 ine w!+ it i" t! t "o)i l eK( lit+i" "o7e!ow "(//o"ed to 7e n "o)i l 7ili rit+. !+ "!o(ld eK( lit+ 7e n t! t ll 7en



re eK( ll+ r(deI S!o(ld it not r t!er 7e n t! t ll 7en re eK( ll+ /oliteI Mi !t it notK(ite re "on *l+ 7e n t! t ll 7en "!o(ld *e eK( ll+ )ere7onio(" nd "t tel+ nd

/onti i) lI ! t i" t!ere "/e)i ll+ EK( lit ri n, or in"t n)e, in ) llin +o(r /oliti) lriend" nd e#en +o(r /oliti) l ene7ie" *+ t!eir C!ri"ti n n 7e" in /(*li)I T!ere i"

"o7et!in #er+ (tile in t!e w + in w!i)! )ert in So)i li"t le der" ) ll e )! ot!er To7,

Di)k, nd $ rr+ e"/e)i ll+ w!en To7 i" ))("in $ rr+ o ! #in * "el+ i7/o"ed(/on t!e wellHknown i7*e)ilit+ o Di)k. T!ere i" =42> "o7et!in K(ite (nde7o)r ti) in

ll 7en ) llin e )! ot!er *+ t!e "/e)i l nd e)tion te ter7 F)o7r deG e"/e)i ll+w!en t!e+ " + it wit! "neer nd "7 rt inK(ir+ *o(t t!e (nd". De7o)r )+ wo(ld *eK(ite " ti" ied i e#er+ 7 n ) lled e#er+ ot!er 7 n F"ir.G De7o)r )+ wo(ld ! #e no)on)ei# *le re "on to )o7/l in i e#er+ 7 n ) lled e#er+ ot!er 7 n F+o(r e?)ellen)+Gor F+o(r !oline""G or F*rot!er o t!e "(n nd 7oon.G T!e onl+ de7o)r ti) e""enti l i"t! t it "!o(ld *e ter7 o di nit+ nd t! t it "!o(ld *e i#en to ll. To *oli"! ll ter7"o di nit+ i" no 7ore "/e)i ll+ de7o)r ti) t! n t!e %o7 n e7/eror<" wi"! to )(t o e#er+*od+<" !e d t on)e w " "/e)i ll+ de7o)r ti). T! t in#ol#ed eK( lit+ )ert inl+, *(tit w " l )kin in re"/e)t.

Di)ken" " w A7eri) " 7 rkedl+ t!e "e t o t!i" d n er. $e " w t! t t!ere w " /erilo(" /o""i*ilit+ t! t re/(*li) n ide l" 7i !t *e llied to "o)i l n r)!+ oodneit!er or t!e7 nor or n+ ot!er ide l". %e/(*li) n "i7/li)it+, w!i)! i" di i)(lt, 7i !t

*e K(i)kl+ t(rned into o!e7i n *r(t lit+, w!i)! i" e "+. Cin)inn t(", in"te d o /(ttin!i" ! nd to t!e /lo( !, 7i !t /(t !i" eet on t!e t *le)lot!, nd n i7/re""ion /re# ilt! t it w " ll / rt o t!e " 7e r( ed eK( lit+ nd reedo7. 'n"olen)e 7i !t *e)o7e

tr dition. d 7 nner" 7i !t ! #e ll t!e " n)tit+ o ood 7 nner". FT!ere +o( re G)rie" M rtin C!(--lewit indi n ntl+, w!en t!e A7eri) n ! " *e o(led t!e *(tter. FA7 n deli*er tel+ 7 ke" !o o !i7"el nd that i" n 'n"tit(tion.G (t t!e t!re d o t!o( !t w!i)! we 7("t lw +" kee/ in ! nd in t!i" 7 tter i" t! t !e wo(ld not t!("! #e worried *o(t t!e de r d tion =40> o re/(*li) n "i7/li)it+ into ener l r(dene""i !e ! d not ro7 ir"t to l "t in"tin)ti#el+ elt t! t A7eri) !eld !(7 n de7o)r )+ in!er ! nd, to e? lt it or to let it ll. 'n one o !i" loo7ier 7o7ent" !e wrote down !i"

e r t! t t!e re te"t *low e#er "tr()k t li*ert+ wo(ld *e "tr()k *+ A7eri) in t!eil(re o !er 7i""ion (/on t!e e rt!.

T!i" *rin " (" to t!e ot!er ro(nd o !i" l r7Bt!e 7 tter o li*ert+ o "/ee)!. $erel"o !e w " 7()! 7ore re "on *le nd /!ilo"o/!i) t! n ! " )o77onl+ *een re li"ed.

T!e tr(t! i" t! t t!e l(rid indi#id( li"7 o C rl+le ! ", wit! it" #iolent )olo(r", FkilledGt!e tone" o 7o"t )riti)i"7 o !i" ti7e nd ("t " we ) n o ten "ee ")!e7e o

de)or tion *etter i we )o#er "o7e l 7in /i)t(re, "o +o( ) n (d e nineteent!H)ent(r+En l nd 7()! *etter i +o( le #e C rl+le o(t. $e i" i7/ort nt to 7odern" *e) ("e !eled t! t ret(rn to Tor+i"7 w!i)! ! " *een t!e )!ie e t(re o 7odernit+, *(t !i"

(d 7ent" were o ten not onl+ "/irit( ll+ l"e, *(t re ll+ K(ite "(/er i)i l. Di)ken"(nder"tood t!e d n er o de7o)r )+ r *etter t! n C rl+le ("t " !e (nder"tood t!e7erit" o de7o)r )+ r *etter t! n C rl+le. And o t!i" )t we ) n /rod()e one /l ine#iden)e in t!e 7 tter o w!i)! we "/e k. C rl+le, in !i" ener l di"like o t!ere#ol(tion r+ 7o#e7ent, l(7/ed li*ert+ nd de7o)r )+ to et!er nd " id t! t t!e )!ie o* e)tion to de7o)r )+ w " t! t it in#ol#ed t!e e?)e"" nd 7i"("e o li*ert+ !e ) lledde7o)r )+ F n r)!+ or noHr(le.G Di)ken", wit! r 7ore /!ilo"o/!i) l in"i !t nd"/irit( l deli) )+, " w t! t t!e re l d n er o de7o)r )+ i" t! t it tend" to t!e #er+

o//o"ite o n r)!+ e#en to t!e #er+ o//o"ite o li*ert+.=4;> $e l 7ented in A7eri)t!e reedo7 o 7 nner". (t !e l 7ented e#en 7ore t!e *"en)e o reedo7 o o/inion.



F' *elie#e t!ere i" no )o(ntr+ on t!e )e o t!e e rt!,G !e " +", Fw!ere t!ere i" le""reedo7 o o/inion on n+ "(* e)t in re eren)e to w!i)! t!ere i" *ro d di eren)e o

o/inion t! n in t!i". T!ere ' write t!e word" wit! rel()t n)e, di" //oint7ent, nd"orrow *(t ' *elie#e it ro7 t!e *otto7 o 7+ "o(l. T!e notion t! t ', 7 n lone *+7+"el in A7eri) , "!o(ld #ent(re to "( e"t to t!e A7eri) n" t! t t!ere w " one /oint

on w!i)! t!e+ were neit!er ("t to t!eir own )o(ntr+7en nor to (", )t( ll+ "tr()k t!e *olde"t d(7* "!in ton 'r#in , Pre")ott, $o 7 n, r+ nt, $ lle)k, D n ,

"!in ton All"tonBe#er+ 7 n w!o write" in t!i" )o(ntr+ i" de#oted to t!e K(e"tion,nd not one o t!e7 dares to r i"e !i" #oi)e nd )o7/l in o t!e tro)io(" "t te o t!e

l w. T!e wonder i" t! t *re t!in 7 n ) n *e o(nd wit! te7erit+ eno( ! to "( e"tto t!e A7eri) n" t!e /o""i*ilit+ o t!eir ! #in done wron . ' wi"! +o( )o(ld ! #e "eent!e )e" t! t ' " w down *ot! "ide" o t!e t *le t $ rt ord w!en ' *e n to t lk *o(tS)ott. ' wi"! +o( )o(ld ! #e !e rd !ow ' #e it o(t. M+ *lood "o *oiled w!en 't!o( !t o t!e 7on"tro(" in ("ti)e t! t ' elt " i ' were twel#e eet !i ! w!en ' t!r("t itdown t!eir t!ro t".G Di)ken" knew no !i"tor+, *(t !e ! d ll !i"tor+ *e!ind !i7 in

eelin t! t /(re de7o)r )+ doe" tend, w!en it oe" wron , to *e too tr dition l nd*"ol(te. T!e tr(t! i" indeed "in (l r e? 7/le o t!e (n ir tt )k (/on de7o)r )+ in

o(r own ti7e. E#er+*od+ ) n re/e t t!e /l tit(de t! t t!e 7o* ) n *e t!e re te"t o llt+r nt". (t =45> ew re li"e or re7e7*er t!e )orre"/ondin tr(t! w!i)! oe" lonwit! itBt! t t!e 7o* i" t!e onl+ /er7 nent nd (n "" il *le !i ! /rie"t. De7o)r )+dri#e" it" tr dition" too ! rd *(t de7o)r )+ i" t!e onl+ t!in t! t kee/" n+ tr dition".An ri"to)r )+ 7("t lw +" *e oin ter "o7e new t!in . T!e "e#erit+ o de7o)r )+i" r 7ore o #irt(e t! n it" li*ert+. T!e de)or(7 o de7o)r )+ i" r 7ore o d n er t! n it" l wle""ne"". Di)ken" di")o#ered t!i" in !i" re t K( rrel" *o(t t!e)o/+ri !t, w!en w!ole n tion )ted on "7 ll /oint o o/inion " i it were oin tol+n)! !i7. (t, ort(n tel+ or t!e /(r/o"e o t!i" r (7ent, t!ere i" no need to o * )k to t!e ortie" or "()! ) "e. Anot!er re t liter r+ 7 n ! " o l te #i"ited A7eri) ndit i" /o""i*le t! t M ?i7 ork+ 7 + *e in /o"ition to "t te !ow r de7o)r )+ i"likel+ to err on t!e "ide o 7ere li*ert+ nd l ?it+. $e 7 + ! #e o(nd, like Di)ken","o7e reedo7 o 7 nner" !e did not ind 7()! reedo7 o 7or l".

Alon wit! "()! A7eri) n )riti)i"7 "!o(ld re ll+ o !i" #er+ )! r )teri"ti) "(77 r+ o t!e K(e"tion o t!e %ed 'ndi n. 't 7 rk" t!e )o7*in tion *etween t!e 7ent l n rrowne""

nd t!e 7or l ("ti)e o t!e old Li*er l. Di)ken" ) n "ee not!in in t!e %ed 'ndi ne?)e/t t! t !e i" * r* ri), retro r de, *elli)o"e, (n)le nl+, nd "(/er"titio("Bin "!ort,t! t !e i" not 7e7*er o t!e "/e)i l )i#ili" tion o ir7in ! 7 or ri !ton. 't i")(rio(" to note t!e )ontr "t *etween t!e )!eer+, n + Co)kne+, )onte7/t wit! w!i)!

Di)ken" "/e k" o t!e A7eri) n 'ndi n nd t! t )!i# lro(" nd / t!eti) e"" + in w!i)!"!in ton 'r#in )ele*r te" t!e #irt(e" o t!e # ni"!in r )e. etween "!in ton=43>'r#in nd !i" riend C! rle" Di)ken" t!ere w " lw +" indeed t!i" ironi) l )o7ed+ o in#er"ion. 't i" 7("in t! t t!e En li"!7 n "!o(ld ! #e *een t!e /("!in nd e#en /ert7oderni"t, nd t!e A7eri) n t!e "t tel+ ntiK( ri n nd lo#er o lo"t ) ("e". (t w!ile 7 n o 7ore 7ellow "+7/ t!ie" 7 + well di"like Di)ken"<" di"like o " # e", nde#en di"d in !i" di"d in, !e o( !t to "! r/l+ re7ind !i7"el o t!e d7ir *le et!i) l

irne"" nd eK(it+ w!i)! 7eet wit! t! t re"tri)ted o(tlook. 'n t!e #er+ )t o de")ri*in%ed 'ndi n" " de#il" w!o, like "o 7()! dirt, it wo(ld / + (" to "wee/ w +, !e / ("e"to den+ e7/! ti) ll+ t! t we ! #e n+ ri !t to "wee/ t!e7 w +. e ! #e no ri !t towron t!e 7 n, !e 7e n" to " +, e#en i !e !i7"el *e kind o wron . $ere we "trike

t!e rin in iron o t!e old )on")ien)e nd "en"e o !ono(r w!i)! 7 rked t!e *e"t 7eno !i" / rt+ nd o !i" e/o)!. T!i" ri id nd e#en rel()t nt ("ti)e tower", t n+ r te, r



*o#e 7odern #iew" o " # e", *o#e t!e "enti7ent li"7 o t!e 7ere !(7 nit ri n ndt!e r we ker "enti7ent li"7 t! t /le d" or *r(t lit+ nd r )e w r. Di)ken" w " tle "t 7ore o 7 n t! n t!e *r(t lit ri n w!o )l i7" to wron /eo/le *e) ("e t!e+ ren "t+, or t!e !(7 nit ri n w!o ) nnot *e ("t to t!e7 wit!o(t /retendin t! t t!e+ reni)e.

=48>

PICTURES FROM ITALY

T!e %ictures from $taly re e?)ellent in t!e7"el#e" nd e?)ellent " oil to t!e -merican (otes . $ere we ! #e none o t! t ir o i#in de)i"ion like (d e or "endin in re/ort like n in"/e)tor !ere we ! #e onl+ li7/"e", li !t nd e#en

nt "ti) li7/"e", o world t! t i" re ll+ lien to Di)ken". 't i" "o lien t! t !e ) n

l7o"t entirel+ en o+ it. @or no 7 n ) n entirel+ en o+ t! t w!i)! !e lo#e" )ontent7enti" lw +" (n/ trioti). T!e di eren)e ) n indeed *e /(t wit! //ro?i7 te /er e)tion inone /!r "e. 'n 't l+ !e w " on !olid + in A7eri) !e w " on to(r. (t indeedDi)ken" !i7"el ! " K(ite "( i)ientl+ )on#e+ed t!e di eren)e in t!e two /!r "e" t! t !edid )t( ll+ ("e or t!e title" o t!e two *ook". Di)ken" o ten told (n)on")io(" tr(t!",e"/e)i ll+ in "7 ll 7 tter". T!e -merican (otes re ll+ re note", like t!e note" o "t(dent or /ro e""ion l witne"". T!e %ictures from $taly re onl+ /i)t(re" ro7 't l+,like t!e 7i")ell neo(" /i)t(re" t! t ll to(ri"t" *rin ro7 't l+.

To t ke not!er nd /er! /" )lo"er i (re o "/ee)!, l7o"t ll Di)ken"<" work" "()! "t!e"e 7 + *e"t *e re rded " /ri# te letter" ddre""ed to t!e /(*li). $i" /ri# te

)orre"/onden)e w " K(ite " *rilli nt " !i" /(*li) work" nd 7 n+ o !i" /(*li) work"re l7o"t " or7le"" nd ) "( l " !i" /ri# te )orre"/onden)e.=44> ' !e ! d *een

"tr()k in"en"i*le or +e r, ' re ll+ t!ink t! t !i" riend" nd 7il+ )o(ld ! #e *ro( !to(t one o !i" *e"t *ook" *+ t!e7"el#e" i t!e+ ! d ! //ened to kee/ !i" letter". T!e!o7o eneit+ o !i" /(*li) nd /ri# te work w " indeed "tr n e in 7 n+ w +". On t!eone ! nd, t!ere w " little t! t w " /o7/o("l+ nd (n7i"t k *l+ /(*li) in t!e

/(*li) tion" on t!e ot!er ! nd, t!ere w " #er+ little t! t w " /ri# te in t!e /ri# teletter". $i" !il rit+ ! d l7o"t kind o ! rdne"" *o(t it no 7 n<" letter", ' "!o(ldt!ink, e#er needed le"" e?/(r tion on t!e ro(nd o we kne"" or (nd(e )on e""ion. T!e7 in / rt, nd )ert inl+ t!e *e"t / rt, o "()! *ook " %ictures from $taly ) n )ert inl+

*e )riti)i"ed *e"t " / rt o t! t /er/et( l torrent o entert inin (to*io r /!+ w!i)! !el(n t !i" )!ildren " i t!e+ were !i" re der" nd !i" re der" " i t!e+ were !i"

)!ildren. T!ere re "o7e *rilli nt / t)!e" o "en"e nd non"en"e in t!i" *ook *(t t!erei" lw +" "o7et!in ))ident l in t!e7 " i t!e+ 7i !t ! #e o))(rred "o7ew!ere el"e.Per! /" t!e 7o"t ttr )ti#e o t!e7 i" t!e in)o7/ r *le de")ri/tion o t!e 't li nM rionette T!e tre in w!i)! t!e+ )ted /l + *o(t t!e de t! o N /oleon in St.$elen . T!e de")ri/tion i" *etter t! n t! t o Codlin nd S!ort<" P(n)! nd J(d+, nd

l7o"t " ood " t! t o Mr". J rle+<" ? ork". 'ndeed t!e !(7o(r i" "i7il r or P(n)! i" "(//o"ed to *e (nn+, *(t N /oleon " Mr". J rle+ " id w!en "ked i !er "!ow w " (nnier t! n P(n)! w " not (nn+ t ll. T!e ide o re ll+ tr i) ")ene

*ein en )ted *etween tin+ wooden doll" wit! l r e !e d" i" deli !t (ll+ de lt wit! *+Di)ken". e ) n l7o"t i7 ine =49> t!e ")ene in w!i)! t!e wooden N /oleon! ( !til+ re*(ke" !i" wooden ilor or ) llin !i7 ener l on / rteBFSir $(d"onLow, ) ll 7e not t!(" ' 7 N /oleon, E7/eror o t!e @ren)!.G T!ere i" l"o "o7et!in



"in (l rl+ r ti +in *o(t t!e ")ene o N /oleon<" de t!, in w!i)! !e l + in *ed wit!!i" little wooden ! nd" o(t"ide t!e )o(nter/ ne nd t!e do)tor w!o w " !(n on wire"too "!ort Fdeli#ered 7edi) l o/inion" in t!e ir.G 't 7 + "ee7 li// nt to dwell on "()!

li// n)ie" in )onne)tion wit! *ook w!i)! )ont in" 7 n+ ro7 nti) de")ri/tion" nd7 n+ 7or l ener li" tion" w!i)! Di)ken" /ro* *l+ # l(ed !i !l+. (t it i" not or "()!

t!in " t! t !e i" # l(ed. 'n ll !i" writin ", ro7 !i" 7o"t re "oned nd "("t ined no#elto !i" 7 dde"t /ri# te note, it i" lw +" t!i" o*"tre/ero(" in"tin)t or r)e w!i)! "t nd"o(t " !i" in t!e !i !e"t "en"e. $i" wi"do7 i" t t!e *e"t t lent, !i" ooli"!ne"" i" eni(".J("t t! t e?(*er nt le#it+ w!i)! we ""o)i te wit! 7o7ent we ""o)i te in !i" ) "ewit! i77ort lit+. 't i" " id o )ert in old 7 "onr+ t! t t!e 7ort r w " "o ! rd t! t it ! ""(r#i#ed t!e "tone". So i Di)ken" )o(ld re#i"it t!e t!in !e *(ilt, !e wo(ld *e "(r/ri"edto "ee ll t!e work !e t!o( !t "olid nd re"/on"i*le w "ted l7o"t (tterl+ w +, *(t t!e"!orte"t ri#olitie" nd t!e 7o"t 7o7ent r+ oke" re7 inin like )olo"" l ro)k" or e#er.

C! rle" Di)ken", 14;; @ro7

7ini t(re *+ M r ret illie".=96>



MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT

T!ere i" )ert in K( lit+ or ele7ent w!i)! *rood" o#er t!e w!ole o Martin Chuzzle&it to w!i)! it i" di i)(lt or eit!er riend" or oe" to /(t n 7e. ' t!ink t!e re der w!oen o+" Di)ken"<" ot!er *ook" ! " n i7/re""ion t! t it i" kind o 7el n)!ol+. T!ere

re rote"K(e i (re" o t!e 7o"t or eo(" kind t!ere re ")ene" t! t re r)i) l e#en *+ t!e "t nd rd o t!e r)i) l li)en"e o Di)ken" t!ere i" !(7o(r *ot! o t!e !e #ie"t

nd o t!e li !te"t kind t!ere re two re t )o7i) /er"on litie" w!o r(n like ri)! #eint!ro( ! t!e w!ole "tor+, Pe)k"ni nd Mr". 7/ t!ere i" one *lindin / t)! o

*rilli n)+, t!e " tire on A7eri) n ) nt t!ere i" Tod er"<" *o rdin H!o("e t!ere i"ile+ t!ere i" Mr. Mo(ld, t!e in)o7/ r *le (ndert ker. (t +et in "/ite o e#er+t!in ,

in "/ite e#en o t!e (ndert ker, t!e *ook i" " d. No one ' t!ink e#er went to it in t! t7i?ed 7ood o tired tenderne"" nd re dine"" to *elie#e nd l ( ! in w!i)! 7o"t o Di)ken"<" no#el" re 7o"t en o+ed. e o or / rti)(l r no#el to Di)ken" " we o or

/ rti)(l r inn. e o to t!e "i n o t!e Pi)kwi)k P /er". e o to t!e "i n o t!e

%(d e nd % #en. e o to t!e "i n o t!e Old C(rio"itie". e o to t!e "i n o t!eTwo Citie". e o to e )! or ll o t!e7 ))ordin to w! t kind o !o"/it lit+ nd w! tkind o ! //ine"" =91> we reK(ire. (t it i" lw +" "o7e kind o !o"/it lit+ nd "o7ekind o ! //ine"" t! t we reK(ire. And " in t!e ) "e o inn" we l"o re7e7*er t! tw!ile t!ere w " "!elter in ll nd ood in ll nd "o7e kind o ire nd "o7e kind o wine in ll, +et one ! " le t (/on (" n inde")ri* *le nd (n ))o(nt *le 7e7or+ o 7ort lit+ nd de) +, o dre rine"" in t!e roo7" nd e#en o t "tele""ne"" in t!e * nK(et.So n+ one w!o ! " en o+ed t!e "torie" o Di)ken" " t!e+ "!o(ld *e en o+ed ! " n 7ele"" eelin t! t t!i" one "tor+ i" " d nd l7o"t "odden. Di)ken" !i7"el ! d t!i"

eelin , t!o( ! !i" *ree-+ # nit+ or* de !i7 to e?/re"" it in "o 7 n+ word". 'n "/ite o Pe)k"ni , in "/ite o Mr". 7/, in "/ite o t!e +et re ter ile+, t!e "tor+ went

l(7*erin l+ nd e#en li ele""l+ !e o(nd t!e " le" llin o !e n)ied !i" /o/(l rit+w nin , nd *+ "(dden i7/(l"e 7o"t in rti"ti) nd +et 7o"t rti"ti), !e dr ed in t!ee/i"ode o M rtin<" #i"it to A7eri) , w!i)! i" t!e *l -in ewel nd t!e "(ddenrede7/tion o t!e *ook. $e wrote it t n (ne "+ nd (n! //+ /eriod o !i" li e w!en!e ! d )e "ed w nderin in A7eri) , *(t )o(ld not )e "e w nderin lto et!er w!en!e ! d lo"t !i" ori in l ro(tine o work w!i)! w " #iolent *(t re (l r, nd ! d not +et"ettled down to t!e (ll en o+7ent o !i" "())e"" nd !i" l ter +e r". $e /o(red into t!i"

*ook eni(" t! t 7i !t 7 ke t!e 7o(nt in" l ( !, in#ention t! t ( led wit! t!e "t r".(t t!e *ook w " " d nd !e knew it.

T!e ("t re "on or t!i" i" re ll+ intere"tin . Yet it i" one t! t i" not e "+ to "t te wit!o(t( rdin one<" "el on t!e one "ide or t!e ot!er in"t re t 7i"(nder"t ndin " nd

t!e"e "ti/(l tion" or /reli7in r+ =92> llow n)e" 7("t in "()! ) "e " t!i" o ne)e""it+ *e 7 de ir"t. Di)ken" w " 7on ot!er t!in " " tiri"t, /(re " tiri"t. ' ! #e ne#er *een *le to (nder"t nd w!+ t!i" title i" lw +" "/e)i ll+ nd " )redl+ re"er#ed or T! )ker +. T! )ker + w " no#eli"t in t!e "tri)t nd n rrow "en"e t n+ r te,T! )ker + w " r re ter no#eli"t t! n Di)ken". (t Di)ken" )ert inl+ w " t!e" tiri"t. T!e e""en)e o " tire i" t! t it /er)ei#e" "o7e *"(rdit+ in!erent in t!e lo i) o "o7e /o"ition, nd t! t it dr w" t! t *"(rdit+ o(t nd i"ol te" it, "o t! t ll ) n "ee it.T!(" or in"t n)e w!en Di)ken" " +", FLord Coodle wo(ld o o(t Sir T!o7 " Doodlewo(ldn<t )o7e in nd t!ere *ein no /eo/le to "/e k o in En l nd e?)e/t Coodle ndDoodle t!e )o(ntr+ ! " *een wit!o(t o#ern7entG w!en Di)ken" " +" t!i" !e"(ddenl+ /o(n)e" on nd /l()k" o(t t!e one in!erent *"(rdit+ in t!e En li"! / rt+"+"te7 w!i)! i" !idden *e!ind ll it" / r /!ern li o P rli 7ent" nd St t(te",



ele)tion" nd * llot / /er". !en ll t!e di nit+ nd ll t!e / trioti"7 nd ll t!e /(*li)intere"t o t!e En li"! )on"tit(tion l / rt+ )on li)t ! #e *een (ll+ llowed or, t!eredoe" re7 in t!e *old, *le k K(e"tion w!i)! Di)ken" in "(*"t n)e "k", FS(//o"e ' w nt"o7e*od+ el"e w!o i" neit!er Coodle nor Doodle.G T!i" i" t!e re t K( lit+ ) lled" tire it i" kind o t (ntin re "on *lene"" nd it i" in"e/ r *le ro7 )ert in in" ne

lo i) w!i)! i" o ten ) lled e? er tion. Di)ken" w " 7ore o " tiri"t t! n T! )ker +or t!i" "i7/le re "on: t! t T! )ker + ) rried 7 n<" /rin)i/le" " r " t! t 7 n

) rried t!e7 Di)ken" ) rried 7 n<" /rin)i/le" " r " 7 n<" /rin)i/le" wo(ld o.Di)ken" in "!ort " =90> /eo/le /(t it e? er ted t!e 7 n nd !i" /rin)i/le" t! t i" to" + !e e7/! "i"ed t!e7. Di)ken" drew 7 n<" *"(rdit+ o(t o !i7 T! )ker + le t 7 n<" *"(rdit+ in !i7. O t!i" l "t )t we ) n t ke n+ e? 7/le we like t ke or in"t n)e t!e )o7/ ri"on *etween t!e )it+ 7 n " tre ted *+ T! )ker + in t!e 7o"t" tiri) o !i" no#el", wit! t!e )it+ 7 n " tre ted *+ Di)ken" in one o t!e 7ilde"t nd7 t(re"t o !i". Co7/ re t!e )! r )ter o old Mr. O"*orne in /anity Fair wit! t!e)! r )ter o Mr. Pod"n / in Our Mutual Friend . 'n t!e ) "e o Mr. O"*orne t!ere i"not!in e?)e/t t!e "olid *lo)kin in o *r(t l d(ll )on#in)in )! r )ter. /anity Fair i"not " tire on t!e Cit+ e?)e/t in "o r " it ! //en" to *e tr(e. /anity Fair i" not " tire on t!e Cit+, in "!ort, e?)e/t in "o r " t!e Cit+ i" " tire on t!e Cit+. (t Mr.Pod"n / i" /(re " tire !e i" n e?tr )tin o(t o t!e Cit+ 7 n o t!o"e /(rel+intelle)t( l K( litie" w!i)! ! //en to 7 ke t! t kind o Cit+ 7 n / rti)(l rl+e? "/er tin ool. One 7i !t l7o"t " + t! t Mr. Pod"n / i" ll Mr. O"*orne<" o/inion""e/ r ted ro7 Mr. O"*orne nd t(rned into )! r )ter. 'n "!ort t!e " tiri"t i" 7ore

/(rel+ /!ilo"o/!i) l t! n t!e no#eli"t. T!e no#eli"t 7 + *e onl+ n o*"er#er t!e " tiri"t7("t *e t!inker. $e 7("t *e t!inker, !e 7("t *e /!ilo"o/!i) l t!inker or t!i""i7/le re "on t! t !e e?er)i"e" !i" /!ilo"o/!i) l t!o( !t in de)idin w! t / rt o !i""(* e)t !e i" to " tiri"e. Yo( 7 + ! #e t!e d(lle"t /o""i*le intelli en)e nd *e /ortr it

/ inter *(t 7 n 7("t ! #e "erio(" intelle)t in order to *e ) ri) t(ri"t. $e ! " to"ele)t w! t t!in !e will ) ri) t(re. Tr(e " tire i" lw +" o t!i" intelle)t( l =9;> kindtr(e " tire i" lw +", "o to "/e k, # ri tion or nt "i (/on t!e ir o /(re lo i). T!e" tiri"t i" t!e 7 n w!o ) rrie" 7en<" ent!("i "7 (rt!er t! n t!e+ ) rr+ it t!e7"el#e".$e o(t"tri/" t!e 7o"t e?tr # nt n ti). $e i" +e r" !e d o t!e 7o"t (d )io("

/ro/!et. $e "ee" w!ere 7en<" det )!ed intelle)t will e#ent( ll+ le d t!e7, nd !e tell"t!e7 t!e n 7e o t!e /l )eBw!i)! i" ener ll+ !ell.

Now o t!i" det )!ed nd r tion l ("e o " tire t!ere i" one re t e? 7/le in t!i" *ook.E#en 0ulliver!s Travels i" ! rdl+ 7ore re "on *le t! n M rtin C!(--lewit<" tr #el" int!e in)redi*le l nd o t!e A7eri) n". e ore )on"iderin t!e !(7o(r o t!i" de")ri/tion

in it" 7ore e?! ("ti#e nd li*er l "/e)t", it 7 + *e ir"t re7 rked t! t in t!i" A7eri) n / rt o Martin Chuzzle&it , Di)ken" K(ite "/e)i ll+ "! r/en" (/ !i" own 7ore)ontro#er"i l nd /oliti) l intelli en)e. T!ere re 7ore t!in " !ere t! n n+w!ere el"ein Di)ken" t! t / rt ke o t!e n t(re o / 7/!leteerin , o /o"iti#e )! llen e, o "(ddenre/ rtee, o /( n )io(" nd e? "/er tin K(er+, in word o e#er+t!in t! t *elon " tot!e /(re rt o )ontro#er"+ " di"tin)t not onl+ ro7 t!e /(re rt o i)tion *(t e#en l"o

ro7 t!e /(re rt o " tire. ' 7 in)lined to t!ink to /(t t!e 7 tter not onl+ "!ortl+ *(t)l(7"il+ t! t Di)ken" w " ne#er in ll !i" li e "o "tri)tl+ )le#er " !e i" in t!e A7eri) n

/ rt o Martin Chuzzle&it . T!ere re /l )e" w!ere !e w " 7ore in"/ired, l7o"t in t!e"en"e o *ein into?i) ted, ", or in"t n)e, in t!e Mi) w*er e "t" o David Copperfield t!ere re /l )e" w!ere !e wrote 7ore ) re (ll+ nd )(nnin l+, ", or

in"t n)e, in t!e 7+"ter+ o The Mystery of "d&in Drood t!ere re /l )e" w!ere =95> !ewrote #er+ 7()! 7ore !(7 nl+, 7ore )lo"e to t!e ro(nd nd to rowin t!in ", " in



t!e w!ole o t! t d7ir *le *ook 0reat "1pectations . (t ' do not t!ink t! t !i" 7ere*"tr )t )(tene"" nd r /idit+ o t!o( !t were e#er e?er)i"ed wit! "()! "t rtlin

e? )tit(de " t!e+ re in t!i" /l )e in Martin Chuzzle&it . 't i" to *e noted, or in"t n)e,t! t !i" A7eri) n e?/erien)e ! d )t( ll+ worked !i7 (/ to !e t nd ! *it o

r (7ent. A "l #eHowner in t!e So(t!ern St te" tell" Di)ken" t! t "l #eHowner" do not

illHtre t t!eir "l #e", t! t it i" not to t!e intere"t o "l #eHowner" to illHtre t t!eir "l #e".Di)ken" l "!e" * )k t! t it i" not to t!e intere"t o 7 n to et dr(nk, *(t !e doe" etdr(nk. T!i" /( n )io(" t7o"/!ere o / rr+ nd ri/o"te 7("t ir"t o ll *e llowed or

nd (nder"tood in ll t!e " tiri) e?)(r"(" o M rtin in A7eri) . Di)ken" i" r (in llt!e ti7e nd, to do !i7 ("ti)e, r (in #er+ well. T!e"e )! /ter" re (ll not 7erel+ o e?(*er nt " tire on A7eri) in t!e "en"e t! t Dot!e*o+" $ ll or Mr. (7*le<"

ork!o("e re e?(*er nt " tire" on En l nd. T!e+ re (ll l"o o "! r/ r (7ent wit!A7eri) " i t!e 7 n w!o wrote e?/e)ted retort nd w " /re/ red wit! re oinder. T!ere"t o t!e *ook, like t!e re"t o Di)ken"<" *ook", /o""e""e" !(7o(r. T!i" / rt o t!e

*ook, like ! rdl+ n+ o Di)ken"<" *ook", /o""e""e" wit. T!e re/(*li) n entle7 n w!ore)ei#e" M rtin on l ndin i" !orri ied on !e rin n En li"! "er# nt "/e k o t!ee7/lo+er " Ft!e 7 "ter.G FT!ere re no 7 "ter" in A7eri) ,G " +" t!e entle7 n. FAllowner" re t!e+IG " +" M rtin. T!i" "ort o #er* l /ro7/tit(de i" o(t o t!e ordin r+")o/e o Di)ken" *(t we ind it reK(entl+ =93> in t!i" / rti)(l r / rt o MartinChuzzle&it . M rtin !i7"el i" )on"t ntl+ *re kin o(t into )ontro#er"i l l()idit+,w!i)! i" el"ew!ere not t ll / rt o !i" )! r )ter. !en t!e+ t lk to !i7 *o(t t!ein"tit(tion" o A7eri) !e "k" " r) "ti) ll+ w!et!er *owie kni#e" nd "word"ti)k" ndre#ol#er" re t!e in"tit(tion" o A7eri) . All t!i" i ' 7 + "(77 ri"e i" e?/re""i#e o one 7 in )t. ein " tiri"t 7e n" *ein /!ilo"o/!er. Di)ken" w " not lw +" #er+

/!ilo"o/!i) l *(t !e ! d t!i" /er7 nent K( lit+ o t!e /!ilo"o/!er *o(t !i7, t! t !elw +" re7e7*ered /eo/le *+ t!eir o/inion". Eli ! Po r 7 w " to !i7 t!e 7 n w!o

" id t! t F!i" *o "t (l n"wer to t!e t+r nt nd t!e de"/ot w " t! t !i" *ri !t !o7e w "t!e l nd o t!e "ettin< "(n.G Mr. S) dder nd Mr. Je er"on ri)k were to !i7 t!e 7enw!o " id in )oo/er tion t! t Ft!e li* tion o reedo7 7("t "o7eti7e" *e K( ed in

*lood.G And in t!e"e )! /ter" 7ore t! n n+w!ere el"e !e ll" into t!e e?tre7e ! *it o " tire, t! t o tre tin /eo/le " i t!ere were not!in *o(t t!e7 e?)e/t t!eir o/inion".'t i" t!ere ore di i)(lt to ))e/t t!e"e / e" " / e" in no#el, "/lendid " t!e+ re)on"idered " / e" in / rod+. ' do not di"/(te t! t 7en ! #e " id nd do " + t! t Ft!eli* tion o reedo7 7("t "o7eti7e" *e K( ed in *lood,G t! t Ft!eir *ri !t !o7e" ret!e l nd o t!e "ettin< "(n,G t! t Ft!e+ t (nt t! t lion,G t! t F lone t!e+ d re !i7,G or Ft! t "o tl+ "lee/" t!e ) l7 ide l in t!e w!i"/erin )! 7*er" o i7 in tion.G ' ! #ere d too 7()! A7eri) n o(rn li"7 to den+ t! t n+ o t!e"e "enten)e" nd n+ o t!e"e

o/inion" 7 + t "o7e ti7e or ot!er ! #e *een (ttered. ' do not den+ =98> t! t t!ere re"()! o/inion". (t ' do den+ t! t t!ere re "()! /eo/le. Eli ! Po r 7 ! d "o7e ot!er *("ine"" in li e *e"ide" de endin de (ltin /o"t7 "ter" !e 7("t ! #e *een "on or

t!er or !("* nd or t le "t d7ir *le t!o( !t lo#er. Mr. C!ollo/ ! d "o7e7o7ent" in !i" e?i"ten)e w!en !e w " not t!re tenin !i" ellowH)re t(re" wit! !i""wordH"ti)k nd !i" re#ol#er. O ll t!i" !(7 n "ide o "()! A7eri) n t+/e" Di)ken"doe" not re ll+ i#e n+ !int t ll. $e doe" not "( e"t t! t t!e *(ll+ C!ollo/ ! d e#en"()! )o r"e oodH!(7o(r " *(llie" l7o"t lw +" ! #e. $e doe" not "( e"t t! t t!e!(7*( Eli ! Po r 7 ! d e#en " 7()! re "+ 7i *ilit+ " !(7*( " l7o"tin# ri *l+ ! #e. $e i" not "t(d+in t!e7 " !(7 n *ein ", e#en " * d !(7 n *ein "!e i" "t(d+in t!e7 " )on)e/tion", " /oint" o #iew, " "+7*ol" o "t te o 7ind wit!

w!i)! !e i" in #iolent di" ree7ent. To /(t it ro( !l+, !e i" not de")ri*in )! r )ter", !ei" " tiri"in d". To /(t it 7ore e? )tl+, !e i" not de")ri*in )! r )ter" !e i"



/er"e)(tin !ere"ie". T!ere i" one t!in re ll+ to *e " id in"t !i" A7eri) n " tire iti" "erio(" t!in to *e " id: it i" n r (7ent, nd it i" tr(e. T!i" ) n *e " id o M rtin<"w nderin " in A7eri) , t! t ro7 t!e ti7e !e l nd" in A7eri) to t!e ti7e !e "et" " il

ro7 it !e ne#er 7eet" li#in 7 n. $e ! " tr #elled in t!e l nd o L /(t . All t!e /eo/le !e ! " 7et ! #e *een *"(rd o/inion" w lkin *o(t. T!e w!ole rt o Di)ken"

in "()! / "" e" " t!e"e )on"i"ted in one t!in . 't )on"i"ted in indin n o/inion t! t! d not le to "t nd on, nd t!en i#in it two le " to "t nd on.

=94> So 7()! 7 + *e llowed it 7 + *e d7itted t! t Di)ken" i" in t!i" "en"e t!e re t" tiri"t, in t! t !e ) n i7 ine *"(rd o/inion" w lkin *+ t!e7"el#e" *o(t t!e "treet.'t 7 + *e d7itted t! t T! )ker + wo(ld not ! #e llowed n *"(rd o/inion to w lk

*o(t t!e "treet wit!o(t t le "t t+in 7 n on to it or t!e " ke o " et+. (t w!ile t!i"ir"t tr(t! 7 + *e e#ident, t!e "e)ond tr(t! w!i)! i" t!e )o7/le7ent o it 7 + e "il+ *eor otten. On t!e one ! nd t!ere w " no 7 n w!o )o(ld "o 7()! en o+ 7ere

intelle)t( l " tire / rt ro7 !(7 nit+ " Di)ken". On t!e ot!er ! nd t!ere w " no 7 nw!o, wit! not!er nd 7ore t(r*(lent / rt o !i" n t(re, de7 nded !(7 nit+, ndde7 nded it" "(/re7 )+ o#er intelle)t, 7ore t! n Di)ken". To /(t it "!ortl+: t!ere ne#er w " 7 n "o 7()! itted or " +in t! t e#er+t!in w " wron nd t!ere ne#er w " 7 n w!o w " "o de"iro(" o " +in t! t e#er+t!in w " ri !t. T!(", w!en !e 7et 7enwit! w!o7 !e #iolentl+ di" reed, !e de")ri*ed t!e7 " de#il" or l(n ti)" !e )o(ld not

*e r to de")ri*e t!e7 " 7en. ' t!e+ )o(ld not t!ink wit! !i7 on e""enti l" !e )o(ldnot "t nd t!e ide t! t t!e+ were !(7 n "o(l" !e ) "t t!e7 o(t !e or ot t!e7 nd i !e )o(ld not or et t!e7 !e ) ri) t(red t!e7. $e w " too e7otion l to re rd t!e7 "

n+t!in *(t ene7ie", i t!e+ were not riend". $e w " too !(7 ne not to ! te t!e7.C! rle" L 7* " id wit! !i" ini7it *le "leek /(n en)+ t! t !e )o(ld re d ll t!e *ook"t!ere were !e e?)l(ded *ook" t! t o*#io("l+ were not *ook", " )ooker+ *ook",)!e""*o rd" *o(nd "o " to look like *ook", nd ll t!e work" o 7odern !i"tori n" nd

/!ilo"o/!er". One 7i !t " + in 7()! t!e " 7e =99> "t+le t! t Di)ken" lo#ed ll t!e 7enin t!e world t! t i" !e lo#ed ll t!e 7en w!o7 !e w " *le to re)o ni"e " 7en t!e re"t!e t(rned into ri in" nd )!i7er " wit!o(t n+ "erio(" "e7*l n)e to !(7 nit+. E#en in!i" *ook" !e ne#er ! te" !(7 n *ein . ' !e wi"!e" to ! te !i7 !e do/t" t!e "i7/lee?/edient o 7 kin !i7 n in!(7 n *ein . Now o t!e"e two "tr nd" l7o"t t!e w!oleo Di)ken" i" 7 de (/ t!e+ re not onl+ di erent "tr nd", t!e+ re e#en nt oni"ti)"tr nd". ' 7e n t! t t!e w!ole o Di)ken" i" 7 de (/ o t!e "tr nd o " tire nd t!e"tr nd o "enti7ent li"7 nd t!e "tr nd o " tire i" K(ite (nne)e"" ril+ 7er)ile"" nd!o"tile, nd t!e "tr nd o "enti7ent li"7 i" K(ite (nne)e"" ril+ !(7 nit ri n nd e#en7 (dlin. On t!e /ro/er interwe #in o t!e"e two t!in " de/end" t!e re t / rt o

Di)ken"<" "())e"" in no#el. And *+ t!e )on"ider tion o t!e7 we ) n /ro* *l+ *e"trri#e t t!e "ol(tion o t!e / rti)(l r e7otion l eni 7 o t!e no#el ) lled MartinChuzzle&it .

