gk chesterton - simplicity and tolstoy
TRANSCRIPT
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. I_- -. _W ; 7 1- _
TO
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O . .
msScnooz. .
.
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_ . . - - " " T :. 1-
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sthenecessary
and specula-
continuous
ortheuni-
t; w ehaveto
abituallybefore
wehaveseen
hat weseeit
. Themoreconsistently
hemorethey
ndthereforeto
simpli cation
ational.Thus
ensationalof
ong at a
ob ects,and,
hrill,they
and staring
hat allthe
imeareupon
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cation. ach
ndamentalthan
intheliteralsense,
art, fo re -
ofman,classic
ehas rst been
oassertsthat
history,isa
iranda freckled
essionist,
sertsthat tohis
scertain,man
airandagrey
bolist,andsays
neiscertain,
enhairanda
at writersof
formoranother
communication
issometimes
slye pressed,
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hink that
s indrinking
t it consistsin
ethanisgood
t theretln nto
ngswordsinto
k it isachieved
toveryin-
ficebayonets.
he ingo, fora
ithgunpowder
atural,
rianrevol-
with dynamite
nism.It would
asentiment,
heclaimof
beobeyingthe
gwhen we
hugevolumes
t topersuadethem-
. 1
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TO
e truthoftheir
ntsofour time
at they
t roadsthis
simplicity.
theangular
nckbytheeternal
hitmanreturnsto
hhe canaccept,
chhecan re ect.
returnto
merespects,
ofakitten
ail isasimple
hythmicincurve
but it iscerta inly
cteristic
houldhang
denythat it
ts character
art ofthe
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likeatail in
mportant ifit
ythat it should
inethat we
ourownnature,
isevena
nduct ofa
,whoshould
the rmcon-
ndhista ilgrow ing
sat theendof
effect ofthe
nsearch of
outsidelooks
e tail-pursuing
nthusiasmbut
verylittle
eis that she
,that sheis
henwethink
st. Thouart
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, sa idthe
aidwithall
aman sback
des.
lendsa
toallthe
underous
feelthat a
simplemerely
ty w efeel. in-
tsthat aman
pleat all.A
maywellbefar
anlu ury
lofthepomp
w orld shistory
nse.It was
eceptiveness
had eyesto
earsto
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TO
brought merchant men
ivory,
e.
snot apart ofthe
wasapart ofhis
hisinnocence.
t becontent
unciationat
h is g l or y . W i t h e r ce
ewouldgoa
nddaysand
ppingthe
also f t the li l ies
Talesfrom
edandedited byMr
ulatedtodraw
ethicaland
sw ork . Inone
st sense,the
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TO
e,a genuine
city.The
t maynot
odedbynow .
teris,that an
is mereback-
andscape,his
echnique a ll
t,of which
onscious,than
pousmoral
nesto behis
onbetween
heethicsof
cart liesinthe
ablehasa
eis amoral.
toycomesout
thegreat
art ofallhis
blyunconscious,
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TO
elythat
pprove.The
morningthat
hefolkloresim-
a m an o r a w om a n
theridenti ca-
most saythe
it ieso fbrutemateria ls,
thesoftnessof
na certain
besidethevery
t h es e i n u e nc e s
nw eput beside
earingnon-
y,screaming
tingforan
phumanlife
pper,sneeringat
nout ofrespect
onechaos
nlyPuritan
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TO
n,indeed,we
stoyhasvan-
t todowiththis
whoisinhabiting
goodman.
