DISCOVER THE

ORIGINS OF SOME OF

THE WORLDS MOST

CONSISTENTLY PURE

PRODUCTS ...SYNTHETIC

GLYCERINE PRODUCTS

...FREEPORT,TEXAS ANDSTADE,GERMANY

THE SOURCES OF SYNTHETIC GLYCERINEFROM THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

TABLE OFCONTENTSThe Clear, Consistent Way to EnhanceYour Applications ..............................................................2

Foods .......................................................................3Nutritional Information ......................................3

Caloric Value ................................................3Equivalence to Carbohydrates ...................4Cholesterol Content ....................................4Food Additive Status ...................................4

Kosher Options ..................................................5Pharmaceuticals ........................................................6

Dental Applications ............................................7Other Pharmaceutical Productsthat Rely on Glycerine .......................................7

Personal Care .............................................................8Alkyd Resins ..............................................................8Explosives ..................................................................8Polyether Polyols for Urethanes ..............................9Other Applications .....................................................9

Why Dow Synthetic Glycerine Products Arethe Best Choices For Your Application ........................10

Consistent Quality and Purity ................................10UV Spectroscopy ..............................................10

The Dow Chemical Company A Supplier You Can Count On ................................11

Technical Service and Support .......................11Extensive Distribution Network andComprehensive Sales Support ........................11

Physical Properties ........................................................12Density and Specific Gravity ..................................13Dielectric Constant ..................................................16Freezing Point ..........................................................16Heat of Solution .......................................................17Specific Heat ............................................................18Heat of Vaporization ................................................18Refractive Index .......................................................20Thermal Conductivity .............................................21Thermal and Cubical Expansion ............................22Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point ..........................23Viscosity ...................................................................24Solubility ...................................................................26

Safety and Handling .......................................................28Eyes ..........................................................................28Skin ...........................................................................28Inhalation ..................................................................28Drums .....................................................................28Biodegradation Data ...............................................28

General Storage Considerations ...................................29Bulk Storage ............................................................29

Supercooling .....................................................29Materials of Construction................................29Design and Fabrication ...................................29Tank Installation ...............................................29

Required Accessories ..............................................30Level Indicator ..................................................30Pressure-Vacuum Relief Valves .......................30Nitrogen Pad-Depad System ...........................30Air Dryer System .............................................31Tank Heater ......................................................31

Pipe Design Criteria ................................................31Piping .................................................................31Pumps ................................................................31Flowmeters .......................................................31Filters .................................................................31Hoses .................................................................31Gaskets ..............................................................31Valves .................................................................31

Product Stewardship ......................................................32Responsible Care ...................................................32Customer Notice ......................................................32For More Information .............................................32

Responsible Care is a registered service mark of the Chemical Manufacturers Association.

1

From adhesives to glass,

toothpaste to textiles and

foods to pharmaceuticals

Dow Synthetic Glycerine

products(1) are some of the

most versatile products

available. This is due to the

unique combination of

physical properties such as

humectancy, high viscosity,

and solvency; and chemical

properties glycerine

possesses.

These properties lead to

the purity, consistency and

reliability of Dow Synthetic

Glycerine products. Advan-

tages you can use to make

your products smoother,

fresher, moister, richer or

just plain better.

THE CLEAR, CONSISTENT

WAY TO ENHANCE YOUR

APPLICATIONS

2

SYNTHETIC GLYCERINE PRODUCTS FROMTHE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

OPTIM* GLYCERINE 99.7% USPDOW GLYCERINE 99.5% USP/EP

DOW GLYCERINE 96% USP

*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company.(1)Dow Glycerine 96% USP is produced by adding 4% waterto OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP. Dow Glycerine 96% USPis made for customers who desire a less viscous glycerineproduct, but do not mind having water present. OPTIMGlycerine 99.7% USP has a minimum assay of 99.7%, whileDow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP has a minimum assay of 99.5%.

The consistent sweet taste andlow odor attributes of Dow SyntheticGlycerine products give food manu-facturers an ingredient that improvesthe quality of products in a varietyof ways.

For example, Dow SyntheticGlycerine products have beensuccessfully used to add humectancyto dried fruits, reduce water activityin cookies and snack fillings, and tomake gum more chewable.

NUTRITIONALINFORMATION

Caloric Value Glycerine is anenergy-yielding food ingredient thatis readily absorbed and metabolizedin the human body. When oxidizedto CO2 and water, glycerine yields4.32 Calories per gram. Aside from

FOODSDow Synthetic Glycerine productsplay an important role throughoutthe food and beverage industries.Their unique properties enablethem to improve foods and bever-ages by acting as: Humectants Sweeteners (glycerine is about

75% as sweet as sucrose) Solvents for food flavorings and

colorings Emulsifiers in food preparation

especially baked goods Smoothing agents Heat transfer mediums for

frozen foods Additives to reduce water

activity

3

4furnishing energy by contributingto the general pool of oxidizableorganic compounds, it plays nospecial role in nutrition.

Equivalence to Carbohydrates Although glycerine is not acarbohydrate, studies have shownthat glycerine is equivalent tocarbohydrates in terms of how thebody metabolizes it. These studiesevaluated glycerine based on fourmetabolic criteria: Glycogenesis Antiketogenesis Glycemia Protection against insulin shock

Cholesterol Content BecauseDow Glycerine products are manu-factured synthetically, they containno cholesterol. In addition, none ofthe raw materials and processingingredients in the manufacture ofthese products contain cholesterol,vegetable-based ingredients oranimal-based ingredients.

Food Additive Status OPTIMGlycerine 99.7% USP, Dow Glycerine99.5% USP/EP and Dow Glycerine96% USP comply with the com-pendial specifications in the FoodChemicals Codex (FCC), theUnited States Pharmacopoeia(USP) and the European Pharma-copoeia (EP). All three productscomply with the Food AdditiveRegulations listed in Table 1(on page 5). These products areGenerally Recognized As Safe(GRAS) as multiple purpose foodsubstances. Uses are subject togood manufacturing practicesand any limitations that are partof the regulations.

In addition to indirect foodadditive regulations where glycerineis mentioned specifically, DowGlycerine products may be usedunder regulations includingoptional ingredients substancesgenerally recognized as safe for usein food and/or packaging.

Table 1 Food Additive Status for Dow Glycerine Products

RegulationNumber(21 CFR) Title

182.1320 Multiple purpose GRAS food substance135.110 Ice cream and frozen custard(a) (1) Safe and suitable optional ingredient135.120 Ice milk(a) Cross-reference to 135.110135.130 Mellorine(a) (1) Safe and suitable optional ingredient135.140 Sherbet(a) (1) Safe and suitable optional ingredient135.160 Water ices(a) Cross-reference to 135.160165.175 Soda water(a) Safe and suitable ingredient169.175 Vanilla extract(a) (1) Glycerine169.176 Concentrated vanilla extract(a) Cross-reference to 169.175169.177 Vanilla flavoring(a) Cross-reference to 169.175169.178 Concentrated vanilla flavoring(a) Cross-reference to 169.177169.180 Vanilla-vanillin extract(a) Cross-reference to 169.175169.181 Vanilla-vanillin flavoring(a) Cross-reference to 169.180172.852 Glyceryl-lacto esters of fatty acids(a) Raw material (reactant)175.105 Adhesives(c) (5) Modifier for wood, gum, tall oil rosins, rosin dimers,

decarboxylated rosin and disproportionated rosin175.300 Resinous and polymeric coatings(b) (3) (vii) (c) Raw material (reactant)176.210 Defoaming agents used in the manufacture of paper and(d) (2) paperboard and mono- and di-glycerides178.3120 Animal glue(d) (1) GRAS substances182.90 Substances migrating to food from paper and paperboard

products. GRAS582.1320 General purpose GRAS animal food additive

5

The information in Table 1 is foruse as a general guideline. Theactual regulations should beconsulted for complete details.

Kosher Options DowGlycerine products are alsoavailable in Kosher grades.

6PHARMACEUTICALSPharmaceutical applications canbenefit greatly from the highquality, purity, low odor, consis-tent sweet taste and practicallynon-toxic nature of Dow SyntheticGlycerine prod-ucts. Theseproducts are Generally Recog-nized As Safe (GRAS) by the Food& Drug Administration (FDA)and meet the requirements ofThe National Formulary (NF).OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP,Dow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP andDow Glycerine 96% USP meet therequirements of the United StatesPharmacopoeia (USP) and theEuropean Pharmacopoeia (EP).