Martin Chuzzle&it i", ' t!ink, # (el+ (n" ti" )tor+ to t!e re der, # (el+ " d nd!e #+ e#en to t!e re der w!o lo#e" Di)ken", *e) ("e in Martin Chuzzle&it 7ore t! n

n+w!ere el"e in Di)ken"<" work", 7ore e#en t! n in Oliver T&ist , t!ere i" /redo7in n)e o t!e ! r"! nd !o"tile "ort o !(7o(r o#er t!e !il rio(" nd t!e!(7 ne. 't i" *"(rd to l + down n+ "()! little r(le" or t!e te"tin o liter t(re. (tt!i" 7 + *e *ro dl+ " id nd +et wit! )on iden)e: t! t Di)ken" i" lw +" t !i" *e"tw!en !e i" l ( !in t t!e /eo/le w!o7 !e re ll+ d7ire". $e i" t !i" 7o"t !(7oro("

in writin o Mr. Pi)kwi)k, w!o re/re"ent" / ""i#e #irt(e. $e i" t !i" 7o"t !(7oro(" inwritin o Mr. =166> S 7 eller, w!o re/re"ent" )ti#e #irt(e. $e i" ne#er "o (nn+ "



w!en !e i" "/e kin o /eo/le in w!o7 (n it"el i" #irt(e, like t!e /oor /eo/le in t!e@leet or t!e M r"! l"e . And in t!e "torie" t! t ! d i77edi tel+ /re)eded MartinChuzzle&it !e ! d )on"i"tentl+ )on)erned !i7"el in t!e 7 orit+ o ) "e" wit! t!e "t(d+o "()! eni l nd !ono(r *le e))entri)" i t!e+ re l(n ti)" t!e+ re 7i *le l(n ti)".'n t!e l "t i7/ort nt no#el *e ore Martin Chuzzle&it , Barnaby )ud#e , t!e !ero !i7"el

i" n 7i *le l(n ti). 'n t!e no#el *e ore t! t, The Old Curiosity Shop , t!e two )o7i)i (re", Di)k Swi#eller nd t!e M r)!ione"", re not onl+ t!e 7o"t re ll+ entert inin ,

*(t l"o t!e 7o"t re ll+ "+7/ t!eti) )! r )ter" in t!e *ook. e ore t! t ) 7e Oliver T&ist w!i)! i", ' ! #e " id, n e?)e/tion , nd *e ore t! t %ick&ick , w!ere t!e !ero i",

" Mr. eller " +", F n n el in iter".G $it!erto, t!en, on t!e w!ole, t!e )entr lDi)ken" )! r )ter ! d *een t!e 7 n w!o #e to t!e /oor 7 n+ t!in ", old nd wine

nd e "tin nd ood d#i)e *(t 7on ot!er t!in " #e t!e7 ood l ( ! t!i7"el . T!e oll+ old En li"! 7er)! nt o t!e Pi)kwi)k t+/e w " /o/(l r on *ot!)o(nt". Peo/le liked to "ee !i7 t!row !i" 7one+ in t!e (tter. T!e+ l"o liked to "ee!i7 t!row !i7"el t!ere o)) "ion ll+. 'n *ot! )t" t!e+ re)o ni"ed )o77on K( lit+ o #irt(e.

Now ' t!ink it i" )ert inl+ t!e di" d# nt e o Martin Chuzzle&it t! t none o it" *"(rd)! r )ter" re t!(" "+7/ t!eti). T!ere re in t!e *ook two )ele*r ted )! r )ter" w!o re

*ot! e"/e)i ll+ e?(*er nt nd 7("in e#en or Di)ken", nd w!o re *ot! e"/e)i ll+!e rtle"" nd *o7in *le e#en or Di)ken"B' =161> 7e n o )o(r"e Mr. Pe)k"ni ont!e one ! nd nd Mr". 7/ on t!e ot!er. T!e !(7o(r o *ot! o t!e7 i" i nte"K(e.

No*od+ will e#er or et t!e ir"t ti7e !e re d t!e word" FNow ' "!o(ld *e #er+ l d to"ee Mr". Tod er"<" ide o wooden le .G 't i" like re7e7*erin ir"t lo#e: t!ere i" "till"o7e "ort o n)ient "weetne"" nd "tin . ' 7 r id t! t, in "/ite o 7 n+ )riti)i"7" tot!e )ontr r+, ' 7 "till (n *le to t ke Mr. Pe)k"ni <" !+/o)ri"+ "erio("l+. $e doe" not"ee7 to 7e "o 7()! !+/o)rite " r!etori)i n !e re7ind" 7e o Ser e nt (- (-. A#er+ ) / *le )riti), Mr. No+e", " id t! t ' w " wron w!en ' "( e"ted in not!er /l )et! t Di)ken" 7("t ! #e lo#ed Pe)k"ni . Mr. No+e" t!ink" it )le r t! t Di)ken" ! tedPe)k"ni . ' ) nnot *elie#e it. $ tred doe" indeed lin er ro(nd it" o* e)t " 7()! "lo#e *(t not in t! t w +. Di)ken" i" lw +" 7 kin Pe)k"ni " + t!in " w!i)! ! #e wild /oeti) l tr(t! *o(t t!e7. $ tred llow" no "()! o(t*(r"t" o ori in l inno)en)e.

(t !owe#er t! t 7 + *e t!e *ro d )t re7 in"BDi)ken" 7 + or 7 + not ! #e lo#edPe)k"ni )o7i) ll+, *(t !e did not lo#e !i7 "erio("l+ !e did not re"/e)t !i7 " !e)ert inl+ re"/e)ted S 7 eller. T!e " 7e o )o(r"e i" tr(e o Mr". 7/. To n+ onew!o //re)i te" !er (n)t(o(" nd "(7/t(o(" )on#er" tion it i" di i)(lt indeed not to

eel t! t it wo(ld *e l7o"t *etter to *e killed *+ Mr". 7/ t! n to *e " #ed *+ *etter

n(r"e. (t t!e )t re7 in". 'n t!i" *ook Di)ken" ! " not llowed (" to lo#e t!e 7o"t*"(rd /eo/le "erio("l+, nd *"(rd /eo/le o( !t to *e lo#ed "erio("l+. Pe)k"ni ! " to *e 7("in ll t!e ti7e t!e in"t nt !e )e "e" to *e l ( ! *le !e *e)o7e" =162>dete"t *le. Pi)kwi)k ) n t ke !i" e "e t !i" inn !e ) n *e lei"(rel+, !e ) n *e "/ )io("!e ) n ll into 7ood" o r #it+ nd e#en o d(lne"" !e i" not *o(nd to *e lw +"

(nn+ or to or eit t!e re der<" )on)ern, or !e i" ood 7 n, nd t!ere ore e#en !i"d(lne"" i" *e (ti (l, ("t " i" t!e d(lne"" o t!e ni7 l. e ) n le #e Pi)kwi)k littlew!ile *+ t!e ire to t!ink or t!e t!o( !t" o Pi)kwi)k, e#en i t!e+ were to o "lowl+,wo(ld *e (ll o ll t!e t!in " t! t ll 7en ) re orBold riend" nd old inn" nd7e7or+ nd t!e oodne"" o od. (t we d re not le #e Pe)k"ni lone or 7o7ent.

e d re not le #e !i7 t!inkin *+ t!e ire, or t!e t!o( !t" o Pe)k"ni wo(ld *e too

ri !t (l.



=160>

CHRISTMAS BOOKS

T!e 7+"ter+ o C!ri"t7 " i" in 7 nner identi) l wit! t!e 7+"ter+ o Di)ken". ' e#er we deK( tel+ e?/l in t!e one we 7 + deK( tel+ e?/l in t!e ot!er. And indeed, in t!etre t7ent o t!e two, t!e )!ronolo i) l or !i"tori) l order 7("t in "o7e de ree *ere7e7*ered. e ore we )o7e to t!e K(e"tion o w! t Di)ken" did or C!ri"t7 " we7("t )on"ider t!e K(e"tion o w! t C!ri"t7 " did or Di)ken". $ow did it ! //en t! tt!i" *("tlin , nineteent!H)ent(r+ 7 n, (ll o t!e l7o"t )o)kH"(re )o77onH"en"e o t!e(tilit ri n nd li*er l e/o)!, ) 7e to ""o)i te !i" n 7e )!ie l+ in liter r+ !i"tor+ wit!t!e /er/et( tion o ! l / n nd ! l C t!oli) e"ti# l w!i)! !e wo(ld )ert inl+! #e ) lled n ntiK(it+ nd 7i !t e "il+ ! #e ) lled "(/er"titionI C!ri"t7 " ! "indeed *een )ele*r ted *e ore in En li"! liter t(re *(t it ! d, in t!e 7o"t noti)e *le

) "e", *een )ele*r ted in )onne)tion wit! t! t kind o e(d li"7 wit! w!i)! Di)ken"wo(ld ! #e "e#ered !i" )onne)tion wit! n i nor nt nd e#en e?)e""i#e ")orn. Sir %o er de Co#erle+ ke/t C!ri"t7 " *(t it w " e(d l C!ri"t7 ". Sir lter S)ott " nin /r i"e o C!ri"t7 " *(t it w " e(d l C!ri"t7 ". And Di)ken" w " not onl+indi erent to t!e di nit+ o t!e old )o(ntr+ entle7 n or to t!e eni l r)! olo + o S)ott =16;> !e w " e#en ! r"!l+ nd in"olentl+ !o"tile to it. ' Di)ken" ! d li#ed in t!enei !*o(r!ood o Sir %o er de Co#erle+ !e wo(ld (ndo(*tedl+, like To7 To()!+, ! #e

*een lw +" F! #in t!e l w o !i7.G ' Di)ken" ! d "t(7*led in 7on t!e old r7o(r nd K( int olio" o S)ott<" "t(d+ !e wo(ld )ert inl+ ! #e re d !i" *rot!er no#eli"t

le""on in no 7e "(red ter7" *o(t t!e (tilit+ o t!(" (7*lin in t!e d("tH*in" o oldo//re""ion nd error. So r ro7 Di)ken" *ein one o t!o"e w!o like t!in *e) ("e it

i" old, !e w " one o t!o"e )r(der kind o re or7er", in t!eor+ t le "t, w!o )t( ll+di"like t!in *e) ("e it i" old. $e w " not 7erel+ t!e 7ore ri !teo(" kind o % di) lw!o trie" to (/root *("e" !e w " / rtl+ l"o t! t 7ore "(i)id l kind o % di) l w!otrie" to (/root !i7"el . 'n t!eor+ t n+ r te, !e ! d no deK( te )on)e/tion o t!ei7/ort n)e o !(7 n tr dition in !i" ti7e it ! d *een twi"ted nd l"i ied into t!e or7o n o//o"ition to de7o)r )+. 'n tr(t!, o )o(r"e, tr dition i" t!e 7o"t de7o)r ti) o llt!in ", or tr dition i" 7erel+ de7o)r )+ o t!e de d " well " t!e li#in . (t Di)ken"

nd !i" "/e)i l ro(/ or ener tion ! d no r "/ o t!i" /er7 nent /o"ition t!e+ ! d *een ) lled to "/e)i l w r or t!e ri !tin o "/e)i l wron ". 'n "o r " "()! nin"tit(tion " C!ri"t7 " w " old, Di)ken" wo(ld e#en ! #e tended to de"/i"e it. $e)o(ld ne#er ! #e /(t t!e 7 tter to !i7"el in t!e )orre)t w +Bt! t w!ile t!ere re "o7et!in " w!o"e ntiK(it+ doe" /ro#e t! t t!e+ re d+in , t!ere re "o7e ot!er t!in "w!o"e ntiK(it+ onl+ /ro#e" t! t t!e+ ) nnot die. ' "o7e % di) l )onte7/or r+ nd

riend o Di)ken" ! d ! //ened to " + to !i7 t! t in de endin =165> t!e 7in)eH/ie"nd t!e 7(77erie" o C!ri"t7 " !e w " de endin /ie)e o * r* ri) nd *r(t l

rit( li"7, doo7ed to di" //e r in t!e li !t o re "on lon wit! t!e o+H i"!o/ nd t!eLord o Mi"r(le, ' 7 not "(re t! t Di)ken" t!o( ! !e w " one o t!e re die"t nd 7o"tr /id 7 "ter" o re/l+ in !i"tor+ wo(ld ! #e o(nd it #er+ e "+ (/on !i" own /rin)i/le"to n"wer. 't w " *+ re t n)e"tr l in"tin)t t! t !e de ended C!ri"t7 " *+ t! t " )red"(*H)on")io("ne"" w!i)! i" ) lled tr dition, w!i)! "o7e ! #e ) lled de d t!in , *(tw!i)! i" re ll+ t!in r 7ore li#in t! n t!e intelle)t. T!ere i" d rk kin"!i/ nd

*rot!er!ood o ll 7 nkind w!i)! i" 7()! too dee/ to *e ) lled !eredit+ or to *e in n+w + e?/l ined in ")ienti i) or7(l *lood i" t!i)ker t! n w ter nd i" e"/e)i ll+ #er+7()! t!i)ker t! n w ter on t!e *r in. (t t!i" (n)on")io(" nd e#en (to7 ti) K( lit+



in Di)ken"<" de en)e o t!e C!ri"t7 " e "t, t!i" )t t! t !i" de en)e 7i !t l7o"t *e) lled ni7 l r t!er t! n 7ent l, t!o( ! in /ro/er l n ( e it "!o(ld *e ) lled 7erel+#irile ll t!i" *rin " (" * )k to t!e )t t! t we 7("t *e in wit! t!e t7o"/!ere o t!e"(* e)t it"el . e 7("t not "k Di)ken" w! t C!ri"t7 " i", or wit! ll !i" !e t ndeloK(en)e !e doe" not know. % t!er we 7("t "k C!ri"t7 " w! t Di)ken" i"B "k !ow

t!i" "tr n e )!ild o C!ri"t7 " ) 7e to *e *orn o(t o d(e ti7e.

Di)ken" de#oted !i" eni(" in "o7ew! t "/e)i l "en"e to t!e de")ri/tion o ! //ine"". No ot!er liter r+ 7 n o !i" e7inen)e ! " 7 de t!i" )entr l !(7 n i7 "o "/e)i ll+ !i""(* e)t 7 tter. $ //ine"" i" 7+"ter+B ener ll+ 7o7ent r+ 7+"ter+Bw!i)!"eldo7 "to/" lon eno( ! to "(*7it it"el to rti"ti) o*"er# tion, =163> nd w!i)!, e#enw!en it i" ! *it( l, ! " "o7et!in *o(t it w!i)! render" rti"ti) de")ri/tion l7o"ti7/o""i*le. T!ere re twent+ tin+ 7inor /oet" w!o ) n de")ri*e irl+ i7/re""i#el+ neternit+ o on+ t!ere re #er+ ew e#en o t!e etern l /oet" w!o ) n de")ri*e ten7in(te" o " ti" )tion. Ne#ert!ele"", 7 nkind *ein ! l di#ine i" lw +" in lo#e wit!t!e i7/o""i*le, nd n(7*erle"" tte7/t" ! #e *een 7 de ro7 t!e *e innin o !(7 nliter t(re to de")ri*e re l "t te o eli)it+. U/on t!e w!ole, ' t!ink, t!e 7o"t "())e"" (l! #e *een t!e 7o"t r nkl+ /!+"i) l nd "+7*oli) t!e lower" o Eden or t!e ewel" o t!e New Jer(" le7. M n+ writer", or in"t n)e, ! #e ) lled t!e old nd )!r+"olite o t!e $ol+ Cit+ #(l r l(7/ o eweller+. (t w!en t!e"e )riti)" t!e7"el#e" tte7/t tode")ri*e t!eir )on)e/tion" o (t(re ! //ine"", it i" lw +" "o7e /ri i"! non"en"e

*o(t F/l ne",G *o(t F)+)le" o (l il7ent,G or F"/ir l" o "/irit( l e#ol(tion.G Now )+)le i" ("t " 7()! /!+"i) l 7et /!or " lower o Eden "/ir l i" ("t " 7()!

/!+"i) l 7et /!or " /re)io(" "tone. (t, ter ll, rden i" *e (ti (l t!inw!ere " t!i" i" *+ no 7e n" ne)e"" ril+ tr(e o )+)le, " ) n *e "een in t!e ) "e o

*i)+)le. A ewel, ter ll, i" *e (ti (l t!in *(t t!i" i" not ne)e"" ril+ "o o "/ir l, ") n *e "een in t!e ) "e o )ork")rew. Not!in i" ined *+ dro//in t!e old 7 teri l7et /!or", w!i)! did !int t !e #enl+ *e (t+, nd do/tin ot!er 7 teri l 7et /!or"w!i)! do not e#en i#e !int o e rt!l+ *e (t+. T!i" 7odern or "/ir l 7et!od o de")ri*in inde")ri* *le ! //ine"" 7 +, ' t!ink, *e di"7i""ed. T!en t!ere ! " *een

not!er 7et!od =168> w!i)! ! " *een do/ted *+ 7 n+ 7en o #er+ re l /oeti) leni(". 't w " t!e 7et!od o t!e old / "tor l /oet" like T!eo)rit(". 't w " in not!er

w + t! t do/ted *+ t!e ele n)e nd /iet+ o S/en"er. 't w " )ert inl+ e?/re""ed in t!e /i)t(re" o tte ( nd it ! d #er+ "+7/ t!eti) nd e#en 7 nl+ e?/re""ion in7odern En l nd in t!e de)or ti#e /oetr+ o illi 7 Morri". T!e"e 7en o eni(", ro7T!eo)rit(" to Morri", o))(/ied t!e7"el#e" in ende #o(rin to de")ri*e ! //ine"" " "t te o )ert in !(7 n *ein ", t!e t7o"/!ere o )o77onwe lt!, t!e end(rin )li7 te

o )ert in )itie" or i"l nd". T!e+ /o(red ort! tre "(re" o t!e tr(e"t kind o i7 in tion(/on de")ri*in t!e ! //+ li#e" nd l nd") /e" o Uto/i or Atl nti" or t!e E rt!l+P r di"e. T!e+ tr )ed wit! t!e 7o"t tender ))(r )+ t!e tr )er+ o it" r(itHtree" or t!e

li77erin r7ent" o it" wo7en t!e+ ("ed e#er+ in en(it+ o )olo(r or intri) te"! /e to "( e"t it" in inite deli !t. And w! t t!e+ "())eeded in "( e"tin w " lw +"it" in inite 7el n)!ol+. illi 7 Morri" de")ri*ed t!e E rt!l+ P r di"e in "()! w +t! t t!e onl+ "tron e7otion l note le t on t!e 7ind w " t!e eelin o !ow !o7ele"" !i"tr #eller" elt in t! t lien El+"i(7 nd t!e re der "+7/ t!i"ed wit! t!e7, eelin t! t!e wo(ld /re er not onl+ Eli- *et! n En l nd *(t e#en twentiet!H)ent(r+ C 7*erwellto "()! l nd o "!inin "! dow". T!(" liter t(re ! " l7o"t lw +" iled inende #o(rin to de")ri*e ! //ine"" " "t te. $(7 n tr dition, !(7 n )("to7 nd olkH

lore t!o( ! r 7ore tr(e nd reli *le t! n liter t(re " r(le ! #e not o ten "())eededin i#in K(ite t!e )orre)t "+7*ol" or re l t7o"/!ere o camaraderie =164> nd o+.



(t !ere nd t!ere t!e note ! " *een "tr()k wit! t!e "(dden #i*r tion o t!e vo1humana . 'n !(7 n tr dition it ! " *een "tr()k )!ie l+ in t!e old )ele*r tion" o C!ri"t7 ". 'n liter t(re it ! " *een "tr()k )!ie l+ in Di)ken"<" C!ri"t7 " t le".

'n t!e !i"tori) )ele*r tion o C!ri"t7 " " it re7 in" ro7 C t!oli) ti7e" in )ert in

nort!ern )o(ntrie" nd it i" to *e re7e7*ered t! t in C t!oli) ti7e" t!e nort!ern)o(ntrie" were, i /o""i*le, 7ore C t!oli) t! n n+*od+ el"e , t!ere re t!ree K( litie"w!i)! e?/l in, ' t!ink, it" !old (/on t!e !(7 n "en"e o ! //ine"", e"/e)i ll+ in "()!7en " Di)ken". T!ere re t!ree note" o C!ri"t7 ", "o to "/e k, w!i)! re l"o note" o ! //ine"", nd w!i)! t!e / n" nd t!e Uto/i n" or et. ' we "t te w! t t!e+ re int!e ) "e o C!ri"t7 ", it will *e K(ite "( i)ientl+ o*#io(" !ow i7/ort nt t!e+ re in t!e) "e o Di)ken".

T!e ir"t K( lit+ i" w! t 7 + *e ) lled t!e dr 7 ti) K( lit+. T!e ! //ine"" i" not "t teit i" )ri"i". All t!e old )("to7" "(rro(ndin t!e )ele*r tion o t!e *irt! o C!ri"t re7 de *+ !(7 n in"tin)t "o " to in"i"t nd reHin"i"t (/on t!i" )r()i l K( lit+. E#er+t!ini" "o rr n ed t! t t!e w!ole !o("e!old 7 + eel, i /o""i*le, " !o("e!old doe" w!en

)!ild i" )t( ll+ *ein *orn in it. T!e t!in i" #i il nd #i il wit! de inite li7it.Peo/le "it (/ t ni !t (ntil t!e+ !e r t!e *ell" rin . Or t!e+ tr+ to "lee/ t ni !t in order to "ee t!eir /re"ent" t!e ne?t 7ornin . E#er+w!ere t!ere i" li7it tion, re"tr int tone 7o7ent t!e door i" "!(t, t t!e 7o7ent ter it i" o/ened. T!e !o(r ! " )o7e or it! " not )o7e t!e / r)el" re (ndone or t!e+ re not (ndone t!ere i" no e#ol(tion o =169> C!ri"t7 " /re"ent". T!i" "! r/ nd t!e tri) l K( lit+ in /le "(re, w!i)! !(7 nin"tin)t nd t!e 7ot!er wit o t!e world ! " wi"el+ /(t into t!e /o/(l r )ele*r tion" o C!ri"t7 ", i" l"o K( lit+ w!i)! i" e""enti l in "()! ro7 nti) liter t(re " Di)ken"wrote. 'n ro7 nti) liter t(re t!e !ero nd !eroine 7("t indeed *e ! //+, *(t t!e+ 7("t

l"o *e (ne?/e)tedl+ ! //+. T!i" i" t!e ir"t )onne)tin link *etween liter t(re nd t!eold reli io(" e "t t!i" i" t!e ir"t )onne)tin link *etween Di)ken" nd C!ri"t7 ".

T!e "e)ond ele7ent to *e o(nd in ll "()! e"ti#it+ nd ll "()! ro7 n)e i" t!e ele7entw!i)! i" re/re"ented " well " it )o(ld *e re/re"ented *+ t!e 7ere )t t! t C!ri"t7 "o))(r" in t!e winter. 't i" t!e ele7ent not 7erel+ o )ontr "t, *(t )t( ll+ o nt oni"7.'t /re"er#e" e#er+t!in t! t w " *e"t in t!e 7erel+ /ri7iti#e or / n #iew o "()!)ere7onie" or "()! * nK(et". ' we re ) ro("in , t le "t we re w rrior" ) ro("in . e! n *o#e (", " it were, t!e "!ield" nd * ttleH ?e" wit! w!i)! we 7("t do * ttle wit!t!e i nt" o t!e "now nd ! il. All )o7 ort 7("t *e * "ed on di")o7 ort. M n )!oo"e"w!en !e wi"!e" to *e 7o"t o+ (l t!e #er+ 7o7ent w!en t!e w!ole 7 teri l (ni#er"e i"

7o"t " d. 't i" t!i" )ontr di)tion nd 7+"ti) l de i n)e w!i)! i#e" K( lit+ o 7 nline"" nd re lit+ to t!e old winter e "t" w!i)! i" not )! r )teri"ti) o t!e "(nn+eli)itie" o t!e E rt!l+ P r di"e. And t!i" )(rio(" ele7ent ! " *een ) rried o(t e#en inll t!e tri#i l oke" nd t "k" t! t ! #e lw +" "(rro(nded "()! o)) "ion" " t!e"e. T!e

o* e)t o t!e o#i l )("to7" w " not to 7 ke e#er+t!in rti i)i ll+ e "+: on t!e)ontr r+, it w " r t!er to 7 ke e#er+t!in =116> rti i)i ll+ di i)(lt. 'de li"7 i" not onl+e?/re""ed *+ "!ootin n rrow t t!e "t r" t!e (nd 7ent l /rin)i/le o ide li"7 i"

l"o e?/re""ed *+ /(ttin le o 7(tton t t!e to/ o re "+ /ole. T!ere i" in ll "()!o*"er# n)e" K( lit+ w!i)! ) n *e ) lled onl+ t!e K( lit+ o di#ine o*"tr()tion. @or in"t n)e, in t!e 7e o "n /dr on t! t d7ir *le o))(/ tion t!e )on)e/tion i" t! tr i"in" t "te 7()! ni)er i t!e+ re *r nd" " #ed ro7 t!e *(rnin . A*o(t ll C!ri"t7 "

t!in " t!ere i" "o7et!in little no*ler, i onl+ no*ler in or7 nd t!eor+, t! n 7ere)o7 ort e#en !oll+ i" /ri)kl+. 't i" not ! rd to "ee t!e )onne)tion o t!i" kind o !i"tori)



in"tin)t wit! ro7 nti) writer like Di)ken". T!e !e lt!+ no#eli"t 7("t lw +" /l +"n /dr on wit! !i" /rin)i/ l )! r )ter" !e 7("t lw +" *e "n t)!in t!e !ero nd!eroine like r i"in" o(t o t!e ire.

T!e t!ird re t C!ri"t7 " ele7ent i" t!e ele7ent o t!e rote"K(e. T!e rote"K(e i" t!e

n t(r l e?/re""ion o o+ nd ll t!e Uto/i " nd new Eden" o t!e /oet" il to i#e re l i7/re""ion o en o+7ent, #er+ l r el+ *e) ("e t!e+ le #e o(t t!e rote"K(e. A 7 nin 7o"t 7odern Uto/i " ) nnot re ll+ *e ! //+ !e i" too di ni ied. A 7 n in Morri"<"E rt!l+ P r di"e ) nnot re ll+ *e en o+in !i7"el !e i" too de)or ti#e. !en re l!(7 n *ein " ! #e re l deli !t" t!e+ tend to e?/re"" t!e7 entirel+ in rote"K(e"B'7i !t l7o"t " + entirel+ in o*lin". On C!ri"t7 " E#e one 7 + t lk *o(t !o"t" "olon " t!e+ re t(rni/ !o"t". (t one wo(ld not *e llowed ' !o/e, in n+ de)ent

7il+ to t lk on C!ri"t7 " E#e *o(t "tr l *odie". T!e *o r<" !e d o old Y(leHti7ew " " rote"K(e " =111> t!e donke+<" !e d o otto7 t!e e #er. (t t!ere i" onl+one "et o o*lin" K(ite wild eno( ! to e?/re"" t!e wild oodwill o C!ri"t7 ". T!o"e

o*lin" re t!e )! r )ter" o Di)ken".

Ar) di n /oet" nd Ar) di n / inter" ! #e "tri#en to e?/re"" ! //ine"" *+ 7e n" o *e (ti (l i (re". Di)ken" (nder"tood t! t ! //ine"" i" *e"t e?/re""ed *+ ( l+ i (re".'n *e (t+, /er! /", t!ere i" "o7et!in llied to " dne"" )ert inl+ t!ere i" "o7et!in

kin to o+ in t!e rote"K(e, n +, in t!e (n)o(t!. T!ere i" "o7et!in 7+"terio("l+""o)i ted wit! ! //ine"" not onl+ in t!e )or/(len)e o @ l"t nd t!e )or/(len)e o

Ton+ eller, *(t e#en in t!e red no"e o rdol/! or t!e red no"e o Mr. Sti in". At!in o *e (t+ i" n in"/ir tion or e#erB 7 tter o 7edit tion or e#er. 't i" r t!er t!in o ( line"" t! t i" "tri)tl+ o+ or e#er.

All Di)ken"<" *ook" re C!ri"t7 " *ook". (t t!i" i" "till tr(e"t o !i" two or t!ree7o(" Y(letide t le"BT!e Christmas Carol nd The Chimes nd The Cricket on the

Hearth . O t!e"e The Christmas Carol i" *e+ond )o7/ ri"on t!e *e"t " well " t!e7o"t /o/(l r. 'ndeed, Di)ken" i" in "o /ro o(nd nd "/irit( l "en"e /o/(l r (t!or t! t in !i" ) "e, (nlike 7o"t ot!er", it ) n ener ll+ *e " id t! t t!e *e"t work i" t!e7o"t /o/(l r. 't i" or %ick&ick t! t !e i" *e"t known nd (/on t!e w!ole it i" or Pi)kwi)k t! t !e i" *e"t wort! knowin . 'n n+ ) "e t!i" "(/eriorit+ o The ChristmasCarol 7 ke" it )on#enient or (" to t ke it " n e? 7/le o t!e ener li" tion" lre d+7 de. ' we "t(d+ t!e #er+ re l t7o"/!ere o re oi)in nd o rioto(" )! rit+ in TheChristmas Carol we "! ll ind =112> t! t ll t!e t!ree 7 rk" ' ! #e 7entioned re(n7i"t k *l+ #i"i*le. The Christmas Carol i" ! //+ "tor+ ir"t, *e) ("e it de")ri*e" n

*r(/t nd dr 7 ti) )! n e. 't i" not onl+ t!e "tor+ o )on#er"ion, *(t o "(dden)on#er"ion " "(dden " t!e )on#er"ion o 7 n t S l# tion Ar7+ 7eetin . Po/(l r reli ion i" K(ite ri !t in in"i"tin on t!e )t o )ri"i" in 7o"t t!in ". 't i" tr(e t! t t!e7 n t t!e S l# tion Ar7+ 7eetin wo(ld /ro* *l+ *e )on#erted ro7 t!e /(n)! *owlw!ere " S)roo e w " )on#erted to it. T! t onl+ 7e n" t! t S)roo e nd Di)ken"re/re"ented !i !er nd 7ore !i"tori) C!ri"ti nit+.

A in, The Christmas Carol owe" 7()! o it" !il rit+ to o(r "e)ond "o(r)eBt!e )t o it" *ein t le o winter nd o #er+ wintr+ winter. T!ere i" 7()! *o(t )o7 ort in t!e"tor+ +et t!e )o7 ort i" ne#er ener# tin : it i" " #ed ro7 t! t *+ tin le o "o7et!in

*itter nd *r )in in t!e we t!er. L "tl+, t!e "tor+ e?e7/li ie" t!ro( !o(t t!e /ower o

t!e t!ird /rin)i/leBt!e kin"!i/ *etween iet+ nd t!e rote"K(e. E#er+*od+ i" ! //+ *e) ("e no*od+ i" di ni ied. e ! #e eelin "o7e!ow t! t S)roo e looked e#en



ne"tin . 'n o(r ti7e t!i" )o77on/l )e d il+ knowled e ! " "wollen into t!e enor7o("7ir )le o =113> /!+"i) l "i-e, wei !in t!e "t r" nd t lkin (nder t!e "e . 'n "!ort, o(r

e i" "ort o "/lendid (n le in w!i)! "o7e o t!e 7o"t towerin weed" nd *lo""o7"! #e )o7e ro7 t!e "7 lle"t "eed.

And t!i" i", ener ll+ "/e kin , t!e e?/l n tion o t!e no#el. T!e no#el i" not "o 7()!t!e illin (/ o n rti"ti) /l n, !owe#er new or nt "ti). 't i" t!in t! t ! " rown

ro7 "o7e er7 o "( e"tion, nd ! " o ten t(rned o(t 7()! l r er t! n t!e (t!or intended. And t!i", l "tl+, i" t!e in l re"(lt o t!e"e )t", t! t t!e )riti) ) n ener ll+tr )e in no#el w! t w " t!e ori in l rti"ti) t+/e or "! /e o t!o( !t ro7 w!i)! t!ew!ole 7 tter "t rted, nd !e will ener ll+ ind t! t t!i" i" di erent in e#er+ ) "e. 'none no#el !e will ind t! t t!e ir"t i7/(l"e i" )! r )ter. 'n not!er no#el !e will indt! t t!e ir"t i7/(l"e i" l nd") /e, t!e t7o"/!ere o "o7e "/e)i l )o(ntr+"ide. 'n

not!er no#el !e will ind t! t t!e ir"t i7/(l"e i" t!e l "t )! /ter. Or it 7 + *e t!r("twit! "word or d er, it 7 + *e t!eolo +, it 7 + *e "on . So7ew!ere e7*edded ine#er+ ordin r+ *ook re t!e i#e or "i? word" or w!i)! re ll+ ll t!e re"t will *ewritten. So7e o o(r enter/ri"in editor" w!o "et t!eir re der" to !(nt or * nknote" nd7i""in l die" 7i !t "t rt )o7/etition or indin t!o"e word" in e#er+ no#el. (tw!et!er or no t!i" i" /o""i*le, t!ere i" no do(*t t! t t!e /rin)i/le in K(e"tion i" o re ti7/ort n)e in t!e ) "e o Di)ken", nd e"/e)i ll+ in t!e ) "e o Dombey and Son .

'n ll t!e Di)ken" no#el" ) n *e "een, "o to "/e k, t!e ori in l t!in t! t t!e+ were *e ore t!e+ were no#el". T!e " 7e 7 + *e o*"er#ed, or t!e 7 tter o t! t, in =118> t!e

re t no#el" o 7o"t o t!e re t 7odern no#eli"t". @or e? 7/le, Sir lter S)ott wrote /oeti) l ro7 n)e" *e ore !e wrote /ro"e ro7 n)e". $en)e it ollow" t! t, wit! ll t!eir 7()! re ter 7erit, !i" no#el" 7 + "till *e de")ri*ed " /oeti) l ro7 n)e" in /ro"e.

!ile ddin new nd /ower (l ele7ent o /o/(l r !(7o(r" nd o*"er# tion, S)ott"till ret in" )ert in /(rel+ /oeti) l ri !tB ri !t to 7 ke !i" !eroe" nd o(tl w" nd

re t kin " "/e k t t!e re t 7o7ent" wit! r!etori) "o r!+t!7i) l t! t it / rt ke" o t!e n t(re o "on , t!e " 7e K(ite 7etri) l r!etori) w!i)! i" ("ed in t!e 7etri) l"/ee)!e" o M r7ion or %oderi)k D!(. 'n t!e " 7e w +, lt!o( ! Don 2ui1ote i" 7odern no#el in it" iron+ nd "(*tlet+, we ) n "ee t! t it )o7e" ro7 t!e old lonro7 n)e" o )!i# lr+. 'n t!e " 7e w +, lt!o( ! Clarissa i" 7odern no#el in it"inti7 )+ nd )t( lit+, we ) n "ee t! t it )o7e" ro7 t!e old /olite letterHwritin nd

/olite e"" +" o t!e /eriod o t!e Spectator . An+ one ) n "ee t! t S)ott or7ed in The ay of the ast Minstrel t!e "t+le t! t !e //lied in nd in terw rd", like t!ere //e r n)e" o "t r t kin le #e o t!e "t e. All !i" ot!er ro7 n)e" were /o"iti#el+

l "t //e r n)e" o t!e /o"iti#el+ l "t Min"trel. An+ one ) n "ee t! t T! )ker + or7edin r 7ent r+ " tire" like The Book of Snobs or The .ello&plush %apers t!e "t+le, t!er t!er r 7ent r+ "t+le, in w!i)! !e w " to write /anity Fair . 'n 7o"t 7odern ) "e", in"!ort (ntil #er+ l tel+, t n+ r te , t!e no#el i" n enor7o(" o(t rowt! ro7 "o7et!int! t w " not no#el. And in Di)ken" t!i" i" #er+ i7/ort nt. All !i" no#el" reo(t rowt!" o t!e ori in l notion o t kin note", "/lendid nd =114> in"/ired note", o w! t ! //en" in t!e "treet. T!o"e in t!e 7odern world w!o ) nnot re)on)ile t!e7"el#e"to !i" 7et!odBt!o"e w!o eel t! t t!ere i" *o(t !i" *ook" "o7et!in intoler *l+)l(7"+ or "(/er i)i lB! #e eit!er no n t(r l t "te or "tron liter t(re t ll, or el"e! #e llen into t!eir error *+ too /er"i"tentl+ re rdin Di)ken" " 7odern no#eli"t

nd e?/e)tin ll !i" *ook" to *e 7odern no#el". Di)ken" did not know t w! t e? )t

/oint !e re ll+ t(rned into no#eli"t. Nor do we. Di)ken" did not know, in !i" dee/e"t"o(l, w!et!er !e e#er re ll+ did t(rn into no#eli"t. Nor do we. T!e no#el *ein



7odern /rod()t i" one o t!e ew t!in " to w!i)! we re ll+ ) n //l+ t! t di" ("tin7et!od o t!o( !tBt!e 7et!od o e#ol(tion. (t e#en in e#ol(tion t!ere re re t /",t!ere re re t *re k", t!ere re re t )ri"e". ' ! #e " id t! t t!e ir"t o t!e"e *re k" inDi)ken" 7 + *e /l )ed t t!e /oint w!en !e wrote (icholas (ickleby . T!i" w " !i" ir"t"erio(" de)i"ion to *e no#eli"t in n+ "en"e t ll, to *e n+t!in e?)e/t 7 ker o

7o7ent r+ r)e". T!e "e)ond *re k, nd t! t r 7ore i7/ort nt *re k, i" in Dombeyand Son . T!i" 7 rk" !i" in l re"ol(tion to *e no#eli"t nd not!in el"e, to *e "erio(")on"tr()tor o i)tion in t!e "erio(" "en"e. e ore Dombey and Son e#en !i" / t!o" ! d

*een re ll+ ri#olo(". A ter Dombey and Son e#en !i" *"(rdit+ w " intention l ndr #e.

'n ) "e t!i" tr n"ition i" not (nder"tood, one or two te"t" 7 + *e t ken t r ndo7. T!ee/i"ode" in Dombey and Son , t!e e/i"ode" in David Copperfield , w!i)! ) 7e ter it,

re no lon er e/i"ode" 7erel+ "t()k into t!e 7iddle o t!e "tor+ wit!o(t n+ )onne)tion=119> wit! it, like 7o"t o t!e e/i"ode" in (icholas (ickleby , or 7o"t o t!e e/i"ode"e#en in Martin Chuzzle&it . T ke, or in"t n)e, *+ w + o 7ere )oin)iden)e, t!e )tt! t t!ree ")!ool" or *o+" re de")ri*ed "())e""i#el+ in (icholas (ickleby , in Dombeyand Son , nd in David Copperfield . (t t!e di eren)e i" enor7o(". Dot!e*o+" $ lldoe" not e?i"t to tell (" n+t!in *o(t Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+. % t!er Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+e?i"t" entirel+ in order to tell (" *o(t Dot!e*o+" $ ll. 't doe" not in n+ w + e)t !i"!i"tor+ or /"+)!olo + !e enter" Mr. SK(eer"<" ")!ool nd le #e" Mr. SK(eer"<" ")!oolwit! t!e " 7e )! r )ter, or r t!er *"en)e o )! r )ter. 't i" 7ere e/i"ode, e?i"tin or it"el . (t w!en little P (l Do7*e+ oe" to n oldH "!ioned *(t kindl+ ")!ool, it i" in #er+ di erent "en"e nd or #er+ di erent re "on ro7 t! t or w!i)! Ni)!ol "

Ni)kle*+ oe" to n oldH "!ioned nd )r(el ")!ool. T!e "endin o little P (l to Dr.li7*er<" i" re l / rt o t!e !i"tor+ o little P (l, "()! " it i". Di)ken" deli*er tel+

in#ent" ll t! t elderl+ /ed ntr+ in order to "!ow (/ P (l<" )!ildi"!ne"". Di)ken"deli*er tel+ in#ent" ll t! t r t!er !e #+ kindne"" in order to "!ow (/ P (l<"

/rede"tin tion nd tr ed+. Dot!e*o+" $ ll i" not 7e nt to "!ow (/ n+t!in e?)e/tDot!e*o+" $ ll. (t lt!o( ! Di)ken" do(*tle"" en o+ed Dr. li7*er K(ite " 7()! "Mr. SK(eer", it re7 in" tr(e t! t Dr. li7*er i" re ll+ #er+ ood oil to P (l w!ere "SK(eer" i" not oil to Ni)!ol " Ni)!ol " i" 7erel+ l 7e e?)("e or SK(eer". T!e)! n e ) n *e "een )ontin(ed in t!e ")!ool, or r t!er t!e two ")!ool", to w!i)! D #idCo//er ield oe". T!e w!ole ide o D #id Co//er ield<" li e =126> i" t! t !e ! d t!edre " o li e *e ore t!e wine o it. $e knew t!e wor"t o t!e world *e ore !e knew t!e

*e"t o it. $i" )!ild!ood t Dr. Stron <" i" "e)ond )!ild!ood. Now or t!i" /(r/o"e t!etwo ")!ool" re /er e)tl+ well d /ted. Mr. Cre kle<" ")!ool i" not onl+, like Mr.

SK(eer"<" ")!ool, * d ")!ool, it i" * d in l(en)e (/on D #id Co//er ield. Dr.Stron <" ")!ool i" not onl+ ood ")!ool, it i" ood in l(en)e (/on D #idCo//er ield. ' ! #e t ken t!i" ) "e o t!e ")!ool" " ) "e ) "( l *(t )on)rete. T!e" 7e, !owe#er, ) n *e "een in n+ o t!e ro(/" or in)ident" o t!e no#el" on *ot! "ide"o t!e *o(nd r+. Mr. Cr(77le"<" t!e tri) l )o7/ n+ i" onl+ "o)iet+ t! t Ni)!ol "! //en" to ll into. A7eri) i" onl+ /l )e to w!i)! M rtin C!(--lewit ! //en" to o.T!e"e t!in " re i"ol ted "ket)!e", nd not!in el"e. E#en Tod er"<" *o rdin H!o("e i"onl+ /l )e w!ere Mr. Pe)k"ni ) n *e deli !t (ll+ !+/o)riti) l. 't i" not /l )e w!i)!t!row" n+ new li !t on Mr. Pe)k"ni <" !+/o)ri"+. (t t!e ) "e i" di erent wit! t! t7ore "(*tle !+/o)rite in Dombey and Son B' 7e n M or "to)k. Di)ken" doe"7e n it " deli*er te li !t on Mr. Do7*e+<" )! r )ter t! t !e * "k" wit! t(o("

) l7 in t!e *l -in "(n o M or "to)k<" tro/i) l nd o en"i#e l tter+. $ere, t!en,i" t!e e""en)e o t!e )! n e. $e not onl+ wi"!e" to write no#el t!i" !e did " e rl+ "



(icholas (ickleby . $e wi"!e" to ! #e " little " /o""i*le in t!e no#el t! t doe" notre ll+ ""i"t it " no#el. Pre#io("l+ !e ! d "ked wit! t!e ""i"t n)e o w! t in)ident")o(ld !i" !ero w nder rt!er nd rt!er ro7 t!e / t!w +. Now !e ! " re ll+ *e (n to

"k wit! t!e ""i"t n)e o w! t =121> in)ident" !i" !ero ) n et ne rer nd ne rer to t!eo l.