toreconcile
thTolstoythe
er.It isdiflicult
odrawsinsuch
fthe daily
evil that
bywhichthat
eto age.It
evethat amanw hohas
honestythe
fthelifeofthe
meveryone of
mcolutshipto
lievethat
powerfully
na iro fman, the
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TO
nbeing,with
lives,can
as that which
nancestorsand
cult tobelieve
poignantlythe
pressionwould
chance,lay
t w i th h i s s t . Al l ,
earchaftera
being,if I
enatura lthanit is
onlybe
morehumble
omple . The
itywouldlie
waysdone,
nlikerelishthe
led,thestarof
unesofthe
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TO
otherand
cance. It represents
nawfulc ommon-
themost e treme
uethat we
hesmiter it is
ourcloaktothe
ocomplicated,
ional.The
shouldblush
nd weare
commandof
isnot insane
dtoaplanet of
wassuddenly
umourit would
an i ca l ly f u l l l in g t he
not the
ichstandin
tion,but its
advertisement
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TO
struethat
o thesmiter,
icient reasonisthat
stoyandhis
theyhavethe
theyaremis-
quer.Their
n utterlycon-
that doctrine
ancewhichis
ousofallthe
rye ist ing
trikeofthe
rmidablethan
ons.Ifhuman
n achieving
eywouldbe
rengthof
uldbecalm
foakor iron,
geanceand
1 n1 Ia _
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TO
miliation.The
unciatedby
verconquer
ecan,conquerby
ogySt George
n:hetied a
ckandgaveit
tothem,a
esstoN ero
osomething
yAlfredthe
ecommended
withthebovine
fthis worldis
hecelebrated
r:
ld m a n wh o s ai d , H o w
thisterriblecow
tinuetosmile,
scow.
nhumannatureis
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TO
gni cent; it
o believethe
ofmankind,even
plaintheirown
most ofuswould
rst sight to
Christiansas
somebrawling
ormation,yet
larerrorin
fTolstoyis,
t, oneofthe
icincidentsin
representsa
ionmore
kingofsealsor
farationalist,
dalmost ir-
omenonof
nsthescienti c
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TO
andmakesit essenti-
ofallsocialevol-
dustycasket of
cannot beamiss
onasit reallyis.
kemany
dane traordin-
sdisproved
osophersat the
s rst start ing
universal
gainbymany
aissanceonlya
dandsupremely
religionofPuri-
mphovermany
ntinents.W e
lsofnegation
history but
dinevitably
nday isreally
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TO
ogicalcosmos,
rak,atwilight
enineteenth
fsi teen,be-
epressionare
world.Inour
swhodid
anddrive
eenoutstripped,
korthodo and
sceptics has
nite lymoree cit ing
elidsupon
andthebodyupona
putednot
s,but theele-
property,
.Theyhave
enlyasthe
dtheology
hilosophers
i r
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TO
damnedthe
ernmenmove
yamongtheir
sofnational
tythat would
dderlikeanun
Andthelast
atumaliaof
goesfurthest
sofar,the
ralvalidityof
obedience
amongpirates,
n theliteral
atts orMessrs
erinthewhole
ch atre-
evitalityof
redwiththis,it
eRedSea
esundid stand
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TO
cedwiththe
evolutionists
idealsoffamily
rrorina
, w hocanridthemselves
ctsoftheman
lingto thevery
nnot ridthem-
wo orthree
swrittenin
henrealised,
mningand
cedrationalist
ystrickenwitha
n,seestheim-
niesofthisage
f athousand
lievesfora
ngshanded
nturiesmay,
vestherevolu-
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TO
begunto
bovesug-
elongstothe
hlybedescribed
ththe irstrange
t appalling
atributeto
do iescould
arkableto
both the
underthe
ctualtheoryof
allitskindred
aracterisedby
essandnecessity
or it.A
usane tra-
mentsabout the
htheaccuracyis
sthecon dence.
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TO
otest against
aphrasingat
anis discussing
himstate rst o f
theman
ifhehade -
rly.Hereisan
nswer:
r M as t er H i ms e lf s u m
rciful, beyeperfect even
a t he r i n th e
perfect.
erhaps,
avesaide cept
sicalmodernism
r ld ; b u t t o s ay t h at i t
it, islike
Hepreferred
It isasimple
h.Theauthor
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rdshavemeant
usandpeople,
ectshadpara-
yashe,he
ete t uponw hich
pamphlet in
annot heleft
thereare mis-
atters.Here
philosophically
y content our-
de ny in g: T he f th
shouldtake
e samekind
eigncountries,
odonot
eanantipathy
ertaintowards
whoare in
Ishouldverymuch
wholeofthe
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TO
tor ndsthis
moralproposi-
hesamekind
foranother.
a lly toldthat therewere
peciallyloved.