Glycerines main use inpharmaceutical applications is asan excipient or inactive ingredientin internal and external formula-tions. Its excellent solvency alsoallows it to be used as a carrier.The sweet, warm taste and highviscosity of glycerine also make itan ideal viscosity and flavorenhancer in medical lozengesand syrups.

One of the best known pharma-ceutical uses of glycerine is as aderivative of nitroglycerine. In thetreatment of angina pectoris,nitro-glycerine acts as a vasodila-tor to relieve the pain that accom-panies angina attacks. Otherglycerine derivatives are used intranquilizers and as expectorantsin asthma therapy.

Dental ApplicationsDow Synthetic Glycerine productsare used in the field of dentistryas solvents or suspending mediafor medicinal agents such asantiseptics, oral medications, rootcanal pastes, polishing com-pounds, disclosing solutions,mouth washes and stannousfluoride solutions.

Glycerine serves as a vehiclefor these agents when used locallyin and around the mouth, whereit acts as a protective film for theskin and mucous membranes. Italso lends body, smoothness andpalatability to many dental formu-lations, and contributes to theefficacy of these medicines.

Additional dental applicationsfor glycerine include its use indental impression wax and denturecasting materials.

Other PharmaceuticalProducts That Rely on Glycerine Eyewashes Contraceptive jellies and creams Ear drops Poison ivy solutions Vehicle and solvent for digitalis

and intra-muscular injection Sclerosing solutions for treatment

of varicose veins and hemorrhoids Suppositories Gel capsules

7

Because of its consistentlyhigh purity, synthetic glycerine isthe preferred choice for many ofthe newer toothpaste formula-tions containing baking soda andhydrogen peroxide.

ALKYD RESINSThese products can be used as areactive polyol in many alkyd resinformulations primarily in surfaceand architectural coatings.

Alkyds can be blended with avariety of resins and celluloseesters, and have good specificadhesion to metals.

EXPLOSIVESDow Synthetic Glycerine productsare used as components in themanufacture of explosive com-pounds, propellants for military andindustrial applications, and inbinders for the production of solidrocket fuel. Explosives applicationsrequire tight tolerances in terms ofpurity and consistency. Dowssynthetic glycerine products canmeet these demanding requirements.(NOTE: glycerine by itself is not anexplosive material.)

8

PERSONAL CAREDow Synthetic Glycerine productsare some of the most valuableingredients and perhaps the mostbasic raw materials found withinthe personal care realm. Followingare four characteristics that makethese products popular ingredientsin personal care applications: These products serve as efficient

humectants or hygroscopic agentsin emollient products.

Glycerine is an outstandingsolvent and a good vehicle formany substrates its viscosityprovides body and the ability tosuspend many insoluble materialsin liquid preparations.

Glycerine has excellent lubri-cating properties and imparts adesirable smoothness to manyproducts.

Its antifreeze properties areimportant to providing wintershelf life.

One of the most important usesfor Dow Synthetic Glycerine prod-ucts in personal care is in toothpasteapplications. Glycerine is the basicmedium in which the toothpaste isformulated, and it is responsiblefor keeping the paste at the desiredsmoothness and viscosity.

POLYETHER POLYOLSFOR URETHANESDow Synthetic Glycerine is also usedin the production of polyetherpolyols, which react with isocyanatesto form polyurethane for construc-tion, furniture, automobiles andother end-use applications.

OTHERAPPLICATIONSOther uses for Dow SyntheticGlycerine products include: Agricultural uses Adhesives and pastes Leather Photography Textiles Ink Rubber Wood Cork gaskets and sealers Air conditioning and refrigeration Podiatry and chiropody Electrical materials Glass and ceramics Metals Laboratory uses Fabric softener

9

CONSISTENT QUALITYAND PURITYAt Dow, synthetic glycerineis a primary product, which has beenproduced for customer applicationsfor over 30 years. An extremely highlevel of purity is achieved with Dowsprocess through carefully monitoredreaction and purification steps, andthe use of consistent and uniform rawmaterials. Furthermore, all of themajor raw materials are manufac-tured by Dow.

This means that Dow SyntheticGlycerine products have a highdegree of quality and reproducibility,which is consistent with each andevery lot we manufacture.

In contrast, natural glycerine isusually produced as a by-product ofoleochemical processes such assoap, fatty acid and fatty alcoholproduction. The raw materials usedin the manufacture of these naturalproducts can include animal fatssuch as beef tallow, and vegetableoils such as coconut, palm kernel,cottonseed, and soybean.

UV SpectroscopyAs an added measure of qualityassurance, Dow performs state-of-the-art UV (Ultraviolet) spectroscopyanalyses on all its glycerine products.This analysis detects the presenceof impurities that other tests cantpick up. Heres how

UV scans indicate that DowSynthetic Glycerine products arevirtually free of organic compoundssuch as esters, ketones andaldehydes. High purity syntheticglycerine transmits nearly 100 per-cent of the UV light and serves asan indication of consistent purity.See Figure 1.

WHYDOW SYNTHETIC

GLYCERINEPRODUCTS ARE

THE BEST CHOICESFOR YOUR

APPLICATION

10

Why Dows UV Spectroscopyis Important to the Quality ofYour Products

Since different substances absorbdifferent wavelengths of light, aUV spectrophotometer can detectcertain impurities in glycerine.Substances such as conjugatedhydrocarbons, carbonyl com-pounds and aromatic compoundsintensely absorb UV light. Theseimpurities can alter the taste andodor of glycerine.

THE DOW CHEMICALCOMPANY A SUPPLIERYOU CAN COUNT ON

Technical Service and SupportDows Technical Service &Development (TS&D) personnelare ready to put their extensiveexperience and product knowledgeto work for you. Our TS&D staff

some of the best minds in theindustry can respond quicklyto your questions about productquality, product characteristics andhandling and storage issues.

In addition, Dows QualityAssurance Groups maintainrigorous Statistical ProcessControl and Statistical QualityControl (SPC/SQC) systems toensure the highest standards inthe industry.

Extensive DistributionNetwork and ComprehensiveSales SupportDow has a network of distributorswho are prepared to deliver DowGlycerine products anywhere and on time.

Dow also has sales officesworldwide to serve your needs.For sales office information call1-800-441-4DOW(4369). For Dowsales office information in Europecall 41-1-728-2111.

11

Wavelength, nm350200

100

0

Perc

ent T

OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP

Glycerine Samples with Impurities

Figure 1 Typical UV Spectra

PHYSICALPROPERTIES

12

Table 2 Physical Properties(1) of OPTIM Glycerine 99.7% USP,Dow Glycerine 99.5% USP/EP and Dow Glycerine 96% USP

Property OPTIM Glycerine Dow Glycerine Dow Glycerine99.7% USP 99.5% USP/EP 96% USP

Appearance Colorless, viscous liquid Colorless, viscous liquid Colorless, viscous liquidBoiling point (760 mm) 290C (554F) 290C (554F) 175C (347F)Chemical name Glycerol or 1,2,3- Glycerol or 1,2,3- Glycerol or 1,2,3-

propanetriol propanetriol propanetriolCommon name Glycerin Glycerin GlycerinDensity

g/cm3, 25C 1.25802 1.25802 1.24770 lb/gal, 25C 10.50 10.50 10.42Dielectric constant, 20C 41.14 at 2x106 Hz Not Applicable Not availableEmpirical formula C3H8O3 C3H8O3 Not applicableFlash point, PMCC (Pensky Martens Closed Cup) 195.5C (384F) 195.5C (384F) >198.8C (>390F)Freezing point 17C (62.6F) 17C (62.6F) 8C (46.4F)Heat capacity, 25C, cal/gm, 25C 0.62 0.62 Not availableHeat of formation, kcal/mol, 25C 159.8 159.8 Not applicableHeat of fusion, cal/gm 47.5 47.5 Not applicableHeat of vaporization, cal/mol, 55C 21,060 21,060 Not applicableMolecular weight 92.09 g/mol 92.09 g/mol Not applicableOdor Odorless Odorless OdorlessRefractive index, 20C 1.47399 1.47399 1.46752Solubility, 25C Benzene Immiscible Immiscible Immiscible Chloroform Immiscible Immiscible Immiscible Ethyl alcohol Miscible Miscible Miscible Ethyl ether Immiscible Immiscible Immiscible n-Heptane Immiscible Immiscible Immiscible Isopropanol Miscible Miscible Miscible Water Miscible Miscible MiscibleSpecific gravity, 25/25C 1.26201 1.26201 1.25170Surface tension, Dynes/cm, 20C 63.0 63.0 Not availableTaste Sweet Sweet SweetVapor pressure, mm Hg(2) 50C 0.0025 0.0025 Not available 100C 0.195 0.195 Not availableViscosity, cP, mPa s, 20C 1410 1410 624(1)These are typical values only, and are not to be regarded as sales specifications; users are advised to confirm for their operations.(2)1 mm Hg = 0.1333 kPa

Glycerine is a liquid at roomtemperature. It is viscous, stable,hygroscopic, clear, odorless,noncorrosive, sweet tasting,very low in toxicity and isclassified by the Food and DrugAdministration as GenerallyRecognized As Safe (GRAS).Glycerine prevents freezing andpromotes long shelf life.