T!e )! n e 7 de Di)ken" re ter no#eli"t. ' 7 not "(re t! t it 7 de !i7 re ter 7 n. One ood )! r )ter *+ Di)ken" reK(ire" ll eternit+ to "tret)! it" le " in nd t!e)! r )ter" in !i" l ter *ook" re lw +" *ein tri//ed (/ *+ "o7e tire"o7e non"en"e

*o(t t!e "tor+. @or in"t n)e, in Dombey and Son , Mr". Skewton i" re ll+ #er+ (nn+.(t no*od+ wit! lo#e o t!e re l "7ell o Di)ken" wo(ld )o7/ re !er or 7o7ent,or in"t n)e, wit! Mr". Ni)kle*+. And t!e re "on o Mr". Skewton<" in eriorit+ i" "i7/l+

t!i", t! t "!e ! " "o7et!in to do in t!e /lot "!e ! " to entr / or ""i"t to entr / Mr.Do7*e+ into 7 rr+in Edit!. Mr". Ni)kle*+, on t!e ot!er ! nd, ! " not!in t ll to doin t!e "tor+, e?)e/t to et in e#er+*od+<" w +. T!e )on"eK(en)e i" t! t we )o7/l in noto !er or ettin in e#er+one<" w +, *(t o e#er+one or ettin in !er". ! t re "(n"

nd "t r", w! t re ti7e" nd "e "on", w! t i" t!e 7ere (ni#er"e, t! t it "!o(ld /re"(7eto interr(/t Mr". Ni)kle*+I Mr". Skewton t!o( ! "(//o"ed, o )o(r"e, to *e 7()!#iler "ort o wo7 n ! " "o7et!in o t!e " 7e K( lit+ o "/lendid nd "t rtlinirrele# n)+. 'n !er l"o t!ere i" t!e " 7e eelin o wild t!re d" !(n ro7 world toworld like t!e we*" o i nti) "/ider" o t!in " )onne)ted t! t "ee7 to ! #e no)onne)tion " #e *+ t!i" one d#ent(ro(" il 7ent o r il nd d rin oll+. Not!in)o(ld *e *etter t! n Mr". Skewton w!en "!e ind" !er"el , ter )on#ol(tion" o "/ee)!,"o7e!ow on t!e "(* e)t o $enr+ '''., nd / ("e" to 7ention wit! //ro# l F!i" de r little /ee/+ e+e" nd !i" *ene#olent )!in.G=122> Not!in )o(ld *e *etter t! n !er

tte7/t t M !o7ed n re"i n tion w!en "!e eel" l7o"t in)lined to " + Ft! t t!ere i"no ! t<"H!i"Hn 7e *(t T!in (77+, nd ! tH+o(H7 +H) llHit i" !i" /ro/!et G (t "!e! " not "o 7()! ti7e " Mr". Ni)kle*+ to " + t!e"e ood t!in " l"o "!e ! " not"( i)ient !(7 n #irt(e to " + t!e7 )on"t ntl+. S!e i" lw +" intent (/on !er worldl+

/l n", 7on ot!er t!in " (/on t!e worldl+ /l n o ""i"tin C! rle" Di)ken" to et "tor+ ini"!ed. S!e i" lw +" F d# n)in !er "!ri#elled e rG to li"ten to w! t Do7*e+ i"" +in to Edit!. orldline"" i" t!e 7o"t "ole7n t!in in t!e world it i" r 7ore "ole7nt! n ot!erHworldline"". Mr". Ni)kle*+ ) n ord to r 7*le " )!ild doe" in ield, or

" )!ild doe" to l ( ! t not!in , or "!e i" like )!ild, inno)ent. 't i" onl+ t!e oodw!o ) n ord to *e ri#olo(".

ro dl+ "/e kin , w! t i" " id !ere o Mr". Skewton //lie" to t!e re t / rt o

Dombey and Son , e#en to t!e )o7i) / rt o it. 't "!ow" n d# n)e in rt nd (nit+ itdoe" not "!ow n d# n)e in eni(" nd )re tion. 'n "o7e ) "e", in )t, ' ) nnot !el/eelin t! t it "!ow" llin o . 't 7 + *e /er"on l idio"+n)r "+, *(t t!ere i" onl+

one )o7i) )! r )ter re ll+ /ro7inent in Di)ken", (/on w!o7 Di)ken" ! " re ll+l #i"!ed t!e we lt! o !i" in#ention, nd w!o doe" not 7("e 7e t ll, nd t! t)! r )ter i" C /t in C(ttle. (t t!ree re t e?)e/tion" 7("t *e 7 de to n+ "()!di"/ r e7ent o Dombey and Son . T!e+ re ll t!ree o t! t ro+ l order in Di)ken"<")re tion w!i)! ) n no 7ore *e de")ri*ed or )riti)i"ed t! n "tron wine. T!e ir"t i"M or "to)k, t!e "e)ond i" Co("in @eeni?, t!e t!ird i" Toot". 'n "to)k Di)ken"! " *l "ted =120> or e#er t! t t+/e w!i)! /retend" to *e "in)ere *+ t!e "i7/le o/er tiono *ein e?/lo"i#el+ o*#io(". $e tell" *o(t K( rter o t!e tr(t!, nd t!en /o"e" "

tr(t! (l *e) ("e K( rter o t!e tr(t! i" 7()! "i7/ler t! n t!e w!ole o it. $e i" t!ekind o 7 n w!o oe" *o(t wit! /o"er" or i"!o/" or or So)i li"t", wit! /l in



K(e"tion" to w!i)! !e w nt" /l in n"wer. $i" K(e"tion" re /l in onl+ in t!e " 7e"en"e t! t !e !i7"el i" /l inBin t!e "en"e o *ein (n)o77onl+ ( l+. $e i" t!e 7 nw!o lw +" *(r"t" wit! " ti" )tion *e) ("e !e ) n ) ll "/ de "/ de, " i t!ere were

n+ kind o lo i) l or /!ilo"o/!i) l ("e in 7erel+ " +in t!e " 7e word twi)e o#er. $ei" t!e 7 n w!o w nt" t!in " down in *l )k nd w!ite, " i *l )k nd w!ite were t!e

onl+ two )olo(r" " i *l(e nd reen nd red nd old were not )t" o t!e (ni#er"e.$e i" too "el i"! to tell t!e tr(t! nd too i7/ tient e#en to !e r it. $e ) nnot end(re t!etr(t!, *e) ("e it i" "(*tle. T!i" 7 n i" l7o"t lw +" like "to)kB "+)o/! nt nd to dHe ter. A 7 n i" not n+ t!e le"" to dHe ter *e) ("e !e e t" !i" to d" wit! !( e

//etite nd o**le" t!e7 (/, " "to)k did !i" *re k "t, wit! t!e e+e" "t rtin o(to !i" /(r/le )e. $e l tter" *r(t ll+. $e )rin e" wit! "w er. And 7en o t!e worldlike Do7*e+ re lw +" t ken in *+ !i7, *e) ("e 7en o t!e world re /ro* *l+ t!e"i7/le"t o ll t!e )!ildren o Ad 7.

Co("in @eeni? in i" n e?K(i"ite "( e"tion, wit! !i" ri)ket+ )!i# lr+ nd r 7*lin)o7/li7ent". 't w " *o(t t!e /eriod o Dombey and Son t! t Di)ken" *e n to *et ken (/ *+ ood "o)iet+. One ) n ("e onl+ #(l r ter7" or n e""enti ll+ #(l r

/ro)e"". =12;> And !i" "ket)!e" o t!e 7 n o ood 7il+ in t!e *ook" o t!i" /eriod"!ow t! t !e ! d ! d li7/"e" o w! t t! t "in (l r world i" like. T!e ri"to)r t" in !i"e rlie"t *ook" re "i7/l+ dr on" nd ri in" or !i" !eroe" to i !t wit!B7on"ter"like Sir M(l*err+ $ wk or Lord eri"o/!t. T!e+ re 7erel+ )re ted (/on t!e old

/rin)i/le, t! t +o(r ")o(ndrel 7("t *e /olite nd /ower (lB #er+ "o(nd /rin)i/le. T!e#ill in 7("t *e not onl+ #ill in, *(t t+r nt. T!e i nt 7("t *e l r er t! n J )k. (t int!e *ook" o t!e Do7*e+ /eriod we ! #e 7 n+ "!rewd li7/"e" o t!e K(eer re litie" o En li"! ri"to)r )+. O t!e"e Co("in @eeni? i" one o t!e *e"t. Co("in @eeni? i" 7()!

*etter "ket)! o t!e e""enti ll+ de)ent nd )!i# lro(" ri"to)r t t! n Sir Lei)e"ter Dedlo)k. ot! o t!e 7en re, i +o( will, ool", " *ot! re !ono(r *le entle7en. (ti one 7 + tte7/t )l ""i i) tion 7on ool", Sir Lei)e"ter Dedlo)k i" "t(/id ool,w!ile Co("in @eeni? i" "ill+ oolBw!i)! i" 7()! *etter. T!e di eren)e i" t! t t!e"ill+ ool ! " oll+ w!i)! i" lw +" on t!e *orderl nd o wit, nd e#en o wi"do7 !i"w nderin wit" )o7e o ten (/on (ndi")o#ered tr(t!". T!e "t(/id ool i" " )on"i"tent

nd " !o7o eneo(" " wood !e i" " in#in)i*le " t!e n)e"tr l d rkne"". Co("in@eeni? i" ood "ket)! o t!e "ort o wellH*red old "" w!o i" "o (nd 7ent ll+ en(inet! t !e i" lw +" " +in #er+ tr(e t!in " *+ ))ident. $i" w!ole tone l"o, t!o( !e? er ted like e#er+t!in in Di)ken", i" #er+ tr(e to t!e *ewildered ood n t(rew!i)! 7 rk" En li"! ri"to)r ti) li e. T!e "t te7ent t! t Di)ken" )o(ld not de")ri*e

entle7 n i", like 7o"t /o/(l r ni7 d#er"ion" in"t=125> Di)ken", "o #er+ t!in nd

oneH"ided tr(t! " to *e or "erio(" /(r/o"e" l"e!ood. !en /eo/le " + t! tDi)ken" )o(ld not de")ri*e entle7 n, w! t t!e+ 7e n i" t!i", nd "o r w! t t!e+7e n i" tr(e. T!e+ 7e n t! t Di)ken" )o(ld not de")ri*e entle7 n " entle7en eel

entle7 n. T!e+ 7e n t! t !e )o(ld not t ke t! t t7o"/!ere e "il+, ))e/t it " t!enor7 l t7o"/!ere, or de")ri*e t! t world ro7 t!e in"ide. T!i" i" tr(e. 'n Di)ken"<"ti7e t!ere w " "()! t!in " t!e En li"! /eo/le, nd Di)ken" *elon ed to it. e) ("et!ere i" no "()! t!in " n En li"! /eo/le now, l7o"t ll liter r+ 7en dri t tow rd"w! t i" ) lled So)iet+ l7o"t ll liter r+ 7en eit!er re entle7en or /retend to *e.$en)e, " ' " +, w!en we t lk o de")ri*in entle7 n, we lw +" 7e n de")ri*in

entle7 n ro7 t!e /oint o #iew o one w!o eit!er *elon " to, or i" intere"ted in /er/et( tin , t! t t+/e. Di)ken" did not de")ri*e entle7en in t!e w + t! t entle7en

de")ri*e entle7en. $e de")ri*ed t!e7 in t!e w + in w!i)! !e de")ri*ed w iter", or r ilw + ( rd", or 7en dr win wit! )! lk on t!e / #e7ent. $e de")ri*ed t!e7, in



"!ort nd t!i" we 7 + reel+ )on)ede , ro7 t!e o(t"ide, " !e de")ri*ed n+ ot!er oddit+ or "/e)i l tr de. (t w!en it )o7e" to " +in t! t !e did not de")ri*e t!e7 well,t!en t! t i" K(ite not!er 7 tter, nd t! t ' "!o(ld e7/! ti) ll+ den+. T!e t!in " t! t rere ll+ odd *o(t t!e En li"! (//er )l "" !e " w wit! "t rtlin /ro7/tit(de nd

/enetr tion, nd i t!e En li"! (//er )l "" doe" not "ee t!e"e odd t!in " in it"el , it i"

not *e) ("e t!e+ re not t!ere, *(t *e) ("e we re ll *lind to o(r own odditie" it i" or t!e " 7e re "on t! t tr 7/" do not eel dirt+, or =123> t! t ni er" do not eel *l )k. '! #e o ten !e rd de r old En li"! oli r)! " + t! t Di)ken" )o(ld not de")ri*e

entle7 n, w!ile e#er+ note o !i" own #oi)e nd t(rn o !i" own ! nd re) lled Sir Lei)e"ter Dedlo)k. ' ! #e o ten *een told *+ "o7e old *()k t! t Di)ken" )o(ld notde")ri*e entle7 n, nd *een told "o in t!e "! k+ #oi)e nd wit! ll t!e # (e

ll("i#ene"" o Co("in @eeni?.

Co("in @eeni? ! " re ll+ 7 n+ o t!e 7 in /oint" o t!e )l "" t! t o#ern" En l nd.T ke, or n in"t n)e, !i" ! -+ notion t! t !e i" in world w!ere e#er+*od+ know"e#er+*od+ w!ene#er !e 7ention" 7 n, it i" 7 n Fwit! w!o7 7+ riend Do7*e+ i"no do(*t )K( inted.G T! t /ier)e" to t!e #er+ !el/le"" "o(l o ri"to)r )+. T ke int!e "t(/endo(" r #it+ wit! w!i)! !e le d" (/ to oke. T! t i" t!e #er+ "o(l o t!e$o("e o Co77on" nd t!e C *inet, o t!e !i !H)l "" En li"! /oliti)", w!ere oke i"

lw +" en o+ed "ole7nl+. T ke !i" in"i"ten)e (/on t!e te)!niK(e o P rli 7ent, !i"re ret" or t!e ti7e w!en t!e r(le" o de* te were /er! /" *etter o*"er#ed t! n t!e+ renow. T ke t! t wonder (l 7i?t(re in !i7 w!i)! i" t!e re l !(7 n #irt(e o o(r

ri"to)r )+ o ir 7o(nt o /er"on l 7ode"t+ wit! n inno)ent ""(7/tion o r nk.O 7 n w!o " w ll t!e"e enteel oi*le" "o )le rl+ it i" *"(rd 7erel+ to " + wit!o(t

(rt!er e?/l n tion t! t !e )o(ld not de")ri*e entle7 n. Let (" )on ine o(r"el#e" to" +in t! t !e did not de")ri*e entle7 n " entle7en like to *e de")ri*ed.

L "tl+, t!ere i" t!e d7ir *le "t(d+ o Toot", w!o 7 + *e )on"idered " *ein in "o7ew +" t!e 7 "ter/ie)e =128> o Di)ken". Now!ere el"e did Di)ken" e?/re"" wit! "()!

"toni"!in in"i !t nd tr(t! !i" 7 in )ontention, w!i)! i" t! t to *e ood nd idioti) i"not /oor te, *(t, on t!e )ontr r+, n e?/erien)e o /ri7e# l inno)en)e, w!i)!wonder" t ll t!in ". Di)ken" did not know, n+7ore t! n n+ re t 7 n e#er know",w! t w " t!e / rti)(l r t!in t! t !e ! d to /re )!. $e did not know it !e onl+

/re )!ed it. (t t!e / rti)(l r t!in t! t !e ! d to /re )! w " t!i": T! t !(7ilit+ i" t!eonl+ /o""i*le * "i" o en o+7ent t! t i one ! " no ot!er w + o *ein !(7*le e?)e/t

*ein /oor, t!en it i" *etter to *e /oor, nd to en o+ t! t i one ! " no ot!er w + o *ein !(7*le e?)e/t *ein i7*e)ile, t!en it i" *etter to *e i7*e)ile, nd to en o+. T! t

i" t!e dee/ (n)on")io(" tr(t! in t!e )! r )ter o Toot"Bt! t ll !i" e?tern l" re l "!+nd l"e ll !i" intern l" (n)on")io(", o*")(re, nd tr(e. $e we r" lo(d )lot!e", nd !ei" "ilent in"ide t!e7. $i" "!irt" nd w i"t)o t" re )o#ered wit! *ri !t "/ot" o /ink nd

/(r/le, w!ile !i" "o(l i" lw +" )o#ered wit! t!e " )red "! 7e. $e lw +" et" ll t!eo(t"ide t!in " o li e wron , nd ll t!e in"ide t!in " ri !t. $e lw +" d7ire" t!e ri !tC!ri"ti n /eo/le, nd i#e" t!e7 t!e wron C!ri"ti n n 7e". Di7l+ )onne)tin C /t inC(ttle wit! t!e "!o/ o Mr. Solo7on ill", !e lw +" ddre""e" t!e "toni"!ed 7 riner

" FC /t in ill".G $e t(rn" Mr. lter +, *+ 7o"t i7/ro#in tr n" or7 tion, intoFLie(ten nt lter".G (t !e lw +" know" w!i)! /eo/le (/on !i" own /rin)i/le" to

d7ire. $e or et" w!o t!e+ re, *(t !e re7e7*er" w! t t!e+ re. it! t!e )le r e+e" o !(7ilit+ !e /er)ei#e" t!e w!ole world " it i".=124> $e re"/e)t" t!e 7e C!i)ken or

*ein "tron , " e#en t!e 7e C!i)ken o( !t to *e re"/e)ted or *ein "tron . $ere"/e)t" @loren)e or *ein ood, " e#en @loren)e o( !t to *e re"/e)ted or *ein



ood. And !e ! " no do(*t *o(t w!i)! !e d7ire" 7o"t !e /re er" oodne"" to"tren t!, " do ll 7 ")(line 7en. 't i" t!ro( ! t!e e+e" o "()! )! r )ter" " Toot" t! tDi)ken" re ll+ "ee" t!e w!ole o !i" t le". @or e#en i one ) ll" !i7 ! l Hwit, it "till7 ke" di eren)e t! t !e kee/" t!e ri !t ! l o !i" wit". !en we t!ink o t!e (n)le n

nd )r #en "/irit in w!i)! Toot" 7i !t *e tre ted in /"+)!olo i) l no#el o toHd +

!ow !e 7i !t w lk wit! 7oon) l )e, nd *r in o *e"ti l d rkne"", t!e "o(l ri"e"in re l !o7 e to Di)ken" or "!owin !ow 7()! "i7/le r tit(de nd ! //ine"" ) nre7 in in t!e lo//ed root" o t!e 7o"t "i7/li ied intelli en)e. ' ")ienti"t" 7("t tre t 7 n " do , it need not *e lw +" " 7 d do . T!e+ 7i !t r nt !i7, like Toot", little o t!e do <" lo+ lt+ nd t!e do <" rew rd.

C! rle" Di)ken", 14;9@ro7 d (erreot+/e *+ M + ll.=129>

DAVID COPPERFIELD



'n t!i" *ook Di)ken" i" re ll+ tr+in to write new kind o *ook, nd t!e enter/ri"e i"l7o"t " )!i# lro(" " ) # lr+ )! r e. $e i" 7 kin ro7 nti) tte7/t to *e

re li"ti). T! t i" l7o"t t!e de inition o David Copperfield . 'n !i" l "t *ook, Dombeyand Son , we "ee )ert in 7 t(rit+ nd e#en )ert in 7ild e?! ("tion in !i" e rlier

r)i) l 7et!od. $e ne#er iled to ! #e ine t!in " in n+ o !i" *ook", nd Toot" i"

#er+ ine t!in . Still, ' )o(ld ne#er ind C /t in C(ttle nd Mr. Sol ill" #er+ (nn+, ndt!e w!ole ooden Mid"!i/7 n "ee7" to 7e #er+ wooden. 'n David Copperfield !e"(ddenl+ (n"e l" new torrent o tr(t!, t!e tr(t! o(t o !i" own li e. T!e i7/(l"e o t!et!in i" (to*io r /!+ !e i" tr+in to tell ll t!e *"(rd t!in " t! t ! #e ! //ened to!i7"el , nd not t!e le "t *"(rd t!in i" !i7"el . Yet t!o( ! it i" Di)ken"<" *le"t nd)le re"t *ook, t!ere i" in it llin w + o "o7ew! t "in (l r kind.

ener ll+ "/e kin t!ere w " "toni"!in l+ little o ti (e in Di)ken"<" *ook". $e"o7eti7e" wrote * d work !e "o7eti7e" wrote e#en (ni7/ort nt work *(t !e wrote! rdl+ line w!i)! i" not (ll o !i" own ier)e #it lit+ nd n)+. ' !e i" d(ll it i"! rdl+ e#er *e) ("e !e ) nnot t!ink o n+t!in it i" *e) ("e, *+ "o7e "ill+ e?)ite7entor 7o7ent r+ l /"e o (d 7ent, =106> !e ! " t!o( !t o "o7et!in t! t w " not wort!t!inkin o . ' !i" oke i" ee*le, it i" " n i7/ro7/t( oke t n (/ro rio(" dinnerHt *le7 + *e ee*le it i" no indi) tion o n+ l )k o #it lit+. T!e oke i" ee*le, *(t it i" not "i n o ee*lene"". ro dl+ "/e kin , t!i" i" tr(e o Di)ken". ' !i" writin i" not

7("in (", t le "t it i" 7("in !i7. E#en w!en !e i" tirin !e i" not tired.

(t in t!e ) "e o David Copperfield t!ere i" re l re "on or notin n ir o ti (e.@or lt!o( ! t!i" i" t!e *e"t o ll Di)ken"<" *ook", it )on"t ntl+ di" //oint" t!e )riti) l

nd intelli ent re der. T!e re "on i" t! t Di)ken" *e n it (nder !i" "(dden e7otion li7/(l"e o tellin t!e w!ole tr(t! *o(t !i7"el nd r d( ll+ llowed t!e w!ole tr(t!to *e 7ore nd 7ore dil(ted, (ntil tow rd" t!e end o t!e *ook we re * )k in t!e old

/ed nti) nd de)or ti#e rt o Di)ken", n rt w!i)! we ("tl+ d7ired in it" own /l )end on it" own ter7", *(t w!i)! we re"ent w!en we eel it r d( ll+ ret(rnin t!ro( !

t le /it)!ed ori in ll+ in 7ore /r )ti) l nd /ier)in ke+. $ere, ' " +, i" t!e one re le? 7/le o t!e ti (e o Di)ken". $e *e in" !i" "tor+ in new "t+le nd t!en "li/" * )k into n old one. T!e e rlier / rt i" in !i" l ter 7 nner. T!e l ter / rt i" in !i" e rlier 7 nner.

T!ere re 7 n+ 7 rk" o "o7et!in we k nd "! dow+ in t!e end o David Copperfield . $ere, or in"t n)e, i" one o t!e7 w!i)! i" not wit!o(t it" *e rin on 7 n+tenden)ie" o 7odern En l nd. !+ did Di)ken" t t!e end o t!i" *ook i#e w + to

t! t t+/i) ll+ En li"! o/ti7i"7 *o(t e7i r tionI $e "ee7" to t!ink t! t !e ) n )(ret!e "o(l" o w!ole =101> ) rtlo d, or r t!er *o tlo d, o !i" )! r )ter" *+ "endin t!e7ll to t!e Colonie". Pe ott+ i" de"ol te nd in"(lted / rent w!o"e !o("e ! " *een

de"e)r ted nd !i" /ride l id low t!ere ore let !i7 o to A("tr li . E7il+ i" wo7 nw!o"e !e rt i" *roken nd w!o"e !ono(r i" *l "ted *(t "!e will *e K(ite ! //+ i "!e

oe" to A("tr li . Mr. Mi) w*er i" 7 n w!o"e "o(l ) nnot *e 7 de to (nder"t nd t!et+r nn+ o ti7e or t!e li7it" o !(7 n !o/e *(t !e will (nder"t nd ll t!e"e t!in " i !e

oe" to A("tr li . @or it 7("t *e noted t! t Di)ken" doe" not ("e t!i" e7i r tion 7erel+" 7ode o e?it. $e doe" not "end t!e"e )! r )ter" w + on "!i/ 7erel+ " "+7*ol

"( e"tin t! t t!e+ / "" w!oll+ o(t o !i" !e rer<" li e. $e doe" de initel+ "( e"t t! tA("tr li i" "ort o i"l nd lle+ o A# lon, w!ere t!e "o(l 7 + !e l it o it" rie#o("

wo(nd. 't i" "erio("l+ "( e"ted t! t Pe ott+ ind" /e )e in A("tr li . 't i" re ll+indi) ted t! t E7il+ re in" !er di nit+ in A("tr li . 't i" /o"iti#el+ e?/l ined o Mr.



Mi) w*er not t! t !e w " ! //+ in A("tr li or !e wo(ld *e t! t n+w!ere , *(t t! t!e w " de initel+ /ro"/ero(" nd /r )ti) ll+ "())e"" (l in A("tr li nd t! t !e wo(ld)ert inl+ *e now!ere. Coloni"in i" not t lked o 7erel+ " )o r"e, e)ono7i)e?/edient or oin to new 7 rket. 't i" re ll+ o ered " "o7et!in t! t will )(re t!e!o/ele"" tr ed+ o Pe ott+ " "o7et!in t! t will )(re t!e "till 7ore !o/ele""

)o7ed+ o Mi) w*er.

' will not dwell !ere on t!e "(*"eK(ent d#ent(re" o t!i" #er+ "enti7ent l nde?tre7el+ En li"! ill("ion. 't wo(ld *e n e? er tion to " + t! t Di)ken" in t!i"7 tter i" "o7et!in o orer(nner o 7()! =102> 7odern i7/eri li"7. $i" /oliti) l#iew" were "()! t! t !e wo(ld ! #e re rded 7odern i7/eri li"7 wit! !orror nd)onte7/t. Ne#ert!ele"" t!ere i" !ere "o7et!in o t! t ! -+ "enti7ent li"7 w!i)!7 ke" "o7e '7/eri li"t" /re er to t lk o t!e rin e o t!e e7/ire o w!i)! t!e+ knownot!in , r t!er t! n o t!e !e rt o t!e e7/ire w!i)! t!e+ know i" di"e "ed. 't i" " idt! t in t!e twili !t nd de)line o %o7e, )lo"e to t!e d rk e", t!e /eo/le in (l

*elie#ed t! t rit in w " l nd o !o"t" /er! /" it w " o + , nd t! t t!e de d wereerried )ro"" to it ro7 t!e nort!ern )o "t o @r n)e. ' " i" not entirel+ i7/o""i*le

o(r own )ent(r+ //e r" to (t(re e" " ti7e o te7/or r+ de) + nd twili !t, it7 + *e " id t! t t!ere w " tt )!ed to En l nd *le""ed i"l nd ) lled A("tr li tow!i)! t!e "o(l" o t!e "o)i ll+ de d were erried )ro"" to re7 in in *li"" or e#er.

T!i" ele7ent w!i)! i" re/re"ented *+ t!e )oloni l o/ti7i"7 t t!e end o David Copperfield i" 7or l ele7ent. T!e tr(t! i" t! t t!ere i" "o7et!in little 7e n *o(tt!i" "ort o o/ti7i"7. ' do not like t!e notion o D #id Co//er ield "ittin down)o7 ort *l+ to !i" te Ht *le wit! A ne", ! #in ot rid o ll t!e in)on#enient or di"tre""in )! r )ter" o t!e "tor+ *+ "endin t!e7 to t!e ot!er "ide o t!e world. T!ew!ole t!in ! " too 7()! *o(t it o t!e "el i"!ne"" o 7il+ w!i)! "end" ") /e r )e to t!e Colonie" to "t r#e wit! it" *le""in . T!ere i" too 7()! in t!e w!olet!in o t! t ele7ent w!i)! w " " tiri"ed *+ n ironi) inter/ret tion o t!e e/it /!FPe )e, /er e)t /e )e, wit! lo#ed one" r w +.G e "!o(ld ! #e t!o( !t 7ore o D #id Co//er ield nd l"o o C! rle"=100> Di)ken" i !e ! d ende #o(red or t!ere"t o !i" li e, *+ )on#er" tion nd )o7 ort, to *ind (/ t!e wo(nd" o !i" old riend"

ro7 t!e "e "ide. e "!o(ld ! #e t!o( !t 7ore o D #id Co//er ield nd l"o o C! rle" Di)ken" i !e ! d )ed t!e /o""i*ilit+ o oin on till !i" d+in d + lendin7one+ to Mr. ilkin" Mi) w*er. e "!o(ld ! #e t!o( !t 7ore o D #id Co//er ield

nd l"o o C! rle" Di)ken" i !e ! d not looked (/on t!e 7 rri e wit! Dor 7erel+" lirt tion, n e/i"ode w!i)! !e "(r#i#ed nd o( !t to "(r#i#e. And +et t!e tr(t! i"

t! t t!ere i" now!ere in i)tion w!ere we eel "o keenl+ t!e /ri7 r+ !(7 n in"tin)t nd /rin)i/le t! t 7 rri e i" 7 rri e nd irre#o) *le, t! t "()! t!in " do le #e wo(nd nd l"o *ond " in t!i" ) "e o D #id<" "!ort )onne)tion wit! !i" "ill+ littlewi e. !en ll i" " id nd done, w!en Di)ken" ! " done !i" *e"t nd !i" wor"t, w!en !e! " "enti7ent li"ed or / e" nd tried to tie (/ e#er+t!in in t!e /ink t /e o o/ti7i"7,t!e )t, in t!e /"+)!olo + o t!e re der, "till re7 in". T!e re der doe" "till eel t! tD #id<" 7 rri e to Dor w " re l 7 rri e nd t! t !i" 7 rri e to A ne" w "not!in , 7iddleH ed )o7/ro7i"e, t kin o t!e "e)ond *e"t, "ort o "/irit( li"ed

nd "(*li7 ted 7 rri e o )on#enien)e. @or ll t!e re der" o Di)ken" Dor i"t!oro( !l+ #en ed. T!e 7odern world intent on n r)!+ in e#er+t!in , e#en in

o#ern7ent re ("e" to /er)ei#e t!e /er7 nent ele7ent o tr i) )on"t n)+ w!i)!

in!ere" in ll / ""ion, nd w!i)! i" t!e ori in o 7 rri e. M rri e re"t" (/on t!e )tt! t +o( ) nnot ! #e +o(r ) ke nd e t it t! t +o( ) nnot lo"e +o(r !e rt nd ! #e it.



(t, " ' ! #e " id, t!ere i" /er! /" no /l )e =10;> in liter t(re w!ere we eel 7ore#i#idl+ t!e "en"e o t!i" 7ono 7o(" in"tin)t in 7 n t! n in D #id Co//er ield. A 7 ni" 7ono 7o(" e#en i !e i" onl+ 7ono 7o(" or 7ont! lo#e i" etern l e#en i it i"onl+ etern l or 7ont!. 't lw +" le #e" *e!ind it t!e "en"e o "o7et!in *roken nd

*etr +ed.

(t ' ! #e 7entioned Dor in t!i" )onne)tion onl+ *e) ("e "!e ill("tr te" t!e " 7e )tw!i)! Mi) w*er ill("tr te" t!e )t t! t t!ere i" t t!e end o t!i" *ook too 7()!tenden)+ to *le"" /eo/le nd et rid o t!e7. Mi) w*er i" n(i" n)e. Di)ken" t!ede"/ot )onde7n" !i7 to e?ile. Dor i" n(i" n)e. Di)ken" t!e de"/ot )onde7n" !er tode t!. (t it i" t!e w!ole *("ine"" o Di)ken" in t!e world to e?/re"" t!e )t t! t "()!

/eo/le re t!e "/i)e nd intere"t o li e. 't i" t!e w!ole /oint o Di)ken" t! t t!ere i"no*od+ 7ore wort! li#in wit! t! n "tron , "/lendid, entert inin , i77ort l n(i" n)e.Mi) w*er interr(/t" /r )ti) l li e *(t w! t i" /r )ti) l li e t! t it "!o(ld #ent(re tointerr(/t Mi) w*erI Dor )on ("e" t!e !o("ekee/in *(t we re not n r+ wit! Dor

*e) ("e "!e )on ("e" t!e !o("ekee/in . e re n r+ wit! t!e !o("ekee/in *e) ("e it)on ("e" Dor . ' re/e t, nd it ) nnot *e too 7()! re/e ted t! t t!e w!ole le""on o Di)ken" i" !ere. 't i" *etter to know Mi) w*er t! n not to know t!e 7inor worrie" t! t

ri"e o(t o knowin Mi) w*er. 't i" *etter to ! #e * d de*t nd ood riend. 'n t!e" 7e w + it i" *etter to 7 rr+ !(7 n nd !e lt!+ /er"on lit+ w!i)! ! //en" to ttr )t+o( t! n to 7 rr+ 7ere !o("ewi e or 7ere !o("ewi e i" 7ere !o("ekee/er. Allt!i" w " w! t Di)ken" "tood or t! t t!e #er+ /eo/le w!o re 7o"t =105> irrit tin in"7 ll *("ine"" )ir)(7"t n)e" re o ten t!e /eo/le w!o re 7o"t deli !t (l in lon"tret)!e" o e?/erien)e o li e. 't i" ("t t!e 7 n w!o i" 7 ddenin w!en !e i" orderin )(tlet or rr n in n //oint7ent w!o i" /ro* *l+ t!e 7 n in w!o"e )o7/ n+ it i"wort! w!ile to o(rne+ "te dil+ tow rd" t!e r #e. Di"tri*(te t!e di ni ied /eo/le ndt!e ) / *le /eo/le nd t!e !i !l+ *("ine""Hlike /eo/le 7on ll t!e "it( tion" w!i)!t!eir 7*ition or t!eir inn te )orr(/tion 7 + de7 nd *(t kee/ )lo"e to +o(r !e rt, kee/dee/ in +o(r inner )o(n)il" t!e *"(rd /eo/le. Let t!e )le#er /eo/le /retend to o#ern+o(, let t!e (ni7/e )! *le /eo/le /retend to d#i"e +o(, *(t let t!e ool" lonein l(en)e +o( let t!e l ( ! *le /eo/le w!o"e (lt" +o( "ee nd (nder"t nd *e t!e onl+

/eo/le w!o re re ll+ in"ide +o(r li e, w!o re ll+ )o7e ne r +o( or ))o7/ n+ +o( on+o(r lonel+ 7 r)! tow rd" t!e l "t i7/o""i*ilit+. T! t i" t!e w!ole 7e nin o Di)ken"t! t we "!o(ld kee/ t!e *"(rd /eo/le or o(r riend". And !ere t t!e end o David Copperfield !e "ee7" in "o7e di7 w + to den+ it. $e "ee7" to w nt to et rid o t!e

/re/o"tero(" /eo/le "i7/l+ *e) ("e t!e+ will lw +" )ontin(e to *e /re/o"tero(". '! #e !orri*le eelin t! t D #id Co//er ield will "end e#en !i" (nt to A("tr li i "!e

worrie" !i7 too 7()! *o(t donke+".

' re/e t, t!en, t! t t!i" wron endin o David Copperfield i" one o t!e #er+ ewe? 7/le" in Di)ken" o re l "+7/to7 o ti (e. $ #in )re ted "/lendid *ein " or w!o7 lone li e 7i !t *e wort! li#in , !e ) nnot end(re t!e t!o( !t o !i" !ero li#inwit! t!e7. $ #in i#en !i" !ero "(/er* nd terri*le =103> riend", !e i" r id o t!e

w (l nd te7/e"t(o(" #i"t o t!eir riend"!i/. $e "li/" * )k into 7ore "(/er i)i lkind o "tor+ nd end" it in 7ore "(/er i)i l w +. $e i" r id o t!e t!in " !e ! "7 de o t! t terri*le i (re Mi) w*er o t! t +et 7ore terri*le i (re Dor . $e ) nnot7 ke (/ !i" 7ind to "ee !i" !ero /er/et( ll+ ent n led in t!e "/lendid tort(re" nd" )red "(r/ri"e" t! t )o7e ro7 li#in wit! re ll+ indi#id( l nd (n7 n e *le /eo/le.

$e ) nnot end(re t!e ide t! t !i" ir+ /rin)e will not ! #e !en)e orw rd /er e)tl+ /e )e (l ti7e. (t t!e wi"e old ir+ t le" w!i)! re t!e wi"e"t t!in " in t!e world, t



n+ r te t!e wi"e"t t!in " o worldl+ ori in , t!e wi"e old ir+ t le" ne#er were "o "ill+" to " + t! t t!e /rin)e nd t!e /rin)e"" li#ed /e )e (ll+ e#er terw rd". T!e ir+

t le" " id t! t t!e /rin)e nd /rin)e"" li#ed ! //il+ e#er terw rd": nd "o t!e+ did.T!e+ li#ed ! //il+, lt!o( ! it i" #er+ likel+ t! t ro7 ti7e to ti7e t!e+ t!rew t!e

(rnit(re t e )! ot!er. Mo"t 7 rri e", ' t!ink, re ! //+ 7 rri e" *(t t!ere i" no

"()! t!in " )ontented 7 rri e. T!e w!ole /le "(re o 7 rri e i" t! t it i" /er/et( l )ri"i". D #id Co//er ield nd Dor K( rrelled o#er t!e )old 7(tton nd i t!e+ ! d one on K( rrellin to t!e end o t!eir li#e", t!e+ wo(ld ! #e one on lo#ine )! ot!er to t!e end o t!eir li#e" it wo(ld ! #e *een !(7 n 7 rri e. (t D #idCo//er ield nd A ne" wo(ld ree *o(t t!e )old 7(tton. And t! t )old 7(tton wo(ld

*e #er+ )old.

' ! #e !ere ende #o(red to "( e"t "o7e o t!e 7 in 7erit" o Di)ken" wit!in t!er 7ework o one o !i" (lt". ' ! #e " id t! t David Copperfield re/re"ent" r t!er

" d tr n"ition ro7 !i" "tron e"t 7et!od to !i" =108> we ke"t. No*od+ wo(ld e#er )o7/l in o C! rle" Di)ken" oin on writin !i" own kind o no#el", !i" old kind o no#el". ' t!ere *e n+w!ere 7 n w!o lo#e" ood *ook", t! t 7 n wi"!e" t! t t!erewere o(r Oliver T&ists nd t le "t ort+H o(r %ick&icks. ' t!ere *e n+ one w!o lo#e"l ( !ter nd )re tion, !e wo(ld *e l d to re d !(ndred o (icholas (ickleby nd two!(ndred o The Old Curiosity Shop . (t w!ile n+ one wo(ld ! #e wel)o7ed one o Di)ken"<" own ordered nd )on#ention l no#el", it w " not in t!i" "/irit t! t t!e+wel)o7ed David Copperfield .

David Copperfield *e in" " i it were oin to *e new kind o Di)ken" no#el t!en itr d( ll+ t(rn" into n old kind o Di)ken" no#el. 't i" !ere t! t 7 n+ re der" o t!i"

"/lendid *ook ! #e *een "(*tl+ nd "e)retl+ irrit ted. Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+ i" ll #er+well we ))e/t !i7 " "o7et!in w!i)! i" reK(ired to tie t!e w!ole ir to et!er.

Ni)!ol " i" "ort o "trin or )lot!e"Hline on w!i)! re !(n t!e li7/ i (re o S7ike,t!e (7/in H )k o Mr. SK(eer" nd t!e twin doll" n 7ed C!eer+*le. ' we do not

))e/t Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+ " t!e !ero o t!e "tor+, t le "t we ))e/t !i7 " t!e title o t!e "tor+. (t in David Copperfield Di)ken" *e in" "o7et!in w!i)! look" or t!e7o7ent re"! nd "t rtlin . 'n t!e e rlier )! /ter" t!e 7 -in e rlier )! /ter" o t!i"

*ook !e doe" "ee7 to *e oin to tell t!e li#in tr(t! *o(t li#in *o+ nd 7 n. 't i"7el n)!ol+ to "ee t! t "(dden ire din . 't i" " d to "ee D #id Co//er ield r d( ll+t(rnin into Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+. Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+ doe" not e?i"t t ll !e i" K(ite)olo(rle"" /ri7 r+ )ondition o t!e "tor+. e look t!ro( ! Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+ t t!e=104> "tor+ ("t " we look t!ro( ! /l in / ne o l "" t t!e "treet. (t D #id

Co//er ield doe" *e in *+ e?i"tin it i" onl+ r d( ll+ t! t !e i#e" (/ t! t e?! ("tin! *it.

An+ ir )riti) l ))o(nt o Di)ken" 7("t lw +" 7 ke !i7 o(t 7()! "7 ller t! n !e i".@or n+ ir )riti)i"7 o Di)ken" 7("t t ke ))o(nt o !i" e#ident error", " ' ! #e t ken

))o(nt o one o t!e 7o"t e#ident o t!e7 d(rin t!e l "t two or t!ree / e". 't wo(ldnot e#en *e lo+ l to )on)e l t!e7. (t no !one"t )riti)i"7, no )riti)i"7, t!o( ! it "/okewit! t!e ton (e" o 7en nd n el", )o(ld e#er re ll+ t lk *o(t Di)ken". 'n ll t!i" t! t' ! #e " id ' ! #e not *een t lkin *o(t Di)ken" t ll. ' " + it wit! eK( ni7it+ ' " + ite#en wit! rro n)e. ' ! #e *een t lkin *o(t t!e /" o Di)ken". ' ! #e *een t lkin

*o(t t!e o7i""ion" o Di)ken". ' ! #e *een t lkin *o(t t!e "l(7*er o Di)ken" nd

t!e or et (lne"" nd (n)on")io("ne"" o Di)ken". 'n one word, ' ! #e *een t lkin not*o(t Di)ken", *(t *o(t t!e *"en)e o Di)ken". (t w!en we )o7e to !i7 nd !i"



work it"el , w! t i" t!ere to *e " idI ! t i" t!ere to *e " id *o(t e rt!K( ke nd t!ed wnI $e ! " )re ted, e"/e)i ll+ in t!i" *ook o David Copperfield , !e ! " )re ted,)re t(re" w!o )lin to (" nd t+r nni"e o#er (", )re t(re" w!o7 we wo(ld not or et i we )o(ld, )re t(re" w!o7 we )o(ld not or et i we wo(ld, )re t(re" w!o re 7ore

)t( l t! n t!e 7 n w!o 7 de t!e7.

T!i" i" t!e e?)("e or ll t! t indeter7in te nd r 7*lin nd "o7eti7e" "enti7ent l)riti)i"7 o w!i)! Di)ken", 7ore t! n n+ one el"e, i" t!e #i)ti7, o =109> w!i)! ' e r t! t ' or one ! #e 7 de !i7 t!e #i)ti7 in t!i" /l )e. !en ' w " *o+ ' )o(ld not(nder"t nd w!+ t!e Di)ken"i n" worried "o we ril+ *o(t Di)ken", *o(t w!ere !ewent to ")!ool nd w!ere !e te !i" dinner", *o(t !ow !e wore !i" tro("er" nd w!en!e )(t !i" ! ir. ' ("ed to wonder w!+ t!e+ did not write "o7et!in t! t ' )o(ld re d

*o(t 7 n like Mi) w*er. (t ' ! #e )o7e to t!e )on)l("ion t! t t!i" l7o"t!+"teri) l wor"!i/ o t!e 7 n, )o7*ined wit! )o7/ r ti#el+ ee*le )riti)i"7 on !i"work", i" ("t nd n t(r l. Di)ken" w " 7 n like o(r"el#e" we ) n "ee w!ere !e wentwron , nd "t(d+ !i7 wit!o(t *ein "t(nned or ettin t!e "(n"troke. (t Mi) w*er i"not 7 n Mi) w*er i" t!e "(/er7 n. e ) n onl+ w lk ro(nd nd ro(nd !i7wonderin w! t we "! ll " +. All t!e )riti)" o Di)ken", w!en ll i" " id nd done, ! #eonl+ w lked ro(nd nd ro(nd Mi) w*er wonderin w! t t!e+ "!o(ld " +. ' 7 7+"el

t t!i" 7o7ent w lkin ro(nd nd ro(nd Mi) w*er wonderin w! t ' "! ll " +. And '! #e not o(nd o(t +et.