Hethought
ught ofHis
onalcity
e highest
B eho ldan
Theauthorhassimply
nct things.
velovefor all
uallove forall
esame lovefor
ngnonsense.
impressionhe
tallydifferent
dbyanother
akofhaving
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bothisabout
anwhether
msorbilliards.
ty Henever
elovedmen.
secan love
ngagigantic
that the
etothinkof an
onisthat their
allove,alove
dby theirown
dbean insult
alllies in
ptheteaching
nto verules. It
missesthemost
ftheteaching-
heabyssbe-
oderninter-
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hat beerand
g.W herever
thinginvolves
eakercouldlive
reliesthegerm
W henW illiam
ysthat love is
v iousthat heassertsin
nce,politics,am-
rriages,concerts,
or-knockers,
alsandanyother
abulateare
Khayyamsays:
esunderneaththebough,
ndthou
wilderness
diseenow .
ullyasmuch
hetically.He
aysthat he
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hingwas
nk. x amples
lieda hundred-
inelypoetical
as theone
om e a nd r s t b e gi n ni n g
n ds
worththewearof
eo f f riends.
ampleof the
alltrue oy
sofasceticism.
uldhappen
nlosethesense
oyw hichisbe ing
telybeginto
t oygloomyand
ormidable
alledthe
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setheydenied
oflibertyand
wellcallthe
aymelancholy
elves,asarule,
dmeditation.
ample is, how -
ouldhappen
ishathletics
blicschools
nceshould
competitive
hysique,if
o anattitude
ndifferenceto-
ort,thenit is
ppen. uture
atethat inthe
ctoriayoungmen
gew eresub ected
ustorture.
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ntastic
nwine or
bitrari ly x ed
tainbrutal
ls. B igotsinsistedon
oursand
eldsforno
edtheirhea lth
n,manydied
trueandir-
nglandisan
monasticr ules.
emselvesand
nglishathleti-
ceand one
ofsport; w e
giousoffices.
theonecaseand
ther.
mainsiswhat
Christianascetics
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asmerelythe
epossibility
ordinarye ample
ssthemain
earelooking
see onlythe
ddominant
iseofChristi-
riseof self-
pessimism.It
hat themereasser-
nfounding
usticeandmercy
ptimism t to
detailover
madw ith oy
theonly thing
ment.Thewhite
world,the
theirorder.
etreefell and
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ntainsandthe
esedisconnected
bleob ectswere
arfulconspiracy
sschemeof
fN aturewas
edisperfectly
tenablethat
insist,how-
ttertail
theascetics
heygaveup
oran eternity
that thebare
fhappiness
ousandtimes
ousandpagan
eof ranciso fA ssisi
his out; nor
characterof
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etoneofade-
albookisan
onot lookinit
r thesame
kinalove-
woman,
tionsof mind
their
alquan-
ecause the
nablackline.
hiscon ict
ein poetry,
essfule -
d,forinstance,in
Spenser.The
st indecipherable,
ruponwhite.
Mr
ncisprimarilyas
ciscanOrder. We
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,perhapsa
t hewas
eminorthings
dChristianity.
ork of rancisis
d,forthis
almost madden-
wasoneofthe
fulmenthat ever
d.It isthe
ret ofsuchmen
hemselves,and
ruth.W ork-
sarethronged
emselves.Of
ay that the
hisprofound
t isthelack
ybeenthecurse
eons. rancis
yonemust be
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t the ircommon
hewas.He
mperortodraw
sof hisl itt le
Heusedtota lk toany
t about their
togive reinto
wasanin-
sstherobbers
d hi m , a s t he p h ra s e go e s.
theydiscovered
t ro u nd t h em , a nd d i s-
side ofsecret
sasprimarily
ciscanOrder,
ativewith
historyof
whichiscertainly
.Hedis-
ybetweenthe
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derliessomuch
mandthe idea lo f
rwhollyvanished
ut hedoes
t must befor
problemof
rthee cellent
utsiderhedoes
lemat a ll.