The chemical structure ofglycerine is shown in Figure 2.The physical properties of OPTIMGlycerine 99.7% USP, Dow Glycerine99.5% USP/EP and Dow Glycerine96% USP are provided in Table 2.

13

Figure 2 ChemicalStructure of Glycerine

DENSITY ANDSPECIFIC GRAVITYMeasurement of specific gravity is acommon means of determining theglycerine content of refined glycer-ine. See Table 3. The density ofglycerine solutions at variousconcentrations and temperaturescan be calculated from specificgravity data. See Table 4 on page 15.(69 to 212F).

Table 3 Specific Gravity of Glycerine-Water SolutionsGlycerine Apparent Specific Gravity True Specific Gravity(%) 15/15C 15.5/15.5C 20/20C 25/25C 15/15C 15.5/15.5C 20/20C 25/25C

100 1.26557 1.26532 1.26362 1.26201 1.26526 1.26501 1.26331 1.2617099 1.26300 1.26275 1.26105 1.25945 1.26270 1.26245 1.26075 1.2591098 1.26045 1.26020 1.25845 1.25685 1.26010 1.25985 1.25815 1.2565597 1.25785 1.25760 1.25585 1.25425 1.25755 1.25730 1.25555 1.2539596 1.25525 1.25500 1.25330 1.25165 1.25495 1.25470 1.25300 1.25140

95 1.25270 1.25245 1.25075 1.24910 1.25240 1.25215 1.25045 1.2488094 1.25005 1.24980 1.24810 1.24645 1.24975 1.24950 1.24780 1.2461593 1.24740 1.24715 1.24545 1.24380 1.24710 1.24685 1.24515 1.2435092 1.24475 1.24450 1.24280 1.24115 1.24445 1.24420 1.24250 1.2408591 1.24210 1.24185 1.24020 1.23850 1.24185 1.24155 1.23985 1.23825

90 1.23950 1.23920 1.23755 1.23585 1.23920 1.23895 1.23725 1.2350089 1.23680 1.23655 1.23490 1.23320 1.23655 1.23625 1.23460 1.2329588 1.23415 1.23390 1.23220 1.23055 1.23390 1.23360 1.23195 1.2302587 1.23150 1.23120 1.22955 1.22790 1.23125 1.23095 1.22930 1.2276086 1.22885 1.22855 1.22690 1.22520 1.22860 1.22830 1.22660 1.22495

85 1.22620 1.22590 1.22420 1.22255 1.22595 1.22565 1.22395 1.2223084 1.22355 1.22325 1.22155 1.21990 1.22330 1.22300 1.22130 1.2196583 1.22090 1.22055 1.21890 1.21720 1.22060 1.22030 1.21865 1.2169582 1.21820 1.21790 1.21620 1.21455 1.21795 1.21765 1.21595 1.2143081 1.21555 1.21525 1.21355 1.21190 1.21530 1.21500 1.21330 1.21165

80 1.21290 1.21260 1.21090 1.20925 1.21265 1.21235 1.21065 1.2090079 1.21015 1.20985 1.20815 1.2065578 1.20740 1.20710 1.20540 1.2038077 1.20465 1.20440 1.20270 1.2011076 1.20190 1.20165 1.19995 1.19840

75 1.19915 1.19890 1.19720 1.19565 1.19890 1.19865 1.19700 1.1954074 1.19640 1.19615 1.19450 1.1929573 1.19365 1.19340 1.19175 1.1902572 1.19090 1.19070 1.18900 1.1875571 1.18815 1.8795 1.18630 1.18480

70 1.18540 1.18520 1.18355 1.18210 1.18515 1.18495 1.18330 1.1818569 1.18260 1.18240 1.18080 1.1793568 1.17985 1.17965 1.17805 1.1766067 1.17705 1.17685 1.17530 1.1738566 1.17430 1.17410 1.17255 1.17110

65 1.17155 1.17130 1.16980 1.16835 1.17135 1.17110 1.16960 1.1681564 1.16875 1.16855 1.16705 1.1656063 1.16600 1.16575 1.16430 1.1628562 1.16320 1.16300 1.16155 1.1601061 1.16045 1.16020 1.15875 1.15735

60 1.15770 1.15745 1.15605 1.15460 1.15750 1.15725 1.15585 1.1544559 1.15490 1.15465 1.15325 1.1518558 1.15210 1.15190 1.15050 1.1491557 1.14935 1.14910 1.14775 1.1464056 1.14655 1.14635 1.14500 1.14365

55 1.14375 1.14355 1.14220 1.14090 1.14360 1.14340 1.14205 1.1407554 1.14100 1.14080 1.13945 1.1381553 1.13820 1.13800 1.13670 1.1354052 1.13540 1.13525 1.13395 1.1326551 1.13265 1.13245 1.13120 1.12995

CH2 CH CH2| | |

OH OH OH

Table 3 continuedGlycerine Apparent Specific Gravity True Specific Gravity(%) 15/15C 15.5/15.5C 20/20C 25/25C 15/15C 15.5/15.5C 20/20C 25/25C

50 1.12985 1.12970 1.12845 1.12720 1.12970 1.12955 1.12830 1.1270549 1.12710 1.12695 1.12570 1.1245048 1.12440 1.12425 1.12300 1.1218547 1.12165 1.12150 1.12030 1.1191546 1.11890 1.11880 1.11760 1.11650

45 1.11620 1.11605 1.11490 1.11380 1.11605 1.11595 1.11475 1.1136544 1.11345 1.11335 1.11220 1.1111543 1.11075 1.11060 1.10950 1.1084542 1.10800 1.10790 1.10680 1.1057541 1.10525 1.10515 1.10410 1.10310

40 1.10255 1.10245 1.10135 1.10040 1.10240 1.10235 1.10125 1.1003039 1.09985 1.09975 1.09870 1.0977538 1.09715 1.09705 1.09605 1.0951037 1.09445 1.09435 1.09335 1.0924536 1.09175 1.09165 1.09070 1.08980

35 1.08905 1.08895 1.08805 1.08715 1.08895 1.08885 1.08790 1.0870534 1.08635 1.08625 1.08535 1.0845533 1.08365 1.08355 1.08270 1.0819032 1.08100 1.08085 1.08005 1.0792531 1.07830 1.07815 1.07735 1.07660

30 1.07560 1.07545 1.07470 1.07395 1.07550 1.07535 1.07460 1.0738529 1.07295 1.07285 1.07210 1.0713528 1.07035 1.07025 1.06950 1.0688027 1.06770 1.06760 1.06690 1.0662526 1.06510 1.06500 1.06435 1.06370

25 1.06250 1.06240 1.06175 1.06115 1.06240 1.06230 1.06165 1.0611024 1.05985 1.05980 1.05915 1.0586023 1.05725 1.05715 1.05655 1.0560522 1.05460 1.05455 1.05400 1.0535021 1.05200 1.05195 1.05140 1.05095

20 1.04935 1.04935 1.04880 1.04840 1.04930 1.04925 1.04875 1.0483019 1.04685 1.04680 1.04630 1.0459018 1.04435 1.04430 1.04380 1.0434517 1.04180 1.04180 1.04135 1.0410016 1.03930 1.03925 1.03885 1.03850

15 1.03675 1.03675 1.03635 1.03605 1.03670 1.03670 1.03630 1.0360014 1.03425 1.03420 1.03390 1.0336013 1.03175 1.03170 1.03140 1.0311012 1.02920 1.02920 1.02890 1.0286511 1.02670 1.02665 1.02640 1.02620