=1;6>

CHRISTMAS STORIES

T!e /ower o Di)ken" i" "!own e#en in t!e ")r /" o Di)ken", ("t " t!e #irt(e o " int i" " id to *e "!own in r 7ent" o !i" /ro/ert+ or r " ro7 !i" ro*e. 't i" wit!"()! r 7ent" t! t we re )!ie l+ )on)erned in t!e Christmas Stories . M n+ o t!e7

re r 7ent" in t!e liter l "en"e Di)ken" *e n t!e7 nd t!en llowed "o7e one el"eto ) rr+ t!e7 on t!e+ re l7o"t re e)ted note". 'n ll t!e ot!er ) "e" we ! #e *een)on"iderin t!e *ook" t! t !e wrote !ere we ! #e r t!er to )on"ider t!e *ook" t! t !e7i !t ! #e written. And !ere we ind t!e in l e#iden)e nd t!e (n)on")io(" "t 7/ o

re tne"", " we 7i !t ind it in "o7e *roken *("t or "o7e re e)ted 7o(ldin in t!e"t(dio o Mi)! el An elo.

T!e"e "ket)!e" or / rt" o "ket)!e" ll *elon to t! t /eriod in !i" l ter li e w!en !e ! d(ndert ken t!e d(tie" o n editor, t!e #er+ !e #+ d(tie" o #er+ /o/(l r editor. $ew " not *+ n+ 7e n" n t(r ll+ itted or t! t /o"ition. $e w " t!e *e"t 7 n in t!eworld or o(ndin / /er" *(t 7 n+ /eo/le wi"!ed t! t !e )o(ld ! #e *een *(ried(nder t!e o(nd tion", like t!e ir"t *(ilder in "o7e / n nd /re!i"tori) /ile. $e ) lledt!e Daily (e&s into e?i"ten)e, *(t w!en on)e it e?i"ted, it o* e)ted to !i7 "tron l+. 't i"not e "+, =1;1> nd /er! /" it i" not i7/ort nt, to "t te tr(l+ t!e ) ("e o t!i" in) / )it+.'t w " not in t!e le "t w! t i" ) lled t!e ordin r+ (lt or we kne"" o t!e rti"t. 't w "not t! t !e w " ) rele"" r t!er it w " t! t !e w " too )on")ientio(". 't w " not t! t !e! d t!e irre"/on"i*ilit+ o eni(" r t!er it w " t! t !e ! d t!e irrit tin re"/on"i*ilit+ o

eni(" !e w nted e#er+*od+ to "ee t!in " " !e " w t!e7. (t in "/ite o ll t!i" !e)ert inl+ r n two re t /o/(l r /eriodi) l"B Household 4ords nd -ll the .ear )ound

Bwit! enor7o(" /o/(l r "())e"". And !e )ert inl+ "o r "())eeded in t!rowin



!i7"el into t!e )o77(ni"7 o o(rn li"7, into t!e n 7ele"" *rot!er!ood o *i / /er, t! t 7 n+ e rne"t Di)ken"i n" re "till en ed in /i)kin o(t /ie)e" o Di)ken"

ro7 t!e non+7o(" / e" o Household 4ords nd -ll the .ear )ound , nd t!o"e / rt"w!i)! ! #e *een lre d+ *e+ond K(e"tion /i)ked o(t nd /ro#ed re o ten r 7ent r+.T!e en(ine writin o Di)ken" *re k" o t )ert in /oint, nd t!e writin o "o7e

one el"e *e in". (t w!en t!e writin o Di)ken" *re k" o , ' n)+ t! t we know it.

T!e "in (l r t!in i" t! t "o7e o t!e *e"t work t! t Di)ken" e#er did, *etter t! n t!ework in !i" *e"t no#el", ) n *e o(nd in t!e"e "li !t nd )o7/o"ite ")r /" o o(rn li"7.@or in"t n)e, t!e "ole7n nd "el H" ti" ied ))o(nt o t!e d(t+ nd di nit+ o w iter

i#en in t!e o/enin )! /ter o Somebody!s u##a#e i" K(ite " (ll nd ine " n+t!indone n+w!ere *+ it" (t!or in t!e " 7e #ein o "(7/t(o(" " tire. 't i" " ood " t!e

))o(nt w!i)! Mr. (7*le i#e" o o(tHdoor relie , w!i)!, F/ro/erl+ (nder"tood, i" t!e / ro)!i l " e ( rd. T!e re t t!in i" to i#e =1;2> t!e / (/er" w! t t!e+ don<t w nt,

nd t!en t!e+ ne#er )o7e in.G 't i" " ood " Mr. Pod"n /<" de")ri/tion o t!eriti"! Con"tit(tion, w!i)! w " *e"towed on !i7 *+ Pro#iden)e. None o t!e"e

)ele*r ted / "" e" i" 7ore o*#io("l+ Di)ken" t !i" *e"t t! n t!i", t!e d7ir *lede")ri/tion o Ft!e tr(e /rin)i/le" o w iterin ,G or t!e ))o(nt o !ow t!e w iter<"

t!er ) 7e * )k to !i" 7ot!er in *ro d d +li !t, Fin it"el n )t o 7 dne"" on t!e / rto w iter,G nd !ow !e e?/ired re/e tin )ontin( ll+ Ftwo nd "i? i" t!ree nd o(r i"nine.G T! t w iter<" e?/l n tor+ "oliloK(+ 7i !t e "il+ ! #e o/ened n e?)ellent no#el,

" Martin Chuzzle&it i" o/ened *+ t!e )le#er non"en"e *o(t t!e ene lo + o t!eC!(--lewit", or " Bleak House i" o/ened *+ " tiri) ))o(nt o t!e d 7/, di7 li e o l w )o(rt. Yet Di)ken" /r )ti) ll+ * ndoned t!e ")!e7e o Somebody!s u##a#e !eonl+ wrote two "ket)!e" o(t o t!o"e o*#io("l+ intended. $e 7 + l7o"t *e " id to ! #eonl+ written *rilli nt introd()tion to not!er 7 n<" *ook.

Yet it i" e? )tl+ in "()! *roken o(t*re k" t! t !i" re tne"" //e r". ' 7 n ! " l(nw + * d ide " !e ! " "!own !i" "en"e, *(t i !e ! " l(n w + ood ide " !e ! "

"!own !i" eni(". $e ! " /ro#ed t! t !e )t( ll+ ! " t! t o#erH/re""(re o /(re)re ti#ene"" w!i)! we "ee in n t(re it"el , Ft! t o !(ndred "eed", "!e o ten *rin " *(tone to *e r.G Di)ken" ! d to *e M lt!("i n *o(t !i" "/irit( l )!ildren. Criti)" ! #e) lled e t" nd ot!er" w!o died +o(n Ft!e re t Mi !tH! #eH*een" o liter r+!i"tor+.G Di)ken" )ert inl+ w " not 7erel+ re t Mi !tH! #eH*een. Di)ken", to " + t!ele "t o !i7, w " re t ".=1;0> Yet t!i" il" (ll+ to e?/re"" t!e ri)!ne"" o !i"t lent or t!e tr(t! i" t! t !e w " re t " nd l"o re t Mi !tH! #eH*een. $e " idw! t !e ! d to " +, nd +et not ll !e ! d to " +. ild /i)t(re", /o""i*le "torie",

t nt li"in nd ttr )ti#e tr in" o t!o( !t, /er"/e)ti#e" o d#ent(re, )rowded "o)ontin( ll+ (/on !i" 7ind t! t t t!e end t!ere w " # "t 7 "" o t!e7 le t o#er, ide "t! t !e liter ll+ ! d not t!e o//ort(nit+ to de#elo/, t le" t! t !e liter ll+ ! d not t!eti7e to tell. T!i" i" "!own )le rl+ in !i" /ri# te note" nd letter", w!i)! re (ll o ")!e7e" "in (l rl+ "trikin nd "( e"ti#e, ")!e7e" w!i)! !e ne#er ) rried o(t. 't i"indi) ted e#en 7ore )le rl+ *+ t!e"e Christmas Stories , )olle)ted o(t o t!e )! oti)o/(len)e o Household 4ords nd -ll the .ear )ound . $e wrote "!ort "torie" )t( ll+

*e) ("e !e ! d not ti7e to write lon "torie". $e o ten /(t into t!e "!ort "tor+ dee/nd *r n)!in ide w!i)! wo(ld ! #e done #er+ well or lon "tor+ 7 n+ o !i" lon

"torie", "o to "/e k, *roke o "!ort. T!i" i" w!ere !e di er" ro7 7o"t w!o re ) lledt!e Mi !tH! #eH*een" o liter t(re. M rlowe nd C! tterton iled *e) ("e o t!eir

we kne"". Di)ken" iled *e) ("e o !i" or)e.



E? 7ine or e? 7/le t!i" ) "e o t!e w iter in Somebody!s u##a#e . Di)ken" o*#io("l+knew eno( ! *o(t t! t w iter to ! #e 7 de !i7 r(nnin "/rin o o+ t!ro( !o(t w!ole no#el " t!e *e dle i" in Oliver T&ist , or t!e (ndert ker in Martin Chuzzle&it .E#er+ to()! o !i7 tin le" wit! tr(t!, ro7 t!e # (e ll ntr+ wit! w!i)! !e "k",F o(ld<"t t!o( know, ir re der i o t!e dor *le e7 le "e? G to t!e o i)i l "e#erit+

wit! w!i)! !e t ke" t!e )! 7*er7 id down,=1;;> F " 7 n+ /e " " i" de"ir *le or t!e(t(re )o7 ort o ll / rtie".G ' Di)ken" ! d de#elo/ed t!i" )! r )ter t (ll len t! in

*ook !e wo(ld ! #e /re"er#ed or e#er in liter t(re t+/e o re t !(7o(r nd re t# l(e, nd t+/e w!i)! 7 + onl+ too "oon *e di" //e rin ro7 En li"! !i"tor+. $ewo(ld ! #e etern li"ed t!e En li"! w iter. $e "till e?i"t" in "o7e "o(nd old t #ern" ndde)ent )o(ntr+ inn", *(t t!ere i" no one le t re ll+ ) / *le o "in in !i" /r i"e". ' knowt! t Mr. ern rd S! w ! " done "o7et!in o t!e "ort in t!e deli !t (ll+ w!i7"i) l

))o(nt o illi 7 in .ou (ever Can Tell . (t not!in will /er"( de 7e t! t Mr.ern rd S! w ) n re ll+ (nder"t nd t!e En li"! w iter. $e ) n ne#er ! #e ordered winero7 !i7 or in"t n)e. And t!o( ! t!e En li"! w iter i" *+ t!e n t(re o t!in " "ole7n*o(t e#er+t!in , !e ) n ne#er re )! t!e tr(e !ei !t nd e)"t "+ o !i" "ole7nit+ e?)e/t*o(t wine. ! t t!e re l En li"! w iter wo(ld do or " + i Mr. S! w "ked !i7 or

#e et ri n 7e l ' ) nnot d re to /redi)t. ' r t!er t!ink t! t or t!e ir"t ti7e in !i" li e !ewo(ld l ( !B !orri*le "i !t.

Di)ken"<" w iter i" de")ri*ed *+ one w!o i" not 7erel+ witt+, tr(t! (l, nd o*"er# nt,like Mr. ern rd S! w, *(t one w!o re ll+ knew t!e t7o"/!ere o inn", one w!o knew

nd e#en liked t!e "7ell o *ee , nd *eer, nd *r nd+. $en)e t!ere i" ri)!ne"" inDi)ken"<" /ortr it w!i)! doe" not e?i"t in Mr. S! w<". Mr. S! w<" w iter i" 7erel+ 7 n o t )t Di)ken"<" i" 7 n o /rin)i/le. Mr. S! w<" w iter i" n o//ort(ni"t, ("t "Mr. S! w i" n o//ort(ni"t in /oliti)". Di)ken"<" w iter i" re d+ to "t nd (/ "erio("l+

or=1;5> Ft!e tr(e /rin)i/le" o w iterin ,G ("t " Di)ken" w " re d+ to "t nd (/ or t!etr(e /rin)i/le" o Li*er li"7. Mr. S! w<" w iter i" no"ti) !i" 7otto i" FYo( ne#er ) ntell.G Di)ken"<" w iter i" do 7 ti"t !i" 7otto i" FYo( ) n tell ' will tell +o(.G And t!etr(e oldH "!ioned En li"! w iter ! d re ll+ t!i" r #e nd e#en 7or l ttit(de !e w "t!e "er# nt o t!e )("to7er" " /rie"t i" t!e "er# nt o t!e it! (l, *(t ") r)el+ in n+le"" di ni ied "en"e. S(rel+ it i" not 7ere / trioti) / rti lit+ t! t 7 ke" one l 7ent t!edi" //e r n)e o t!i" ) re (l nd !ono(r *le i (re )rowded o(t *+ 7e ner 7en t7e ner w e", *+ t!e er7 n w iter w!o ! " le rnt i#e l n ( e" in t!e )o(r"e o r(nnin w + ro7 !i" own, or t!e 't li n w iter w!o re rd" t!o"e !e "er#e" wit! d rklin )onte7/t w!i)! 7("t )ert inl+ *e t! t eit!er o d+n 7iter or n e?iled

/rin)e. T!e !(7 n nd !o"/it *le En li"! w iter i" # ni"!in . And Di)ken" 7i !t

/er! /" ! #e " #ed !i7, " !e " #ed C!ri"t7 ".

' ! #e t ken t!i" ) "e o t!e w iter in Di)ken" nd !i" eK( ll+ i7/ort nt )o(nter/ rt inEn l nd " n e? 7/le o t!e "in)ere nd eni l "ket)!e" ") ttered *o(t t!e"e "!ort"torie". (t t!ere re 7 n+ ot!er", nd one t le "t de7 nd" "/e)i l 7ention ' 7e nMr". Lirri/er, t!e London l ndl d+. Not onl+ did Di)ken" ne#er do n+t!in *etter in liter r+ "en"e, *(t !e ne#er /er or7ed 7ore /er e)tl+ !i" 7 in 7or l (n)tion, t! t o in"i"tin t!ro( ! l ( !ter nd li// n)+ (/on t!e #irt(e o C!ri"ti n )! rit+. T!ere ! "

*een 7()! *ro d r)e in"t t!e lod in H!o("e kee/er: !e lone )o(ld ! #e written *ro d r)e in !er #o(r. 't i" "!ion *le to re/re"ent t!e l ndl d+ " t+r nt =1;3> iti" too 7()! or otten t! t i "!e i" one o t!e o//re""or" "!e i" t le "t " 7()! one o

t!e o//re""ed. ' "!e i" * dHte7/ered it i" o ten or t!e " 7e re "on" t! t 7 ke llwo7en * dHte7/ered ' "(//o"e t!e e? "/er tin K( litie" o t!e ot!er "e? i "!e i"



r "/in it i" o ten *e) ("e w!en !("* nd 7 ke" enero"it+ #i)e it i" o tenne)e"" r+ t! t wi e "!o(ld 7 ke # ri)e #irt(e. All t!i" Di)ken" "( e"ted #er+"o(ndl+ nd in ew "troke" in t!e 7ore re7ote )! r )ter o Mi"" o-en! 7. (t inMr". Lirri/er !e went (rt!er nd did not re wor"e. 'n Mr". Lirri/er !e "( e"ted K(itetr(l+ !ow !( e 7 "" o re l ood !(7o(r, o r nd (n)on")io(" / tien)e, o (n ilin

)o(rte"+ nd )on"t nt nd di i)(lt *ene#olen)e i" )on)e led *e!ind 7 n+ lod in H!o("e door nd )o7/ )t in t!e redH )ed /er"on o 7 n+ /re/o"tero(" l ndl d+. An+one )o(ld e "il+ e?)("e t!e illH!(7o(r o t!e /oor. (t re t 7 ""e" o t!e /oor ! #enot e#en n+ illH!(7o(r to *e e?)("ed. T!eir )!eerine"" i" "t rtlin eno( ! to *e t!e

o(nd tion o 7ir )le /l + nd )ert inl+ i" "t rtlin eno( ! to *e t!e o(nd tion o ro7 n)e. Yet ' do not know o n+ ro7 n)e in w!i)! it i" e?/re""ed e?)e/t t!i" one.

O t!e l ndl d+ " o t!e w iter it 7 + *e " id t! t Di)ken" le t in "li !t "ket)! w! t!e 7i !t ! #e de#elo/ed t!ro( ! lon nd "tron no#el. @or Di)ken" ! d !old o one

re t tr(t!, t!e ne le)t o w!i)! ! ", " it were, tr(n) ted nd 7 de 7e re t!e work o 7 n+ *rilli nt 7odern no#eli"t". Modern no#eli"t" tr+ to 7 ke lon no#el" o(t o "(*tle)! r )ter". (t "(*tle )! r )ter "oon )o7e" to n end, *e) ("e it work" in nd in to it"own )entre nd die" t!ere. (t =1;8> "i7/le )! r )ter oe" on or e#er in re"!intere"t nd ener +, *e) ("e it work" o(t nd o(t into t!e in inite (ni#er"e. Mr. eor eMoore in @r n)e i" not *+ n+ 7e n" "o intere"tin " Mr". Lirri/er in @r n)e or "!e i"tr+in to ind @r n)e nd !e i" onl+ tr+in to ind eor e Moore. Mr". Lirri/er i" t!e

e7 le eK(i# lent o Mr. Pi)kwi)k. Unlike Mr". rdell not!er nd le""er l ndl d+"!e w " (ll+ wort!+ to *e Mr". Pi)kwi)k. @or in *ot! ) "e" t!e e""enti l tr(t! i" t!e" 7e t! t ori in l inno)en)e w!i)! lone de"er#e" d#ent(re" nd *e) ("e it lone ) n

//re)i te t!e7. e ! #e ! d Mr. Pi)kwi)k in En l nd nd we ) n i7 ine !i7 in@r n)e. e ! #e ! d Mr". Lirri/er in @r n)e nd we ) n i7 ine !er in Me"o/ot 7i or in !e #en. T!e "(*tle )! r )ter in t!e 7odern no#el" we ) nnot re ll+ i7 ine

n+w!ere e?)e/t in t!e "(*(r*" or in Li7*o.

=1;4>

BLEAK HOUSE

Bleak House i" not )ert inl+ Di)ken"<" *e"t *ook *(t /er! /" it i" !i" *e"t no#el. S()! di"tin)tion i" not 7ere #er* l tri)k it ! " to *e re7e7*ered r t!er )on"t ntl+ in)onne)tion wit! !i" work. T!i" / rti)(l r "tor+ re/re"ent" t!e !i !e"t /oint o !i"intelle)t( l 7 t(rit+. M t(rit+ doe" not ne)e"" ril+ 7e n /er e)tion. 't i" idle to " + t! t

7 t(re /ot to i" /er e)t "o7e /eo/le like new /ot toe". A 7 t(re /ot to i" not /er e)t, *(t it i" 7 t(re /ot to t!e 7ind o n intelli ent e/i)(re 7 + ind it le""

d /ted to !i" / rti)(l r /(r/o"e *(t t!e 7ind o n intelli ent /ot to wo(ld t on)ed7it it " *ein , *e+ond ll do(*t, en(ine, (ll+ de#elo/ed "/e)i7en o !i" own

/ rti)(l r "/e)ie". T!e " 7e i" in "o7e de ree tr(e e#en o liter t(re. e ) n " + 7oreor le"" w!en !(7 n *ein ! " )o7e to !i" (ll 7ent l rowt!, e#en i we o "o r "to wi"! t! t !e ! d ne#er )o7e to it. C!ildren re #er+ 7()! ni)er t! n rownH(/

/eo/le *(t t!ere i" "()! t!in " rowin (/. !en Di)ken" wrote Bleak House !e! d rown (/.

Like N /oleon, !e ! d 7 de !i" r7+ on t!e 7 r)!. $e ! d w lked in ront o !i" 7o*o re""i#e )! r )ter" " N /oleon did in ront o t!e ! l H* ked * tt lion" o t!e



%e#ol(tion. And, like N /oleon, !e won * ttle ter * ttle *e ore !e knew !i" own /l n=1;9> o ) 7/ i n like N /oleon, !e /(t t!e ene7ie"< or)e" to ro(t *e ore !e ! d /(t!i" own or)e into order. Like N /oleon, !e ! d #i)torio(" r7+ l7o"t *e ore !e ! d

n r7+. A ter !i" de)i"i#e #i)torie" N /oleon *e n to /(t !i" !o("e in order ter !i"de)i"i#e #i)torie" Di)ken" l"o *e n to /(t !i" !o("e in order. T!e !o("e, w!en !e ! d

/(t it in order, w " Bleak House .

T!ere w " one t!in )o77on to ne rl+ ll t!e ot!er Di)ken" t le", wit! t!e /o""i*lee?)e/tion o Dombey and Son . T!e+ were ll r 7*lin t le" nd t!e+ ll ! d /er e)tri !t to *e. T!e+ were ll r 7*lin t le" or t!e #er+ "i7/le re "on t! t t!e+ were ll

*o(t r 7*lin /eo/le. T!e+ were no#el" o d#ent(re t!e+ were e#en di rie" o tr #el.Sin)e t!e !ero "tr +ed ro7 /l )e to /l )e, it did not "ee7 (nre "on *le t! t t!e "tor+"!o(ld "tr + ro7 "(* e)t to "(* e)t. T!i" i" tr(e o t!e *(lk o t!e no#el" (/ to ndin)l(din David Copperfield , (/ to t!e #er+ *rink or t!re"!old o Bleak House . Mr.Pi)kwi)k w nder" *o(t on t!e w!ite En li"! ro d", lw +" lookin or ntiK(itie" nd

lw +" indin no#eltie". Poor Oli#er Twi"t w nder" lon t!e " 7e w!ite ro d" to "eek !i" ort(ne nd to ind !i" 7i" ort(ne. Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+ oe" w lkin )ro"" En l nd

*e) ("e !e i" +o(n nd !o/e (l Little Nell<" r nd t!er doe" t!e " 7e t!in *e) ("e!e i" old nd "ill+. T!ere i" not 7()! in )o77on *etween S 7(el Pi)kwi)k nd Oli#er Twi"t t!ere i" not 7()! in )o77on *etween Oli#er Twi"t nd Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+ t!erei" not 7()! in )o77on let (" !o/e *etween Little Nell<" r nd t!er nd n+ ot!er !(7 n *ein . (t t!e+ ll ! #e t!i" in )o77on, t! t t!e+ 7 + )t( ll+ ll ! #e troddenin e )! ot!er<" oot/rint".=156> T!e+ were ll w nderer" on t!e )e o t!e " 7e ir En li"! l nd. Martin Chuzzle&it w " onl+ 7 de /o/(l r *+ t!e tr #el" o t!e !ero inA7eri) . !en we )o7e to Dombey and Son we ind, " ' ! #e " id, n e?)e/tion *(te#en !ere it i" odd to note t!e )t t! t it w " n e?)e/tion l7o"t *+ ))ident. 'nDi)ken"<" ori in l ")!e7e o t!e "tor+, 7()! re ter /ro7inen)e w " to ! #e *een

i#en to t!e tr #el" nd tri l" o lter + in )t, t!e +o(n 7 n w " to ! #e ! d deterior tion o )! r )ter w!i)! )o(ld onl+ ! #e *een deK( tel+ det iled in !i7 in !i")! r )ter o # *ond nd w "trel. T!e 7o"t i7/ort nt /oint, !owe#er, i" t! t w!enwe )o7e to David Copperfield , in "o7e "en"e t!e "(77it o !i" "erio(" liter t(re, we

ind t!e t!in "till t!ere. T!e !ero "till w nder" ro7 /l )e to /l )e, !i" eni(" i" "tilli/"+. T!e d#ent(re" in t!e *ook re le"" #iolent nd le"" i7/ro* *le t! n t!o"e w!i)!

w it or Pi)kwi)k nd Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+ *(t t!e+ re "till d#ent(re" nd not 7erel+e#ent" t!e+ re "till t!in " 7et on ro d. T!e )t" o t!e "tor+ ll w + ro7 D #id ""()! )t" do ll w + ro7 tr #eller w lkin "t. e re 7ore likel+ /er! /", to

/ "" *+ Mr. Cre kle<" ")!ool t! n to / "" *+ Mr". J rle+<" w ?Hwork". T!e onl+ /oint i"

t! t we "!o(ld / "" *+ *ot! o t!e7. U/ to t!i" /oint in Di)ken"<" de#elo/7ent, !i"no#el, !owe#er tr(e, i" "till /i) re"K(e !i" !ero ne#er re ll+ re"t" n+w!ere in t!e "tor+. No one "ee7" re ll+ to know w!ere Mr. Pi)kwi)k li#ed. $ere !e ! " no *idin )it+.

!en we )o7e to Bleak House , we )o7e to )! n e in rti"ti) "tr()t(re. T!e t!in i"no lon er "trin o in)ident" it i" )+)le o in)ident". 't ret(rn" (/on =151> it"el it! " re)(rrent 7elod+ nd /oeti) ("ti)e it ! " rti"ti) )on"t n)+ nd rti"ti) re#en e. 't

/re"er#e" t!e (nitie" e#en to "o7e e?tent it /re"er#e" t!e (nitie" o ti7e nd /l )e. T!e"tor+ )ir)le" ro(nd two or t!ree "+7*oli) /l )e" it doe" not o "tr lin irre (l rl+ llo#er En l nd like one o Mr. Pi)kwi)k<" )o )!e". Peo/le o ro7 one /l )e to not!er

/l )e *(t not ro7 one /l )e to not!er /l )e on t!e ro d to e#er+w!ere el"e. Mr.

J rnd+)e oe" ro7 le k $o("e to #i"it Mr. o+t!orn *(t !e )o7e" * )k to le k $o("e. Mi"" Cl re nd Mi"" S(77er"on o ro7 le k $o("e to #i"it Mr. nd Mr".



+! 7 d er *(t t!e+ )o7e * )k to le k $o("e. T!e w!ole "tor+ "tr +" ro7le k $o("e nd /l(n e" into t!e o(l o " o C! n)er+ nd t!e (t(7n 7i"t" o

C!e"ne+ old *(t t!e w!ole "tor+ )o7e" * )k to le k $o("e. T!e do7e"ti) title i"//ro/ri te it i" /er7 nent ddre"".

Di)ken"<" o/enin " re l7o"t lw +" ood *(t t!e o/enin o Bleak House i" ood in K(ite new nd "trikin "en"e. Not!in )o(ld *e *etter, or in"t n)e, t! n t!e ir"tooli"! )! /ter *o(t t!e ene lo + o t!e C!(--lewit" *(t it ! " not!in to do wit! t!e

C!(--lewit". Not!in )o(ld *e *etter t! n t!e ir"t )! /ter o David Copperfield t!e *ree-+ entr n)e nd * n in e?it o Mi"" et"+ Trotwood. (t i t!ere i" (lti7 tel+ n+)ri"i" or "erio(" "(* e)tH7 tter o David Copperfield , it i" t!e 7 rred 7 rri e wit!Dor , t!e in l ret(rn to A ne" nd ll t!i" i" in no w + in#ol#ed in t!e !i !l+H 7("in

)t t! t !i" (nt e?/e)ted !i7 to *e irl. e 7 + re/e t t! t t!e 7 tter i" /i) re"K(e.T!e "tor+ *e in" in one /l )e nd end" in not!er /l )e, =152> nd t!ere i" no re l)onne)tion *etween t!e *e innin nd t!e end e?)e/t *io r /!i) l )onne)tion.

A /i) re"K(e no#el i" onl+ #er+ e#ent (l *io r /!+ *(t t!e o/enin o Bleak House i"K(ite not!er *("ine"" lto et!er. 't i" d7ir *le in K(ite not!er w +. T!e de")ri/tiono t!e o in t!e ir"t )! /ter o Bleak House i" ood in it"el *(t it i" not 7erel+ oodin it"el , like t!e de")ri/tion o t!e wind in t!e o/enin o Martin Chuzzle&it it i" l"o

ood in t!e "en"e t! t M eterlin)k i" ood it i" w! t t!e 7odern /eo/le ) ll nt7o"/!ere. Di)ken" *e in" in t!e C! n)er+ o *e) ("e !e 7e n" to end in t!e

C! n)er+ o . $e did not *e in in t!e C!(--lewit wind *e) ("e !e 7e nt to end in it!e *e n in it *e) ("e it w " ood *e innin . T!i" i" /er! /" t!e *e"t "!ort w + o "t tin t!e /e)(li rit+ o t!e /o"ition o Bleak House . 'n t!i" Bleak House *e innin we! #e t!e eelin t! t it i" not onl+ *e innin we ! #e t!e eelin t! t t!e (t!or "ee"t!e )on)l("ion nd t!e w!ole. T!e *e innin i" l/! nd o7e : t!e *e innin nd t!eend. $e 7e n" t! t ll t!e )! r )ter" nd ll t!e e#ent" "! ll *e re d t!ro( ! t!e "7ok+)olo(r" o t! t "ini"ter nd (nn t(r l # /o(r.

T!e " 7e i" tr(e t!ro( !o(t t!e w!ole t le t!e w!ole t le i" "+7*oli) nd )rowdedwit! "+7*ol". Mi"" @lite i" (nn+ )! r )ter, like Mi"" L Cree#+, *(t Mi"" L Cree#+7e n" onl+ Mi"" L Cree#+. Mi"" @lite 7e n" C! n)er+. T!e r H ndH*one 7 n, rook,i" /ower (l rote"K(e "o i" (il/ *(t in t!e "tor+ (il/ onl+ 7e n" (il/ rook 7e n" C! n)er+. %i)k C r"tone i" kind nd tr i) i (re, like Sidne+ C rton *(tSidne+ C rton onl+ 7e n" t!e tr ed+ o =150> !(7 n n t(re %i)k C r"tone 7e n" t!etr ed+ o C! n)er+. Little Jo die" / t!eti) ll+ like Little P (l *(t or t!e de t! o

Little P (l we ) n onl+ *l 7e Di)ken" or t!e de t! o Little Jo we *l 7e C! n)er+.T!(" t!e rti"ti) (nit+ o t!e *ook, )o7/ red to ll t!e (t!or<" e rlier no#el", i"" ti" +in , l7o"t "( o) tin . T!ere i" t!e motif , nd in t!e motif . Al7o"t e#er+t!ini" ) l)(l ted to ""ert nd reH ""ert t!e " # e 7or lit+ o Di)ken"<" /rote"t in"t

/ rti)(l r "o)i l e#il. T!e w!ole t!e7e i" t! t w!i)! not!er En li"!7 n " o#i l "Di)ken" de ined "!ortl+ nd in ll+ " t!e l w<" del +. T!e o o t!e ir"t )! /ter ne#er li t".

'n t!i" twili !t !e tr )ed wonder (l "! /e". T!o"e /eo/le w!o n)+ t! t Di)ken" w " 7ere )lown t! t !e )o(ld not de")ri*e n+t!in deli) te or de dl+ in t!e !(7 n)! r )ter,Bt!o"e w!o n)+ t!i" re 7o"tl+ /eo/le w!o"e /o"ition i" e?/li) *le in

7 n+ e "+ w +". T!e # "t 7 orit+ o t!e "tidio(" )riti)" ! #e, in t!e K(ite "tri)t nd"olid "en"e o t!e word", ne#er re d Di)ken" t ll !en)e t!eir o//o"ition i" d(e to nd



in"/ired *+ !e rt+ inno)en)e w!i)! will )ert inl+ 7 ke t!e7 ent!("i "ti) Di)ken"i n"i t!e+ e#er, *+ "o7e ))ident, ! //en to re d !i7. 'n ot!er ) "e" it i" d(e to )ert in! *it o re din *ook" (nder t!e e+e o )on#ention l )riti), d7irin w! t we e?/e)tto d7ire, re rettin w! t we re told to re ret, w itin or Mr. (7*le to d7ire !i7,w itin or Little Nell to de"/i"e !er. Yet in, o )o(r"e, it i" "o7eti7e" d(e to t! t

* "e"t o ll rti"ti) ind(l en)e" )ert inl+ r * "er t! n t!e /le "(re o *"int!e or t!e /le "(re o o/i(7 , t!e /le "(re o //re)i tin =15;> work" o rt w!i)! ordin r+ 7en) nnot //re)i te. S(rel+ t!e #ile"t /oint o !(7 n # nit+ i" e? )tl+ t! t to "k to *e

d7ired or d7irin w! t +o(r d7irer" do not d7ire. (t w! te#er *e t!e re "on,w!et!er r(de or "(*tle, w!i)! ! " /re#ented n+ / rti)(l r 7 n ro7 /er"on ll+

d7irin Di)ken", t!ere i" in )onne)tion wit! *ook like Bleak House "o7et!in t! t7 + *e ) lled "olid nd i7/re""i#e )! llen e. Let n+one w!o t!ink" t! t Di)ken")o(ld not de")ri*e t!e "e7iHtone" nd t!e *r(/t in"tin)t" o re l !(7 n n t(re "i7/l+t ke t!e tro(*le to re d t!e "tret)! o )! /ter" w!i)! det il t!e w + in w!i)! C r"tone<"7ind rew r d( ll+ 7or*id *o(t !i" )! n)e" in C! n)er+. Let !i7 note t!e 7 nner inw!i)! t!e 7ere 7 ")(linit+ o C r"tone i" ) ( !t !ow " !e row" 7ore 7 d !e row"7ore lo i) l, n +, 7ore r tion l. ood wo7en w!o lo#e !i7 )o7e to !i7, nd /ointo(t t!e )t t! t J rnd+)e i" ood 7 n, )t to t!e7 "olid like n o* e)t o t!e "en"e".'n n"wer !e "k" t!e7 to (nder"t nd !i" /o"ition. $e doe" not " + t!i" !e doe" not " +t! t. $e onl+ (r e" t! t J rnd+)e 7 + ! #e *e)o7e )+ni) l in t!e ir in t!e " 7e"en"e t! t !e !i7"el 7 + ! #e *e)o7e )+ni) l in t!e ir. $e i" lw +" 7 n t! t i"to " +, !e i" lw +" (n n"wer *le, lw +" wron . T!e / ""ion te )ert int+ o t!ewo7 n *e t" it"el like * tterin w #e" in"t t!e t!in "7oot! w ll o !i" in" ne)on"i"ten)+. ' re/e t: let n+ one w!o t!ink" t! t Di)ken" w " ro"" nd indeli) te

rti"t re d t! t / rt o t!e *ook. ' Di)ken" ! d *een t!e )l(7"+ o(rn li"t t! t "()! /eo/le re/re"ent, !e ne#er )o(ld ! #e written "()! n e/i"ode t ll. A )l(7"+ o(rn li"two(ld ! #e 7 de =155> %i)k C r"tone in !i" 7 d ) reer ) "t o E"t!er nd Ad nd t!eot!er". T!e re t rti"t knew *etter. $e knew t! t e#en i ll t!e ood in 7 n i" d+in ,t!e l "t "en"e t! t die" i" t!e "en"e t! t know" ood wo7 n ro7 * d it i" like t!e")ent o no*le !o(nd.

T!e )l(7"+ o(rn li"t wo(ld ! #e 7 de %i)k C r"tone t(rn on Jo!n J rnd+)e wit! ne?/lo"ion o ! tred, " o one w!o ! d 7 de n e?/o"(reBw!o ! d o(nd o(t w! tlow /eo/le ) ll F l"e riendG in w! t t!e+ ) ll F!i" tr(e )olo(r".G T!e re t rti"tknew *etter !e knew t! t ood 7 n oin wron trie" to " l#e !i" "o(l to t!e l "t wit!t!e "en"e o enero"it+ nd intelle)t( l ("ti)e. $e will tr+ to lo#e !i" ene7+ i onl+ o(to 7ere lo#e o !i7"el . A" t!e wol die" i !tin , t!e ood 7 n one wron die"

r (in . T!i" i" w! t )on"tit(te" t!e tr(e nd re l tr ed+ o %i)! rd C r"tone. 't i""tri)tl+ t!e one nd onl+ re t tr ed+ t! t Di)ken" wrote. 't i" like t!e tr ed+ o $ 7let. T!e ot!er" re not tr edie" *e) ("e t!e+ de l l7o"t wit! de d 7en. T!etr ed+ o old Dorrit i" 7erel+ t!e " d "/e)t )le o dot rd dr ed *o(t E(ro/e in !i"l "t )!ild!ood. T!e tr ed+ o Steer ort! i" onl+ t! t o one w!o die" "(ddenl+ t!etr ed+ o old Do7*e+ onl+ t! t o one w!o w " de d ll t!e ti7e. (t %i)k i" re ltr ed+, or !e i" "till li#e w!en t!e K(i)k" nd "()k" !i7 down.

't i" i7/o""i*le to #oid /(ttin in t!e ir"t /l )e t!i" / ll o "7oke w!i)! Di)ken" ! "deli*er tel+ "/re d o#er t!e "tor+. 't i" K(ite tr(e t! t t!e )o(ntr+ (nderne t! i" )le r eno( ! to )ont in n+ n(7*er o (n)on")io(" )o7edi n" or o 7err+ 7on"ter" "()! "

=153> !e w " in t!e )("to7 o introd()in into t!e ) rni# l o !i" t le". (t !e 7e nt ("to t ke t!e "7ok+ t7o"/!ere "erio("l+. C! rle" Di)ken", w!o w ", like ll 7en w!o



re re ll+ (nn+ *o(t (nn+ t!in ", !orri*l+ "erio(" *o(t "erio(" t!in ", )ert inl+7e nt (" to re d t!i" "tor+ in ter7" o !i" /rote"t nd !i" in"(rre)tion in"t t!ee7/tine"" nd rro n)e o l w, in"t t!e oll+ nd t!e /ride o (d e". E#er+t!inel"e t! t t!ere i" in t!i" "tor+ entered into it t!ro( ! t!e (n)on")io(" or ))ident lener + o !i" eni(", w!i)! *roke in t e#er+ /. (t it w " t!e tr ed+ o %i)! rd

C r"tone t! t !e 7e nt, not t!e )o7ed+ o $ rold Ski7/ole. $e )o(ld not !el/ *ein7("in *(t !e 7e nt to *e de/re""in .

Anot!er ) "e 7i !t *e t ken " te"tin t!e re ter "erio("ne"" o t!i" t le. T!e / "" e"*o(t Mr". Jell+*+ nd !er /!il nt!ro/i) ")!e7e" "!ow Di)ken" t !i" *e"t in !i" oldnd 7ore 7ili r " tiri) 7 nner. (t in t!e 7id"t o t!e Jell+*+ / nde7oni(7, w!i)!

i" in it"el de")ri*ed wit! t!e " 7e abandon nd irrele# n)e " t!e *o rdin H!o("e o Mr". Tod er" or t!e tr #ellin t!e tre o Mr. Cr(77le", t!e elder Di)ken" introd()ed

not!er /ie)e o /(re tr(t! nd e#en tenderne"". ' 7e n t!e ))o(nt o C dd+ Jell+*+. ' C r"tone i" tr(l+ 7 ")(line "t(d+ o !ow 7 n oe" wron , C dd+ i" /er e)tl+

e7inine "t(d+ o !ow irl oe" ri !t. Now!ere el"e /er! /" in i)tion, nd )ert inl+now!ere el"e in Di)ken", i" t!e 7ere e7 le / r do? "o well e/ito7i"ed, t!e (n ("t ("eo word" )o#erin "o 7()! ) / )it+ or ("ti)e o (lti7 te e"ti7 te t!e "ee7inirre"/on"i*ilit+ in l n ( e )on)e lin "()! i?ed nd /itile"" "en"e o re"/on"i*ilit+=158> *o(t t!in " t!e ir o *ein lw +" t d er"Hdr wn wit! !er own kindred, +ett!e )on e""ion o in)(r *le kin"!i/ i7/lied in /ride nd "! 7e nd, *o#e ll, t! tt!ir"t or order nd *e (t+ " or "o7et!in /!+"i) l t! t "tr n e e7 le /ower o ! tin ( line"" nd w "te " ood 7en ) n onl+ ! te "in nd * d 7en #irt(e. E#er+to()! in !er i" tr(e, ro7 !er ir"t *ewilderin o(t*(r"t" o ! tin /eo/le *e) ("e "!elike" t!e7, down to t!e "(dden K(iet(de nd ood "en"e w!i)! nno(n)e" t! t "!e ! ""li//ed into !er n t(r l /l )e " wo7 n. Mi"" Cl re i" i (reH!e d, Mi"" S(77er"onin "o7e w +" il(re *(t Mi"" C dd+ Jell+*+ i" *+ r t!e re te"t, t!e 7o"t !(7 n,

nd t!e 7o"t re ll+ di ni ied o ll t!e !eroine" o Di)ken".

it! one or two e?)e/tion", ll t!e e e)t" in t!i" "tor+ re o t!i" "o7ew! t K(ieter kind, t!o( ! none o t!e7 re "o "(*tl+ "())e"" (l " %i)k C r"tone nd C dd+. $ roldSki7/ole *e in" " "ket)! dr wn wit! /en)il l7o"t " ir+ nd n)i (l " !i" own.T!e !(7o(r o t!e e rlier ")ene" i" deli !t (lBt!e ")ene" in w!i)! Ski7/ole look" on

t ot!er /eo/le / +in !i" de*t" wit! t!e ir o kindl+ o(t"ider, nd "( e"t" inor7le"" le l /!r "eolo + t! t t!e+ 7i !t F"i n "o7et!in G or F7 ke o#er "o7et!in ,G

or t!e ")ene in w!i)! !e trie" to e?/l in t!e d# nt e" o ))e/tin e#er+t!in to t!e/o/le)ti) Mr. o+t!orn. (t it w " one o t!e de e)t" o Di)ken" " no#eli"t t! t !i"

)! r )ter" lw +" *e) 7e )o r"er nd )l(7"ier " t!e+ / ""ed t!ro( ! t!e /r )ti) le#ent" o "tor+, nd t!i" wo(ld ne)e"" ril+ *e "o wit! Ski7/ole, w!o"e /o"ition w ")on)ei# *le e#en to !i7"el onl+ on t!e ""(7/tion t! t !e w " 7ere "/e)t tor o li e.=154> Poor Ski7/ole onl+ "ked to *e ke/t o(t o t!e *("ine"" o t!i" world, ndDi)ken" o( !t to ! #e ke/t !i7 o(t o t!e *("ine"" o Bleak House . + t!e end o t!et le !e ! " *ro( !t Ski7/ole to doin )t" o 7ere low #ill in+. T!i" lto et!er "/oil"t!e ironi) l d intine"" o t!e ori in l notion. Ski7/ole w " 7e nt to end wit! note o interro tion. A" it i", !e end" wit! *i , *l )k, (n7i"t k *le *lot. S/e kin /(rel+

rti"ti) ll+, we 7 + " + t! t t!i" i" " re t )oll /"e or #(l ri" tion " i %i)! rdC r"tone ! d t(rned into )o77on *l )k ( rd nd wi eH*e ter, or C dd+ Jell+*+ into )o7i) nd illiter te l ndl d+. U/on t!e w!ole it 7 +, ' t!ink, *e " id t! t t!e )! r )ter

o Ski7/ole i" r t!er /ie)e o *rilli nt 7or li"in t! n o /(re o*"er# tion or )re tion.Di)ken" ! d "in (l rl+ ("t 7ind. $e w " wild in !i" ) ri) t(re", *(t #er+ " ne in !i"



i7/re""ion". M n+ o !i" *ook" were de#oted, nd t!i" *ook i" / rtl+ de#oted, to den(n)i tion o ri"to)r )+Bo t!e idle )l "" t! t li#e" e "il+ (/on t!e toil o n tion".