,thereisa
ntheposition
essedinlo f tier
anyearthly
t laughterisas
hismonksthe
everforgot
asit ashed
erasit fellfrom
s, perhaps, thehappiest
hismanun-
olepolityon
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hinkthemost
inhisthreevows
bedience,he
ehe lovedmost,
.W hywasit
edandpoetic
eirmost con-
eawfulrenuncia-
o lovedw hereall
nd himselfwhere
yw asheamonk ,
hesequestions
weredfullyhere,
stheyought a t
w ehavea
answeredwe
ndthat muchof the
f ourswas
withthemonks.
manaffairs
es lifeblack
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rtywhichsees
partywhich
tselfw ithsacri ce
sfullof theblaze
the party
ow ersandlights
causeit stands
ncalculable
,and the
hemonkswho
ppiness,and
fromMr
, theclearandtranquil
ad a n e a nd
usof rancis.
e perfection
howninhis
b r ot h er , a n d th e wa t er
i n t he q u ai n t d e ma g og i c de t e ri t y
ontothe shes
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w er e s av e d in t h e l o od .
dgraphic
sappointments
uborbeast that he
g,hisgeniushas
hat ofB ums.
ak nessofB urns
sionalmorbidity,
nonhimself,the
anerandmore
rancis,like
iedakindof
hefamousre-
A lice in
V V h y no t? i mp re ss es u s
uld not see
oodtermswith
and
reoftheMiddle
gintolook
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HIS
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einventedsome
to bethe
nironmonger, his
noblepattern,
o f theC ross.
mMorris,
not thelimita-
n.It istrue
iterarywork,
ive,hadin some
plendidwall-
tories,his
s,had,inthe
gthandbreadth
medreallyto
oyaperfectly
madenoaccount o f the
osivepossibil itieso f
meableterrors,
ablehopes.So
ulinevery
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ehad the
at thechestnut
vedagainst
nd,hewould
ouldbe,no
ttedforadecor-
w ereapieceof
dboard.
klittleaccount
umannature- -
peak,ofhuman
und, it isa ltogether
samereaesthete.
cnecessity
o ica lly . Thediff iculty
soneso im-
tobeseparated
sbeforewecan
stheproblem
rateugliness
sofcenturies.
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absurdityofthe
onstrous
owaspre-
singthestrangest
auties,who
eryaureo leof
alcalm ofthe
lf,byafarcical
ckcoat,and
ot hat.-He
mlessmanwho
aiment should
est,ablackand
ficult to
se ofugliness
rought forth
fcenturies.In
not,perhaps,
lyasapillar-
st unmeaning
hick ness ust
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itsco louristhe
-a fat andsoul-
uchofbloodor
le t o f d ea d m en s s i n s.
ateverwhysuch
ssanob ect full
e-houseofa
essofa thousand
dhadsuchan
that it would
thesevere,but
o f thegodof le tter-
hristianshad
vehadaniche
ldenaureoleofSt R ow -
s.As it is,there
orners,disguis-
ifulofideas
posterousof
that the
ot beensuchan
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nationaswere
meninthe
oldthat the
orleagues
ggedat its
ghinghuman
n beentoldthat
pulverising
T h e Tw o pe n ny T u be ,
ownthe reof
half-witted
uldhavebeen
eperceptionofwhat
celement in
doubtedly,the
it requiresa
maginationtoseean
veryside.The
riedout his
thecircum-
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ant.Our
derour feet
,andour
sofasseemed
theirownwild
mandrugged
andstrong
on.So
beenther evolu-
most every
aditstaste
slyimproved,
earlyV ictorian
orealisethe
hthat art,or
netimesout of
uglier than
e c o if f ur e o f
l-paperofa
0.