10 1.02415 1.02415 1.02395 1.02370 1.02415 1.02410 1.02390 1.023709 1.02175 1.02175 1.02155 1.021358 1.01935 1.01930 1.01915 1.019007 1.01690 1.01690 1.01675 1.016606 1.01450 1.01450 1.01435 1.01425

5 1.01210 1.01205 1.01195 1.01185 1.01205 1.01205 1.01195 1.011854 1.00965 1.00965 1.00955 1.009503 1.00725 1.00725 1.00720 1.007102 1.00485 1.00485 1.00480 1.004751 1.00240 1.00240 1.00240 1.00235

14

15

Table 4 Density of Glycerine-Water SolutionsGlycerine Density (g/cm3) Glycerine Density (g/cm3)(%) 15C 15.5C 20C 25C 30C (%) 15C 15.5C 20C 25C 30C

100 1.26415 1.26381 1.26108 1.25802 1.25495 50 1.12870 1.12845 1.12630 1.12375 1.1211099 1.26160 1.26125 1.25850 1.25545 1.25235 49 1.12600 1.12575 1.12360 1.12110 1.1184598 1.25900 1.25865 1.25590 1.25290 1.24975 48 1.12325 1.12305 1.12090 1.11840 1.1158097 1.25645 1.25610 1.25335 1.25030 1.24710 47 1.12055 1.12030 1.11820 1.11575 1.1132096 1.25385 1.25350 1.25080 1.24770 1.24450 46 1.11780 1.11760 1.11550 1.11310 1.11055

95 1.25130 1.25095 1.24825 1.24515 1.24190 45 1.11510 1.11490 1.11280 1.11040 1.1079594 1.24865 1.24830 1.24560 1.24250 1.23930 44 1.11235 1.11215 1.11010 1.10775 1.1053093 1.24600 1.24565 1.24300 1.23985 1.23670 43 1.10960 1.10945 1.10740 1.10510 1.1026592 1.24340 1.24305 1.24035 1.23725 1.23410 42 1.10690 1.10670 1.10470 1.10240 1.1000591 1.24075 1.24040 1.23770 1.23460 1.23150 41 1.10415 1.10400 1.10200 1.09975 1.09740

90 1.23810 1.23775 1.23510 1.23200 1.22890 40 1.10145 1.10130 1.09930 1.09710 1.0947589 1.23545 1.23510 1.23245 1.22935 1.22625 39 1.09875 1.09860 1.09665 1.09445 1.0921588 1.23280 1.23245 1.22975 1.22665 1.22360 38 1.09605 1.09590 1.09400 1.09180 1.0895587 1.23015 1.22980 1.22710 1.22400 1.22095 37 1.09340 1.09320 1.09135 1.08915 1.0869086 1.22750 1.22710 1.22445 1.22135 1.21830 36 1.09070 1.09050 1.08865 1.08655 1.08430

85 1.22485 1.22445 1.22180 1.21870 1.21565 35 1.08800 1.08780 1.08600 1.08390 1.0816584 1.22220 1.22180 1.21915 1.21605 1.21300 34 1.08530 1.08515 1.08335 1.08125 1.0790583 1.21955 1.21915 1.21650 1.21340 1.21035 33 1.08265 1.08245 1.08070 1.07860 1.0764582 1.21690 1.21650 1.21380 1.21075 1.20770 32 1.07995 1.07975 1.07800 1.07600 1.0738081 1.21425 1.21385 1.21115 1.20810 1.20505 31 1.07725 1.07705 1.07535 1.07335 1.07120

80 1.21160 1.21120 1.20850 1.20545 1.20240 30 1.07455 1.07435 1.07270 1.07070 1.0685579 1.20885 1.20845 1.20575 1.20275 1.19970 29 1.07195 1.07175 1.07010 1.06815 1.0660578 1.20610 1.20570 1.20305 1.20005 1.19705 28 1.06935 1.06915 1.06755 1.06560 1.0635577 1.20335 1.20300 1.20030 1.19735 1.19435 27 1.06670 1.06655 1.06495 1.06305 1.0610576 1.20060 1.20025 1.19760 1.19465 1.19170 26 1.06410 1.06390 1.06240 1.06055 1.05855

75 1.19785 1.19750 1.19485 1.19195 1.18900 25 1.06150 1.06130 1.05980 1.05800 1.0560574 1.19510 1.19480 1.19215 1.18925 1.18635 24 1.05885 1.05870 1.05720 1.05545 1.0535073 1.19235 1.19205 1.18940 1.18650 1.18365 23 1.05625 1.05610 1.05465 1.05290 1.0510072 1.18965 1.18930 1.18670 1.18380 1.18100 22 1.05365 1.05350 1.05205 1.05035 1.0485071 1.18690 1.18655 1.18395 1.18110 1.17830 21 1.05100 1.05090 1.04950 1.04780 1.04600

70 1.18415 1.18385 1.18125 1.17840 1.17565 20 1.04840 1.04825 1.04690 1.04525 1.0435069 1.18135 1.18105 1.17850 1.17565 1.17290 19 1.04590 1.04575 1.04440 1.04280 1.0410568 1.17860 1.17830 1.17575 1.17295 1.17020 18 1.04335 1.04325 1.04195 1.04035 1.0386067 1.17585 1.17555 1.17300 1.17020 1.16745 17 1.04085 1.04075 1.03945 1.03790 1.0361566 1.17305 1.17275 1.17025 1.16745 1.16470 16 1.03835 1.03825 1.03695 1.03545 1.03370

65 1.17030 1.17000 1.16750 1.16475 1.16195 15 1.03580 1.03570 1.03450 1.03300 1.0313064 1.16755 1.16725 1.16475 1.16200 1.15925 14 1.03330 1.03320 1.03200 1.03055 1.0288563 1.16480 1.16445 1.16205 1.15925 1.15650 13 1.03080 1.03070 1.02955 1.02805 1.0264062 1.16200 1.16170 1.15930 1.15655 1.15375 12 1.02830 1.02820 1.02705 1.02560 1.0239561 1.15925 1.15895 1.15655 1.15380 1.15100 11 1.02575 1.02565 1.02455 1.02315 1.02150

60 1.15650 1.15615 1.15380 1.15105 1.14830 10 1.02325 1.02315 1.02210 1.02070 1.0190559 1.15370 1.15340 1.15105 1.14835 1.14555 9 1.02085 1.02075 1.01970 1.01835 1.0167058 1.15095 1.15065 1.14830 1.14560 1.14285 8 1.01840 1.01835 1.01730 1.01600 1.0144057 1.14815 1.14785 1.14555 1.14285 1.14010 7 1.01600 1.01590 1.01495 1.01360 1.0120556 1.14535 1.14510 1.14280 1.14015 1.13740 6 1.01360 1.01350 1.01255 1.01125 1.00970

55 1.14260 1.14230 1.14005 1.13740 1.13470 5 1.01120 1.01110 1.01015 1.00890 1.0073554 1.13980 1.13955 1.13730 1.13465 1.13195 4 1.00875 1.00870 1.00780 1.00655 1.0050553 1.13705 1.13680 1.13455 1.13195 1.12925 3 1.00635 1.00630 1.00540 1.00415 1.0027052 1.13425 1.13400 1.13180 1.12920 1.12650 2 1.00395 1.00385 1.00300 1.00180 1.0003551 1.13150 1.13125 1.12905 1.12650 1.12380 1 1.00155 1.00145 1.00060 0.99945 0.99800

0 0.99913 0.99905 0.99823 0.99708 0.99568

DIELECTRIC CONSTANTThe dielectric constants of variousglycerine-water solutions are givenin Table 5. The data were obtainedat 25C (77F) and a frequency of0.57 x 106 cycles per second.

Table 6 shows the effect oftemperature on the dielectricconstants of pure glycerine-watersolutions within the range of 20 to100C (69 to 212F).

FREEZING POINTPure glycerine has a freezing point ofabout 17C (62.6F). Glycerine,however, is seldom seen in a crystal-lized state due to its tendency tosupercool. The presence of smallamounts of water within a glycerine-water solution also inhibit crystal-lization, which may depress itsfreezing point. This means thatDow Glycerine 96% USP has alower freezing point than OPTIMGlycerine 99.7% USP or DowGlycerine 99.5% USP/EP.

16

Figure 3 Freezing Points ofGlycerine-Water Solutions

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percent of Glycerine by Weight

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50

68

59

50

41

32

23

14

5

-4

-13

-22

-31

-40

-49

-58

Tem

pera

ture

Ris

e,

C

C

Figure 4 Temperature Rise onMixing Glycerine and Water

6

5

4

3

2

1

00 20 40 60 80 100

Percent Glycerine by Weight

F

Table 5 Dielectric Constant, , of Glycerine-WaterSolutions at 25C (77F)(1)

Glycerine % Wt. Glycerine % Wt.