(t !e w " irer t! n 7 n+ 7odern re#ol(tioni"t", nd !e in"i"ted on " tiri"in l"ot!o"e w!o /re+ on "o)iet+ not in t!e n 7e o r nk or l w, *(t in t!e n 7e o intelle)t

nd *e (t+. Sir Lei)e"ter Dedlo)k nd Mr. $ rold Ski7/ole re like in ))e/tin wit!

ro+ l (n)on")io("ne"" t!e no7 l+ nd e#il o t!eir /o"ition. (t t!e idlene"" ndin"olen)e o t!e ri"to)r t i" !(7 n nd !(7*le )o7/ red to t!e idlene"" nd in"olen)eo t!e rti"t.

it! t!e e?)e/tion o ew ine re k", "()! " T(r#e+dro/ nd C! d* nd, ll t!ei (re" in t!i" *ook re to()!ed 7ore deli) tel+, e#en 7ore intl+, t! n i" )o77on wit!

Di)ken". (t i t!e i (re" re to()!ed =159> 7ore intl+, it i" / rtl+ *e) ("e t!e+ rei (re" in o Bt!e o o C! n)er+. Di)ken" 7e nt t! t twili !t to *e o//re""i#e or

it w " t!e "+7*ol o o//re""ion. Deli*er tel+ !e did not di"/el t!e d rkne"" t t!e endo t!i" *ook, " !e doe" di"/el it t t!e end o 7o"t o !i" *ook". Pi)kwi)k et" o(t o t!e @leet Pri"on C r"tone ne#er et" o(t o C! n)er+ *(t *+ de t!. T!i" t+r nn+,Di)ken" " id, "! ll not *e li ted *+ t!e li !t "(*ter ( e o i)tion. T!i" t+r nn+ "! llne#er *e li ted till ll En li"!7en li t it to et!er.

=136>

CHILD’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND

T!ere re work" o re t (t!or" 7 ni e"tl+ in erior to t!eir t+/i) l work w!i)! re +etne)e"" r+ to t!eir 7e nd t!eir i (re in t!e world. 't i" not di i)(lt to re) ll e? 7/le"

o t!e7. No one, or in"t n)e, wo(ld t lk o S)ott<" Tales of a 0randfather " indi) tint!e /ower t! t /rod()ed 5enil&orth nd 0uy Mannerin# . Ne#ert!ele"", wit!o(t t!i")! n)e 7inor )o7/il tion we "!o(ld not re ll+ ! #e t!e ke+ o S)ott. it!o(t t!i" onein"i ni i) nt *ook we "!o(ld not "ee !i" "i ni i) n)e. @or t!e tr(t! w " t! t S)ott lo#ed!i"tor+ 7ore t! n ro7 n)e, *e) ("e !e w " "o )on"tit(ted " to ind it 7ore ro7 nti)t! n ro7 n)e. $e /re erred t!e deed" o ll )e nd Do( l " to t!o"e o M r7ion nd'# n!oe. T!ere ore !i" rr(lo(" o""i/ o old ti7e", !i" r 7*le" in de d )ent(rie", i#e(" t!e re l 7 teri l nd i7/(l"e o ll !i" work t!e+ re/re"ent t!e K( rr+ in w!i)! !ed( nd t!e ood on w!i)! !e ed. Al7o"t lone 7on no#eli"t" S)ott )t( ll+

/re erred t!o"e / rt" o !i" !i"tori) l no#el" w!i)! !e ! d not in#ented !i7"el . $ee?(lt" w!en !e ) n *o "t in n e er note t! t !e ! " "tolen "o7e " +in ro7 !i"tor+.T!(" The Tales of a 0randfather , t!o( ! "7 ll, i" in "o7e "en"e t!e r 7e o ll t!e

#erle+ no#el". e re li"e t! t ll S)ott<" no#el" re t le" o r nd t!er.

! t ! " *een " id !ere *o(t S)ott 7i !t *e " id =131> in le"" de ree *o(tT! )ker +<" Four 0eor#es . T!o( ! "t ndin !i !er 7on !i" work" t! n The Tales of a 0randfather 7on S)ott<" t!e+ re not !i" work" o eni(" +et t!e+ "ee7 in "o7ew + to "(rro(nd, "(//le7ent, nd e?/l in "()! work". it!o(t t!e Four 0eor#es we"!o(ld know le"" o t!e link t! t *o(nd T! )ker + to t!e *e innin nd to t!e end o t!eei !teent! )ent(r+ t!en)e we "!o(ld ! #e known le"" o Colonel E"7ond nd l"o le""o Lord Ste+ne. To t!e"e two e? 7/le" ' ! #e i#en o t!e "li !t !i"tori) l e?/eri7ent"o two no#eli"t" t!ird ! " to *e dded. T!e t!ird re t 7 "ter o En li"! i)tion w!o"e

lor+ ill" t!e nineteent! )ent(r+ l"o /rod()ed "7 ll e?/eri7ent in t!e /o/(l ri" tiono !i"tor+. 't i" "e/ r ted ro7 t!e ot!er two / rtl+ *+ re t di eren)e o 7erit *(t



/ rtl+ l"o *+ n (tter di eren)e o tone nd o(tlook. e "ee7 to !e r it "(ddenl+ " int!e ir"t word" "/oken *+ new #oi)e, #oi)e +, )olloK(i l, nd i7/ tient. S)ott ndT! )ker + were tenderl+ tt )!ed to t!e / "t Di)ken" in !i" )on")io("ne"" t n+ r tew " i7/ tient wit! e#er+t!in , *(t e"/e)i ll+ i7/ tient wit! t!e / "t.

A )olle)tion o t!e work" o Di)ken" wo(ld *e in)o7/lete in n e""enti l " well " liter l "en"e wit!o(t !i" Child!s History of "n#land . 't 7 + not *e i7/ort nt " )ontri*(tion to !i"tor+, *(t it i" i7/ort nt " )ontri*(tion to *io r /!+ " )ontri*(tion to t!e )! r )ter nd t!e ) reer o t!e 7 n w!o wrote it, t+/i) l 7 n o !i"ti7e. T! t !e ! d 7 de no /er"on l !i"tori) l re"e r)!e", t! t !e ! d no "/e)i l!i"tori) l le rnin , t! t !e ! d not ! d, in tr(t!, e#en n+t!in t! t )o(ld *e ) lled

ood ed() tion, ll =132> t!i" onl+ ))ent( te" not t!e 7erit *(t t le "t t!e i7/ort n)eo t!e *ook. @or !ere we 7 + re d in /l in /o/(l r l n ( e, written *+ 7 n w!o"e

eni(" or /o/(l r e?/o"ition ! " ne#er *een "(r/ ""ed 7on 7en, *rie ))o(nt o t!e ori in nd 7e nin o En l nd " it "ee7ed to t!e #er e En li"!7 n o t! t e.

!en "(*tler #iew" o o(r !i"tor+, "o7e 7ore l"e nd "o7e 7ore tr(e t! n !i", ! #e *e)o7e /o/(l r, or t le "t well known, w!en in t!e ne r (t(re C rl+le n or C t!oli) or M r?i n #iew" o !i"tor+ ! #e "/re d t!e7"el#e" 7on t!e re din /(*li), t!i" *ook will lw +" re7 in " *ri !t nd *ri"k "(77 r+ o t!e )o)kH"(re, !e lt!+H7inded,e""enti ll+ 7 nl+ nd e""enti ll+ (n entle7 nl+ #iew o !i"tor+ w!i)! )! r )teri"ed t!e% di) l" o t! t / rti)(l r % di) l er . T!e !i"tor+ tell" (" not!in *o(t t!e /eriod"t! t it t lk" *o(t *(t it tell" (" re t de l *o(t t!e /eriod t! t it doe" not t lk *o(tt!e /eriod in w!i)! it w " written. 't i" in no "en"e !i"tor+ o En l nd ro7 t!e %o7 nin# "ion *(t it i" )ert inl+ one o t!e do)(7ent" w!i)! will )ontri*(te to !i"tor+ o En l nd in t!e nineteent! )ent(r+.

O t!e )t( l n t(re o it" /!ilo"o/!i) l nd te)!ni) l li7it tion" it i", ' "(//o"e,(nne)e"" r+ to "/e k. T!e+ ll re"ol#e t!e7"el#e" into one (lt )o77on in t!e 7odernworld, nd )ert inl+ )! r )teri"ti) o !i"tori n" 7()! 7ore le rned nd /retentio(" t! nDi)ken". T! t (lt )on"i"t" "i7/l+ in i norin or (nderr tin t!e # riet+ o "tr n ee#il" nd (niK(e d n er" in t!e world. T!e % di) l" o t!e nineteent! )ent(r+ wereen ed, nd 7o"t ri !teo("l+ en ed, in de lin wit! one / rti)(l r /ro*le7 o !(7 n =130> )i#ili" tion t!e+ were "!i tin nd //ortionin 7ore eK( ll+ lo d o )("to7 t! t ! d re ll+ *e)o7e (n7e nin , o ten ))ident l, nd ne rl+ lw +" (n ir.T!(", or in"t n)e, ier)e nd i !tin /en l )ode, w!i)! ! d *een /er e)tl+ n t(r lw!en t!e ro**er" were " "tron " t!e o#ern7ent, ! d *e)o7e in 7ore ordered ti7e"not!in *(t * "e nd *lood+ ! *it. T!(" in C!(r)! /ower" nd d(e", w!i)! ! d

*een !(7 n w!en e#er+ 7 n elt t!e C!(r)! " t!e *e"t / rt o !i7"el , were 7ere7e n /ri#ile e" w!en t!e n tion w " (ll o "e)t" nd (ll o reet!inker". T!i" )le rinw + o e?tern l "+7*ol" t! t no lon er "+7*oli"ed n+t!in w " n !ono(r *le nd

need (l work *(t it w " "o di i)(lt t! t to t!e 7en en ed in it it *lo)ked (/ t!e /er"/e)ti#e nd illed t!e "k+, "o t! t t!e+ "lid into #er+ n t(r l 7ent l 7i"t ke w!i)!)olo(red ll t!eir #iew" o !i"tor+. T!e+ "(//o"ed t! t t!i" / rti)(l r /ro*le7 on w!i)!t!e+ were en ed w " t!e one /ro*le7 (/on w!i)! ll 7 nkind ! d lw +" *eenen ed. T!e+ ot it into t!eir !e d" t! t *re kin w + ro7 de d / "t w " t!e

/er/et( l /ro)e"" o !(7 nit+. T!e tr(t! i" o*#io("l+ t! t !(7 nit+ ! " o(nd it"el in7 n+ di i)(ltie" #er+ di erent ro7 t! t. So7eti7e" t!e *e"t *("ine"" o n e i" tore"i"t "o7e lien in# "ion "o7eti7e" to /re )! /r )ti) l "el H)ontrol in world too

"el Hind(l ent nd di ("ed "o7eti7e" to /re#ent t!e rowt! in t!e St te o re t new /ri# te enter/ri"e" t! t wo(ld /oi"on or o//re"" it. A*o#e ll it 7 + "o7eti7e" ! //en



t! t t!e !i !e"t t "k o t!inkin )iti-en 7 + *e to do t!e e? )t o//o"ite o t!e work w!i)! t!e % di) l" ! d to do. 't 7 + *e !i" =13;> !i !e"t d(t+ to )lin on to e#er+ ")r /o t!e / "t t! t !e ) n ind, i !e eel" t! t t!e ro(nd i" i#in w + *ene t! !i7 nd"inkin into 7ere " # er+ nd or et (lne"" o ll !(7 n )(lt(re. T!i" w " e? )tl+ t!e

/o"ition o ll t!inkin 7en in w! t we ) ll t!e d rk e", " + ro7 t!e "i?t! to t!e tent!

)ent(r+. T!e )!e / /ro re""i#e #iew o !i"tor+ ) n ne#er 7 ke !e d or t il o t! te/o)! it w " n e/o)! (/"ide down. e t!ink o t!e old t!in " " * r* ri) nd t!e newt!in " " enli !tened. 'n t! t e ll t!e enli !tened t!in " were old ll t!e * r* ri) nd

*r(t ll+ i nor nt t!in " were new nd (/ to d te. %e/(*li) ni"7 w " din le endde"/oti"7 w " new nd "())e"" (l e?/eri7ent. C!ri"ti nit+ w " not onl+ *etter t! nt!e )l n" t! t re*elled in"t it C!ri"ti nit+ w " 7ore r tion li"ti) t! n t!e+ were.

!en 7en looked * )k t!e+ " w /ro re"" nd re "on w!en t!e+ looked orw rd t!e+" w "! /ele"" tr dition nd tri* l terror. To()!in "()! n e it i" o*#io(" t! t ll o(r 7odern ter7" de")ri*in re or7 or )on"er# tion re ooli"! nd *e"ide t!e 7 rk. T!eCon"er# ti#e w " t!en t!e onl+ /o""i*le re or7er. ' 7 n did not "tren t!en t!ere7 in" o %o7 n order nd t!e root o %o7 n C!ri"ti nit+, !e w " "i7/l+ !el/in t!eworld to roll down!ill into r(in nd idiot)+. %e7e7*er ll t!e"e e#ident !i"tori) l tr(t!"

nd t!en t(rn to t!e ))o(nt i#en *+ C! rle" Di)ken" o t! t re t 7 n, St. D(n"t n. 'ti" not t! t t!e /ert )o)kne+ tone o t!e *("e i" irrit tin to t!e ner#e": it i" t! t !e ! "

ot t!e w!ole ! n o t!e t!in wron . $i" !e d i" (ll o t!e nineteent!H)ent(r+"it( tion t! t /rie"t i7/o"in di")i/line i" /er"on "o7e!ow *lo)kin t!e =135> w +to eK( lit+ nd li !t. !ere " t!e /oint *o(t "()! 7 n " D(n"t n w " t! t no*od+in t!e /l )e e?)e/t !e ) red *(tton *o(t eK( lit+ or li !t: nd t! t !e w " de endinw! t w " le t o t!e7 in"t t!e +o(n nd rowin /ower o d rkne"" nd di#i"ion

nd ) "te.

Ne#ert!ele"" t!e ) "e in"t "()! *ook" " t!i" i" )o77onl+ "t ted wron . T!e (lt o Di)ken" i" not " i" o ten " id t! t !e F //lie" t!e " 7e 7or l "t nd rd to ll e".GE#er+ " ne 7 n 7("t do t! t: 7or l "t nd rd 7("t re7 in t!e " 7e or it i" not 7or l"t nd rd. ' we ) ll St. Ant!on+ o P d( ood 7 n, we 7("t 7e n w! t we 7e nw!en we ) ll $(?le+ ood 7 n, or el"e t!ere i" no "en"e in ("in t!e word F ood.GT!e (lt o t!e Di)ken" ")!ool o /o/(l r !i"tor+ lie", not in t!e //li) tion o /l inr(le o ri !t nd wron to ll )ir)(7"t n)e", *(t in i nor n)e o t!e )ir)(7"t n)e" tow!i)! it w " //lied. 't i" not t! t t!e+ wron l+ en or)e t!e i?ed /rin)i/le t! t li e"!o(ld *e " #ed it i" t! t t!e+ t ke ireHen ine to "!i/wre)k nd li e*o t to !o("eon ire. T!e *("ine"" o ood 7 n in Di)ken"<" ti7e w " to *rin ("ti)e (/ to d te.T!e *("ine"" o ood 7 n in D(n"t n<" ti7e w " to toil to en"(re t!e "(r#i# l o n+

("ti)e t ll.

And Di)ken", t!ro( ! *ein li#in nd i !tin 7 n o !i" own ti7e, ke/t t!e !e lt!o !i" own !e rt, nd "o " w 7 n+ tr(t!" wit! "in le e+e: tr(t!" t! t were "/oilt or "(*tler e+e". $e w " 7()! 7ore re ll+ ri !t t! n C rl+le i77e "(r *l+ 7ore ri !t t! n@ro(de. $e w " 7ore ri !t /re)i"el+ *e) ("e !e //lied /l in !(7 n 7or l" to ll )t"

" !e " w t!e7.=133> C rl+le re ll+ ! d # (e ide t! t in )o r"e nd )r(el ti7e" itw " ri !t to *e )o r"e nd )r(el t! t t+r nn+ w " e?)(" *le in t!e twel t! )ent(r+: " i t!e twel t! )ent(r+ did not deno(n)e t+r nt" " 7()! or 7ore t! n n+ ot!er. C rl+le, in

)t, n)ied t! t %( (" w " t!e ri !t "ort o 7 n #iew w!i)! w " not onl+ not "! red *+ An"el7, *(t w " /ro* *l+ not "! red *+ %( (". 'n t!i" )onne)tion, or r t!er in

)onne)tion wit! t!e ot!er ) "e o @ro(de, it i" wort! w!ile to t ke not!er i (re ro7Di)ken"<" !i"tor+, w!i)! ill("tr te" t!e ot!er nd *etter "ide o t!e )ile nd /o/(l r



7et!od. S!eer i nor n)e o t!e en#iron7ent 7 de !i7 wron *o(t D(n"t n. (t "!eer in"tin)t nd ood 7or l tr dition 7 de !i7 ri !t, or in"t n)e, *o(t $enr+ '''. ri !tw!ere @ro(de i" wildl+ wron . Di)ken"<" i7 in tion )o(ld not reH/i)t(re n e w!erele rnin nd li*ert+ were d+in r t!er t! n *ein *orn: *(t $enr+ '''. li#ed in ti7eo e?/ ndin knowled e nd (nre"t ti7e t!ere ore "o7ew! t like t!e i)tori n. And

Di)ken" in !i" )!ildi"! *(t ro*("t w + doe" /er)ei#e t!e 7 in /oint *o(t !i7: t! t !ew " wi)ked 7 n. $e 7i""e" ll t!e ine "! de", o )o(r"e !e 7 ke" !i7 e#er+ kind o wi)ked 7 n t on)e. $e le #e" o(t t!e "erio(" intere"t" o t!e 7 n: !i" "tr n e *(t re l)on)ern or t!eolo + !i" lo#e o )ert in le l nd 7or l or7" !i" ! l H(n)on")io("

/ trioti"7. (t !e "ee" t!e "olid *(lk o de inite * dne"" "i7/l+ *e) ("e it w " t!erend @ro(de ) nnot "ee it t ll *e) ("e @ro(de ollowed C rl+le nd /l +ed tri)k" wit!

t!e etern l )on")ien)e. $enr+ '''. &as F *lot o *lood nd re "e (/on t!e !i"tor+ o En l nd.G @or !e w " t!e e7*odi7ent o t!e=138> De#il in t!e %en ")en)e, t! t wildwor"!i/ o 7ere /le "(re nd ")orn, w!i)! wit! it" /i)t(re" nd it" / l )e" ! " enri)!ed

nd r(ined t!e world.

T!e ti7e will "oon )o7e w!en t!e 7ere )o77onH"en"e o Di)ken", like t!e 7ere)o77onH"en"e o M ) (l + t!o( ! !i" w " /oi"oned *+ le rnin nd !i /oliti)" ,will //e r to i#e /l iner nd t!ere ore tr(er /i)t(re o t!e 7 "" o !i"tor+ t! n t!e7+"ti) l /er#er"it+ o 7 n o eni(" writin onl+ o(t o !i" own te7/er 7ent, likeC rl+le or T ine. ' 7 n ! " new t!eor+ o et!i)" t!ere i" one t!in !e 7("t not *e

llowed to do. Let !i7 i#e l w" on Sin i, let !i7 di)t te i*le, let !i7 ill t!e worldwit! ) t!edr l" i !e ) n. (t !e 7("t not *e llowed to write !i"tor+ o En l nd or !i"tor+ o n+ )o(ntr+. All !i"tor+ w " )ond()ted on ordin r+ 7or lit+: wit! !i"e?tr ordin r+ 7or lit+ !e i" )ert in to re d it ll "kew. T!(" C rl+le trie" to write o t!eMiddle A e" wit! *i " in"t !(7ilit+ nd 7er)+ t! t i", wit! *i " in"t t!ew!ole t!eoreti) 7or lit+ o t!e Middle A e". T!e re"(lt i" t! t !e t(rn" into 7eret(r7oil o rro nt er7 n " # e" w! t w " re ll+ t!e 7o"t )o7/lete nd lo i) l, i not t!e !i !e"t, o !(7 n )i#ili" tion". $i"tori) ll+ "/e kin , it i" *etter to *e Di)ken"t! n to *e t!i" *etter to *e i nor nt, /ro#in)i l, "l /Hd "!, "eein onl+ t!e / ""in7o7ent, *(t in t! t 7o7ent, to *e tr(e to etern l t!in ".

't 7("t *e re7e7*ered, o )o(r"e, t! t Di)ken" deli*er tel+ o er" t!i" onl+ " F)!ild<"G !i"tor+ o En l nd. T! t i", !e onl+ /ro e""e" to *e *le to te )! !i"tor+ " n+

t!er o little *o+ o i#e /ro e""e" to *e *le to te )! !i7 !i"tor+. And lt!o( ! =134>t!e !i"tor+ o En l nd wo(ld )ert inl+ *e t ( !t #er+ di erentl+ " re rd" t!e )t( l)riti)i"7 o e#ent" nd 7en in 7il+ wit! wider )(lt(re or wit! not!er reli ion,

t!e ener l 7et!od wo(ld *e t!e " 7e. @or t!e ener l 7et!od i" K(ite ri !t. T!i" *l )kH ndHw!ite !i"tor+ o !eroe" nd #ill in" t!i" !i"tor+ (ll o /( n )io(" et!i)" ndo not!in el"e, i" t!e ri !t kind o !i"tor+ or )!ildren. ' ! #e o ten wondered !ow t!e")ienti i) M r?i n" nd t!e *elie#er" in Ft!e 7 teri li"t #iew o !i"tor+G will e#er 7 n e to te )! t!eir dre r+ e)ono7i) ener li" tion" to )!ildren: *(t ' "(//o"e t!e+will ! #e no )!ildren. Di)ken"<" !i"tor+ will lw +" *e /o/(l r wit! t!e +o(n l7o"t

" /o/(l r " Di)ken"<" no#el", nd or t!e " 7e re "on: *e) ("e it i" (ll o 7or li"in .S)ien)e nd rt wit!o(t 7or lit+ re not d n ero(" in t!e "en"e )o77onl+ "(//o"ed.T!e+ re not d n ero(" like ire, *(t d n ero(" like o . A ire i" d n ero(" in it"

*ri !tne"" o in it" d(lne"" nd t!o( !t wit!o(t 7or l" i" 7erel+ d(ll, like o .T!e o "ee7" to *e )ree/in (/ t!e "treet /(ttin o(t l 7/ ter l 7/. (t t!i"

)o)kne+ l 7/H/o"t w!i)! t!e )!ildren lo#e i" "till )rowned wit! it" l 7e nd w!en t!et!er" ! #e or otten et!i)", t!eir * *ie" will t(rn nd te )! t!e7.



re#elr+ nd "o7eti7e" we k wit! we rine"" *(t t!i" ti7e we "t rt little, or it i"in!(7 nl+ )old nd t!en we re li"e t! t we ! #e to()!ed !i" (ntlet o "teel.

One ) nnot e?/re"" t!e re l # l(e o t!i" *ook wit!o(t *ein irrele# nt. 't i" tr(e t! tone ) nnot e?/re"" t!e re l # l(e o n+t!in wit!o(t *ein irrele# nt. ' we t ke t!in

ri#olo("l+ we ) n t ke it "e/ r tel+, *(t t!e 7o7ent we t ke t!in "erio("l+, i it wereonl+ n old (7*rell , it i" o*#io(" t! t t! t (7*rell o/en" *o#e (" into t!e i77en"it+o t!e w!ole (ni#er"e. (t t!ere re r t!er / rti)(l r re "on" w!+ t!e # l(e o t!e *ook ) lled Hard Times "!o(ld *e re erred * )k to re t !i"tori) nd t!eoreti) 7 tter" wit!w!i)! it 7 + //e r "(/er i)i ll+ to ! #e little or not!in to do. T!e )!ie re "on ) n

/er! /" *e "t ted t!("Bt! t En li"! /oliti)" ! d or 7ore t! n !(ndred +e r" *eenettin into 7ore nd 7ore o !o/ele"" t n le t n le w!i)!, o )o(r"e, ! " "in)e

*e)o7e e#en wor"e nd t! t Di)ken" did in "o7e e?tr ordin r+ w + "ee w! t w "wron , e#en i !e did not "ee w! t w " ri !t.

T!e Li*er li"7 w!i)! Di)ken" nd ne rl+ ll o !i" )onte7/or rie" /ro e""ed ! d *e (nin t!e A7eri) n nd t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion". Al7o"t ll 7odern=182> En li"! )riti)i"7(/on t!o"e re#ol(tion" ! " *een #iti ted *+ t!e ""(7/tion t! t t!o"e re#ol(tion" *(r"t(/on world w!i)! w " (n/re/ red or t!eir ide "B world i nor nt o t!e /o""i*ilit+o "()! ide ". So7ew! t t!e " 7e 7i"t ke i" 7 de *+ t!o"e w!o "( e"t t! tC!ri"ti nit+ w " do/ted *+ world in) / *le o )riti)i"in it w!ere " o*#io("l+ it w "

do/ted *+ world t! t w " tired o )riti)i"in e#er+t!in . T!e #it l 7i"t ke t! t i"7 de *o(t t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion i" 7erel+ t!i"Bt! t e#er+one t lk" *o(t it " t!eintrod()tion o new ide . 't w " not t!e introd()tion o new ide t!ere re no newide ". Or i t!ere re new ide ", t!e+ wo(ld not ) ("e t!e le "t irrit tion i t!e+ wereintrod()ed into /oliti) l "o)iet+ *e) ("e t!e world ! #in ne#er ot ("ed to t!e7 t!erewo(ld *e no 7 "" o 7en re d+ to i !t or t!e7 t 7o7ent<" noti)e. T! t w!i)! w "irrit tin *o(t t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion w " t!i"Bt! t it w " not t!e introd()tion o new ide l, *(t t!e /r )ti) l (l il7ent o n old one. @ro7 t!e ti7e o t!e ir"t ir+ t le"7en ! d lw +" *elie#ed ide ll+ in eK( lit+ t!e+ ! d lw +" t!o( !t t! t "o7et!ino( !t to *e done, i n+t!in )o(ld *e done, to redre"" t!e * l n)e *etween Cinderell

nd t!e ( l+ "i"ter". T!e irrit tin t!in *o(t t!e @ren)! w " not t! t t!e+ " id t!i"o( !t to *e done e#er+*od+ " id t! t. T!e irrit tin t!in *o(t t!e @ren)! w " t! tt!e+ did it. T!e+ /ro/o"ed to ) rr+ o(t into /o"iti#e ")!e7e w! t ! d *een t!e #i"iono !(7 nit+ nd !(7 nit+ w " n t(r ll+ nno+ed. T!e kin " o E(ro/e did not 7 kew r (/on t!e %e#ol(tion *e) ("e it w " *l "/!e7+, *(t *e) ("e it w " )o/+H*ook 7 ?i7 w!i)! ! d *een ("t too ))(r tel+ )o/ied. 't =180> w " /l tit(de w!i)! t!e+

! d lw +" !eld in t!eor+ (ne?/e)tedl+ /(t into /r )ti)e. T!e t+r nt" did not ! tede7o)r )+ *e) ("e it w " / r do? t!e+ ! ted it *e) ("e it w " tr(i"7 w!i)!"ee7ed in "o7e d n er o )o7in tr(e.

Now it ! //en" to *e !( el+ i7/ort nt to ! #e t!i" ri !t #iew o t!e %e#ol(tion in)on"iderin it" /oliti) l e e)t" (/on En l nd. @or t!e En li"!, *ein dee/l+ ndindeed e?)e""i#el+ ro7 nti) /eo/le, )o(ld ne#er *e K(ite )ontent wit! t!i" K( lit+ o )old nd * ld o*#io("ne"" *o(t t!e re/(*li) n or7(l . T!e re/(*li) n or7(l w "7erel+ t!i"Bt! t t!e St te 7("t )on"i"t o it" )iti-en" r(lin eK( ll+, !owe#er (neK( ll+t!e+ 7 + do n+t!in el"e. 'n t!eir ) / )it+ o 7e7*er" o t!e St te t!e+ re ll eK( ll+intere"ted in it" /re"er# tion. (t t!e En li"! "oon *e n to *e ro7 nti) ll+ re"tle""

*o(t t!i" etern l tr(i"7 t!e+ were /er/et( ll+ tr+in to t(rn it into "o7et!in el"e, into"o7et!in 7ore /i)t(re"K(eB/ro re"" /er! /", or n r)!+. At l "t t!e+ t(rned it into



t!e !i !l+ e?)itin nd !i !l+ (n"o(nd "+"te7 o /oliti)", w!i)! w " known " t!eM n)!e"ter S)!ool, nd w!i)! w " e?/re""ed wit! "ort o lo i) l li !tine"", 7oree?)(" *le in liter t(re, *+ Mr. $er*ert S/en)er. O )o(r"e D nton or "!in ton or n+o t!e ori in l re/(*li) n" wo(ld ! #e t!o( !t t!e"e /eo/le were 7 d. T!e+ wo(ldne#er ! #e d7itted or 7o7ent t! t t!e St te 7("t not inter ere wit! )o77er)e or

)o7/etition t!e+ wo(ld 7erel+ ! #e in"i"ted t! t i t!e St te did inter ere, it 7("tre ll+ *e t!e St teBt! t i", t!e w!ole /eo/le. (t t!e di"t n)e *etween t!e )o77on"en"e o D nton nd t!e 7ere e)"t "+ o $er*ert S/en)er 7 rk" =18;> t!e En li"! w +o )olo(rin nd lterin t!e re#ol(tion r+ ide . T!e En li"! /eo/le " *od+ went

*lind, " t!e " +in i", or inter/retin de7o)r )+ entirel+ in ter7" o li*ert+. T!e+ " idin "(*"t n)e t! t i t!e+ ! d 7ore nd 7ore li*ert+ it did not 7 tter w!et!er t!e+ ! d

n+ eK( lit+ or n+ r ternit+. (t t!i" w " #iol tin t!e " )red trinit+ o tr(e /oliti)"t!e+ )on o(nded t!e /er"on" nd t!e+ di#ided t!e "(*"t n)e.

Now t!e re ll+ odd t!in *o(t En l nd in t!e nineteent! )ent(r+ i" t!i"Bt! t t!ere w "one En li"!7 n w!o ! //ened to kee/ !i" !e d. T!e 7en w!o lo"t t!eir !e d" lo"t!i !l+ ")ienti i) nd /!ilo"o/!i) l !e d" t!e+ were re t )o"7i) "+"te7 ti"er" likeS/en)er, re t "o)i l /!ilo"o/!er" like ent! 7, re t /r )ti) l /oliti)i n" like ri !t,

re t /oliti) l e)ono7i"t" like Mill. T!e 7 n w!o ke/t !i" !e d ke/t !e d (ll o nt "ti) non"en"e !e w " writer o rowd+ r)e", de7 o (e o i)tion, 7 n

wit!o(t ed() tion in n+ "erio(" "en"e w! te#er, 7 n w!o"e w!ole *("ine"" w " tot(rn ordin r+ )o)kne+" into e?tr ordin r+ ) ri) t(re". Yet w!en ll t!e"e ot!er )!ildreno t!e re#ol(tion went wron !e, *+ 7+"ti) l "o7et!in in !i" *one", went ri !t. $eknew not!in o t!e %e#ol(tion +et !e "tr()k t!e note o it. $e ret(rned to t!e ori in l"enti7ent l )o77on/l )e (/on w!i)! it i" ore#er o(nded, " t!e C!(r)! i" o(ndedon ro)k. 'n n En l nd one 7 d *o(t 7inor t!eor+ !e re ""erted t!e ori in l ide

Bt!e ide t! t no one in t!e St te 7("t *e too we k to in l(en)e t!e St te.

T!i" 7 n w " Di)ken". $e did t!i" work 7()! 7ore en(inel+ t! n it w " done *+C rl+le or %("kin =185> or t!e+ were "i7/l+ Torie" 7 kin o(t ro7 nti) ) "e or t!eret(rn o Tor+i"7. (t Di)ken" w " re l Li*er l de7 ndin t!e ret(rn o re lLi*er li"7. Di)ken" w " t!ere to re7ind /eo/le t! t En l nd ! d r(**ed o(t two word"o t!e re#ol(tion r+ 7otto, ! d le t onl+ Li*ert+ nd de"tro+ed EK( lit+ nd @r ternit+.'n t!i" *ook, Hard Times , !e "/e)i ll+ )! 7/ion" eK( lit+. 'n ll !i" *ook" !e)! 7/ion" r ternit+.

T!e t7o"/!ere o t!i" *ook nd w! t it "t nd" or ) n *e #er+ deK( tel+ )on#e+ed in

t!e note on t!e *ook *+ Lord M ) (l +, w!o 7 + "t nd " #er+ ood e? 7/le o t!e"/irit o En l nd in t!o"e +e r" o e er e7 n)i/ tion nd e?/ ndin we lt!Bt!e +e r"in w!i)! Li*er li"7 w " t(rned ro7 n o7ni/otent tr(t! to we k ")ienti i) "+"te7.M ) (l +<" /ri# te )o77ent on Hard Times r(n", FOne or two / "" e" o e?K(i"ite

/ t!o" nd t!e re"t "(llen So)i li"7.G T! t i" not n (n ir nd )ert inl+ not "/e)i ll+!o"tile )riti)i"7, *(t it e? )tl+ "!ow" !ow t!e *ook "tr()k t!o"e /eo/le w!o were 7 don /oliti) l li*ert+ nd de d *o(t e#er+t!in el"e. M ) (l + 7i"took or new or7(l) lled So)i li"7 w! t w ", in tr(t!, onl+ t!e old or7(l ) lled /oliti) l de7o)r )+. $e

nd !i" !i " ! d "o t!oro( !l+ 7 (led nd 7odi ied t!e ori in l ide o %o(""e ( or Je er"on t! t w!en t!e+ " w it in t!e+ /o"iti#el+ t!o( !t t! t it w " "o7et!in K(itenew nd e))entri). (t t!e tr(t! w " t! t Di)ken" w " not So)i li"t, *(t n (n"/oilt

Li*er l !e w " not "(llen n +, r t!er, !e ! d re7 ined "tr n el+ !o/e (l. T!e+ ) lled



!i7 "(llen So)i li"t onl+ to di" (i"e t!eir "toni"!7ent t indin "till loo"e *o(t t!eLondon "treet" ! //+ re/(*li) n.

=183> Di)ken" i" t!e one li#in link *etween t!e old kindne"" nd t!e new, *etween t!eood will o t!e / "t nd t!e ood work" o t!e (t(re. $e link" M + D + wit! nk

$olid +, nd !e doe" it l7o"t lone. All t!e 7en ro(nd !i7, re t nd ood " t!e+were, were in )o7/ ri"on /(rit ni) l, nd ne#er "o /(rit ni) l " w!en t!e+ were l"o

t!ei"ti). $e i" "ort o "olit r+ /i/e down w!i)! /o(r" to t!e twentiet! )ent(r+ t!eori in l ri#er o Merr+ En l nd. And lt!o( ! t!i" Hard Times i", " it" n 7e i7/lie",t!e ! rde"t o !i" work", lt!o( ! t!ere i" le"" in it /er! /" t! n in n+ o t!e ot!er" o t!e abandon nd t!e *( ooner+ o Di)ken", t!i" onl+ e7/! "i"e" t!e 7ore )le rl+ t!e

)t t! t !e "tood l7o"t lone or 7ore !(7 ne nd !il rio(" #iew o de7o)r )+. None o !i" re t nd 7()! 7ore !i !l+Hed() ted )onte7/or rie" )o(ld !el/ !i7 int!i". C rl+le w " " loo7+ on t!e one "ide " $er*ert S/en)er on t!e ot!er. $e

/rote"ted in"t t!e )o77er)i l o//re""ion "i7/l+ nd "olel+ *e) ("e it w " not onl+n o//re""ion *(t de/re""ion. And t!i" /rote"t o !i" w " 7 de "/e)i ll+ in t!e ) "e o

t!e *ook *e ore (". 't 7 + *e *itter, *(t it w " /rote"t in"t *itterne"". 't 7 + *ed rk, *(t it i" t!e d rkne"" o t!e "(* e)t nd not o t!e (t!or. $e i" *+ !i" own ))o(ntde lin wit! ! rd ti7e", *(t not wit! ! rd eternit+, not wit! ! rd /!ilo"o/!+ o t!e(ni#er"e. Ne#ert!ele"", t!i" i" t!e one /l )e in !i" work w!ere !e doe" not 7 ke ("re7e7*er !(7 n ! //ine"" *+ e? 7/le " well " *+ /re)e/t. T!i" i", " ' ! #e " id,not t!e " dde"t, *(t )ert inl+ t!e ! r"!e"t o !i" "torie". 't i" /er! /" t!e onl+ /l )ew!ere Di)ken", in de endin ! //ine"", or 7o7ent or et" to *e ! //+.

=188> $e de")ri*e" o(nder*+ nd r d rind wit! de ree o ri7ne"" nd "o7*re! tred #er+ di erent ro7 t!e ! l e)tion te deri"ion w!i)! !e dire)ted in"t t!eold t+r nt" or !(7*( " o t!e e rlier nineteent! )ent(r+Bt!e /o7/o(" Dedlo)k or t!e

t(o(" N(/kin", t!e rote"K(e (7*le or t!e in ne Ti . 'n t!o"e old *ook" !i" #er+*("e w " *eni n nt in Hard Times e#en !i" "+7/ t!+ i" ! rd. And t!e re "on i" in

to *e o(nd in t!e /oliti) l )t" o t!e )ent(r+. Di)ken" )o(ld *e ! l eni l wit! t!eolder ener tion o o//re""or" *e) ("e it w " d+in ener tion. 't w " e#ident, or tle "t it "ee7ed e#ident t!en, t! t N(/kin" )o(ld not o on 7()! lon er 7 kin (/ t!el w o En l nd to "(it !i7"el t! t Sir Lei)e"ter Dedlo)k )o(ld not o on 7()! lon er

*ein kind to !i" ten nt" " i t!e+ were do " nd ) t". And "o7e o t!e"e e#il" t!enineteent! )ent(r+ did re ll+ eli7in te or i7/ro#e. @or t!e ir"t ! l o t!e )ent(r+Di)ken" nd ll !i" riend" were ("ti ied in eelin t! t t!e )! in" were llin ro77 nkind. At n+ r te, t!e )! in" did ll ro7 Mr. %o(n)ewell t!e 'ronH7 "ter. And

w!en t!e+ ell ro7 !i7 !e /i)ked t!e7 (/ nd /(t t!e7 (/on t!e /oor.



C! rle"Di)ken", 1454@ro7 *l )k nd w!ite dr win *+ ( !iet.=184>

LITTLE DORRIT

ittle Dorrit "t nd" in Di)ken"<" li e )!ie l+ " "i n l o !ow r !e went down t!ero d o re li"7, o " dne"", nd o w! t i" ) lled 7odernit+. Tr(e, it w " *+ no 7e n"t!e *e"t o t!e *ook" o !i" l ter /eriod "o7e e#en t!ink it t!e wor"t. 0reat

"1pectations i" )ert inl+ t!e *e"t o t!e l ter no#el" "o7e e#en t!ink it t!e *e"t o llt!e no#el". Nor i" it t!e no#el 7o"t )on)erned wit! "tri)tl+ re)ent /ro*le7" t! t title7("t *e i#en to Hard Times . Nor in i" it t!e 7o"t inel+ ini"!ed or well )on"tr()tedo t!e l ter *ook" t! t )l i7 ) n *e /ro* *l+ 7 de or "d&in Drood . + K(eer #er* l

/ r do? t!e 7o"t ) re (ll+ ini"!ed o !i" l ter t le" i" t!e t le t! t i" not ini"!ed t ll.'n or7, indeed, t!e *ook *e r" "(/er i)i l re"e7*l n)e to t!o"e e rlier work" *+w!i)! t!e +o(n Di)ken" ! d "et t!e w!ole world l ( !in lon o. M()! o t!e "tor+re er" to re7ote ti7e e rl+ in t!e nineteent! )ent(r+ 7()! o it w " )t( ll+ re) lled



nd )o/ied ro7 t!e li e o Di)ken"<" t!er in t!e old M r"! l"e /ri"on. Al"o t!en rr ti#e ! " "o7et!in o t!e or7, or r t!er *"en)e o or7, w!i)! *elon ed to

(icholas (ickleby or Martin Chuzzle&it . 't ! " "o7et!in o t!e old ir o *ein "trino di")onne)ted d#ent(re", like *o+<" *ook *o(t *e r" nd 'ndi n". T!e Dorrit"=189> o w nderin or no / rti)(l r re "on on t!e Continent o E(ro/e, ("t " +o(n

M rtin C!(--lewit went w nderin or no / rti)(l r re "on on t!e )ontinent o A7eri) . T!e "tor+ o ittle Dorrit "to/" nd lin er" t t!e door" o t!e Cir)(7lo)(tionO i)e 7()! in t!e " 7e w + t! t t!e "tor+ o S 7(el Pi)kwi)k "to/" nd lin er" in t!e

/oliti) l e?)ite7ent o E t n"will. T!e #ill in, l ndoi", i" #er+ "t e+ #ill in indeedK(ite " "t e+ " % l/! Ni)kle*+ or t!e 7+"terio(" Monk. T!e "e)ret o t!e d rk !o("eo Clenn 7 i" #er+ "ill+ "e)ret K(ite " "ill+ " t!e "e)ret o % l/! Ni)kle*+ or t!e"e)ret o Monk. Yet ll t!e"e e?tern l "i7il ritie" *etween ittle Dorrit nd t!e e rlie"t

*ook", ll t!i" loo"e, 7elodr 7 ti) K( lit+, onl+ "er#e" to 7 ke 7ore o*#io(" nd"t rtlin t!e )t t! t "o7e )! n e ! " )o7e o#er t!e "o(l o Di)ken". Hard Times i"! r"! *(t t!en Hard Times i" "o)i l / 7/!let /er! /" it i" onl+ ! r"! " "o)i l

/ 7/!let 7("t *e ! r"!. Bleak House i" little "o7*re *(t t!en Bleak House i" l7o"t dete)ti#e "tor+ /er! /" it i" onl+ "o7*re in t!e "en"e t! t dete)ti#e "tor+ 7("t *e

"o7*re. - Tale of T&o Cities i" tr ed+ *(t t!en - Tale of T&o Cities i" t le o t!e@ren)! %e#ol(tion /er! /" it i" onl+ tr ed+ *e) ("e t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion w " tr ed+. The Mystery of "d&in Drood i" d rk *(t t!en t!e 7+"ter+ o n+*od+ 7("t *ed rk. 'n ll t!e"e ot!er ) "e" o t!e l ter *ook" n rti"ti) re "on ) n *e i#enB re "ono t!e7e or o )on"tr()tion or t!e "li !t " dne"" t! t "ee7" to )lin to t!e7. (te? )tl+ *e) ("e ittle Dorrit i" 7ere Di)ken" no#el, it "!ow" t! t "o7et!in 7("t"o7e!ow ! #e ! //ened to Di)ken" !i7"el . E#en in re"(7in =146> !i" old li*ert+, !e) nnot re"(7e !i" old !il rit+. $e ) n reH)re te t!e n r)!+, *(t not t!e re#elr+.