cent asw asthe
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rris,therewas
mit to it . It didnot l ie
olutionwas
hthiswasa
spartialfailure.
gthedressesof
upholsteredlik earm-
rpedlikew omen,
dit, hew ouldho ld
e costumes
leAges.
essiveand
verseemedto
me ofChaucer
t therewas
fmoralweakness
uldhave
singthemselves
menat the
gthemselves
customof the
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uldnot have
t all.Whatever
ormanners
allyout ofthe
o lead.And
dthat any
of modern
yandnaturally
prefertolead.
ithout hintsand
nthegrowing
thletic costumes.
willbenosub-
n lifeinto
ancy-dress
rris sw ork lay
ybest suggest
wnheart.Of
formed,none,
yandsolidly
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st forthe
mankind.He
showingthat
deepest truth
rdofmen s
ingdetailsmay
ynot haveclimbed
illedsotall
chthingsthat
a fardif ferent
everymodern
thefatherof
sciousness,hypo-
earstous
onecontains
eoldstory,
, o fB eautyand
n,withall the
ure,the
that untilwe
sswe cannot
.< .~ n1.
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stheweak
a reformer:
modernlife,
life,instead
is indeed
ck enough
pse,blazing
ring with
essthepoet can
ashe is,can
citement his
j o i e- d e- v iv r e,
natomyand
usheart,he
ethebeast into
sdisadvantage
stlyachild
hecouldnot
,andconse-
ydevelopit.
s tremendous
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ce intheaestheticw orld
e oftheArts
s, whicharesteeped
apelinthat
at the
aestheticshows,
argemassof
edecorativeschool
sanoble
touchof
cessarythings,
touchedare
gsthat always
ndedthemselves
ereare
ountains,
hairs,beautiful
earenomodern
ereareno
utifulletter-
s,beautifulbicycles.
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ishasnot
andmade
eautiful.And
s healthi-
t thesu-
ugliness of
k fromtheB east
erent end-
Morris sdeepest
at reformer:
plete.There
fthat amanis
rrenandbrilliant,
perfectly.A
ntiontoneeds
yearswemay
moredaring
it ion. Init w e
mourofthe
achineryofthe
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_ l > - - 61 . -_ _ _
allbewrought
t toholdthe
A pil lar-bo sha llbe
resemblematicalo f the
dthesilence
ilwaysignals,
ost poetical,
nddeath,shall
msonworthyof
rvice.B ut
nuinemove-
beauty not
doestrulycome
rst prophet o f
nations,
stiesofart,
wiserlife,his
willberemem-
soncemore
oyant co loursandproved
greyofthe
' -_ _" - T -- : . -
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_ _ I :._. _-_ -__ -_
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ver,which
sa llegedgloomis
ehadhis
asawriter,
a inhisgospelin
r i s m er e ly p i ti f ul . I f
ltedina Sartor
uldbeavastlymore
Diseasesdo
enthedecadent
hypart ofhis
sprivatefaultsand
hat inthesame
ionofevery
usit issure lyvery
hereourhonest
nalpredilec-
mpt todenounce
gotist cannot
pureinability
g o s pe l . R u sk i n, s a ys
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lthesame, verilybelieve
edonly inhimself .
onbetween
odandthe
ood.Carlyle
ecouldnot
orethanRuskin
inGod,because
gelsefellinto
swereperman-
heretheyboth
od orin
heyfailedinbelief
noughfora
message he
bility.Christ,
esley,MrGladstone,
ndescribable
certainfaculty
nastheir
asonandgood
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thout conde-
icityofcon-
inGod, but inthe
ackingin
credit C arly le s
bsolutely
found
ssenseof theunity
ofa
hasthesame
ntheHebrew
r. A manmust bevery
t hisdiv inity .
elysuggestinga
gue,half-
pingtowards
,wouldeverthink
hematter. B ut to
religionwas
ntainora
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w egoon, if
tliness,at least
yleto
at hewasthe
alism amove-
modern
ssaidin these
luelessnessof
ogic isnot
asaweapon
gup an
buildlike
rdinonehand
r.The
tivequality,is
sthesword.
tualintellectual
pletothecon-
valuableas a
terminatelogicians.