0.00 78.48 60.15 62.389.88 75.98 70.00 53.52

20.33 73.86 79.86 54.0830.19 71.44 90.42 48.6639.67 68.93 100.00 42.4850.23 65.72

(1)Current Frequency = 0.57 x 106 cycles/s.

Table 6 Dielectric Constant, , of Glycerine-WaterSolutions(1)

Glycerine % Wt. 20C 25C(2) 40C 60C 80C 100C

0 80.37 78.50 73.12 66.62 60.58 55.1010 77.55 75.70 70.41 63.98 58.31 20 74.72 72.90 67.70 61.56 56.01 30 71.77 70.00 64.87 58.97 53.65 40 68.76 67.10 62.03 56.24 51.17 50 65.63 64.00 59.55 53.36 48.52 60 62.03 60.00 55.48 50.17 45.39 41.0870 57.06 55.60 51.41 46.33 41.90 38.0780 52.27 50.60 46.92 42.32 38.30 34.7090 46.98 45.50 42.26 38.19 34.47 31.3496 43.50 42.30 39.30 35.60 32.20 29.30100 41.14 40.10 37.30 33.82 30.63 27.88

(1)Current Frequency = 2 x 106 cycles/s.(2)Note: The data for 25C were obtained by interpolation.

Table 7 Freezing and Flow Points of Glycerine-Water Solutions

Composition Freezing Point Flow Point

Glycerine % by Wt. (C) (F) (C) (F)

9.65 - 2.2 28.0 -3.0 26.619.30 - 5.3 22.46 -9.0 15.828.95 - 8.8 16.3 -15.8 3.533.78 -12.4 9.5 -18.0 -2.038.60 -17.2 1.04 -19.5 -3.143.43 -18.0 0.4 -20.5 - 4.948.25 - 21.4 - 6.5 -28.0 -18.453.08 - 27.5 -17.5 -35.9 - 32.657.90 -34.0 - 29.2 - 41.9 - 43.667.55 - 41.5 - 42.7

17

Table 8 Freezing Points of Glycerine-Water Solutions

Glycerine Freezing Glycerine Freezingby Wt. Water Points by Wt. Water Points(%) (%) (C ) (F) (%) (%) (C) (F)

0.0 100.0 0.0 32.0 65.0 35.0 - 43.0 -45.45.0 95.0 -0.6 30.9 65.6 (1) 34.4 - 44.5 -48.1

10.0 90.0 -1.6 29.1 66.0 (1) 34.0 - 44.7 -48.511.5 (1) 88.5 -2.0 28.4 66.7 (1) 33.3 - 46.5 -51.715.0 85.0 -3.1 26.4 67.1 (1) 32.9 - 45.5 -49.920.0 80.0 - 4.8 23.4 67.3 (1) 32.7 - 44.5 -48.122.6 (1) 77.4 -6.0 21.2 68.0 (1) 32.0 - 44.0 -47.225.0 75.0 -7.0 19.4 70.0 30.0 -38.9 -38.030.0 70.0 -9.5 14.9 70.9 (1) 29.1 -37.5 -35.533.3 (1) 67.0 -11.0 12.2 75.0 25.0 -29.8 -21.635.0 65.0 -12.2 10.0 75.4 (1) 24.6 -28.5 -19.340.0 60.0 -15.4 4.3 79.0 (1) 21.0 -22.0 -7.644.5 (1) 55.5 -18.5 -1.3 80.0 20.0 -20.3 -4.545.0 55.0 -18.8 -1.8 84.8 (1) 15.2 -10.5 13.150.0 50.0 -23.0 -9.4 85.0 15.0 -10.9 12.453.0 (1) 47.0 -26.0 -14.8 90.0 10.0 -1.6 29.155.0 45.0 -28.2 -18.8 90.3 (1) 9.7 -1.0 30.260.0 40.0 -34.7 -30.5 95.0 5.0 7.7 45.960.4 (1) 39.6 -35.0 -31.0 95.3 (1) 4.7 7.5 45.564.0 (1) 36.0 - 41.5 -42.7 98.2 (1) 1.8 13.5 56.364.7 (1) 35.3 - 42.5 -44.5 100.0 0.0 17.0 62.6

(1)Actual determination. Remaining values were interpolated from curve.

Table 7 shows the freezing andflow points of glycerine solutions.The flow point is the temperatureat which a glycerine-water solu-tion can still flow freely through a1/4-inch orifice.

Figure 3 and Table 8 bothprovide specific data regarding thefreezing points of several glycer-ine-water solutions.

HEAT OF SOLUTIONWhen glycerine is dissolved inwater at a temperature of 0C (32F),there is a slight rise in temperaturethat reaches a maximum of about5C (41F) when 58 percent byweight of glycerine is used. SeeFigure 4.

The maximum amount of heat(though not the greatest rise intemperature) is obtained when theglycerine is dissolved in a largeexcess of water. If the glycerine isnot anhydrous, some of its heat ofsolution will have already beendissipated; correspondingly,smaller amounts of heat will beproduced by further dilution. SeeTable 9.

Table 9 Molar Heat of Solution of Glycerine

Initial Concentration of Glycerine

Moles of H2O per Molar Heat ofMole Glycerine % H2O Solution, Cal (Joules)

0.000 0.00 1381 (6647)0.164 3.11 1329 (6396)0.304 5.62 1261 (6069)0.684 11.81 1140 (5487)1.633 24.21 962 (4630)2.866 35.93 788 (3793)3.711 42.07 705 (3393)4.564 47.17 615 (2960)

SPECIFIC HEATPure glycerines specific heat fallswithin the range of 0.575 to 0.5795cal per C per gram at 26C(79F). The specific heat ofglycerine-water solutions is higher.

Specific heat data for glycerine-water solutions from 0 to -30C(32 to -22F) is given in Figures 5and 6 and Table 10.

HEAT OFVAPORIZATIONAs shown in Table 11, the heat ofvaporization of glycerine is 21,060cal/mol at 55C (130F) and18,170 at 195C (382F).

18

Figure 6 Specific Heats of Glycerine-WaterSolutions of Various Compositions

6

4

2

0

Spec

ific

Hea

t, C

al/g

/C

or

Btu

/lb/F

25% Glycerine

30%

35%

40%

45%50%

55%

Figure 5 Specific Heats of Glycerine-WaterSolutions at Various Temperatures

8

6

4

2

00 0.2 0.4 0.6

Fraction Glycerine, by Weight

Spec

ific

Hea

t, C

al/g

/C

or

Btu

/lb/F

- 6.7C (20F)

-9.4C (15F)

-15C (5F)

-20.5C (-5F)-26.1C (-15F)

-31.6C(-25F)

-1.1C (30F) -9.4C (15F) -17.7C (0F) -26.1C (-15F)

19

Table 10 Specific Heats of Glycerine-Water Solutions

Specific Heats, Cal/g/C or Btu/lb/F

Glycerine

F C 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65%

35.0 1.7 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.7130.0 -1.1 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.7025.0 -3.9 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.6920.0 -6.7 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68

19.0 (1) -7.2 6.8 (1) 15.0 (1) - 9.4 4.1 4.8 * 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.67

10.4 (1) -12.0 3.7 (1) 10.0 -12.2 2.7 3.2 3.6 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.665.0 -15.0 2.1 2.4 2.7 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.67 0.65

4.6 (1) -15.2 2.9 (1) 0.0 -17.8 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.66 0.63

-1.8 (1) -18.8 2.4 (1) -5.0 -20.6 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 0.72 0.69 0.65 0.62

-9.6 (1) -23.1 2.0 (1) -10.0 -23.3 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 0.68 0.64 0.61-15.0 -26.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 0.67 0.63 0.60

-18.9 (1) -28.3 1.7 (1) -20.0 -28.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 0.62 0.59-25.0 -31.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.4 0.61 0.58(1)Estimated freezing point, and maximum specific heat for mixture of this composition.

The horizontal lines in each column mark the lower limit of the one-phase systems.

Table 11 Heat of Vaporization of Glycerine

C 195 185 175 165 155 145 135 125

L = cal/mol 18170 18780 18610 18740 19740 19810 19430 18925

C 115 105 95 85 75 65 55

L = cal/mol 19530 19300 19910 20840 21170 21120 21060L is the molar heat of vaporization.