't "o ! //en" t! t t!i" "tr n e di eren)e *etween t!e new nd t!e old 7ode o Di)ken") n *e "+7*oli"ed nd "t ted in one "e/ r te nd "i7/le )ontr "t. Di)ken"<" t!er ! d

*een /ri"oner in de*tor"< /ri"on, nd Di)ken"<" work" )ont in two /i)t(re" / rtl+"( e"ted *+ t!e /er"on lit+ o t! t /ri"oner. Mr. Mi) w*er i" one /i)t(re o !i7. Mr.Dorrit i" not!er. T!i" tr(t! i" l7o"t in)redi*le, *(t it i" t!e tr(t!. T!e o+ (l Mi) w*er,w!o"e #er+ de"/ ir w " e?(lt nt, nd t!e de"ol te Dorrit, w!o"e #er+ /ride w " /iti (l,were t!e " 7e 7 n. T!e # li nt Mi) w*er nd t!e ner#o(", "! kin Dorrit were t!e" 7e 7 n. T!e de i nt Mi) w*er nd t!e "no**i"!, e""enti ll+ o*"eK(io(" Dorrit weret!e " 7e 7 n. ' do not 7e n o )o(r"e t! t eit!er o t!e /i)t(re" w " n e? )t )o/+ o

n+*od+. T!e w!ole Di)ken" eni(" )on"i"ted o t kin !int" nd t(rnin t!e7 into!(7 n *ein ". A" !e took twent+ re l /er"on" nd t(rned t!e7 into one i)titio("

/er"on, "o !e took one re l /er"on nd t(rned !i7 into twent+ i)titio(" /er"on". T!i"K( lit+ wo(ld "( e"t one )! r )ter, t! t K( lit+ wo(ld "( e"t not!er. (t in t!i") "e, t n+ r te, !e did t ke one re l /er"on nd t(rn !i7 into two. And w! t i" 7ore,!e t(rned !i7 into two /er"on" w!o "ee7 to *e K(ite o//o"ite /er"on". To ordin r+re der" o Di)ken", to " + t! t Mi) w*er nd Dorrit ! d in n+ "en"e t!e " 7e ori in l,will //e r (ne?/e)ted nd wild. No )on)ei# *le )onne)tion *etween t!e two wo(lde#er ! #e o))(rred to n+*od+ w!o ! d re d Di)ken" wit! "i7/le nd "(/er i)i len o+7ent, " ll ood liter t(re o( !t to *e re d.=141> 't will "ee7 to t!e7 ("t " "ill+

" " +in t! t t!e @ t o+ nd Mr. Al red Jin le were *ot! )o/ied ro7 t!e " 7e)! r )ter. 't will "ee7 " in" ne " " +in t! t t!e )! r )ter o S7ike nd t!e )! r )ter o M or "to)k were *ot! )o/ied ro7 Di)ken"<" t!er. Yet it i" n (nK(e"tion *le

!i"tori) l )t t! t Mi) w*er nd Dorrit were *ot! )o/ied ro7 Di)ken"<" t!er, in t!eonl+ "en"e t! t n+ i (re" in ood liter t(re re e#er )o/ied ro7 n+t!in or n+*od+.



Di)ken" did et t!e 7 in ide o Mi) w*er ro7 !i" t!er nd t! t ide i" t! t /oor 7 n i" not )onK(ered *+ t!e world. And Di)ken" did et t!e 7 in ide o Dorrit ro7!i" t!er nd t! t ide i" t! t /oor 7 n 7 + *e )onK(ered *+ t!e world. ' "! ll t ket!e o//ort(nit+ o di")(""in , in 7o7ent, w!i)! o t!e"e ide " i" tr(e. Do(*tle"" oldJo!n Di)ken" in)l(ded *ot! t!e + nd t!e " d 7or l 7o"t 7en do. M+ onl+ /(r/o"e

!ere i" to /oint o(t t! t Di)ken" drew t!e + 7or l in 14;9, nd t!e " d 7or l in 1458.

T!ere 7("t ! #e *een "o7e re l " dne"" t t!i" ti7e )ree/in like )lo(d o#er Di)ken"!i7"el . 't i" not!in t! t 7 n dwell" on t!e d rkne"" o d rk t!in " ll !e lt!+ 7endo t! t. 't i" w!en !e dwell" on t!e d rkne"" o *ri !t t!in " t! t we ! #e re "on to e r "o7e di"e "e o t!e e7otion". T!ere 7("t re ll+ ! #e *een "o7e de/re""ion w!en 7 n ) n onl+ "ee t!e " d "ide o lower" or t!e " d "ide o !olid +" or t!e " d "ide o wine. And t!ere 7("t *e "o7e de/re""ion o n (n)o77onl+ d rk nd en(ine)! r )ter w!en 7 n ! " re )!ed "()! /oint t! t !e ) n "ee onl+ t!e " d "ide o Mr.

ilkin" Mi) w*er.

Yet t!i" i" in re lit+ w! t ! d ! //ened to Di)ken" =142> *o(t t!i" ti7e. St rin tilkin" Mi) w*er !e )o(ld "ee onl+ t!e we kne"" nd t!e tr ed+ t! t w " 7 de

/o""i*le *+ !i" indi eren)e, !i" ind(l en)e, nd !i" *r # do. $e ! d lre d+ indeed *een "li !tl+ 7o#ed tow rd" t!i" "t(d+ o t!e ee*lene"" nd r(in o t!e old e/i)(re nt+/e wit! w!i)! !e ! d on)e "+7/ t!i"ed, t!e t+/e o o* S w+er or Di)k Swi#eller.$e ! d lre d+ tt )ked t!e e#il o it in Bleak House in t!e )! r )ter o $ roldSki7/ole, wit! it" e""enti ll+ )ow rdl+ ) rele""ne"" nd it" !i !l+ "el i"! )o77(ni"7.

Ne#ert!ele"", " ' ! #e " id *e ore, it 7("t ! #e *een no "7 ll de ree o )t( l7el n)!oli w!i)! led Di)ken" to look or le""on o di" "ter nd "l #er+ in t!e #er+" 7e ) reer ro7 w!i)! !e ! d on)e t ( !t le""on" o )ontin( l re)(/er tion nd kindo nt "ti) reedo7. T!ere 7("t ! #e *een t t!i" ti7e "o7e 7el n)!ol+ *e!ind t!ewritin ". T!ere 7("t ! #e e?i"ted on t!i" e rt! t t!e ti7e t! t /ortent nd / r do?B"o7ew! t de/re""ed Di)ken".

Per! /" it w " re7ini")en)e o t! t 7et /!ori) l /ro#er* w!i)! tell" (" t! t Ftr(t! lie"t t!e *otto7 o well.G Per! /" t!e"e /eo/le t!o( !t t! t t!e onl+ w + to ind tr(t! in

t!e well w " to drown one"el . (t on w! te#er t!in t!eoreti) * "i", t!e t+/e nd /eriodo eor e i""in did )ert inl+ )on"ider t! t Di)ken", "o r " !e went, w " ll t!ewor"e or t!e o/ti7i"7 o t!e "tor+ o Mi) w*er !en)e it i" not (nn t(r l t! t t!e+"!o(ld t!ink !i7 ll t!e *etter or t!e )o7/ r ti#e /e""i7i"7 o t!e "tor+ o ittle

Dorrit . T!e #er+ t!in " in t!e t le t! t wo(ld n t(r ll+ di"/le "e t!e ordin r+ d7irer"

o Di)ken", re t!e t!in " w!i)! wo(ld n t(r ll+ /le "e 7 n like eor e i""in .T!ere re =140> 7 n+ o t!e"e t!in ", *(t one o t!e7 e7er e" /reHe7inent nd(n7i"t k *le. T!i" i" t!e )t t! t w!en ll i" " id nd done t!e 7 in *("ine"" o t!e"tor+ o ittle Dorrit i" to de")ri*e t!e #i)tor+ o )ir)(7"t n)e" o#er "o(l. T!e)ir)(7"t n)e" re t!e in n)i l r(in nd lon i7/ri"on7ent o Edw rd Dorrit t!e "o(li" Edw rd Dorrit !i7"el . Let it *e r nted t! t t!e )ir)(7"t n)e" re e?)e/tion l ndo//re""i#e, re deno(n)ed " e?)e/tion l nd o//re""i#e, re in ll+ e?/loded ndo#ert!rown "till, t!e+ re )ir)(7"t n)e". Let it *e r nted t! t t!e "o(l i" t! t o 7 n

/er! /" we k in n+ ) "e nd ret inin 7 n+ 7erit" to t!e l "t, "till it i" "o(l. Let it *er nted, *o#e ll, t! t t!e d7i""ion t! t "()! "/irit( l tr edie" do o))(r doe" not

de)re "e *+ "o 7()! " n iot o(r it! in t!e # lidit+ o n+ "/irit( l "tr( le. @or

e? 7/le, Ste#en"on ! " 7 de "t(d+ o t!e *re kdown o ood 7 n<" )! r )ter (nder *(rden or w!i)! !e i" not to *l 7e, in t!e tr ed+ o $enr+ D(rie in The



Master of Ballantrae . Yet !e ! " dded, in t!e 7o(t! o M )kell r, t!e e? )t )o77on"en"e nd ood t!eolo + o t!e 7 tter, " +in F't 7 tter" not ot or !e t! t i" to / ""

(d 7ent (/on t!e re)ord" o o(r li e i" t!e " 7e t! t or7ed (" in r ilt+.G Let (")on)ede t!en ll t!i", nd t!e )t re7 in" t! t t!e "t(d+ o t!e "low de7or li" tion o 7 n t!ro( ! 7ere 7i" ort(ne w " not "t(d+ )on eni l to Di)ken", not in ))ord n)e

wit! !i" ori in l in"/ir tion, not )onne)ted in n+ 7 nner wit! t!e "/e)i l t!in t! t !e! d to " +. 'n word, t!e t!in i" not K(ite / rt o !i7"el nd !e w " not K(ite!i7"el w!en !e did it.

$e w " "till K(ite +o(n 7 n !i" de/re""ion did not =14;> )o7e ro7 e. 'n )t, "r " ' know, 7ere de/re""ion ne#er doe" )o7e ro7 7ere e. A e ) n / "" into

*e (ti (l re#erie. A e ) n / "" into "ort o *e (ti (l idio)+. (t ' do not t!ink t! t t!e)t( l de)line nd )lo"e o o(r ordin r+ #it lit+ *rin " wit! it n+ / rti)(l r !e #ine""

o t!e "/irit". T!e "/irit" o t!e old do not " r(le "ee7 to *e)o7e 7ore nd 7ore /ondero(" (ntil t!e+ "ink into t!e e rt!. % t!er t!e "/irit" o t!e old "ee7 to rowli !ter nd li !ter (ntil t!e+ lo t w + like t!i"tledown. !ere#er t!ere i" t!e de inite

/!eno7enon ) lled de/re""ion, it )o77onl+ 7e n" t! t "o7et!in el"e ! " *een )lo"er to (" t! n "o nor7 l t!in " de t!. T!ere ! " *een di"e "e, *odil+ or 7ent l, or t!ere! " *een "in, or t!ere ! " *een "o7e "tr( le or e ort, *re kin / "t t!e ordin r+

*o(nd rie" o !(7 n )("to7. 'n t!e ) "e o Di)ken" t!ere ! d *een two t!in " t! t renot o t!e ro(tine o w!ole"o7e !(7 n li e t!ere ! d *een t!e K( rrel wit! !i" wi e,

nd t!ere ! d *een t!e "tr in o in)e"" nt nd e? er ted intelle)t( l l *o(r. $e ! dnot n e "+ ti7e nd on to/ o t! t or /er! /" r t!er t t!e *otto7 o it !e ! d not ne "+ n t(re. Not onl+ did !i" li e ne)e""it te work, *(t !i" )! r )ter ne)e""it ted worr+

*o(t work nd t! t )o7*in tion i" lw +" one w!i)! i" #er+ d n ero(" to t!ete7/er 7ent w!i)! i" e?/o"ed to it. T!e onl+ /eo/le w!o o( !t to *e llowed to work

re t!e /eo/le w!o re *le to "!irk. T!e onl+ /eo/le w!o o( !t to *e llowed to worr+re t!e /eo/le w!o ! #e not!in to worr+ *o(t. !en t!e two re )o7*ined, " t!e+

were in Di)ken", +o( re #er+ likel+ to ! #e t le "t one )oll /"e. ittle Dorrit i" #er+intere"tin , "in)ere, nd ")in tin =145> *ook. (t or ll t! t, ' n)+ it i" t!e one)oll /"e.

T!e )o7/lete /roo o t!i" de/re""ion 7 + *e di i)(lt to d# n)e *e) ("e it will *e(r ed, nd entirel+ wit! re "on, t! t t!e )t( l e? 7/le" o it re rti"ti) nd

//ro/ri te. Di)ken", t!e i""in ")!ool will " +, w " !ere /ointin o(t )ert in " dtr(t!" o /"+)!olo + ) n n+ one " + t! t !e o( !t not to /oint t!e7 o(tI T! t 7 + *ein n+ ) "e, to e?/l in de/re""ion i" not to re7o#e it. (t t!e in"t n)e" o t!i" 7ore

"o7*re K( lit+ o w!i)! ' ! #e "/oken re not #er+ ! rd to ind. T!e t!in ) n e "il+ *e"een *+ )o7/ rin *ook like ittle Dorrit wit! *ook like David Copperfield . D #idCo//er ield nd Art!(r Clenn 7 ! #e *ot! *een *ro( !t (/ in (n! //+ !o7e", (nder

*itter ( rdi n" nd *l )k, di"!e rtenin reli ion. 't i" t!e w!ole /oint o D #idCo//er ield t! t !e ! " *roken o(t o C l#ini"ti) t+r nn+ w!i)! !e ) nnot or i#e. (tit i" t!e w!ole /oint o Art!(r Clenn 7 t! t !e ! " not *roken o(t o t!e C l#ini"ti)t+r nn+, *(t i" "till (nder it" "! dow. Co//er ield ! " )o7e ro7 loo7+ )!ild!oodClenn 7, t!o( ! ort+ +e r" old, i" "till in loo7+ )!ild!ood. !en D #id 7eet" t!eM(rd"tone" in it i" to de + t!e7 wit! t!e !e lt! nd !il rio(" n er t! t o wit! !i"! //+ deliri(7 *o(t Dor . (t w!en Clenn 7 reHenter" !i" "e/(l)!r l !o("e t!ere i" wei !t (/on !i" "o(l w!i)! 7 ke" it i7/o""i*le or !i7 to n"wer, wit! n+ "/irit, t!e

7or*iditie" o !i" 7ot!er, or e#en t!e rote"K(e inter eren)e" o Mr. @lintwin)!. T!i" i"onl+ not!er e? 7/le o t!e " 7e K( lit+ w!i)! 7 ke" t!e Di)ken" o ittle Dorrit



in"i"t on t!e de r d tion o t!e de*tor, w!ile t!e Di)ken" o David Copperfield in"i"tedon !i" =143> "/lendid irre"/on"i*ilit+, !i" e""enti l e7 n)i/ tion. '7/ri"on7ent" / ""edo#er Mi) w*er like "(77er )lo(d". (t t!e i7/ri"on7ent in ittle Dorrit i" like )o7/lete n t(r l )li7 te nd en#iron7ent it ! " /o"iti#el+ 7odi ied t!e "! /e" nd

(n)tion" o t!e ni7 l" t! t dwell in it. A !orri*le t!in ! " ! //ened to Di)ken" !e

! " l7o"t *e)o7e n E#ol(tioni"t. or"e "till, in "t(d+in t!e C l#ini"7 o Mr".Clenn 7<" !o("e, !e ! " l7o"t *e)o7e C l#ini"t. $e ! l *elie#e" " do "o7e o t!e7odern ")ienti"t" t! t t!ere i" re ll+ "()! t!in " F )!ild o wr t!,G t! t 7 n onw!o7 "()! n e rl+ "! dow ! d llen )o(ld ne#er "! ke it o . @or n)ient C l#ini"7

nd 7odern E#ol(tioni"7 re e""enti ll+ t!e " 7e t!in ". T!e+ re *ot! in enio("lo i) l *l "/!e7ie" in"t t!e di nit+ nd li*ert+ o t!e !(7 n "o(l.

T!e work7 n"!i/ o t!e *ook in det il i" o ten e?tre7el+ ood. T!e one / "" e in t!eolder nd !e rtier Di)ken" 7 nner ' 7e n t!e de")ri/tion o t!e Cir)(7lo)(tionO i)e i" *e+ond /r i"e. 't i" )o7/lete /i)t(re o t!e w + En l nd i" )t( ll+

o#erned t t!i" 7o7ent. T!e #er+ )ore o o(r /oliti)" i" e?/re""ed in t!e li !t nd e "++o(n rn )le w!o told Clenn 7 wit! kindl+ r nkne"" t! t !e, Clenn 7, wo(ldFne#er o on wit! it.G Di)ken" !it t!e 7 rk "o t! t t!e *ell r n w!en !e 7 de ll t!elower o i)i l", w!o were ) d", tell Clenn 7 )oldl+ t! t !i" )l i7 w " *"(rd, (ntil t!el "t o i)i l, w!o i" entle7 n, tell" !i7 eni ll+ t! t t!e w!ole *("ine"" i" *"(rd.E#en !ere, /er! /", t!ere i" "o7et!in 7ore t! n t!e old e?(*er nt deri"ion o Di)ken"t!ere i" to()! o e?/erien)e t! t #er e" on ")e/ti)i"7. =148> E#er+w!ere el"e,)ert inl+, t!ere i" t!e note w!i)! ' ! #e ) lled C l#ini"ti) e"/e)i ll+ in t!e /rede"tined

/ ""ion o T tt+)or 7 or t!e in)(r *le )r(elt+ o Mi"" de. E#en Little Dorrit !er"el ! d, we re told, one "t in ro7 !er /ri"on e?/erien)e nd it i" "/oken o like *odil+"t in like "o7et!in t! t ) nnot *e w "!ed w +.

T!ere i" no den+in t! t t!i" i" Di)ken"<" d rk 7o7ent. 't dd" enor7o("l+ to t!e # l(eo !i" ener l #iew o li e t! t "()! d rk 7o7ent ) 7e. $e did w! t ll t!e !eroe" nd

ll t!e re ll+ ! //+ 7en ! #e done !e de")ended into $ell. Nor i" it irre#erent to)ontin(e t!e K(ot tion ro7 t!e Creed, or in t!e ne?t *ook !e w " to write !e w " to

*re k o(t o ll t!e"e dre 7" o te nd il(re, nd wit! !i" !i !e"t #oi)e to "/e k o t!e tri(7/! o t!e we k o t!i" world. $i" ne?t *ook w " to le #e (" " +in , " S+dne+C rton 7o(nted t!e ") old, word" w!i)!, "/lendid in t!e7"el#e", ! #e ne#er *een "o"/lendidl+ K(otedBF' 7 t!e %e"(rre)tion nd t!e Li e w!o"o *elie#et! in Me t!o( !!e *e de d +et !e "! ll li#e.G 'n S+dne+ C rton t le "t, Di)ken" "!ow" none o t! tdre r+ "(*7i""ion to t!e en#iron7ent o t!e irre#o) *le t! t ! d or n in"t nt l in on

!i7 like )lo(d. On t!i" o)) "ion !e "ee" wit! t!e old !eroi) )le rne"" t! t to *e il(re 7 + *e one "te/ to *ein " int. On t!e t!ird d + !e ro"e in ro7 t!e de d.



C! rle" Di)ken",1459 @ro7 n oil / intin *+ . P. @rit!, %.A.=144>

A TALE OF TWO CITIES

A" n e? 7/le o Di)ken"<" liter r+ work, - Tale of T&o Cities i" not wron l+ n 7ed. 'ti" !i" 7o"t t+/i) l )ont )t wit! t!e )i#i) ide l" o E(ro/e. All !i" ot!er t le" ! #e *eent le" o one )it+. $e w " in "/irit Co)kne+ t!o( ! t! t title ! " *een K(ite(nre "on *l+ twi"ted to 7e n ) d. + t!e old "o(nd nd /ro#er*i l te"t Co)kne+w " 7 n *orn wit!in t!e "o(nd o ow *ell". T! t i", !e w " 7 n *orn wit!in t!ei77edi te //e l o !i ! )i#ili" tion nd o etern l reli ion. S! ke"/e re, in t!e !e rto !i" nt "ti) ore"t, t(rn" wit! "/lendid "(ddenne"" to t!e Co)kne+ ide l " *eint!e tr(e one ter ll. @or e"t, or re )tion, or n idle "(77er lo#e or "till idler "(77er ! tred, it i" well to w nder w + into t!e *ewilderin ore"t o Arden. 't i" wellt! t t!o"e w!o re "i)k wit! lo#e or "i)k wit! t!e *"en)e o lo#e, t!o"e w!o we r+ o t!e oll+ o )o(rt" or we r+ +et 7ore o t!eir wi"do7, it i" n t(r l t! t t!e"e "!o(ld tr il

w + into t!e twinklin twili !t o t!e wood". Yet it i" !ere t! t S! ke"/e re 7 ke" one



o !i" 7o"t rre"tin nd "t rtlin ""ertion" o t!e tr(t!. $ere i" one o t!o"e r re ndtre7endo(" 7o7ent" o w!i)! one 7 + " + t! t t!ere i" "t e dire)tion, FEnter S! ke"/e re.G $e ! " d7itted t! t or 7en we r+ o )o(rt", or 7en "i)k o )itie", t!ewood i" t!e wi"e"t /l )e, nd !e ! " =149> /r i"ed it wit! !i" /(re"t l+ri) e)"t "+. (tw!en 7 n enter" "(ddenl+ (/on t! t )ele"ti l /i)ni), 7 n w!o i" not "i)k o )itie",

*(t "i)k o !(n er, 7 n w!o i" not we r+ o )o(rt", *(t we r+ o w lkin , t!enS! ke"/e re let" t!ro( ! !i" own #oi)e wit! "! tterin "in)erit+ nd )rie" t!e /r i"e o

/r )ti) l !(7 n )i#ili" tion:

' e#er +o( ! #e looked on *etter d +",' e#er +o( ! #e " t t ood 7en<" e "t",' e#er *een w!ere *ell" ! #e knolled to )!(r)!,' e#er ro7 +o(r e+elid" wi/ed te r Or know w! t <ti" to /it+ nd *e /itied.

T!ere i" not!in iner e#en in S! ke"/e re t! n t! t )on)e/tion o t!e )ir)le o ri)! 7enll /retendin to ro( ! it in t!e )o(ntr+, nd t!e one re ll+ !(n r+ 7 n enterin , "word

in ! nd, nd /r i"in t!e )it+. F' e#er *een w!ere *ell" ! #e knolled to )!(r)!G i +o(! #e e#er *een wit!in "o(nd o ow *ell" i +o( ! #e e#er *een ! //+ nd ! ( !t+eno( ! to ) ll +o(r"el Co)kne+.

e 7("t re7e7*er t!i" di"tin)tion lw +" in t!e ) "e o Di)ken". Di)ken" i" t!e re tCo)kne+, t on)e tr i) nd )o7i), w!o enter" *r(/tl+ (/on t!e Ar) di n * nK(et o t!e "t!eti)" nd " +", F@or*e r nd e t no 7ore,G nd tell" t!e7 t! t t!e+ "! ll not e tF(ntil ne)e""it+ *e "er#ed.G ' t!ere w " one t!in !e wo(ld ! #e #o(red in"tin)ti#el+it wo(ld ! #e *een t!e "/re din o t!e town " 7e nin t!e "/re din o )i#ili" tion.And we "!o(ld ' !o/e ll #o(r t!e "/re din o t!e town i it did 7e n t!e "/re dino )i#ili" tion. T!e o* e)tion to t!e "/re din =196> o t!e 7odern M n)!e"ter or

ir7in ! 7 "(*(r* i" "i7/l+ t! t "()! "(*(r* i" 7()! 7ore * r* ri) t! n n+ #ill ein E(ro/e )o(ld e#er )on)ei# *l+ *e. And in, i t!ere i" n+t!in t! t Di)ken" wo(ld! #e de initel+ ! ted it i" t! t ener l tre t7ent o n t(re " dr 7 ti) "/e)t )le,

/ie)e o ")eneH/ intin w!i)! ! " *e)o7e t!e )o77on 7 rk o t!e )(lt(re o o(r we lt!ier )l ""e". De"/ite 7 n+ ine /i)t(re" o n t(r l ")ener+, e"/e)i ll+ lon t!eEn li"! ro d"ide", !e w " (/on t!e w!ole e7/! ti) ll+ on t!e "ide o t!e town. $e w "on t!e "ide o *ri)k" nd 7ort r. $e w " )iti-en nd, ter ll, )iti-en 7e n" 7 no t!e )it+. $i" "tren t! w ", ter ll, in t!e )t t! t !e w " 7 n o t!e )it+. (t, ter

ll, !i" we kne"", !i" ) l 7ito(" we kne"", w " t! t !e w " 7 n o one )it+.

@or ll /r )ti) l /(r/o"e" !e ! d ne#er *een o(t"ide "()! /l )e" " C! t! 7 ndLondon. $e did indeed tr #el on t!e Continent *(t "(rel+ no 7 n<" tr #el w " e#er "o"(/er i)i l " !i". $e w " 7ore "(/er i)i l t! n t!e "7 lle"t nd )o77one"t to(ri"t. $ewent *o(t E(ro/e on "tilt" !e ne#er to()!ed t!e ro(nd. T!ere i" one ood te"t ndone onl+ o w!et!er 7 n ! " tr #elled to n+ /ro it in E(ro/e. An En li"!7 n i", ""()!, E(ro/e n, nd " !e //ro )!e" t!e )entr l "/lendo(r" o E(ro/e !e o( !t to

eel t! t !e i" )o7in !o7e. ' !e doe" not eel t !o7e !e ! d 7()! *etter ! #e"to//ed t !o7e. En l nd i" re l !o7e London i" re l !o7e nd ll t!e e""enti l

eelin " o d#ent(re or t!e /i)t(re"K(e ) n e "il+ *e ined *+ oin o(t t ni !t (/ont!e l t" o E""e? or t!e )lo#en !ill" o S(rre+. Yo(r #i"it to E(ro/e i" ("ele"" (nle""

=191> it i#e" +o( t!e "en"e o n e?ile ret(rnin . Yo(r ir"t "i !t o %o7e i" (tile(nle"" +o( eel t! t +o( ! #e "een it *e ore. T!(" ("ele"" nd t!(" (tile were t!e



orei n e?/eri7ent" nd t!e )ontinent l r id" o Di)ken". $e en o+ed t!e7 " !e wo(ld! #e en o+ed, " *o+, ") 7/er o(t o C! t! 7 into "o7e "tr n e 7e dow", " !ewo(ld ! #e en o+ed, w!en rown 7 n, "te 7 in /oli)e *o t o(t into t!e en" to t!e

r e "t o London. (t !e w " t!e Co)kne+ #ent(rin r !e w " not t!e E(ro/e n)o7in !o7e. $e i" "till t!e "/lendid Co)kne+ Orl ndo o w!o7 ' "/oke *o#e !e

) nnot *(t "(//o"e t! t n+ "tr n e 7en, *ein ! //+ in "o7e / "tor l w +, re7+"terio(" orei n ")o(ndrel". Di)ken"<" re l "/ee)! to t!e l -+ nd l ( !in)i#ili" tion o So(t!ern E(ro/e wo(ld re ll+ ! #e r(n in t!e S! ke"/e ri n word":

*(t w!oe<er +o( *e!o in t!i" de"ert in ))e""i*le,

Under t!e "! de o 7el n)!ol+ *o( !"Lo"e nd ne le)t t!e )ree/in !o(r" o ti7e.' e#er +o( ! #e looked on *etter t!in ",' e#er *een w!ere *ell" ! #e knolled to )!(r)!.

' , in "!ort, +o( ! #e e#er ! d t!e d# nt e o *ein *orn wit!in t!e "o(nd o ow *ell". Di)ken" )o(ld not re ll+ )on)ei#e t! t t!ere w " n+ ot!er )it+ *(t !i" own.

't i" ne)e"" r+ t!(" to in"i"t t! t Di)ken" ne#er (nder"tood t!e Continent, *e) ("e onl+t!(" ) n we //re)i te t!e re ll+ re7 rk *le t!in !e did in - Tale of T&o Cities . 't i"ne)e"" r+ to eel, ir"t o ll, t!e )t t! t to !i7 London w " t!e )entre o t!e (ni#er"e.=192> $e did not (nder"t nd t ll t!e re l "en"e in w!i)! P ri" i" t!e ) /it l o E(ro/e.$e ! d ne#er re li"ed t! t ll ro d" le d to %o7e. $e ! d ne#er elt " n En li"!7 n) n eel t! t !e w " n At!eni n *e ore !e w " Londoner. Yet wit! e#er+t!in in"t!i7 !e did t!i" "toni"!in t!in . $e wrote *ook *o(t two )itie", one o w!i)! !e(nder"tood t!e ot!er !e did not (nder"t nd. And !i" de")ri/tion o t!e )it+ !e did notknow i" l7o"t *etter t! n !i" de")ri/tion o t!e )it+ !e did know. T!i" i" t!e entr n)eo t!e (nK(e"tion *le t!in *o(t Di)ken" t!e t!in ) lled eni(" t!e t!in w!i)!e#er+ one ! " to t lk *o(t dire)tl+ nd di"tin)tl+ *e) ("e no one know" w! t it i". @or

/l in word " or in"t n)e t!e word ool lw +" )o#er" n in inite 7+"ter+.

- Tale of T&o Cities i" one o t!e 7ore tr i) tint" o t!e l ter li e o Di)ken". 't 7i !t *e " id t! t !e rew " dder " !e rew older *(t t!i" wo(ld *e l"e, or two re "on".@ir"t, 7 n ne#er or ! rdl+ e#er doe" row " d " !e row" old on t!e )ontr r+, t!e7o"t 7el n)!ol+ +o(n lo#er" ) n *e o(nd ort+ +e r" terw rd" )!()klin o#er t!eir

/ort wine. And "e)ond, Di)ken" ne#er did row old, e#en in /!+"i) l "en"e. ! t

we rine"" did //e r in !i7 //e red in t!e /ri7e o li e it w " d(e not to e *(t too#erwork, nd !i" e? er ti#e w + o doin e#er+t!in . To ) ll Di)ken" #i)ti7 o elderl+ di"en)! nt7ent wo(ld *e " *"(rd " to " + t!e " 7e o e t". S()! ti (e "t!ere w ", w " d(e not to t!e "lowin down o !i" *lood, *(t r t!er to it" (nre7ittinr /idit+. $e w " not we ried *+ !i" e r t!er !e w " we ried *+ !i" +o(t!. And t!o( !

- Tale of T&o Cities i" (ll =190> o " dne"", it i" (ll l"o o ent!("i "7 t! t / t!o" i" +o(n / t!o" r t!er t! n n old one. Yet t!ere i" one )ir)(7"t n)e w!i)! doe" render i7/ort nt t!e )t t! t - Tale of T&o Cities i" one o t!e l ter work" o Di)ken". T!i"

)t i" t!e )t o !i" de/enden)e (/on not!er o t!e re t writer" o t!e i)tori n er .And it i" in )onne)tion wit! t!i" t! t we ) n *e"t "ee t!e tr(t! o w!i)! ' ! #e *een"/e kin t!e tr(t! t! t !i" )t( l i nor n)e o @r n)e went wit! 7 -in int(iti#e

/er)e/tion o t!e tr(t! *o(t it. 't i" !ere t! t !e ! " 7o"t )le rl+ t!e /l in 7 rk o t!e7 n o eni(" t! t !e ) n (nder"t nd w! t !e doe" not (nder"t nd.



in ("ti)e !e (nder"tood in t! t o*#io(" #indi)ti#ene"" nd t! t o*#io(" *r(t lit+w!i)! ollowed. FCr(elt+ nd t!e *("e o *"ol(te /ower,G !e told n A7eri) n "l #eHowner, F re two o =193> t!e * d / ""ion" o !(7 n n t(re.G C rl+le w " K(itein) / *le o ri"in to t!e !ei !t o t! t (/li ted )o77onH"en"e. $e 7("t lw +" ind"o7et!in 7+"ti) l *o(t t!e )r(elt+ o t!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion. T!e e e)t w " eK( ll+

* d w!et!er !e o(nd it 7+"ti) ll+ * d nd ) lled t!e t!in n r)!+, or w!et!er !eo(nd it 7+"ti) ll+ ood nd ) lled it t!e r(le o t!e "tron . 'n *ot! ) "e" !e )o(ld not

(nder"t nd t!e )o77onH"en"e ("ti)e or t!e )o77onH"en"e #en e n)e o Di)ken" ndt!e @ren)! %e#ol(tion.

Yet Di)ken" ! " in t!i" *ook i#en /er e)t nd in l to()! to t!i" w!ole )on)e/tion o 7ere re*ellion nd 7ere !(7 n n t(re. C rl+le ! d written t!e "tor+ o t!e @ren)!%e#ol(tion nd ! d 7 de t!e "tor+ 7ere tr ed+. Di)ken" write" t!e "tor+ *o(t t!e@ren)! %e#ol(tion, nd doe" not 7 ke t!e %e#ol(tion it"el t!e tr ed+ t ll. Di)ken"know" t! t n o(t*re k i" "eldo7 tr ed+ ener ll+ it i" t!e #oid n)e o tr ed+.All t!e re l tr edie" re "ilent. Men i !t e )! ot!er wit! (rio(" )rie", *e) ("e 7en

i !t e )! ot!er wit! )!i# lr+ nd n (n)! n e *le "en"e o *rot!er!ood. (t tree" i !te )! ot!er in (tter "tillne"" *e) ("e t!e+ i !t e )! ot!er )r(ell+ nd wit!o(t K( rter. 'nt!i" *ook, " in !i"tor+, t!e (illotine i" not t!e ) l 7it+, *(t r t!er t!e "ol(tion o t!e) l 7it+. T!e "in o S+dne+ C rton i" "in o ! *it, not o re#ol(tion. $i" loo7 i" t!e

loo7 o London, not t!e loo7 o P ri".



C! rle" Di)ken", Cir) 1436P!oto r /! *+ J. & C. tkin".=198>

GREAT EXPECTATIONS

0reat "1pectations , w!i)! w " written in t!e ternoon o Di)ken"<" li e nd 7e, ! " K( lit+ o "erene iron+ nd e#en " dne"", w!i)! /(t" it K(ite lone 7on !i" ot!er

work". At no ti7e )o(ld Di)ken" /o""i*l+ *e ) lled )+ni) l, !e ! d too 7()! #it lit+ *(t rel ti#el+ to t!e ot!er *ook" t!i" *ook i" )+ni) l *(t it ! " t!e "o t nd entle)+ni)i"7 o old e, not t!e ! rd )+ni)i"7 o +o(t!. To *e +o(n )+ni) i" to *e +o(n *r(te *(t Di)ken", w!o ! d *een "o /er e)tl+ ro7 nti) nd "enti7ent l in !i"+o(t!, )o(ld ord to d7it t!i" to()! o do(*t into t!e 7i?ed e?/erien)e o !i" 7iddle

e. At no ti7e )o(ld n+ *ook" *+ Di)ken" ! #e *een ) lled T! )ker + n. ot! o t!etwo 7en were too re t or t! t. (t rel ti#el+ to t!e ot!er Di)ken"i n /rod()tion" t!i"

*ook 7 + *e ) lled T! )ker + n. 't i" "t(d+ in !(7 n we kne"" nd t!e "low !(7 n"(rrender. 't de")ri*e" !ow e "il+ ree l d o re"! nd de)ent in"tin)t" ) n *e 7 de to



) re 7ore or r nk nd /ride nd t!e de ree" o o(r "tr ti ied "o)iet+ t! n or olde)tion nd or !ono(r. 't i" n e?tr )! /ter to The Book of Snobs .

T!e *e"t w + o "t tin t!e )! n e w!i)! t!i" *ook 7 rk" in Di)ken" ) n *e /(t in one /!r "e. 'n t!i" *ook or t!e ir"t ti7e t!e !ero di" //e r". T!e !ero ! d de")ended to

Di)ken" *+ lon line w!i)! =194> *e in" wit! t!e od", n +, /er! /" i one 7 + " +"o, w!i)! *e in" wit! od. @ir"t )o7e" Deit+ nd t!en t!e i7 e o Deit+ ir"t )o7e"t!e od nd t!en t!e de7iH od, t!e $er)(le" w!o l *o(r" nd )onK(er" *e ore !ere)ei#e" !i" !e #enl+ )rown. T! t ide , wit! )ontin( l 7+"ter+ nd 7odi i) tion, ! ")ontin(ed *e!ind ll ro7 nti) t le" t!e de7iH od *e) 7e t!e !ero o / ni"7 t!e!ero o / ni"7 *e) 7e t!e kni !tHerr nt o C!ri"ti nit+ t!e kni !tHerr nt w!ow ndered nd w " oiled *e ore !e tri(7/!ed *e) 7e t!e !ero o t!e l ter /ro"ero7 n)e, t!e ro7 n)e in w!i)! t!e !ero ! d to i !t d(el wit! t!e #ill in *(t lw +""(r#i#ed, in w!i)! t!e !ero dro#e de"/er te !or"e" t!ro( ! t!e ni !t in order to re")(et!e !eroine, *(t lw +" re")(ed !er.

T!i" !eroi) 7odern !ero, t!i" de7iH od in to/H! t, 7 + *e " id to re )! !i" "(/re7e7o7ent nd t+/i) l e? 7/le *o(t t!e ti7e w!en Di)ken" w " writin t! t t!(nderin

nd t!rillin nd !i !l+ (nlikel+ ")ene in (icholas (ickleby , t!e ")ene w!ere Ni)!ol "!o/ele""l+ deno(n)e" t!e tro)io(" ride in !i" !o(r o rinnin tri(7/!, nd t!(d(/on t!e loor *o#e tell" t!e7 t! t t!e !eroine<" t+r nni) l t!er ! " died ("t in ti7eto "et !er ree. T! t i" t!e /ot!eo"i" o t!e /(re !eroi) " Di)ken" o(nd it, nd "Di)ken" in "o7e "en"e )ontin(ed it. 't 7 + *e t! t it doe" not //e r wit! K(ite "o 7()!(n7i"t k *le +o(t!, *e (t+, # lo(r, nd #irt(e " it doe" in Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+. lter

+ i" "i7/ler nd 7ore ) rele"" !ero, *(t w!en !e i" doin n+ o t!e *("ine"" o t!e"tor+ !e i" /(rel+ !eroi). it N(**le" i" !(7*ler !ero, *(t !e i" !ero w!en !e i"

ood !e i" #er+ ood. E#en =199> D #id Co//er ield, w!o )on e""e" to *o+i"! tre7or"nd *o+i"! e# "ion" in !i" ))o(nt o !i" *o+!ood, )t" t!e "tri)t "ti / rt o t!e

)!i# lro(" entle7 n in ll t!e )ti#e nd deter7inin ")ene" o t!e t le. (t 0reat "1pectations 7 + *e ) lled, like /anity Fair , no#el wit!o(t !ero. Al7o"t llT! )ker +<" no#el" e?)e/t E"7ond re no#el" wit!o(t !ero, *(t onl+ one o Di)ken"<"no#el" ) n *e "o de")ri*ed. ' do not 7e n t! t it i" no#el wit!o(t *eune premier , +o(n 7 n to 7 ke lo#e %ick&ick i" t! t nd Oliver T&ist , nd, /er! /", The Old Curiosity Shop . ' 7e n t! t it i" no#el wit!o(t !ero in t!e " 7e r dee/er nd 7orede dl+ "en"e in w!i)! %endennis i" l"o no#el wit!o(t !ero. ' 7e n t! t it i" no#elw!i)! i7" )!ie l+ t "!owin t! t t!e !ero i" (n!eroi).

All "()! /!r "e" " t!e"e 7("t //e r o )o(r"e to o#er"t te t!e ) "e. Pi/ i" 7()!7ore deli !t (l /er"on t! n Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+. Or to t ke "tron er ) "e or t!e /(r/o"e o o(r r (7ent, Pi/ i" 7()! 7ore deli !t (l /er"on t! n S+dne+ C rton.Still t!e )t re7 in". Mo"t o Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+<" /er"on l )tion" re 7e nt to "!owt! t !e i" !eroi). Mo"t o Pi/<" )tion" re 7e nt to "!ow t! t !e i" not !eroi). T!e"t(d+ o S+dne+ C rton i" 7e nt to indi) te t! t wit! ll !i" #i)e" S+dne+ C rton w " !ero. T!e "t(d+ o Pi/ i" 7e nt to indi) te t! t wit! ll !i" #irt(e" Pi/ w " "no*. T!e7oti#e o t!e liter r+ e?/l n tion i" di erent. Pi/ nd Pendenni" re 7e nt to "!ow !ow)ir)(7"t n)e" ) n )orr(/t 7en. S 7 eller nd $er)(le" re 7e nt to "!ow !ow!eroe" ) n "(*d(e )ir)(7"t n)e".

T!i" i" t!e /reli7in r+ #iew o t!e *ook w!i)! i" =266> ne)e"" r+ i we re to re rd it" re l nd "e/ r te )t in t!e li e o Di)ken". Di)ken" ! d 7 n+ 7ood" *e) ("e !e



w " n rti"t *(t !e ! d one re t 7ood, *e) ("e !e w " re t rti"t. An+ re ldi eren)e t!ere ore ro7 t!e ener l dri t, or r t!er ' /olo i"e to Di)ken" t!e ener ldri#e o !i" )re tion i" #er+ i7/ort nt. T!i" i" t!e one /l )e in !i" work in w!i)! !edoe", ' will not " + eel like T! )ker +, r le"" t!ink like T! )ker +, le"" "till write likeT! )ker +, *(t t!i" i" t!e one o !i" work" in w!i)! !e (nder"t nd" T! )ker +. $e /(t"

!i7"el in "o7e "en"e in t!e " 7e /l )e !e )on"ider" 7 nkind t "o7ew! t t!e " 7en le " 7 nkind i" )on"idered in one o t!e "o)i *le nd " r) "ti) no#el" o T! )ker +.!en !e de l" wit! Pi/ !e "et" o(t not to "!ow !i" "tren t! like t!e "tren t! o

$er)(le", *(t to "!ow !i" we kne"" like t!e we kne"" o Pendenni". !en !e "et" o(t tode")ri*e Pi/<" re t e?/e)t tion !e doe" not "et o(t, " in ir+t le, wit! t!e ide t! tt!e"e re t e?/e)t tion" will *e (l illed !e "et" o(t ro7 t!e ir"t wit! t!e ide t! tt!e"e re t e?/e)t tion" will *e di" //ointin . e 7i !t #er+ well, " ' ! #e re7 rkedel"ew!ere, //l+ to ll Di)ken"<" *ook" t!e title 0reat "1pectations . All !i" *ook" re

(ll o n ir+ nd +et rdent e?/e)t tion o e#er+t!in o t!e ne?t /er"on w!o "! ll! //en to "/e k, o t!e ne?t )!i7ne+ t! t "! ll ! //en to "7oke, o t!e ne?t e#ent, o t!e ne?t e)"t "+ o t!e ne?t (l il7ent o n+ e er !(7 n n)+. All !i" *ook" 7i !t

*e ) lled 0reat "1pectations . (t t!e onl+ *ook to w!i)! !e #e t!e n 7e o 0reat "1pectations w " t!e onl+ *ook in w!i)! t!e e?/e)t tion w " ne#er re li"ed. 't w " "owit! t!e w!ole o t! t "/lendid nd =261> (n)on")io(" ener tion to w!i)! !e *elon ed.T!e w!ole lor+ o t! t old En li"! 7iddle )l "" w " t! t it w " (n)on")io(" it"e?)ellen)e w " entirel+ in t! t, t! t it w " t!e )(lt(re o t!e n tion, nd t! t it did notknow it. ' Di)ken" ! d e#er known t! t !e w " o/ti7i"ti), !e wo(ld ! #e )e "ed to *e! //+.