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rueenoughin
suptheposition
gic isa
it isused
ut anhonest
eoplesay that you
c,theyare not
.W hat they
eanythingby
sticingratitude
ane tra -
henamefor an
nt istheabuse
uswespeak
n e rv e s, w h ic h
ingabout a
ngers. Wespeak
a nd d ig es ti on w he n we m ea n
absenceof
mannerwe
c, when
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dangerof
t thelimitation
erthrowoflogic
eeperandsome-
fthegreat
t theybring
herwords,are
ault isthat
icalhabit they
aretwopartsof
t h e r s t t h e c h oo s in g
secondthe
manity,ifit
ntlytothestudy
ertain tendency
dassumption.
antlyonemay
nrationalistic
Hedidnot
hich he
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T h e wh o le o f h is c a se r e st e d
tw opeculia rit ies
curiousinthe
nishing,again,
ationalists
opic,apparently
edeepas-
nglost their
alcolour and
sassumption. or
ueabout whether
andnever
t all,that
hiswhole
anshould,
withequal
udices,whilethe
chdutyat
man asan
es,asabird
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estartled
mentsbut as-
hedasideall
of thenine-
ncontrovertible,
every different
knewto be
dy less
g,andmore
onsuponwhich
erehisviewwas
asalwaysa
cent heresy. He
stulatesupon
sed itself.He
esswhichassumed
fthanthepeople
hetherwewere
e twelfthcen-
ndedentirely
deservedto be.
- -~ - -- - "
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peciesof
ort which
oncivilisation
theindividual
eencalleda
fthe truth
ected.Since
ousliterature,
anism, therehas
es thesoul
ggested,a
swithhim,as
ors,only
mon-sense.
ensealikeconsist
ceofcertain
chcannot be
evenformally
mmon-sense
sthat weall
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hhaveno
pt aspostulates.
dconsist inbreak ing
new,tothese
sanities.
hkingsa
intained,they
t everyman
kingand
itizenshipfor
y.Ifinequality
ss,it wasa
heverystrength
oworship,
nethesmallest
dbythose
esinwhich he
preferencefor
whichwerea
dwithhis
sphilosophy,
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y imbibedthenotionthat
o fheroworshipw as
edsubmissiontostern
atteroffact,
about some
nhumane
ewisnot
gar andsilly
dedanddriven
humannature
mentally
eventhe
lovea leader
dtoprefer
nhespeaksof
C arlyle stone
elthat forthe
admirationof
chesthevergeof
ewas acidand
sutterances, his
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humane,it
admiredgreat
pscorrectly,
heyweremore
eevilside of
arlyleandhisreligion
nsist inthe
urandsuccess
ndeed,it is
n.W here
sin thefact
odernman,is
eofthat
lgarlycalled
lehog. Ofteninmatters
isasingularly
blemodern
sphilosophy ,
erallof a
dentsfor
dreassert some
_ -g m _- _ _
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isathing
ivelylittlein
andHorace,
ewerepessimists
ly,andoptimists
ut theoptimist
provethat gout
himdancewith
fto-daytoprove
supperconvulse
uish.Carlyle
ththismania
ewishedto
warsofthe
riot at Donny-
peciesof insane
schieferrors,
sms.Let us
e sdefenceof
culousthing,
ndinmoral
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heonly
nforapplying
icaldefenceof
,ofcourse,
t slaveryhas
witharis-
lmost its
chCarlyle
dershave
hat afew
yand rmly
interestsof
snot even
ent forthe
sapossession
forthegood
cyusesthe
eweak slavery
ce ofthe
omanas a
rmlybelieved
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-
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ww.hathitrust.org/access_us
e#pd-us-google