REFRACTIVE INDEXTable 12 shows the refractiveindices of various concentrations ofglycerine in water.

Table 12 Refractive Index of Glycerine-Water Solutionsat 20C (69F)

Glycerine Refractive Difference Glycerine Refractive Difference% by Index for % by Index for

Weight nD20 1% Weight nD

20 1%

100 1.47399 0.00165 50 1.39809 0.0014999 1.47234 0.00163 49 1.39660 0.0014798 1.47071 0.00161 48 1.39513 0.0014597 1.46909 0.00157 47 1.39368 0.0014196 1.46752 0.00156 46 1.39227 0.00138

95 1.46597 0.00154 45 1.39089 0.0013694 1.46443 0.00153 44 1.38953 0.0013593 1.46290 0.00151 43 1.38818 0.0013592 1.46139 0.00150 42 1.38683 0.0013591 1.45989 0.00150 41 1.38548 0.00135

90 1.45839 0.00150 40 1.38413 0.0013589 1.45689 0.00150 39 1.38278 0.0013588 1.45539 0.00150 38 1.38143 0.0013587 1.45389 0.00152 37 1.38008 0.0013486 1.45237 0.00152 36 1.37874 0.00134

85 1.45085 0.00155 35 1.37740 0.0013484 1.44930 0.00156 34 1.37606 0.0013483 1.44770 0.00160 33 1.37472 0.0013482 1.44612 0.00162 32 1.37338 0.0013481 1.44450 0.00160 31 1.37204 0.00134

80 1.44290 0.00155 30 1.37070 0.0013479 1.44135 0.00153 29 1.36936 0.0013478 1.43982 0.00150 28 1.36802 0.0013377 1.43832 0.00149 27 1.36669 0.0013376 1.43683 0.00149 26 1.36536 0.00132

75 1.43534 0.00149 25 1.36404 0.0013274 1.43385 0.00149 24 1.36272 0.0013173 1.43236 0.00149 23 1.36141 0.0013172 1.43087 0.00149 22 1.36010 0.0013171 1.42938 0.00149 21 1.35879 0.00130

70 1.42789 0.00149 20 1.35749 0.0013069 1.42640 0.00149 19 1.35619 0.0012968 1.42491 0.00149 18 1.35490 0.0012967 1.42342 0.00149 17 1.35361 0.0012866 1.42193 0.00149 16 1.35233 0.00127

65 1.42044 0.00149 15 1.35106 0.0012664 1.41895 0.00149 14 1.34980 0.0012663 1.41746 0.00149 13 1.34854 0.0012562 1.41597 0.00149 12 1.34729 0.0012561 1.41448 0.00149 11 1.34604 0.00123

60 1.41299 0.00149 10 1.34481 0.0012259 1.41150 0.00149 9 1.34359 0.0012158 1.41001 0.00149 8 1.34238 0.0012057 1.40852 0.00149 7 1.34118 0.0011956 1.40703 0.00149 6 1.33999 0.00119

55 1.40554 0.00149 5 1.33880 0.0011854 1.40405 0.00149 4 1.33762 0.0011753 1.40256 0.00149 3 1.33645 0.0011552 1.40107 0.00149 2 1.33530 0.0011451 1.39958 0.00149 1 1.33416 0.00113

0 1.33303

20

The

rmal

Con

duct

ivity

(G

ram

Cal

., Se

c, -1

Cm

,-2

C,-1

cm

)

THERMALCONDUCTIVITYThe thermal conductivity ofglycerine solutions increases aswater content increases. Increasesalso occur with rising temperature the rate of change being linear.

The data in Figure 7 and Table13 were obtained from curvesplotted from experimentallydetermined values for the coeffi-cients of thermal conductivity andsolution concentrations.

Figure 7 Thermal Conductivity-Composition-Temperature Curves for Glycerine-Water Solutions

.00160

.00150

.00140

.00130

.00120

.00110

.00100

.00090

.00080

.00070

.000600 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Glycerine-Water Solutions, Percent Water

1020304050607080C

Table 13 True Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Glycerine-Water Solutions

Water Glycerine Values of K1

Percent 20(1)%, Equations for True CoefficientBy Weight 10C 20C 30C 40C 50C 60C 70C 80C C -1 of Thermal Conductivity

Gram Calories, Second,-1 cm, -2C, -1 cm(2)

100 (Purewater) 0.00138 0.00141 0.00145 0.00149 0.00152 0.00156 0.00160 0.00163 0.26 K1=0.00134+0.00000367 (t)

95 5 0.00133 0.00137 0.00140 0.00144 0.00147 0.00151 0.00154 0.00158 0.25 K1=0.00130+0.00000342 (t)90 10 0.00130 0.00133 0.00137 0.00140 0.00143 0.00146 0.00149 0.00152 0.24 K1=0.00127+0.00000317 (t)

85 15 0.00125 0.00128 0.00131 0.00134 0.00137 0.00140 0.00143 0.00146 0.23 K1=0.00122+0.00000300 (t)80 20 0.00121 0.00124 0.00127 0.00129 0.00132 0.00135 0.00138 0.00141 0.23 K1=0.00118+0.00000284 (t)

75 25 0.00117 0.00119 0.00122 0.00125 0.00127 0.00130 0.00132 0.00135 0.22 K1=0.00114+0.00000263 (t)70 30 0.00112 0.00115 0.00117 0.00120 0.00122 0.00124 0.00126 0.00129 0.20 K1=0.00110+0.00000234 (t)

65 35 0.00109 0.00111 0.00114 0.00116 0.00118 0.00120 0.00122 0.00124 0.20 K1=0.00107+0.00000217 (t)60 40 0.00105 0.00107 0.00108 0.00110 0.00112 0.00114 0.00116 0.00118 0.17 K1=0.00103+0.00000183 (t)

55 45 0.00102 0.00103 0.00105 0.00106 0.00108 0.00110 0.00111 0.00113 0.15 K1=0.00100+0.00000159 (t)50 50 0.00097 0.00099 0.00100 0.00101 0.00103 0.00104 0.00105 0.00107 0.13 K1=0.00096+0.00000133 (t)

45 55 0.00094 0.00095 0.00096 0.00098 0.00099 0.00100 0.00101 0.00102 0.12 K1=0.00093+0.00000116 (t)40 60 0.00090 0.00091 0.00091 0.00092 0.00093 0.00094 0.00095 0.00096 0.10 K1=0.00089+0.00000090 (t)

35 65 0.00086 0.00087 0.00088 0.00089 0.00089 0.00090 0.00091 0.00091 0.08 K1=0.00086+0.00000067 (t)30 70 0.00084 0.00084 0.00085 0.00085 0.00086 0.00086 0.00087 0.00087 0.06 K1=0.00083+0.00000050 (t)

25 75 0.00080 0.00081 0.00081 0.00081 0.00082 0.00082 0.00082 0.00082 0.04 K1=0.00080+0.00000030 (t)20 80 0.00077 0.00078 0.00078 0.00078 0.00079 0.00079 0.00079 0.00079 0.04 K1=0.00077+0.00000030 (t)

15 85 0.00074 0.00074 0.00074 0.00074 0.00074 0.00074 0.00075 0.00075 0.01 K1=0.00074+0.00000008 (t)10 90 0.00072 0.00072 0.00072 0.00072 0.00072 0.00072 0.00072 0.00073 0.0+ K1=0.00072

5 95 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 _ K1=0.00070(Pure 100 0.00068 0.00068 0.00068 0.00068 0.00068 0.00068 0.00068 0.00068 K1=0.00068

glycerine)

(1) 20 as defined by Kt = K20[1 + 20 (t - 20)].(2)Kt (cal, sec

-1, cm-2, C-1, cm) 2900 = Kt (Btu, hr.-1, ft-2, F-1 inch).

C.g.s. system English system

21

THERMAL ANDCUBICAL EXPANSIONThe cubical expansion of variousglycerine-water solutions is shownin Figure 8. The heat of fusion forthese solutions is 47.5 cal per gmand 47.9 cal per gm.

The thermal expansion ofglycerine with increasing tempera-ture may be measured by itschange in volume or density. SeeTables 14 and 15.