't i" ne)e"" r+ to 7 ke t!i" ir"t /oint )le r: t! t in 0reat "1pectations Di)ken" w "re ll+ tr+in to *e K(iet, det )!ed, nd e#en )+ni) l o*"er#er o !(7 n li e.Di)ken" w " tr+in to *e T! )ker +. And t!e in l nd "t rtlin tri(7/! o Di)ken" i"t!i": t! t e#en to t!i" 7oder te nd 7odern "tor+, !e i#e" n in)o7/ r *le ener +w!i)! i" not 7oder te nd w!i)! i" not 7odern. $e i" tr+in to *e re "on *le *(t in"/ite o !i7"el !e i" in"/ired. $e i" tr+in to *e det iled, *(t in "/ite o !i7"el !e i"

i nti). Co7/ red to t!e re"t o Di)ken" t!i" i" T! )ker + *(t )o7/ red to t!e w!oleo T! )ker + we ) n onl+ " + in "(/re7e /r i"e o it t! t it i" Di)ken".

T ke, or e? 7/le, t!e one K(e"tion o "no**i"!ne"". Di)ken" ! " )!ie#ed d7ir *l+t!e de")ri/tion o t!e do(*t" nd # nitie" o t!e wret)!ed Pi/ " !e w lk" down t!e"treet in !i" new entle7 nl+ )lot!e", t!e )lot!e" o w!i)! !e i" "o /ro(d nd "o

"! 7ed. Not!in )o(ld *e "o e?K(i"itel+ !(7 n, not!in e"/e)i ll+ )o(ld *e "o

e?K(i"itel+ 7 ")(line " t! t )o7*in tion o "el Hlo#e nd "el H ""ertion nd e#enin"olen)e wit! n ked nd !el/le"" "en"i*ilit+ to t!e "li !te"t *re t! o ridi)(le. Pi/t!ink" !i7"el *etter t! n e#er+ one el"e, nd +et n+*od+ ) n "n(* !i7 t! t i" t!ee#erl "tin 7 le, nd /er! /" t!e e#erl "tin entle7 n. Di)ken" ! " de")ri*ed

/er e)tl+ t!i" =262> K(i#erin nd de en)ele"" di nit+. Di)ken" ! " de")ri*ed /er e)tl+!ow illH r7ed it i" in"t t!e )o r"e !(7o(r o re l !(7 nit+Bt!e re l !(7 nit+w!i)! Di)ken" lo#ed, *(t w!i)! ide li"t" nd /!il nt!ro/i"t" do not lo#e, t!e !(7 nit+o ) *7en nd )o"ter7on er" nd 7en "in in in t!irdH)l "" ) rri e t!e !(7 nit+ o Tr **<" *o+. 'n de")ri*in Pi/<" we kne"" Di)ken" i" " tr(e nd " deli) te "T! )ker +. (t T! )ker + 7i !t ! #e *een e "il+ " tr(e nd " deli) te " Di)ken".T!i" K(i)k nd K(iet e+e or t!e tre7or" o 7 nkind i" t!in w!i)! Di)ken"

/o""e""ed, *(t w!i)! ot!er" /o""e""ed l"o. eor e Eliot or T! )ker + )o(ld ! #ede")ri*ed t!e we kne"" o Pi/. E? )tl+ w! t eor e Eliot nd T! )ker + )o(ld not



! #e de")ri*ed w " t!e #i o(r o Tr **<" *o+. T!ere wo(ld ! #e *een d7ir *le!(7o(r nd o*"er# tion in t!eir ))o(nt" o t! t intoler *le (r)!in. T! )ker + wo(ld! #e i#en (" little li !t to()!e" o Tr **<" *o+, *"ol(tel+ tr(e to t!e K( lit+ nd )olo(r o t!e !(7o(r, ("t " in !i" no#el" o t!e ei !teent! )ent(r+, t!e li7/"e" o Steele or

olin *roke or Do)tor Jo!n"on re e? )tl+ nd /er e)tl+ tr(e to t!e )olo(r nd K( lit+

o t!eir !(7o(r. eor e Eliot in !er e rlier *ook" wo(ld ! #e i#en (" "!rewd (t!enti)")r /" o t!e re l di le)t o Tr **<" *o+, ("t " "!e #e (" "!rewd nd (t!enti) ")r /"o t!e re l t lk in Midl nd )o(ntr+ town. 'n !er l ter *ook" "!e wo(ld ! #e i#en ("!i !l+ r tion li"ti) e?/l n tion" o Tr **<" *o+ w!i)! we "!o(ld not ! #e re d. (te? )tl+ w! t t!e+ )o(ld ne#er ! #e i#en, nd e? )tl+ w! t Di)ken" doe" i#e, i" t!ebounce o Tr **<" *o+. 't i" t!e re l (n)onK(er *le r("! nd ener + in )! r )ter w!i)!w " t!e "(/re7e nd K(ite =260> inde")ri* *le re tne"" o Di)ken". $e )onK(ered *+r("!e" !e tt )ked in 7 ""e" !e ) rried t!in " t t!e "/e r /oint in )! r e o "/e r"!e w " t!e %(/ert o @i)tion. T!e t!in *o(t n+ i (re o Di)ken", *o(t S 7 eller or Di)k Swi#eller, or Mi) w*er, or "to)k, or Tr **<" *o+,Bt!e t!in *o(t e )! oneo t!e"e /er"on" i" t! t !e ) nnot *e e?! ("ted. A Di)ken" )! r )ter !it" +o( ir"t on t!eno"e nd t!en in t!e w i"t)o t, nd t!en in t!e e+e nd t!en in t!e w i"t)o t in, wit!t!e *lindin r /idit+ o "o7e * tterin en ine. T!e ")ene in w!i)! Tr **<" *o+)ontin( ll+ o#ert ke" Pi/ in order to reel nd "t er " t ir"t en)o(nter i" t!inK(ite wit!in t!e re l )o7/eten)e o "()! )! r )ter it 7i !t ! #e *een "( e"ted *+T! )ker +, or eor e Eliot, or n+ re li"t. (t t!e /oint wit! Di)ken" i" t! t t!ere i" r("! in t!e *o+<" r("!in " t!e writer nd t!e re der r("! wit! !i7. T!e+ "t rt wit! !i7,t!e+ "t re wit! !i7, t!e+ "t er wit! !i7, t!e+ "! re n ine?/re""i*le #it lit+ in t!e ir w!i)! e7 n te" ro7 t!i" #iolent nd ) /erin " tiri"t. Tr **<" *o+ i" 7on ot!er t!in " *o+ !e ! " /!+"i) l r /t(re in !(rlin !i7"el like *oo7er n nd in

*o(n)in to t!e "k+ like * ll. 't i" ("t e? )tl+ in de")ri*in t!i" K( lit+ t! t Di)ken" i"Di)ken" nd t! t no one el"e )o7e" ne r !i7. No one eel" in !i" *one" t! t @eli? $oltw " "tron " !e eel" in !i" *one" t! t little (il/ w " "tron . No one ) n eel t! t e#en% wdon Cr wle+<" "/lendid "7 )k )ro"" t!e )e o Lord Ste+ne i" K(ite "o li#in ndli eH i#in " t!e Fki)k ter ki)kG w!i)! old Mr. eller de lt t!e d n)in nd K(i#erinSti in" " !e dro#e !i7 tow rd" t!e tro( !. T!i" K( lit+, w!et!er e?/re""edintelle)t( ll+ =26;> or /!+"i) ll+, i" t!e /ro o(ndl+ /o/(l r nd etern l K( lit+ inDi)ken" it i" t!e t!in t! t no one el"e )o(ld do. T!i" K( lit+ i" t!e K( lit+ w!i)! ! "

lw +" i#en it" )ontin(o(" /ower nd /oetr+ to t!e )o77on /eo/le e#er+w!ere. 't i"li e it i" t!e o+ o li e elt *+ t!o"e w!o ! #e not!in el"e *(t li e. 't i" t!e t!in t! t ll

ri"to)r t" ! #e lw +" ! ted nd dre ded in t!e /eo/le. And it i" t!e t!in w!i)! /oor Pi/ re ll+ ! te" nd dre d" in Tr **<" *o+.

A re t 7 n o letter" or n+ re t rti"t i" "+7*oli) wit!o(t knowin it. T!e t!in " !ede")ri*e" re t+/e" *e) ("e t!e+ re tr(t!". S! ke"/e re 7 +, or 7 + not, ! #e e#er /(tit to !i7"el t! t %i)! rd t!e Se)ond w " /!ilo"o/!i) l "+7*ol *(t ll ood )riti)i"77("t ne)e"" ril+ "ee !i7 "o. 't 7 + *e re "on *le K(e"tion w!et!er t!e rti"t "!o(ld

*e lle ori) l. T!ere ) n *e no do(*t 7on " ne 7en t! t t!e )riti) "!o(ld *elle ori) l. S/en"er 7 + ! #e lo"t *+ *ein le"" re li"ti) t! n @ieldin . (t n+ ood

)riti)i"7 o Tom 3ones 7("t *e " 7+"ti) l " t!e Faery 2ueen . $en)e it i" (n #oid *lein "/e kin o ine *ook like 0reat "1pectations t! t we "!o(ld i#e e#en to it"(n/retentio(" nd re li"ti) i (re" )ert in 7 ""i#e 7+"ti)i"7. Pi/ i" Pi/, *(t !e i" l"ot!e wellH7e nin "no*. And t!i" i" e#en 7ore tr(e o t!o"e two re t i (re" in t!e t le

w!i)! "t nd or t!e En li"! de7o)r )+. @or, indeed, t!e ir"t nd l "t word (/on t!eEn li"! de7o)r )+ i" " id in Joe r er+ nd Tr **<" *o+. T!e )t( l En li"! /o/(l )e,



" di"tin)t ro7 t!e @ren)! /o/(l )e or t!e S)ot)! or 'ri"! /o/(l )e, 7 + *e " id to lie *etween t!o"e two t+/e". T!e ir"t i" t!e /oor 7 n w!o doe" not ""ert =265> !i7"el t

ll, nd t!e "e)ond i" t!e /oor 7 n w!o ""ert" !i7"el entirel+ wit! t!e we /on o " r) "7. T!e onl+ w + in w!i)! t!e En li"! now e#er ri"e in re#ol(tion i" (nder t!e"+7*ol nd le der"!i/ o Tr **<" *o+. ! t /ike" nd "!illel !" were to t!e 'ri"!

/o/(l )e, w! t (n" nd * rri) de" were to t!e @ren)! /o/(l )e, t! t )! i" to t!eEn li"! /o/(l )e. 't i" t!eir we /on, t!e ("e o w!i)! t!e+ re ll+ (nder"t nd. 't i" t!eone w + in w!i)! t!e+ ) n 7 ke ri)! 7 n eel (n)o7 ort *le, nd t!e+ ("e it #er+

("ti i *l+ or ll it i" wort!. ' t!e+ do not )(t o t!e !e d" o t+r nt" t le "t t!e+"o7eti7e" do t!eir *e"t to 7 ke t!e t+r nt" lo"e t!eir !e d". T!e (tter *o+" o t!e re ttown" ) rr+ t!e rt o /er"on l )riti)i"7 to "o ri)! nd deli) te de ree t! t "o7e wellHdre""ed /er"on" w!en t!e+ w lk / "t ile o t!e7 eel " i t!e+ were w lkin / "t row o o7ni")ient )riti)" or (d e" wit! /ower o li e nd de t!. $ere nd t!ere onl+i" "o7e ordin r+ !(7 n )("to7, "o7e n t(r l !(7 n /le "(re "(//re""ed in de eren)eto t!e "tidio("ne"" o t!e ri)!. (t ll t!e ri)! tre7*le *e ore t!e "tidio("ne"" o t!e

/oor.

O t!e ot!er t+/e o de7o)r )+ it i" r 7ore di i)(lt to "/e k. 't i" lw +" ! rd to"/e k o ood t!in " or ood /eo/le, or in " ti" +in t!e "o(l t!e+ t ke w + )ert in"/(r to "/ee)!. Di)ken" w " o ten ) lled "enti7ent li"t. 'n one "en"e !e "o7eti7e"w " "enti7ent li"t. (t i "enti7ent li"7 *e !eld to 7e n "o7et!in rti i)i l or t!e tri) l, t!en in t!e )ore nd re lit+ o !i" )! r )ter Di)ken" w " t!e #er+ re#er"e o "enti7ent li"t. $e "erio("l+ nd de initel+ lo#ed oodne"". To "ee "in)erit+ nd )! rit+" ti" ied =263> !i7 like 7e l. ! t "o7e )riti)" ) ll !i" lo#e o "weet "t( i" re ll+!i" lo#e o /l in *ee nd *re d. So7eti7e" one i" te7/ted to wi"! t! t in t!e lonDi)ken" dinner t!e "weet )o(r"e" )o(ld *e le t o(t *(t t!i" doe" not 7 ke t!e w!ole

* nK(et ot!er t! n * nK(et "in (l rl+ "olid nd "i7/le. T!e )riti)" )o7/l in o t!e"weet t!in ", *(t not *e) ("e t!e+ re "o "tron " to like "i7/le t!in ". T!e+ )o7/l ino t!e "weet t!in " *e) ("e t!e+ re "o "o/!i"ti) ted " to like "o(r t!in " t!eir ton (e"

re t inted wit! t!e *itterne"" o *"int!e. Yet *e) ("e o t!e #er+ "i7/li)it+ o Di)ken"<" 7or l t "te" it i" i7/o""i*le to "/e k deK( tel+ o t!e7 nd Joe r er+7("t "t nd " !e "t nd" in t!e *ook, t!in too o*#io(" to *e (nder"tood. (t t!i" 7 +

*e " id o !i7 in one o !i" 7inor "/e)t", t! t !e "t nd" or )ert in lon H"( erin int!e En li"! /oor, )ert in we r+ / tien)e nd /olitene"" w!i)! l7o"t *re k" t!e !e rt.One ) nnot !el/ wonderin w!et!er t! t re t 7 "" o "ilent #irt(e will e#er )!ie#e

n+t!in on t!i" e rt!.

=268>

OUR MUTUAL FRIEND

Our Mutual Friend 7 rk" ! //+ ret(rn to t!e e rlier 7 nner o Di)ken" t t!e end o Di)ken"<" li e. One 7i !t ) ll it "ort o 'ndi n "(77er o !i" r)e. T!o"e w!o 7o"ttr(l+ lo#e Di)ken" lo#e t!e e rlier Di)ken" nd n+ ret(rn to !i" r)e 7("t *ewel)o7ed, like +o(n 7 n )o7e * )k ro7 t!e de d. 'n t!i" *ook indeed !e doe" not7erel+ ret(rn to !i" r)e !e ret(rn" in 7 nner to !i" #(l rit+. 't i" t!e oldde7o)r ti) nd e#en (ned() ted Di)ken" w!o i" writin !ere. T!e #er+ title i" illiter te.An+ /ri i"! /(/il te )!er )o(ld tell Di)ken" t! t t!ere i" no "()! /!r "e in En li"! "Fo(r 7(t( l riend.G An+ one )o(ld tell Di)ken" t! t Fo(r 7(t( l riendG 7e n" Fo(r



=216> "tor+ 7 + *e (nin#ited, *(t t!e+ re ne#er de trop . T!e+ e rn t!eir ni !t<"lod in in n+ t le *+ *ein "o (/ro rio("l+ 7("in like little To77+ T()ker in t!ele end, t!e+ "in or t!eir "(//er. T!i" i" re ll+ t!e 7 rked tr(t! *o(t Our Mutual

Friend , " "t e in t!e "in (l r l tter ) reer o Di)ken". 't i" like t!e le /in (/ ndl 7in o "lowl+ d+in ire. T!e *e"t t!in " in t!e *ook re in t!e old *e"t 7 nner o

t!e (t!or. T!e+ ! #e t! t re t Di)ken" K( lit+ o *ein "o7et!in w!i)! i" /(re r)end +et w!i)! i" not "(/er i)i l n (n t!o7 *le r)eB r)e t! t oe" down to t!e

root" o t!e (ni#er"e. T!e !i !e"t )o7/li7ent t! t ) n e#er *e / id to t!e !(7o(r o Di)ken" i" / id w!en "o7e l d+ " +", wit! t!e "(dden "in)erit+ o !er "e?, t! t it i" Ftoo"ill+.G T!e /!r "e i" re ll+ /er e)tl+ "o(nd nd )(te )riti)i"7. $(7o(r doe" )on"i"t in

*ein too "ill+, in / ""in t!e *orderl nd, in *re kin t!ro( ! t!e loor o "en"e ndllin into "o7e "t rr+ *+"" o non"en"e r *elow o(r ordin r+ !(7 n li e. T!i" Ftoo

"ill+G K( lit+ i" re ll+ /re"ent in Our Mutual Friend . 't i" /re"ent in Our Mutual Friend ("t " it i" /re"ent in %ick&ick , or Martin Chuzzle&it ("t " it i" not /re"ent in ittle Dorrit or in Hard Times . M n+ te"t" 7i !t *e e7/lo+ed. One i" t!e /le "(re in /(rel+ /!+"i) l oke"B oke" *o(t t!e *od+. T!e ener l di"like w!i)! e#er+ one elt or Mr.Sti in"<" no"e i" o t!e " 7e kind " t!e rdent de"ire w!i)! Mr. L 77le elt or Mr.@led e*+<" no"e. F i#e 7e +o(r no"e, Sir,G " id Mr. L 77le. T! t "enten)e lonewo(ld *e eno( ! to "!ow t! t t!e +o(n Di)ken" ! d ne#er died.

T!e o/enin o *ook oe" or re t de l. T!e =211> o/enin o Our Mutual Friend i"7()! 7ore in"tin)ti#el+ ener eti) nd li !tH!e rted t! n t! t o n+ o t!e ot!er no#el"o !i" )on)l(din /eriod. Di)ken" ! d lw +" eno( ! o/ti7i"7 to 7 ke !i" "torie" endwell. $e ! d not, in !i" l ter +e r", lw +" eno( ! o/ti7i"7 to 7 ke t!e7 *e in well.E#en 0reat "1pectations , t!e " dde"t o !i" l ter *ook", end" well it end" well in "/iteo !i7"el , w!o ! d intended it to end * dl+. (t i we le #e t!e e#ident ) "e o oodendin " nd t ke t!e ) "e o ood *e innin ", we "ee !ow 7()! Our Mutual Friend "t nd" o(t ro7 7on t!e ot!er no#el" o t!e e#enin or t!e end o Di)ken". T!e t leo ittle Dorrit *e in" in /ri"on. One o t!e /ri"oner" i" #ill in, nd !i" #ill in+ i" "dre r+ " t!e /ri"on t! t 7i !t 7 tter not!in . (t t!e ot!er /ri"oner i" #i# )io(", nde#en !i" #i# )it+ i" dre r+. T!e ir"t note "tr()k i" " d. 'n t!e t le o "d&in Drood t!e

ir"t ")ene i" in n o/i(7 den, "( o) ted wit! e#er+ "ort o /! nt "+ nd l"e!ood. Nor i" it tr(e t! t t!e"e o/enin " re 7erel+ ))ident l t!e+ re ll+ ) "t t!eir "! dow o#er t!e t le". T!e /eo/le o ittle Dorrit *e in in /ri"on nd it i" t!e w!ole /oint o t!e

*ook t! t /eo/le ne#er et o(t o /ri"on. T!e "tor+ o "d&in Drood *e in" 7id t!e(7e" o o/i(7, nd it ne#er et" o(t o t!e (7e" o o/i(7. T!e d rkne"" o t! t

"tr n e nd !orri*le "7oke i" deli*er tel+ rolled o#er t!e w!ole "tor+. Di)ken", in !i"

l ter +e r", /er7itted 7ore nd 7ore !i" "tor+ to t ke t!e )(e ro7 it" in)e/tion. All t!e7ore re7 rk *le, t!ere ore, i" t!e re l erk nd "/(rt o ood "/irit" wit! w!i)! !eo/en" Our Mutual Friend . 't *e in" wit! ood /ie)e o rowd+ " tire, wildl+e? er ted nd e?tre7el+ tr(e.=212> 't *elon " to t!e " 7e )l "" " t!e ir"t )! /ter o

Martin Chuzzle&it , wit! it" /re/o"tero(" /edi ree o t!e C!(--lewit 7il+, or e#en t!eir"t )! /ter o %ick&ick , wit! it" i77ort l i7*e)ilitie" *o(t t!e T!eor+ o Tittle* t"nd Mr. lotton o Ald te. Do(*tle"" t!e e rl+ " tiri) )! /ter in Our Mutual Friend i"

o 7ore "tr te i) nd in enio(" kind o " tire t! n ) n *e o(nd in t!e"e e rl+ nde?/lo"i#e / rodie". Still, t!ere i" K( lit+ )o77on to *ot!, nd t! t K( lit+ i" t!e w!oleo Di)ken". 't i" K( lit+ di i)(lt to de ineB!en)e t!e w!ole di i)(lt+ o )riti)i"inDi)ken". Per! /" it ) n *e *e"t "t ted in two "e/ r te "t te7ent" or " two "e/ r te

"+7/to7". T!e ir"t i" t!e 7ere )t t! t t!e re der r("!e" to re d it. T!e "e)ond i" t!e7ere )t t! t t!e writer r("!ed to write it.



T!i" *e innin , w!i)! i" like *(r"t o t!e old e?(*er nt Di)ken", i", o )o(r"e, t!eeneerin dinnerH/ rt+. 'n it" own w + it i" " ood " n+t!in t! t Di)ken" e#er did.

T!ere i" t!e old )(lt+ o 7 n in )rowd, o 7 kin )! r )ter )l "! wit! )! r )ter,t! t ! d 7 de Di)ken" not onl+ t!e de7o)r t *(t e#en t!e de7 o (e o i)tion. @or i it i" ! rd to 7 n e 7o*, it i" ! rde"t o ll to 7 n e "well 7o*. T!e / rti)(l r

kind o )! o" t! t i" )re ted *+ t!e !o"/it lit+ o ri)! (/"t rt ! " /er! /" ne#er *een"o ))(r tel+ nd o(tr eo("l+ de")ri*ed. E#er+ to()! *o(t t!e t!in i" tr(e to t!i"d + n+ one ) n te"t it i !e oe" to dinner o t!i" / rti)(l r kind. $ow d7ir *le, or in"t n)e, i" t!e de")ri/tion o t!e w + in w!i)! ll t!e (e"t" i nored t!e !o"t !ow t!e!o"t nd !o"te"" /eered nd /ed or "o7e "tr + ttention " i t!e+ ! d *een / ir o

/oor rel tion". A in, !ow well, " 7 tter =210> o "o)i l )olo(r, t!e di"tin)tion" *etween t!e t+/e nd tone o t!e (e"t" re 7 de e#en in t!e 7 tter o t!i" (n (e"tlikein"olen)e. $ow well Di)ken" di"tin (i"!e" t!e illH*red indi eren)e o Pod"n / ro7 t!ewellH*red indi eren)e o Morti7er Li !twood nd E( ene r +*(rn. $ow well !edi"tin (i"!e" t!e * d 7 nner" o t!e 7er)! nt ro7 t!e eK( ll+ t+/i) l * d 7 nner" o t!e entle7 n. A*o#e ll, !ow well !e ) t)!e" t!e )! r )ter o t!e )re t(re w!o i" re ll+t!e 7 "ter o ll t!e"e: t!e i7/enetr *le 7 le "er# nt. Now!ere in liter t(re i" t!e tr(t!

*o(t "er# nt" *etter told. @or t! t tr(t! i" "i7/l+ t!i": t! t t!e "e)ret o ri"to)r )+ i"!idden e#en ro7 ri"to)r t". Ser# nt", *(tler", oot7en, re t!e !i ! /rie"t" w!o ! #et!e re l di"/en" tion nd e#en entle7en re r id o t!e7. Di)ken" w " ne#er 7oreri !t t! n w!en !e 7 de t!e new /eo/le, t!e eneerin ", e7/lo+ *(tler w!o de"/i"ednot onl+ t!e7 *(t ll t!eir (e"t" nd )K( int n)e". T!e d7ir *le /er"on ) lled t!eAn l+ti) l C!e7i"t "!ow" !i" /er e)tion / rti)(l rl+ in t!e )t t! t !e re rd" ll t!e"! 7 entle7en nd ll t!e re l entle7en wit! t!e " 7e loo7+ nd in)(r *le)onte7/t. $e o er" wine to t!e o en"i#e Pod"n / or t!e "!riekin Ti//in" wit! 7el n)!ol+ "in)erit+ nd "ilen)e *(t !e o er" !i" letter to t!e ri"to)r ti) nd(n)on")io(" Morti7er wit! t!e " 7e "in)erit+ nd wit! t!e " 7e "ilen)e. 't i" re t

/it+ t! t t!e An l+ti) l C!e7i"t onl+ o))(r" in two or t!ree ")ene" o t!i" e?)ellent"tor+. A" r " ' know, !e ne#er re ll+ " +" word ro7 one end o t!e *ook to t!eot!er *(t !e i" one o t!e *e"t )! r )ter" in Di)ken".

%o(nd t!e eneerin dinnerHt *le re )olle)ted not =21;> indeed t!e *e"t )! r )ter" inDi)ken", *(t )ert inl+ t!e *e"t )! r )ter" in Our Mutual Friend . Cert inl+ onee?)e/tion 7("t *e 7 de. @led e*+ i" (n ))o(nt *l+ *"ent. T!ere w " re ll+ no re "onw!+ !e "!o(ld not ! #e *een /re"ent t dinnerH/ rt+ i#en *+ t!e eneerin " ndin)l(din t!e L 77le". $i" 7one+ w " t le "t 7ore en(ine t! n t!eir". ' !e ! d *een

/re"ent t!e / rt+ wo(ld re ll+ ! #e in)l(ded ll t! t i" i7/ort nt in Our Mutual Friend .

@or indeed, o(t"ide Mr. @led e*+ nd t!e /eo/le t t!e dinnerH/ rt+, t!ere i" "o7et!in little !e #+ nd ) rele"" *o(t t!e "tor+. Mr. Sil " e i" re ll+ (nn+ nd !e "er#e"t!e /(r/o"e o ne)e"" r+ #ill in in t!e /lot. (t !i" !(7o(r nd !i" #ill in+ "ee7 to! #e no / rti)(l r )onne)tion wit! e )! ot!er w!en !e i" not ")!e7in !e "ee7" t!el "t 7 n likel+ to ")!e7e. $e i" r t!er like one o Di)ken"<" ree *le o!e7i n",

/le " nt )o7/ nion, K(oter o ine #er"e". $i" #ill in+ "ee7" n rti i)i l t!intt )!ed to !i7, like !i" wooden le . @or w!ile !i" #ill in+ i" "(//o"ed to *e o d(ll,

7e n, nd *itter "ort K(ite (nlike, or in"t n)e, t!e (/ro rio(" #ill in+ o (il/ , !i"!(7o(r i" o t!e "in)ere, lowin nd l+ri) )! r )ter, like t! t o Di)k Swi#eller or Mr.Mi) w*er. $e tell" Mr. o in t! t !e will dro/ into /oetr+ in riendl+ w +. $e doe"dro/ into it in riendl+ w + in 7()! too re ll+ riendl+ w + to 7 ke !i7 )on#in)in

" 7ere ) l)(l tin kn #e. $e nd Mr. en(" re "()! n t(r l nd en(ine)o7/ nion" t! t one doe" not "ee w!+ i en(" re/ent" e "!o(ld not re/ent too. 'n



"!ort, e i" )on#enien)e or /lot nd not #er+ ood /lot t t! t. (t i !e i" oneo t!e *lot" on t!e *("ine"", !e i" not t!e /rin)i/ l =215> one. ' t!e re l de r d tion o

e i" not #er+ )on#in)in , it i" t le "t i77e "(r *l+ 7ore )on#in)in t! n t!e /retended de r d tion o o in. T!e / "" e in w!i)! o in //e r" " "ort o 7i"er,

nd t!en terw rd" e?/l in" t! t !e onl+ ""(7ed t!e )! r )ter or re "on" o !i" own,

! " "o7et!in *o(t it !i !l+ erk+ nd (n" ti" )tor+. T!e tr(t! o t!e w!ole 7 tter 't!ink, l7o"t )ert inl+, i" t! t Di)ken" did not ori in ll+ 7e n o in<" l /"e to *e

i)titio(". $e ori in ll+ 7e nt o in re ll+ to *e )orr(/ted *+ we lt!, "lowl+ tode ener te nd " "lowl+ to re/ent. (t t!e "tor+ went too K(i)kl+ or t!i" lon , do(*le,

nd di i)(lt /ro)e"" t!ere ore Di)ken" t t!e l "t 7o7ent 7 de "(dden re)o#er+ /o""i*le *+ re/re"entin t! t t!e w!ole *("ine"" ! d *een tri)k. Con"eK(entl+, t!i"e/i"ode i" not n error 7erel+ in t!e "en"e t! t we 7 + ind 7 n+ error" in re twriter like Di)ken" it i" 7i"t ke / t)!ed (/ wit! not!er 7i"t ke. 't i" ) "e o t! to""i i) tion w!i)! o))(r" ro(nd t!e !e lin o n )t( l r )t(re t!e "tor+ ! d *rokendown nd *een 7ended.

' Di)ken" ! d (l illed w! t w " /ro* *l+ !i" ori in l de"i n, nd de")ri*ed t!e "lowree-in o o in<" "o(l in /ro"/erit+, ' do not " + t! t !e wo(ld ! #e done t!e t!in

well. $e w " not ood t de")ri*in )! n e in n+*od+, e"/e)i ll+ not ood tde")ri*in )! n e or t!e wor"e. T!e tenden)+ o ll !i" )! r )ter" i" (/w rd", like

*(**le", ne#er downw rd", like "tone". (t t le "t it wo(ld /ro* *l+ ! #e *een 7ore)redi*le t! n t!e "tor+ " it "t nd" or t!e "tor+ " it "t nd" i" )t( ll+ le"" )redi*le t! n

n+ )on)ei# *le kind o 7or l r(in or o in. S()! )! r )ter " !i"Bro( !, "i7/lend l(7*erin l+ (n)on")io("B7i !t *e 7ore =213> e "il+ )on)ei#ed " re ll+ "inkin

in "el Hre"/e)t nd !ono(r t! n " kee/in (/, 7ont! ter 7ont!, "o "tr ined ndin!(7 n t!e tri) l /er or7 n)e. To ood 7 n o t! t / rti)(l r t+/e it wo(ld *ee "ier to *e * d t! n to /retend to *e * d. 't 7i !t ! #e t ken +e r" to t(rn Nodd+

o in into 7i"er *(t it wo(ld ! #e t ken )ent(rie" to t(rn !i7 into n )tor. T!i"(nre lit+ in t!e l ter o in ")ene" 7 ke" t!e end o t!e "tor+ o Jo!n $ r7on"o7ew! t 7ore (ni7/re""i#e /er! /" t! n it 7i !t ot!erwi"e ! #e *een. U/on no!+/ot!e"i", !owe#er, ) n !e *e 7 de one o t!e 7ore i7/re""i#e i (re" o Di)ken". 'ti" tr(e t! t it i" n (n ir )riti)i"7 to o* e)t, " "o7e ! #e done, t! t Di)ken" doe" not"())eed in di" (i"in t!e identit+ o Jo!n $ r7on wit! Jo!n %oke"7it!. Di)ken" ne#er intended to di" (i"e it t!e w!ole "tor+ wo(ld *e 7 inl+ (nintelli i*le nd l r el+(nintere"tin i it ! d *een "())e"" (ll+ di" (i"ed. (t t!o( ! Jo!n $ r7on or %oke"7it! w " ne#er intended to *e 7erel+ 7 n o 7+"ter+, it i" not K(ite "o e "+ to" + w! t !e w " intended to *e. ell i" /o""i*le nd /rett+ "ket)!. Mr". il er, !er

7ot!er, i" n entirel+ i7/o""i*le nd entirel+ deli !t (l one. Mi"" Pod"n / i" not onl+e?)ellent, "!e i" to !e lt!+ t "te /o"iti#el+ ttr )ti#e t!ere i" re l "( e"tion in !er o t!e )t t! t !(7ilit+ i" kin to tr(t!, e#en w!en !(7ilit+ t ke" it" 7ore )o7i) or7o "!+ne"". T!ere i" not in ll liter t(re 7ore !(7 n cri de c6ur t! n t! t wit! w!i)!

eor i n Pod"n / re)ei#e" t!e in or7 tion t! t +o(n 7 n ! " /ro e""ed !i7"el to *e ttr )ted *+ !erBFO! w! t @ool !e 7("t *e G

Two ot!er i (re" reK(ire /r i"e, t!o( ! t!e+ re in =218> t!e 7ore tr i) 7 nner w!i)!Di)ken" to()!ed ro7 ti7e to ti7e in !i" l ter /eriod. r dle+ $e d"tone i" re ll+ "())e"" (l #ill in "o "())e"" (l t! t !e (ll+ ) /t(re" o(r "+7/ t!ie". Al"o t!ere i""o7et!in ori in l in t!e #er+ )on)e/tion. 't w " new notion to dd to t!e #ill in" o

i)tion, w!o"e t!o( !t" o K(i)kl+, t!i" #ill in w!o"e t!o( !t" o "low *(t "(re nd itw " new notion to )o7*ine de dl+ )ri7in lit+ not wit! !i ! li e or t!e "l(7" t!e



("( l ! (nt" or #ill in" *(t wit! t!e l *orio(" re"/e)t *ilit+ o t!e lower, 7iddle)l ""e". T!e ot!er ood )on)e/tion i" t!e *o+, r dle+ $e d"tone<" /(/il, wit! !i" d(ll,ine?! ("ti*le e oi"7, !i" /ert, (n)on")io(" )r(elt+, nd t!e "tri)t de)or(7 ndin)redi*le * "ene"" o !i" #iew" o li e. 't i" "in (l r t! t Di)ken", w!o w " not onl+ r di) l nd "o)i l re or7er, *(t one w!o wo(ld ! #e *een / rti)(l rl+ )on)erned to

7 int in t!e /rin)i/le o 7odern /o/(l r ed() tion, "!o(ld ne#ert!ele"" ! #e "een "o)le rl+ t!i" /otenti l e#il in t!e 7ere ed() tion li"7 o o(r ti7eBt!e )t t! t 7erel+ed() tin t!e de7o)r )+ 7 + e "il+ 7e n "ettin to work to de"/oil it o ll t!ede7o)r ti) #irt(e". 't i" *etter to *e Li--ie $e? 7 nd not know !ow to re d nd writet! n to *e C! rlie $e? 7 nd not know !ow to //re)i te Li--ie $e? 7. 't i" not onl+ne)e"" r+ t! t t!e de7o)r )+ "!o(ld *e t ( !t it i" l"o ne)e"" r+ t! t t!e de7o)r )+"!o(ld *e t ( !t de7o)r )+. Ot!erwi"e it will )ert inl+ ll #i)ti7 to t! t"no**i"!ne"" nd "+"te7 o worldl+ "t nd rd" w!i)! i" t!e 7o"t n t(r l nd e "+ o llt!e or7" o !(7 n )orr(/tion. T!i" i" one o t!e 7 n+ d n er" w!i)! Di)ken" " w

*e ore it e?i"ted. Di)ken" w " re ll+ /ro/!et r 7ore o /ro/!et t! n C rl+le.



C! rle"Di)ken", 1434@ro7 /!oto r /! *+ (rne+.=214>

EDWIN DROOD

%ick&ick w " work / rtl+ de"i ned *+ ot!er", *(t (lti7 tel+ illed (/ *+ Di)ken". "d&in Drood , t!e l "t *ook, w " *ook de"i ned *+ Di)ken", *(t (lti7 tel+ illed (/ *+ ot!er". T!e %ick&ick %apers "!owed !ow 7()! Di)ken" )o(ld 7 ke o(t o ot!er /eo/le<" "( e"tion" The Mystery of "d&in Drood "!ow" !ow #er+ little ot!er /eo/le) n 7 ke o(t o Di)ken"<" "( e"tion".

Di)ken" w " 7e nt *+ $e #en to *e t!e re t 7elodr 7 ti"t "o t! t e#en !i" liter r+end w " 7elodr 7 ti). So7et!in 7ore "ee7" !inted t in t!e )(ttin "!ort o "d&in

Drood *+ Di)ken" t! n t!e 7ere )(ttin "!ort o ood no#el *+ re t 7 n. 't "ee7"r t!er like t!e l "t t (nt o "o7e el , le #in t!e world, t! t it "!o(ld *e t!i" "tor+ w!i)!i" not ended, t!i" "tor+ w!i)! i" onl+ "tor+. T!e onl+ one o Di)ken"<" no#el" w!i)! !e



)le#erer " /ie)e o rti"ti) 7+"ter+ t! n t!e )t t! t J "/er, t!e (n)le, lw +" ke/t !i"e+e" i?ed on Drood<" )e wit! d rk nd w t)! (l tenderne"" t!e t!in i" "o told t! t

t ir"t we re ll+ t ke it " onl+ indi) tin "o7et!in 7or*id in t!e e)tion it i" onl+terw rd" t! t t!e ri !t (l n)+ *re k" (/on (" t! t it i" not 7or*id e)tion *(t

7or*id nt oni"7. T!i" ir"t 7+"ter+ w!i)! i" no lon er 7+"ter+ o J "/er<" (ilt,

i" onl+ wort! re7 rkin *e) ("e it "!ow" t! t Di)ken" 7e nt nd elt !i7"el *le to7 "k ll !i" * tterie" wit! re l rti"ti) "tr te + nd rti"ti) ) (tion. T!e 7 nner o t!e(n7 "kin o J "/er 7 rk" t!e 7 nner nd tone in w!i)! t!e w!ole t le w " to *e told.$ere we ! #e not ot to do wit! Di)ken" "i7/l+ i#in !i7"el w +, " !e #e!i7"el w + in %ick&ick or The Christmas Carol . Not t! t one )o7/l in" o !i" i#in!i7"el w + t!ere w " no *etter i t.

! t w " t!e 7+"ter+ o Edwin Drood ro7 Di)ken"<" /oint o #iew we "! ll ne#er know, e?)e/t /er! /" ro7 Di)ken" in !e #en, nd t!en !e will #er+ likel+ ! #e

or otten. (t t!e 7+"ter+ o Edwin Drood ro7 o(r /oint o #iew, ro7 t! t o !i")riti)", nd t!o"e w!o ! #e wit! "o7e )o(r e ter !i" de t! tte7/ted to *e !i")oll *or tor", i" "i7/l+ t!i". T!ere i" no do(*t t! t J "/er eit!er 7(rdered Drood or "(//o"ed t! t !e ! d 7(rdered !i7. T!i" )ert int+ we ! #e ro7 t!e )t t! t it i" t!ew!ole /oint o ")ene *etween J "/er nd Drood<" l w+er rew io(" =222> in w!i)!J "/er i" "tr()k down wit! re7or"e w!en !e re li"e" t! t Drood ! " *een killed ro7!i" /oint o #iew needle""l+ nd wit!o(t /ro it. T!e onl+ K(e"tion i" w!et!er J "/er<"re7or"e w " " needle"" " !i" 7(rder. 'n ot!er word" t!e onl+ K(e"tion i" w!et!er,w!ile !e )ert inl+ t!o( !t !e ! d 7(rdered Drood, !e ! d re ll+ done it. 't need ! rdl+

*e " id t! t "()! do(*t wo(ld not ! #e *een r i"ed or not!in entle7en like J "/er do not " r(le w "te ood re7or"e e?)e/t (/on "())e"" (l )ri7e. T!e ori in o t!edo(*t *o(t t!e re l de t! o Drood i" t!i". Tow rd" t!e l tter end o t!e e?i"tin)! /ter" t!ere //e r" #er+ *r(/tl+, nd wit! K(ite o"tent tio(" ir o 7+"ter+, )! r )ter ) lled D t)!er+. $e //e r" or t!e /(r/o"e o "/+in (/on J "/er nd ettin(/ "o7e ) "e in"t !i7 t n+ r te, i !e ! " not t!i" /(r/o"e in t!e "tor+ !e ! " noot!er e rt!l+ /(r/o"e in it. $e i" n old entle7 n o (#enile ener +, wit! ! *it o ) rr+in !i" ! t in !i" ! nd e#en in t!e o/en ir w!i)! "o7e ! #e inter/reted "7e nin t! t !e eel" t!e (n ))("to7ed wei !t o wi . Now t!ere re one or two

/eo/le in t!e "tor+ w!o t!i" /er"on 7i !t /o""i*l+ *e. Not *l+ t!ere i" one /er"on in t!e"tor+ w!o "ee7" " i !e were 7e nt to *e "o7et!in , *(t w!o !it!erto ! " )ert inl+

*een not!in ' 7e n -- rd, Mr. rew io("<" )lerk, "(lk+ ellow intere"ted int!e tri) l", o w!o7 n (nne)e"" r+ ("" i" 7 de. T!ere i" l"o Mr. rew io(" !i7"el ,

nd t!ere i" l"o not!er "( e"tion, "o 7()! 7ore "t rtlin t! t ' "! ll ! #e to de l

wit! it l ter.

@or t!e 7o7ent, !owe#er, t!e /oint i" t!i": T! t in enio(" writer, Mr. Pro)tor, "t rtedt!e !i !l+ =220> /l ("i*le t!eor+ t! t t!i" D t)!er+ w " Drood !i7"el , w!o ! d notre ll+ *een killed. $e dd()ed 7o"t )o7/le? nd )o7/lete ")!e7e )o#erin ne rl+ llt!e det il" *(t t!e "tron e"t r (7ent !e ! d w " r t!er one o ener l rti"ti) e e)t.T!i" r (7ent ! " *een K(ite /er e)tl+ "(77ed (/ *+ Mr. Andrew L n in one"enten)e: F' Edwin Drood i" de d, t!ere i" not 7()! 7+"ter+ *o(t !i7.G T!i" i" K(itetr(e Di)ken", w!en writin in "o deli*er te, n +, d rk nd )on"/ir tori l 7 nner,wo(ld "(rel+ ! #e ke/t t!e de t! o Drood nd t!e (ilt o J "/er !idden little lon er i t!e onl+ re l 7+"ter+ ! d *een t!e (ilt o J "/er nd t!e de t! o Drood. 't )ert inl+

"ee7" rti"ti) ll+ 7ore likel+ t! t t!ere w " (rt!er 7+"ter+ o Edwin Drood not t!e7+"ter+ t! t !e w " 7(rdered, *(t t!e 7+"ter+ t! t !e w " not 7(rdered. 't i" tr(e



indeed t! t Mr. C(77in lter" ! " t!eor+ o D t)!er+ to w!i)! ' ! #e lre d+d rkl+ ll(ded t!eor+ w!i)! i" wild eno( ! to *e t!e )entre not onl+ o n+ no#el *(to n+ ! rleK(in de. (t t!e /oint i" t! t e#en Mr. C(77in lter"<" t!eor+, t!o( ! it7 ke" t!e 7+"ter+ 7ore e?tr ordin r+, doe" not 7 ke it n+ 7ore o 7+"ter+ o Edwin Drood. 't "!o(ld not ! #e *een ) lled The Mystery of Drood , *(t The Mystery of

Datchery . T!i" i" t!e "tron e"t ) "e or Pro)tor i t!e "tor+ tell" o Drood )o7in * )k " D t)!er+, t!e "tor+ doe" t n+ r te (l il t!e title (/on it" titleH/ e.

T!e /rin)i/ l o* e)tion to Pro)tor<" t!eor+ i" t! t t!ere "ee7" no deK( te re "on w!+J "/er "!o(ld not ! #e 7(rdered !i" ne/!ew i !e w nted to. And t!ere "ee7" e#en le""re "on w!+ Drood, i (n"())e"" (ll+ =22;> 7(rdered, "!o(ld not ! #e r i"ed t!e l r7.$ //+ +o(n r)!ite)t", w!en ne rl+ "tr n led *+ elderl+ or ni"t", do not ener ll+"troll w + nd )o7e * )k "o7e ti7e terw rd" in wi nd wit! l"e n 7e.S(/er i)i ll+ it wo(ld "ee7 l7o"t " odd to ind t!e 7(rderer in#e"ti tin t!e ori ino t!e 7(rder, " to ind t!e )or/"e in#e"ti tin it. To t!i" /ro*le7 two o t!e *le"tliter r+ )riti)" o o(r ti7e, Mr. Andrew L n nd Mr. illi 7 Ar)!er *ot! o t!e7

/er"( ded ener ll+ o t!e Pro)tor t!eor+ ! #e e"/e)i ll+ ddre""ed t!e7"el#e". ot!! #e )o7e to t!e " 7e "(*"t nti l )on)l("ion nd ' "("/e)t t! t t!e+ re ri !t. T!e+!old t! t J "/er w!o"e 7 ni or o/i(7 i" 7()! in"i"ted on in t!e t le ! d "o7e "orto it, or tr n)e, or ot!er /!+"i) l "ei-(re " !e w " )o77ittin t!e )ri7e "o t! t !e le tit (n ini"!ed nd t!e+ l"o !old t! t !e ! d dr( ed Drood, "o t! t Drood, w!en !ere)o#ered ro7 t!e tt )k, w " do(*t (l *o(t w!o ! d *een !i" "" il nt. T!i" 7i !tre ll+ e?/l in, i little n)i (ll+, !i" )o7in * )k to t!e town in t!e )! r )ter o dete)ti#e. $e 7i !t t!ink it d(e to !i" (n)le w!o7 !e l "t re7e7*ered in kind o 7(rdero(" #i"ion to 7 ke n inde/endent in#e"ti tion " to w!et!er !e w " re ll+

(ilt+ or not. $e 7i !t " +, " $ 7let " id o #i"ion eK( ll+ terri +in , F'<ll ! #ero(nd" 7ore rel ti#e t! n t!i".G 'n irne"" it 7("t *e " id t! t t!ere i" "o7et!in

# (el+ "! k+ *o(t t!i" t!eor+ )!ie l+, ' t!ink, in t!i" re"/e)t t! t t!ere i" "ort o r)i) l )!eer (lne"" *o(t D t)!er+ w!i)! doe" not "ee7 lto et!er //ro/ri te to

l d w!o o( !t to *e in n on+ o do(*t " to w!et!er !i" *e"t riend w " or w " not!i" "" ""in. Still t!ere re 7 n+ "()! in)on r(itie" =225> in Di)ken" nd t!ee?/l n tion o Mr. Ar)!er nd Mr. L n i" n e?/l n tion. ' do not *elie#e t! t n+e?/l n tion " ood ) n *e i#en to ))o(nt or t!e t le *ein ) lled The Mystery of

"d&in Drood , i t!e t le /r )ti) ll+ "t rt" wit! !i" )or/"e.

' Drood i" re ll+ de d one ) nnot !el/ eelin t!e "tor+ o( !t to end w!ere it doe" end,not *+ ))ident *(t *+ de"i n. T!e 7(rder i" e?/l ined. J "/er i" re d+ to *e ! n ed,

nd e#er+ one el"e in de)ent no#el o( !t to *e re d+ to *e 7 rried. ' t!ere w " to *e7()! 7ore o n+t!in , it 7("t ! #e *een o nti)li7 ?. Ne#ert!ele"" t!ere re de ree"o nti)li7 ?. So7e o t!e 7ore o*#io(" e?/l n tion" o D t)!er+ re K(ite re "on *le,

*(t t!e+ re di"tin)tl+ t 7e. @or in"t n)e, D t)!er+ 7 + *e -- rd *(t it i" not #er+e?)itin i !e i" or we know not!in *o(t -- rd nd ) re le"". A in, !e 7i !t *e

rew io(" *(t t!ere i" "o7et!in /ointle"" *o(t one rote"K(e )! r )ter dre""in (/" not!er rote"K(e )! r )ter )t( ll+ le"" 7("in t! n !i7"el . Now, Mr. C(77in

lter" ! " t le "t ! d t!e di"tin)tion o in#entin t!eor+ w!i)! 7 ke" t!e "tor+ tle "t n intere"tin "tor+, e#en i it i" not e? )tl+ t!e "tor+ t! t i" /ro7i"ed on t!e )o#er o t!e *ook. T!e o*#io(" ene7+ o Drood, on w!o7 "("/i)ion ir"t ll", t!e "w rt!+

nd "(lk+ L ndle"", ! " "i"ter e#en "w rt!ier nd, e?)e/t or !er K(eenl+ di nit+, e#en

"(lkier t! n !e. T!i" * r* ri) /rin)e"" i" e#identl+ 7e nt to *e in "o7*re w + inlo#e wit! Cri"/ rkle, t!e )ler +7 n nd 7(")(l r C!ri"ti n w!o re/re"ent" t!e *ree-+



ele7ent in t!e e7otion" o t!e t le. Mr. C(77in lter" "erio("l+ 7 int in" t! t it i"t!i" * r* ri) /rin)e"" =223> w!o /(t" on wi nd dre""e" (/ " Mr. D t)!er+. $e (r e"!i" ) "e wit! 7()! in en(it+ o det il. $elen L ndle"" )ert inl+ ! d 7oti#e to " #e!er *rot!er, w!o w " ))("ed l"el+, *+ ))("in J "/er ("tl+. S!e )ert inl+ ! d "o7eo t!e )(ltie" it i" el *or tel+ "t ted in t!e e rlier / rt o !er "tor+ t! t "!e w "

))("to7ed " )!ild to dre"" (/ in 7 le )o"t(7e nd r(n into t!e wilde"t d#ent(re".T!ere 7 + *e "o7et!in in Mr. C(77in lter"<" r (7ent t! t t!e #er+ li// n)+ o D t)!er+ i" t!e "el H)on")io(" li// n)+ o "tron wo7 n in "()! n odd "it( tion)ert inl+ t!ere i" t!e " 7e li// n)+ in Porti nd in %o" lind. Ne#ert!ele"", ' t!ink,t!ere i" one in l o* e)tion to t!e t!eor+ nd t! t i" "i7/l+ t!i", t! t it i" )o7i). 't i"

ener ll+ wron to re/re"ent re t 7 "ter o t!e rote"K(e " *ein rote"K(e e? )tl+w!ere !e doe" not intend to *e. And ' 7 /er"( ded t! t i Di)ken" ! d re ll+ 7e nt$elen to t(rn into D t)!er+, !e wo(ld ! #e 7 de !er ro7 t!e ir"t in "o7e w + 7oreli !t, e))entri), nd l ( ! *le !e wo(ld ! #e 7 de !er t le "t " li !t nd l ( ! *le

" %o" . A" it i", t!ere i" "o7et!in "tr n el+ "ti nd in)redi*le *o(t t!e ide o l d+ "o d rk nd di ni ied dre""in (/ " "w erin old entle7 n in *l(e )o t nd

re+ tro("er". e 7i !t l7o"t " e "il+ i7 ine Edit! Do7*e+ dre""in (/ " M or "to)k. e 7i !t l7o"t " e "il+ i7 ine %e*e)) in $vanhoe dre""in (/ " '" )

o York.

O )o(r"e "()! K(e"tion ) n ne#er re ll+ *e "ettled /re)i"el+, *e) ("e it i" t!e K(e"tionnot 7erel+ o 7+"ter+ *(t o /(--le. @or !ere t!e dete)ti#e no#el di er" ro7 e#er+ot!er kind o no#el. T!e ordin r+ =228> no#eli"t de"ire" to kee/ !i" re der" to t!e /ointt!e dete)ti#e no#eli"t )t( ll+ de"ire" to kee/ !i" re der" o t!e /oint. 'n t!e ir"t ) "e,e#er+ to()! 7("t !el/ to tell t!e re der w! t !e 7e n" in t!e "e)ond ) "e, 7o"t o t!eto()!e" 7("t )on)e l or e#en )ontr di)t w! t !e 7e n". Yo( re "(//o"ed to "ee nd

//re)i te t!e "7 lle"t e"t(re" o ood )tor *(t +o( do not "ee ll t!e e"t(re" o )on (ror, i !e i" ood )on (ror. $en)e, into t!e )riti) l e"ti7 te o "()! work" " t!i",t!ere i" introd()ed /ro*le7, n e?tr /er/le?it+, w!i)! doe" not e?i"t in ot!er ) "e". '7e n t!e /ro*le7 o t!e t!in " )o77onl+ ) lled *lind". So7e o t!e /oint" w!i)! we

/i)k o(t " "( e"ti#e 7 + ! #e *een /(t in " de)e/ti#e. T!(" t!e w!ole )on li)t *etween )riti) wit! one t!eor+, like Mr. L n , nd )riti) wit! not!er t!eor+, like Mr.C(77in lter", *e)o7e" etern l nd tri le r)i) l. Mr. lter" " +" t! t ll Mr.L n <" )l(e" were *lind" Mr. L n " +" t! t ll Mr. lter"<" )l(e" were *lind". Mr.

lter" ) n " + t! t "o7e / "" e" "ee7ed to "!ow t! t $elen w " D t)!er+ Mr.L n ) n re/l+ t! t t!o"e / "" e" were onl+ 7e nt to de)ei#e "i7/le /eo/le like Mr.

lter" into "(//o"in t! t "!e w " D t)!er+. Si7il rl+ Mr. L n ) n " + t! t t!e ret(rn

o Drood i" ore"! dowed nd Mr. lter" ) n re/l+ t! t it w " ore"! dowed *e) ("eit w " ne#er 7e nt to )o7e o . T!ere "ee7" no end to t!i" in" ne /ro)e"" n+t!in t! tDi)ken" wrote 7 + or 7 + not 7e n t!e o//o"ite o w! t it " +". U/on t!i" /rin)i/le '"!o(ld *e #er+ re d+ or one to de)l re t! t ll t!e "( e"ted D t)!er+" were re ll+

*lind" 7erel+ *e) ("e t!e+ ) n n t(r ll+ *e "( e"ted. ' wo(ld (ndert ke to 7 int int! t Mr.=224> D t)!er+ i" re ll+ Mi"" Twinkleton, w!o ! " 7er)en r+ intere"t inkee/in %o" (dd t !er ")!ool. T!i" "( e"tion doe" not "ee7 to 7e to *e re ll+7()! 7ore !(7oro(" t! n Mr. C(77in lter"<" t!eor+. Yet eit!er 7 + )ert inl+ *etr(e. Di)ken" i" de d, nd n(7*er o "/lendid ")ene" nd "t rtlin d#ent(re" ! #edied wit! !i7. E#en i we et t!e ri !t "ol(tion we "! ll not know t! t it i" ri !t. T!et le 7i !t ! #e *een, nd +et it ! " not *een.



And ' t!ink t!ere i" no t!o( !t "o 7()! ) l)(l ted to 7 ke one do(*t de t! it"el , toeel t! t "(*li7e do(*t w!i)! ! " )re ted ll reli ionBt!e do(*t t! t o(nd de t!

in)redi*le. Edwin Drood 7 + or 7 + not ! #e re ll+ died *(t "(rel+ Di)ken" did notre ll+ die. S(rel+ o(r re l dete)ti#e li#et! nd "! ll //e r in t!e l tter d +" o t!e e rt!.@or ini"!ed t le 7 + i#e 7 n i77ort lit+ in t!e li !t nd liter r+ "en"e *(t n

(n ini"!ed t le "( e"t" not!er i77ort lit+, 7ore e""enti l nd 7ore "tr n e.

=229>

MASTER HUMPHREY’S CLOCK

't i" K(ite indi"/en" *le to in)l(de )riti)i"7 o Master Humphrey!s Clock in n+"(r#e+ o Di)ken", lt!o( ! it i" not one o t!e *ook" o w!i)! !i" d7irer" wo(ld)!ie l+ *o "t lt!o( ! /er! /" it i" l7o"t t!e onl+ one o w!i)! !e wo(ld not ! #e

*o "ted !i7"el . A" tri(7/! o Di)ken", t le "t, it i" not o re t i7/ort n)e. (t " " 7/le o Di)ken" it ! //en" to *e o K(ite re7 rk *le i7/ort n)e. T!e #er+ )t t! t iti" or t!e 7o"t / rt "o7ew! t 7ore le#el nd e#en 7onotono(" t! n 7o"t o !i")re tion", 7 ke" (" re li"e, " it were, in"t w! t le#el nd 7onoton+ t!o"e )re tion")o77onl+ "t nd o(t. T!i" *ook i" t!e * )k ro(nd o !i" 7ind. 't i" t!e * "i" nd7ini7(7 o !i7 w!i)! w " lw +" t!ere. Alone, o ll written t!in ", t!i" "!ow" !ow!e elt w!en !e w " not writin . Di)ken" 7i !t ! #e written it in !i" "lee/. T! t i" to" +, it i" written *+ "l( i"! Di)ken", ! l (to7 ti) Di)ken", dre 7in nddri tin Di)ken" *(t "till *+ t!e end(rin Di)ken".

(t t!i" tr(t! ) n onl+ *e 7 de e#ident *+ *e innin ne rer to t!e root o t!e 7 tter.

(icholas (ickleby ! d ("t )o7/leted, or, to "/e k 7ore "tri)tl+, )on ir7ed, t!e /o/(l rit+ o t!e +o(n (t!or wonder (l " %ick&ick w " it 7i !t ! #e *een nined +"< wonder Oliver T&ist ! d *een /ower (l *(t / in (l it w "=206> (icholas

(ickleby t! t /ro#ed t!e 7 n to *e re t /rod()ti#e or)e o w!i)! one )o(ld "k 7ore, o w!i)! one )o(ld "k ll t!in ". $i" /(*li"!er", C! /7 n nd $ ll, "ee7 to! #e t ken t *o(t t!i" /oint t! t "te/ w!i)! "ooner or l ter 7o"t /(*li"!er" do t kewit! re rd to ! l "())e"" (l 7 n w!o i" *e)o7in w!oll+ "())e"" (l. 'n"te d o

"kin !i7 or "o7et!in , t!e+ "ked !i7 or n+t!in . T!e+ 7 de !i7, "o to "/e k, t!eeditor o !i" own work". And indeed it i" liter ll+ " t!e editor o !i" own work" t! t !ene?t //e r" or t!e ne?t t!in to w!i)! !e /ro/o"e" to /(t !i" n 7e i" not no#el, *(t

or ll /r )ti) l /(r/o"e" 7 -ine. Yet lt!o( ! it i" 7 -ine, it i" 7 -ineentirel+ written *+ !i7"el t!e /(*li"!er", in /oint o )t, w nted to )re te kind o Di)ken" Mi")ell n+, in 7()! 7ore liter l "en"e t! n t! t in w!i)! we "/e k o

entle+ Mi")ell n+. Di)ken" w " in no w + di"/o"ed to di"like "()! o* or t!e 7ore7i")ell neo(" !e w " t!e 7ore !e en o+ed !i7"el . And indeed t!i" e rl+ e?/eri7ent o !i" *e r" re t de l o re"e7*l n)e to t!o"e l ter e?/erien)e" in w!i)! !e w " t!eeditor o two /o/(l r /eriodi) l". T!e editor o Master Humphrey!s Clock w " kind o t+/e or /re)(r"or o t!e editor o Household 4ords nd -ll the .ear )ound . T!ere w "t!e " 7e "en"e o *"ol(te e "e in n t7o"/!ere o in inite o""i/. T!ere w " t!e " 7e

re t d# nt e ined *+ 7 n o eni(" w!o wrote *e"t ")r //il+ nd *+ e/i"ode".T!e o7ni/oten)e o t!e editor !el/ed t!e e))entri)itie" o t!e (t!or. $e )o(ld e?)("e!i7"el or ll !i" own "!ort)o7in ". $e )o(ld *e in no#el, et tired o it, nd t(rn itinto "!ort "tor+. $e )o(ld *e in "!ort =201> "tor+, et ond o it, nd t(rn it into no#el. T!(" in t!e d +" o Household 4ords !e )o(ld *e in *i ")!e7e o "torie",



"()! " Somebody!s u##a#e , or Seven %oor Travellers , nd ter writin t le or twoto"" t!e re"t to !i" )olle (e". T!(", on t!e ot!er ! nd, in t!e ti7e o Master

Humphrey!s Clock , !e )o(ld *e in one "7 ll d#ent(re o M "ter $(7/!re+ nd ind!i7"el (n *le to "to/ it. 't i" K(ite )le r ' t!ink t!o( ! onl+ ro7 7or l e#iden)e,w!i)! "o7e ) ll re din *etween t!e line" t! t !e ori in ll+ 7e nt to tell 7 n+

"e/ r te t le" o M "ter $(7/!re+<" w nderin " in London, onl+ one o w!i)!, nd t! t "!ort one, w " to ! #e *een )on)erned wit! little irl oin !o7e. @ort(n tel+ or ("

t! t little irl ! d r nd t!er, nd t! t r nd t!er ! d )(rio"it+ "!o/ nd l"o ne/!ew, nd t! t ne/!ew ! d n entirel+ irrele# nt riend w!o7 7en nd n el" ) lled%i)! rd Swi#eller. On)e ! #in )o7e into t!e "o)iet+ o Swi#eller it i" not (nn t(r lt! t Di)ken" "t +ed t!ere or w!ole *ook. T!e e""enti l /oint or (" !ere, !owe#er, i"t! t Master Humphrey!s Clock w " "to//ed *+ t!e "i-e nd ener + o t!e t!in t! t ! d)o7e o it. 't died in )!ild*irt!.

T!ere i", !owe#er, not!er )ir)(7"t n)e w!i)!, e#en in ordin r+ /(*li) o/inion, 7 ke"t!i" 7i")ell n+ i7/ort nt, *e"ide" t!e re t no#el t! t ) 7e o(t o it. ' 7e n t! t t!eordin r+ re der ) n re7e7*er one re t t!in *o(t Master Humphrey!s Clock , *e"ide"t!e )t t! t it w " t!e r 7eHwork o The Old Curiosity Shop . $e re7e7*er" t! t Mr.Pi)kwi)k nd t!e eller" ri"e in ro7 t!e de d. Di)ken" 7 ke" S 7(el Pi)kwi)k

*e)o7e 7e7*er o M "ter $(7/!re+<"=202> Clo)k So)iet+ nd !e in"tit(te" / r llel "o)iet+ in t!e kit)!en (nder t!e n 7e o Mr. eller<" t)!.

e ore we )on"ider t!e K(e"tion o w!et!er Di)ken" w " wi"e w!en !e did t!i", it i"wort! re7 rkin !ow re ll+ odd it i" t! t t!i" i" t!e onl+ /l )e w!ere !e did it. Di)ken",one wo(ld ! #e t!o( !t, w " t!e one 7 n w!o 7i !t n t(r ll+ ! #e introd()ed old)! r )ter" into new "torie". Di)ken", " 7 tter o )t, w " l7o"t t!e one 7 n w!one#er did it. 't wo(ld ! #e "ee7ed n t(r l in !i7 or do(*le re "on ir"t, t! t !i")! r )ter" were #er+ # l( *le to !i7, nd "e)ond t! t t!e+ were not #er+ # l( *le to !i"

/ rti)(l r "torie". T!e+ were de r to !i7, nd t!e+ re de r to (" *(t t!e+ re ll+ 7i !t" well ! #e t(rned (/ wit!in re "on in one en#iron7ent " well " in not!er. e, '7 "(re, "!o(ld *e deli !ted to 7eet Mr. M nt lini in t!e "tor+ o Dombey and Son .

And !e )ert inl+ wo(ld not *e 7()! 7i""ed ro7 t!e /lot o Ni)!ol " Ni)kle*+. F' 7n e)tion te t!er,G " id Di)ken", Fto ll t!e )!ildren o 7+ n)+ *(t like 7 n+

ot!er / rent" ' ! #e in 7+ !e rt o !e rt" #o(rite )!ild nd !i" n 7e i" D #idCo//er ield.G Yet lt!o( ! !i" !e rt 7("t o ten ! #e +e rned * )kw rd" to t!e )!ildreno !i" n)+ w!o"e t le w " lre d+ told, +et !e ne#er to()!ed one o t!e7 in e#enwit! t!e /oint o !i" /en. T!e )! r )ter" in David Copperfield , " in ll t!e ot!er", were

de d or !i7 ter !e ! d done t!e *ook i !e lo#ed t!e7 " )!ildren, it w " " de d nd" n)ti ied )!ildren. 't i" )(rio(" te"t o t!e "tren t! nd e#en reti)en)e t! t (nderl +t!e "ee7in e?(*er n)e o Di)ken", t! t !e =200> ne#er did +ield t ll to e? )tl+ t! tindi")retion or )t o "enti7ent li"7 w!i)! wo(ld "ee7 7o"t n t(r l to !i" e7otion"

nd !i" rt. Or r t!er !e ne#er did +ield to it e?)e/t !ere in t!i" one ) "e t!e ) "e o Master Humphrey!s Clock .

And it 7("t *e re7e7*ered t! t ne rl+ e#er+*od+ el"e did +ield to it. E"/e)i ll+ didt!o"e writer" w!o re )o77onl+ )o(nted Di)ken"<" "(/erior" in rt nd e? )tit(de nd)lo"ene"" to )onne)ted re lit+. T! )ker + w llowed in it Ant!on+ Trollo/e li#ed on it.T!o"e 7odern rti"t" w!o /ride t!e7"el#e" 7o"t on t!e "e/ r tion nd (nit+ o work

o rt ! #e ind(l ed in it o ten t!(", or in"t n)e, Ste#en"on #e li7/"e o Al nre)k in The Master of Ballantrae , nd 7e nt to i#e li7/"e o t!e M "ter o



ll ntr e in not!er (nwritten t le ) lled The )isin# Sun . T!e ! *it o re#i"in old)! r )ter" i" "o "tron in T! )ker + t! t /anity Fair , %endennis , The (e&comes , nd

%hilip re in one "en"e ll one no#el. Cert inl+ t!e re der "o7eti7e" or et" w!i)! oneo t!e7 !e i" re din . A terw rd" !e ) nnot re7e7*er w!et!er t!e *e"t de")ri/tion o Lord Ste+ne<" red w!i"ker" or Mr. <" r(de oke" o))(rred in /anity Fair , or

%endennis !e ) nnot re7e7*er w!et!er !i" #o(rite di lo (e *etween Mr. nd Mr".Pendenni" o))(rred in The (e&comes , or in %hilip. !ene#er two T! )ker + )! r )ter"in two T! )ker + no#el" )o(ld *+ n+ /o""i*ilit+ ! #e *een )onte7/or r+, T! )ker +deli !t" to )onne)t t!e7. $e 7 ke" M or Pendenni" nod to Dr. @ir7in, nd Colonel

New)o7e "k M or Do**in to dinner. !ene#er two )! r )ter" )o(ld not /o""i*l+! #e *een )onte7/or r+ !e oe" o(t o !i" =20;> w + to 7 ke one t!e re7ote n)e"tor o t!e ot!er. T!(" !e )re ted t!e re t !o("e o rrin ton "olel+ to )onne)t F*l(eH

*e rdedG o!e7i n o(rn li"t wit! t!e *lood o $enr+ E"7ond. 't i" K(ite i7/o""i*le to)on)ei#e Di)ken" kee/in (/ t!i" el *or te )onne)tion *etween ll !i" )! r )ter" nd

ll !i" *ook", e"/e)i ll+ )ro"" t!e e". 't wo(ld i#e (" kind o "!o)k i we le rntro7 Di)ken" t! t M or "to)k w " t!e ne/!ew o Mr. C!e"ter. Still le"" ) n we

i7 ine Di)ken" ) rr+in on n l7o"t "+"te7 ti) 7il+ )!roni)le " w " in "o7e"en"e done *+ Trollo/e. T!ere 7("t *e "o7e re "on or "()! / r do? or in it"el it i"

#er+ )(rio(" one. T!e writer" w!o wrote ) re (ll+ were lw +" /(ttin , " it were,terHword" nd //endi)e" to t!eir lre d+ ini"!ed /ortr it" t!e 7 n w!o did "/lendid

nd l 7*o+ nt *(t (lt+ /ortr it" ne#er tte7/ted to to()! t!e7 (/. Or r t!er we7 + " + in !e tte7/ted it on)e, nd t!en !e iled.

T!e re "on l +, ' t!ink, in t!e #er+ eni(" o Di)ken"<" )re tion. T!e )!ild !e *ore o !i""o(l K(itted !i7 w!en !i" ter7 w " / ""ed like #erit *le )!ild *orn o t!e *od+. 't w "inde/endent o !i7, " )!ild i" o it" / rent". 't ! d *e)o7e de d to !i7 e#en in

*e)o7in li#e. !en T! )ker + "t(died Pendenni" or Lord Ste+ne !e w " "t(d+in"o7et!in o(t"ide !i7"el , nd t!ere ore "o7et!in t! t 7i !t )o7e ne rer nd ne rer.

(t w!en Di)ken" *ro( !t ort! S 7 eller or Pi)kwi)k !e w " )re tin "o7et!int! t ! d on)e *een in"ide !i7"el nd t!ere ore w!en on)e )re ted )o(ld onl+ o (rt!er

nd (rt!er w +. 't 7 + "ee7 "tr n e t!in to " + o "()! =205> l ( ! *le )! r )ter"nd o "o li#el+ n (t!or, +et ' " + it K(ite "erio("l+ ' t!ink it /o""i*le t! t t!ere ro"e

*etween Di)ken" nd !i" )! r )ter" t! t "tr n e nd l7o"t "(/ern t(r l "!+ne"" t! tri"e" o ten *etween / rent" nd )!ildren *e) ("e t!e+ re too )lo"e to e )! ot!er to *e

o/en wit! e )! ot!er. Too 7()! !ot nd !i ! e7otion ! d one to t!e )re tion o one o !i" re t i (re" or it to *e /o""i*le or !i7 wit!o(t e7* rr ""7ent e#er to "/e k wit!it in. T!i" i" t!e t!in w!i)! "o7e ool" ) ll i)klene"" *(t w!i)! i" not t!e de t! o

eelin , *(t r t!er it" dre d (l /er/et( tion t!i" "!+ne"" i" t!e in l "e l o "tron"enti7ent t!i" )oldne"" i" n etern l )on"t n)+.

T!i" one ) "e w!ere Di)ken" *roke t!ro( ! !i" r(le w " not "()! "())e"" " to te7/t!i7 in n+ ) "e to tr+ t!e t!in in.

T!ere i" we kne"" in t!e "tri)t "en"e o t!e word in t!i" / rti)(l r re //e r n)e o S 7(el Pi)kwi)k nd S 7(el eller. 'n t!e ori in l %ick&ick %apers Di)ken" ! d wit!K(ite re7 rk *le deli) )+ nd #i#idne"" )ontri#ed to "( e"t )ert in (nd 7ent l"t(rdine"" nd "/irit in t! t )or/(lent nd )o7/l )ent old entle7 n. Mr. Pi)kwi)k w "

7ild 7 n, re"/e)t *le 7 n, /l )id 7 n *(t !e w " #er+ de)idedl+ 7 n. $e

)o(ld deno(n)e !i" ene7ie" nd i !t or !i" ni !t) /. $e w " t *(t !e ! d * )k*one. 'n Master Humphrey!s Clock t!e * )k*one "ee7" "o7e!ow to *e *roken !i"



ood n t(re "ee7" li7/ in"te d o lert. $e ("!e" o(t o !i" ood !e rt in"te d o t kin ood !e rt or r nted " / rt o n+ de)ent entle7 n<" (rnit(re " did t!eolder nd "tron er Pi)kwi)k. T!e tr(t! i", ' t!ink, t! t Mr. Pi)kwi)k =203> in )o7/letere/o"e lo"e" "o7e / rt o t!e w!ole /oint o !i" e?i"ten)e. T!e K( lit+ w!i)! 7 ke" t!e

%ick&ick %apers one o t!e re te"t o !(7 n ir+ t le" i" K( lit+ w!i)! ll t!e re t

ir+ t le" /o""e"", nd w!i)! 7 rk" t!e7 o(t ro7 7o"t 7odern writin . A 7odernno#eli"t ener ll+ ende #o(r" to 7 ke !i" "tor+ intere"tin , *+ 7 kin !i" !ero odd.T!e 7o"t t+/i) l 7odern *ook" re t!o"e in w!i)! t!e )entr l i (re i" !i7"el or !er"el n e?)e/tion, )ri//le, )o(rte" n, l(n ti), "windler, or /er"on o t!e 7o"t

/er#er"e te7/er 7ent. S()! "torie", or in"t n)e, re Sir )ichard Calmady , Dodo ,2uisante , a B7te Humaine , e#en t!e "#oist . (t in ir+ t le t!e *o+ "ee" ll t!ewonder" o ir+l nd *e) ("e !e i" n ordin r+ *o+. 'n t!e " 7e w + Mr. S 7(elPi)kwi)k "ee" n e?tr ordin r+ En l nd *e) ("e !e i" n ordin r+ old entle7 n. $edoe" not "ee t!in " t!ro( ! t!e ro"+ "/e)t )le" o t!e 7odern o/ti7i"t or t!e reenH"7oked "/e)t )le" o t!e /e""i7i"t !e "ee" it t!ro( ! t!e )r+"t l l ""e" o !i" owninno)en)e. One 7("t "ee t!e world )le rl+ e#en in order to "ee it" wilde"t /oetr+. One7("t "ee it " nel+ e#en in order to "ee t! t it i" in" ne.

Mr. Pi)kwi)k, t!en, relie#ed in"t * )k ro(nd o !e #+ kindline"" nd K(iet )l(*li e doe" not "ee7 to *e K(ite t!e " 7e !eroi) i (re " Mr. Pi)kwi)k relie#ed in"t

* )k ro(nd o t!e i !tin /oli)e )on"t *le" t '/"wi)! or t!e ro rin 7o*" o E t n"will. O t!e de ener tion o t!e eller", t!o( ! it ! " *een )o77onl+ ""(7ed

*+ )riti)", ' 7 not "o "(re. So7e o t!e t!in " " id in t!e !(7oro(" ""e7*l+ ro(ndMr. eller<" t)! re re ll+ !(7 n nd l ( ! *le nd =208> lto et!er in t!e old7 nner. E"/e)i ll+, ' t!ink, t!e # (e nd w (l ll("i#ene"" o old Mr. eller w!en !ere7ind" !i" little r nd"on o !i" delinK(en)ie" (nder t!e tro/e or i (re o t!eir *eint!o"e o not!er little *o+, i" re ll+ in t!e "t+le *ot! o t!e iron+ nd t!e do7e"ti)it+ o t!e /oorer )l ""e". S 7 l"o " +" one or two t!in " re ll+ wort!+ o !i7"el . e eel

l7o"t " i S 7 were li#in 7 n, nd )o(ld not //e r or n in"t nt wit!o(t *ein7("in .

T!e ot!er ele7ent" in t!e 7 keH(/ o Master Humphrey!s Clock )o7e (nder t!e " 7e / r do? w!i)! ' ! #e //lied to t!e w!ole work. T!o( ! not #er+ i7/ort nt inliter t(re t!e+ re "o7e!ow K(ite i7/ort nt in )riti)i"7. T!e+ "!ow (" *etter t! n

n+t!in el"e t!e w!ole (n)on")io(" trend o Di)ken", t!e "t( o w!i)! !i" #er+dre 7" were 7 de. ' !e ! d 7 de (/ t le" to 7("e !i7"el w!en ! l H w ke " '! #e no do(*t !e did t!e+ wo(ld *e ("t "()! t le" " t!e"e. T!e+ wo(ld ! #e *een

!o"tl+ le end" o t!e nook" nd !ole" o London, e)!oe" o old lo#e nd l ( !ter ro7t!e t #ern" or t!e 'nn" o Co(rt. 'n "en"e l"o one 7 + " + t! t t!e"e t le" re t!e re t7i !tH! #eH*een" o Di)ken". T!e+ re )!ie l+ de"i n" w!i)! !e ill" (/ !ere "li !tl+

nd (n" ti" )toril+, *(t w!i)! !e 7i !t ! #e illed (/ wit! !i" own *ri !te"t nd 7o"tin)redi*le )olo(r". Not!in , or in"t n)e, )o(ld ! #e *een ne rer to t!e !e rt o Di)ken"t! n !i" re t r nt( n )on)e/tion o o nd M o tellin London le end" to e )!ot!er ll t!ro( ! t!e ni !t. T!o"e two i nt" 7i !t ! #e "tood on eit!er "ide o "o7enew re t )it+ o !i" in#ention, =204> "w r7in wit! n)i (l i (re" nd noi"+ wit!new e#ent". (t " it i", t!e two i nt" "t nd lone in wilderne"", ( rdin eit!er "ideo te t! t le d" now!ere.

=209>



REPRINTED PIECES

T!o"e *("e" w!i)! re "(//o"ed to *elon "/e)i ll+ to reli ion *elon to ll !(7 nin"tit(tion". T!e+ re not t!e "in" o "(/ern t(r li"7, *(t t!e "in" o n t(re. 'n t!i"re"/e)t it i" intere"tin to o*"er#e t! t ll t!e e#il" w!i)! o(r % tion li"t or Prote"t nttr dition ""o)i te" wit! t!e idol tro(" #ener tion o " )red i (re" ri"e" in t!e 7erel+!(7 n t7o"/!ere o liter t(re nd !i"tor+. E#er+ e?tr # n)e o ! iolo + ) n *e

o(nd in !eroHwor"!i/. E#er+ oll+ lle ed in t!e wor"!i/ o " int" ) n *e o(nd in t!ewor"!i/ o /oet". T!ere re t!o"e w!o re !ono(r *l+ nd inten"el+ o//o"ed to t!e

t7o"/!ere o reli io(" "+7*oli"7 or reli io(" r)! olo +. T!ere re /eo/le w!o ! #e # (e ide t! t t!e wor"!i/ o " int" i" wor"e t! n t!e i7it tion o "inner". T!ere re

"o7e, like l d+ ' on)e knew, w!o t!ink t! t ! iolo + i" t!e ")ienti i) "t(d+ o ! ".(t t!e"e "li !tl+ /re (di)ed /er"on" ener ll+ ! #e idol trie" nd "(/er"tition" o t!eir

own, / rti)(l rl+ idol trie" nd "(/er"tition" in )onne)tion wit! )ele*r ted /eo/le. Mr.Ste d /re"er#e" /i"tol *elon in to Oli#er Cro7well in t!e o i)e o t!e )evie& of

)evie&s nd ' 7 "(re !e wor"!i/" it in !i" r re 7o7ent" o "olit(de nd lei"(re. A7 n, w!o )o(ld not *e ind()ed to *elie#e in od =2;6> *+ ll t!e r (7ent" o ll t!e /!ilo"o/!er", /ro e""ed !i7"el re d+ to *elie#e i !e )o(ld "ee it "t ted on /o"t) rd int!e ! ndwritin o Mr. l d"tone. Per"on" not ot!erwi"e noted or t!eir reli io("e?er)i"e ! #e *een known to /ro)(re nd /re"er#e /ortion" o t!e ! ir o P derew"ki.

N +, *+ t!i" ti7e *l "/!e7+ it"el i" " )red tr dition, nd l7o"t " 7()! re"/e)two(ld *e / id to t!e lle ed reli)" o n t!ei"t " to t!e lle ed reli)" o od. ' n+one ! " ork t! t *elon ed to olt ire, !e )o(ld /ro* *l+ e?)! n e it in t!e o/en7 rket or kni e t! t *elon ed to St. T!ere" .

O ll t!e in"t n)e" o t!i" t!ere i" none "tr n er t! n t!e ) "e o Di)ken". 't "!o(ld *e

/ondered #er+ ) re (ll+ *+ t!o"e w!o re/ro )! C!ri"ti nit+ wit! ! #in *een e "il+)orr(/ted into "+"te7 o "(/er"tition". ' e#er t!ere w " 7e"" e (ll o w! t7odern /eo/le ) ll tr(e C!ri"ti nit+, t!e dire)t //e l to t!e )o77on !e rt, it! t! tw " "i7/le, !o/e t! t w " in inite, nd )! rit+ t! t w " o7ni#oro(", i e#er t!ere) 7e 7on 7en w! t t!e+ ) ll t!e C!ri"ti nit+ o C!ri"t, it w " in t!e 7e"" e o Di)ken". C!ri"ti nit+ ! " *een in t!e world ne rl+ two t!o(" nd +e r", nd it ! " not +etK(ite lo"t, it" ene7ie" *ein (d e", it" ir"t ire nd )! rit+ *(t riend" nd ene7ie"wo(ld ree t! t it w " ro7 t!e #er+ ir"t 7ore det iled nd do)trin l t! n t!e "/irit o Di)ken". T!e "/irit o Di)ken" ! " *een in t!e world *o(t "i?t+ +e r" nd lre d+ it i"

"(/er"tition. Alre d+ it i" lo ded wit! reli)". Alre d+ it i" "ti wit! ntiK(it+.

E#er+t!in t! t ) n *e " id *o(t t!e /er#er"ion o C!ri"ti nit+ ) n *e " id *o(t t!e /er#er"ion o =2;1> Di)ken". 't i" " id t! t C!ri"t<" word" re re/e ted *+ t!e #er+ $i !Prie"t" nd S)ri*e" w!o7 $e 7e nt to deno(n)e. 't i" ("t " tr(e t! t t!e oke" in

%ick&ick re K(oted wit! deli !t *+ t!e #er+ *i wi " o *en)! nd * r w!o7 Di)ken"wi"!ed to 7 ke *"(rd nd i7/o""i*le. 't i" " id t! t te?t" ro7 S)ri/t(re re )on"t ntl+t ken in # in *+ J(d " nd $erod, *+ C i /! " nd Ann ". 't i" ("t " tr(e t! t te?t"

ro7 Di)ken" re r /t(ro("l+ K(oted on ll o(r /l t or7" *+ Pod"n / nd$one+t!(nder, *+ P rdi le nd eneerin , *+ Ti w!en !e i" or7in )o7/ n+, or Pott w!en !e i" o(ndin new"/ /er. Peo/le oke *o(t (7*le in de en)e o

(7*ledo7 /eo/le ll(de /l + (ll+ to Mr". Jell+*+ w!ile it tin or orrio*ool! . T!e #er+ t!in " w!i)! Di)ken" tried to de"tro+ re /re"er#ed " reli)" o !i7. T!e

#er+ !o("e" !e wi"!ed to /(ll down re /ro//ed (/ " 7on(7ent" o Di)ken". e wi"!to /re"er#e e#er+t!in o !i7, e?)e/t !i" /erilo(" /(*li) "/irit.



T!i" ntiK( ri n ttit(de tow rd" Di)ken" ! " 7 n+ 7 ni e"t tion", "o7e o t!e7"o7ew! t ridi)(lo(". ' i#e one "t rtlin in"t n)e o(t o !(ndred o t!e iron+re7 rked (/on *o#e. 'n !i" ir"t i7/ort nt *ook, Di)ken" l "!ed t!e lo t!"o7e)orr(/tion o o(r oli r)!i) l /oliti)", t!eir *l rin "er#ilit+ nd dirt+ di/lo7 )+ o

*ri*e", (nder t!e n 7e o n i7 in r+ town ) lled E t n"will. ' E t n"will, w!ere#er

it w ", ! d *een *(rned to t!e ro(nd *+ it" indi n nt nei !*o(r" t!e d + ter t!ee?/o"(re, it wo(ld ! #e *een not in //ro/ri te. ' it ! d *een entirel+ de"erted *+ it"in! *it nt", i t!e+ ! d led to !ide t!e7"el#e" in !ole" nd ) #ern", one )o(ld ! #e(nder"tood =2;2> it. ' it ! d *een "tr()k *+ t!(nder*olt o(t o !e #en or o(tl wed *+t!e w!ole !(7 n r )e, ll t! t wo(ld "ee7 K(ite n t(r l. ! t ! " re ll+ ! //ened i"t!i": t! t two re"/e)t *le town" in S( olk re "till di"/(tin or t!e !ono(r o ! #in

*een t!e ori in l E t n"will " i two inno)ent ! 7let" e )! )l i7ed to *e o7orr !. '7 ke no )o77ent t!e t!in i" *e+ond "/ee)!.

(t t!i" "tr n e "enti7ent l nd reli)H!(ntin wor"!i/ o Di)ken" ! " 7 n+ 7oreinno)ent 7 ni e"t tion". One o t!e7 i" t! t w!i)! t ke" d# nt e o t!e )t t! tDi)ken" ! //ened to *e o(rn li"t *+ tr de. 't o))(/ie" it"el t!ere ore wit! !(ntint!ro( ! / /er" nd 7 -ine" or (n"i ned rti)le" w!i)! 7 + /o""i*l+ *e /ro#ed to *e!i". Onl+ little ti7e o one o t!e"e ent!("i "t" r n (/ to 7e, r(**in !i" ! nd", ndtold 7e t! t !e w " "(re !e ! d o(nd two nd ! l "!ort / r r /!" in -ll the .ear

)ound w!i)! were )ert inl+ written *+ Di)ken", w!o7 !e ) lled ' re ret to " + t!eM "ter. So7et!in o t!i" r)! olo i) l we kne"" 7("t )lin to ll 7ere re/rint" o !i"7inor work. $e w " re t no#eli"t *(t !e w " l"o, 7on ot!er t!in ", ood

o(rn li"t nd ood 7 n. 't i" o ten ne)e"" r+ or ood o(rn li"t to write * dliter t(re. 't i" "o7eti7e" t!e ir"t d(t+ o ood 7 n to write it. PotH*oiler" to 7+

eelin re " )red t!in " *(t t!e+ 7 + well *e "e)ret " well " " )red, like t!e !ol+ /otw!i)! it i" t!eir /(r/o"e to *oil. 'n t!e )olle)tion ) lled )eprinted %ieces t!ere re"o7e, ' t!ink, w!i)! de7 nd or de"er#e t!i" /olo +. T!ere re 7 n+ w!i)! ll *elowt!e le#el o !i" re)o ni"ed *ook" o r 7ent", "()! " The89:;< Sketches by Boz , ndThe 'ncommercial Traveller . Two or t!ree ele7ent" in t!e )o7/il tion, !owe#er, 7 keit K(ite e""enti l to n+ "olid //re)i tion o t!e (t!or.

O t!e"e t!e ir"t in i7/ort n)e i" t! t w!i)! )o7e" l "t in order. ' 7e n t!e t!reere7 rk *le / 7/!let" (/on t!e En li"! S(nd +, ) lled Sunday under Three Heads .

(gk chesterton) charles dickens

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