Figure 8 Cubical Expansion of Glycerine-Water Solutions When Partially Frozen

Table 14 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Gravimetric)of Solutions of Glycerine and Water

Change in Specific Gravity per Degree

Glycerine (%) 15-20C 15-25C 20-25C

100 0.000615 0.000615 0.00061097.5 0.000620 0.000615 0.00060595 0.000615 0.000615 0.00061590 0.000610 0.000615 0.00062080 0.000620 0.000615 0.00061070 0.000580 0.000570 0.00056560 0.000540 0.000545 0.00055050 0.000485 0.000495 0.00051040 0.000430 0.000435 0.00044530 0.000370 0.000385 0.00040020 0.000300 0.000315 0.00032510 0.000230 0.000255 0.000280

Water 0.000180 0.000205 0.000230

Table 15 Thermal Expansion of Pure Glycerine

(C) Vol. (C) Vol. (C) Vol.

0 = 10000 100 = 10530 200 = 1124510 = 10045 110 = 10590 210 = 1133020 = 10090 120 = 10655 220 = 1141530 = 10140 130 = 10720 230 = 1150040 = 10190 140 = 10790 240 = 1158550 = 10240 150 = 10860 250 = 1167060 = 10295 160 = 10930 260 = 1175570 = 10350 170 = 11005 270 = 1184080 = 10410 180 = 11080 280 = 1192590 = 10470 190 = 11160 290 = 12010

Exp

ansi

on m

illili

ters

per

100

gra

ms

solu

tion

10

8

6

4

2

00 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30

Temperature CExpansion calculated by ideal equation

Expansion calculated from literature values of glycerine solution freezing points

Expansion experimentally determined

22

Water

5% glycerine

10% glycerine

20% glycerine

VAPOR PRESSURE ANDBOILING POINTVolatility data, including boilingpoint and vapor pressure, forvarious glycerine-water solutionsare given in Table 16.

Vapor pressures of pure glycer-ine are calculated by extrapolatingfrom partial pressures of solutionsto the point where the partialpressure equals the total pressure.These values are estimated to beaccurate to about 1 percent and areshown in Table 17.

Table 17 Vapor Pressure of Pure Glycerine

mm Hg 1 5 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 760

C 125.5 153.8 167.2 182.2 198.0 208.0 220.1 240.0 263.0 290.0

23

Table 16 Volatility Properties of Glycerine-Water Solutions

Parts by Weight Boiling Point Vapor Pressureof Glycerine in at 760 mm Hg (C)(1) of Glycerine100 Parts of Solution at

Aqueous Solution 100C (mm) Hg(1)

100 290.0 6499 239.0 8798 208.0 10797 188.0 12696 175.0 144

95 164.0 16294 156.0 18093 150.0 19892 145.0 21591 141.0 231

90 138.0 24789 135.0 26388 132.5 27987 130.5 29586 129.0 311

85 127.5 32684 126.0 34083 124.5 35582 123.0 37081 122.0 384

80 121.0 39679 120.0 40878 119.0 41977 118.2 43076 117.4 440

75 116.7 45074 116.0 46073 115.4 47072 114.8 48071 114.2 489

70 113.6 49665 111.3 55360 109.0 56555 107.5 59350 106.0 618

45 105.0 63940 104.0 65735 103.4 67530 102.8 69025 102.3 704

20 101.8 71710 100.9 7400 100.0 760

(1)1 mm Hg = 0.1333 kPa

VISCOSITYThe viscosity of aqueous glycerinesolutions from 0 to 100 percentconcentrations and 0 to 100C (32to 211F) temperatures is given inTable 18.

The viscosity of glycerinesolutions below 0C (32F) isshown in Table 19. This may bedetermined by using a falling ballviscometer.

Viscosities of supercooledglycerine as low as -40C (-40F)have also been determined via thismethod and are presented inTables 20 and 21.

The viscosity of glycerine athigh temperatures, 80 to 167C(175 to 332F), is shown inTable 22.

24

Table 18 Viscosity of Aqueous Glycerine Solutions inCentipoises/mPa s

Temperature (C)

Glycerinepercentweight 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0 (1) 1.792 1.308 1.005 0.8007 0.6560 0.5494 0.4688 0.4061 0.3565 0.3165 0.283810 2.44 1.74 1.31 1.03 0.826 0.680 0.575 0.500 20 3.44 2.41 1.76 1.35 1.07 0.879 0.731 0.635 30 5.14 3.49 2.50 1.87 1.46 1.16 0.956 0.816 0.690 40 8.25 5.37 3.72 2.72 2.07 1.62 1.30 1.09 0.918 0.763 0.66850 14.6 9.01 6.00 4.21 3.10 2.37 1.86 1.53 1.25 1.05 0.91060 29.9 17.4 10.8 7.19 5.08 3.76 2.85 2.29 1.84 1.52 1.2865 45.7 25.3 15.2 9.85 6.80 4.89 3.66 2.91 2.28 1.86 1.5567 55.5 29.9 17.7 11.3 7.73 5.50 4.09 3.23 2.50 2.03 1.6870 76 38.8 22.5 14.1 9.40 6.61 4.86 3.78 2.90 2.34 1.9375 132 65.2 35.5 21.2 13.6 9.25 6.61 5.01 3.80 3.00 2.4380 255 116 60.1 33.9 20.8 13.6 9.42 6.94 5.13 4.03 3.1885 540 223 109 58 33.5 21.2 14.2 10.0 7.28 5.52 4.2490 1310 498 219 109 60.0 35.5 22.5 15.5 11.0 7.93 6.0091 1590 592 259 127 68.1 39.8 25.1 17.1 11.9 8.62 6.4092 1950 729 310 147 78.3 44.8 28.0 19.0 13.1 9.46 6.8293 2400 860 367 172 89 51.5 31.6 21.2 14.4 10.3 7.5494 2930 1040 437 202 105 58.4 35.4 23.6 15.8 11.2 8.1995 3690 1270 523 237 121 67.0 39.9 26.4 17.5 12.4 9.0896 4600 1580 624 281 142 77.8 45.4 29.7 19.6 13.6 10.197 5770 1950 765 340 166 88.9 51.9 33.6 21.9 15.1 10.998 7370 2460 939 409 196 104 59.8 38.5 24.8 17.0 12.299 9420 3090 1150 500 235 122 69.1 43.6 27.8 19.0 13.3

100 12070 3900 1410 612 284 142 81.3 50.6 31.9 21.3 14.8

(1)Viscosity of water taken from Properties of Ordinary Water-Substance. N.E. Dorsey, p. 184. New York (1940)

Table 19 Viscosity of Glycerine-Water Solutions at LowTemperatures in Centipoises/mPa s

Glycerine Freezing% Wt. Point -5C -10C -20C -30C -40C

10.0 -1.6 20.0 -4.8 30.0 -9.5 6.5 40.0 -15.4 10.3 14.4 50.0 -23.0 18.8 24.4 48.1 60.0 -34.7 41.6 59.1 108.0 244.0 66.7 -46.5 74.7 113.0 289.0 631.0 1398.070.0 -38.5 110.0 151.0 394.0 1046.0 80.0 -20.3 419.0 683.0 1600.0 90.0 -1.6

Temperature

25

Table 20 Viscosity of Supercooled Glycerine

Glycerine + 0.5% Water Glycerine, Anhydrous

(C) (Poises)(1) (C) (Poises)(1)

- 40.9 45000 - 42.0 67100-37.0 22000 - 41.8 63000-34.0 10600 -36.3 21700-34.0 10800 -36.0 20500-30.0 5220 -28.9 5360-26.0 2830 -25.0 2600-13.9 407 -25.0 2640-13.9 405 -20.0 1340- 6.1 142 -19.5 1230- 6.1 144 -15.4 665- 6.0 137 -10.8 357+2.0 53.8 -10.8 352+1.8 56.5 - 4.2 148+1.7 62.4 - 4.2 149+6.3 34.4+6.3 35.7+9.1 26.7+9.2 26.0

+12.8 18.4+12.8 18.3

(1)1 Poise = 0.1 mPa s

Table 21 Calculated Temperatures Related to Viscosities ofSupercooled Glycerine Containing 0.5 Percent Water

C -89 -45 -33.5 -20 -3.5 +18

Viscosity (poises)(1) 1013 105 104 103 102 10(1)1 Poise = 0.1 mPa s

Table 22 Viscosity of 100 Percent Glycerine at HighTemperatures

C 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Centipoises/mPa s

32.18 21.2 14.60 10.48 7.797 5.986 4.726

C 150 158 167

Centipoises/mPa s

3.823 3.282 2.806

SOLUBILITYBecause of its hydroxyl groups,glycerine has solubility character-istics similar to those of water andthe simple aliphatic alcohols. It iscompletely miscible with water,methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol,n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol,sec.-butyl alcohol, tertiary amylalcohol, ethylene glycol, propyleneglycol, trimethylene glycol andphenol.

Glycerine has limited solubilityin dioxane and ethyl ether. It ispractically insoluble, however, inhigher alcohols, fatty oils, hydro-carbons and chlorinated solventssuch as chlorhexane, chlor-benzene and chloroform. It iscompletely miscible with ethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, but ismiscible with only a limitedamount of ethylene glycolmonobutyl ether. Miscibility datafor a number of compounds withglycerine are given in Table 23.

Because of the importance ofglycerine as a solvent in pharma-ceutical preparations and flavorextracts, considerable work hasbeen done on the solubility of anumber of substances in glycerine.Table 24 gives the solubility data ofmany of these compounds.

Table 23 Miscibility of Organic Solvents with Glycerine

Miscible Immiscible Partially Miscible

o-Cresol Acetone Di-n-amylamineDiethylenetriamine Isoamyl acetate Di-n-butylamineDiethyl formamide n-Amyl cyanideDiisopropylamine AnisaldehydeEthyl alcohol BenzeneTriethylenetetramine Benzyl ether-Methylbenzylamine Chloroform-Methylbenzyldiethanolamine Cinnamaldehyde-Methylbenzylethanolamine Diisobutyl ketone2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine Diethyl acetic acid2-Phenylethylamine 2,6,8 Trimethyl 4-nonanoneIsopropanolamine Di(2-ethylhexyl) aminePyridine Di-n-propyl aniline

Ethyl chloracetateEthyl cinnamateEthyl etherEthyl phenylacetate3-Heptanoln-Heptyl acetaten-Hexyl ether-MethylbenzyldimethylamineMethyl isopropyl ketone4-Methyl-n-valeric acido-PhenetidineSalicylaldehydeTetradecanolTri-butyl phosphate

26

27

Glycerine SolubilityConcen- in Parts per

tration Temp. 100 PartsSubstance % Weight C of solvent Ref.

Phenylethyl alcohol NS 15 1.5 1Phosphorus NS 15 ca. 0.25 8Potassium arsenate NS 15 50.13 8Potassium bromide NS 15 25 6

98.5 17.15 486.5 20.59 4

Potassium chlorate NS 15 3.54 898.5 1.03 486.5 1.32 4

Potassium chloride NS 15 3.72 8Potassium cyanide NS 15 31.84 8Potassium iodate NS 15 1.9 5Potassium iodide NS 15 39.72 8

98.5 50.7 486.5 58.27 4

Quinine NS 15 0.47 8Quinine sulfate 98.5 1.32 4

86.5 0.72 4Quinine tannate NS 15 0.25 5

99.04 20 2.8 987.27 20 2.45 9

Salicin NS 15 12.5 5Salicylic acid 98.5 1.63 4

86.4 0.985 4Santonin NS 15 6 5Sodium arsenate NS 15 50 8

99.04 20 64 987.27 20 44 9

Sodium bi-borate 98.5 111.15 486.5 89.36 4

Sodium bicorbonate NS 15 8.06 8Sodium tetraborate (borax) NS 15 60 8Sodium carbonate (crystals) NS 15 98.3 8Sodium chlorate NS 15 20 5Sodium hypophosphite 99.04 20 32.7 9

87.27 20 42.2 9Sodium pyrophosphate 87.27 20 9.6 9Sodium sulfate 12H2O 100 25 8.1 10Stearic acid 99.04 20 0.089 9

87.27 20 0.066 9Strychnine NS 15 0.25 5Strychnine nitrate NS 15 4 5Strychnine sulfate NS 15 22.5 5Sulfur NS 15 ca. 0.1 8Tannic acid NS 15 48.8 6Tannin NS 15 48.83 8Tartar emetic NS 15 5.5 5Theobromine 99.04 20 0.028 9

87.27 20 0.017 9Urea NS 15 50 5Zinc chloride NS 15 49.87 8Zinc iodide NS 15 39.78 8Zinc sulfate NS 15 35.18 8Zinc valerate 99.04 20 0.336 9

87.27 20 0.382 9

NS = Glycerine content not specified, probably 95 to 100 percent.References for Table(1)Allens Commercial Organic Analysis, Fourth ed, p. 461. P. Blakistons Son & Co.,

Philadelphia (1923).(2)Cameron, F.K., and Patten, H.E., J. Phys. Chem. 15, 67-72 (1911).(3)Chiara, P., Giorn. farm. chim., 66, 94-96 (1917).(4)Holm, K., Pharm. Weekblad, 58, 860-862 (1921); ibid. 1033-1037 (1921)(5)Lawrie, J. W., Glycerol and the Glycols, p. 232. New York, The Chemical Catalog Co.

Inc. (Reinhold Publishing Corp.) 1928.(6)Lewkowitsch, J., Chemical Technology and Analysis of Fats and Waxes, Sixth ed., p.

254, London, MacMillan & Co. Ltd. (1921).(7)Noble, M. V., and Garrett, A. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 66, 231-235 (1944).(8)Ossendovsky, A. M., J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 37, 1071 (1906). Through Mac Ardle, D.

W., The Use of Solvents in Organic Chemistry, p. 80. New York, D. van Nostrand Co.,Inc. (1925).

(9)Roborgh, J. A., Pharm. Weekblad, 64, 1205-1209 (1927).(10) Schnellbach, W. and Rosin, J., J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 18, 1230-1235 (1929).

Glycerine SolubilityConcen- in Parts per

tration Temp. 100 PartsSubstance % Weight C of solvent Ref.

Alum NS 15 40 6Ammoniumcarbonate NS 15 20 8

99.04 20 19.8 987.27 20 13.7 9

Ammonium chloride NS 15 20.06 8Anisic aldehyde NS 15 0.1 1Arsenic acid NS 15 20 6Arsenious acid NS 15 20 6Atropine NS 15 3 5Atropine sulfate 99.04 20 45.2 9

87.27 20 45.8 9Barium chloride NS 15 9.73 8Benzoic acid 98.5 2 4

95.1 23 2.01 90 23 1.74

86.5 1.18 475 23 1.02 50 23 0.06

Benzyl acetate NS 15 0.1 1Boric acid 98.5 20 24.8 4

86.5 20 13.79 4Brucine NS 15 2.25 5Calcium hydroxide 35 25 1.3 2Calcium hypophosphite 99.04 20 2.5 9

87.27 20 3.2 9Calcium oleate 45 15 1.18 6Calcium sulfate NS 15 5.17 8Calcium sulfide NS 15 5 6Cinchonine NS 15 0.3 5Cinchonine sulfate NS 15 6.7 5Cinnamic aldehyde NS 15 0.1 1Codeine hydrochloride 99.04 20 11.1 9

87.27 20 4.7 9Copper acetate NS 15 10 6Copper sulfate NS 15 30 6Ethyl acetate 99.04 20 1.9 9

87.27 20 1.8 9Ethyl ether 99.04 20 0.65 9

87.27 20 0.38 9Eugenol NS 15 0.1 1Ferrous sulfate NS 15 25 6Guaiacol 99.04 20 13.1 9

87.27 20 9.05 9Guaiacol carbonate 99.04 20 0.043 9

87.27 20 0.039 9Iodine NS 15 2 8Idoform 95 15 0.12 3Iron and potassium tartrate NS 15 8 5Iron lactate NS 15 16 5Iron oleate 45 15 0.71 8Lead acetate NS 15 10 8

98.5 143 486.5 129.3 4

Lead sulfate NS 15 30.3 8Magnesium oleate 45 15 0.94 6Mercuric chloride NS 15 8 8Mercurous chloride NS 15 7.5 5Mercurous cyanide NS 15 27 5Morphine NS 15 0.45 5Morphine acetate NS 15 20 5Morphinehydrochloride NS 15 20 5

Novacaine 99.04 20 11.2 987.27 20 7.8 9

Oxalic acid NS 15 15.1 6Pentaerythritol 100 100 9.3 Anon.Phenacetin 99.04 20 0.47 9

87.27 20 0.3 9Phenol 99.04 20 276.4 9

87.27 20 361.8 9

Table 24 Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycerine

SKINA single prolonged exposure toglycerine is not likely to be ab-sorbed in significant amountsthrough the skin and so is notlikely to cause significant irritation.Upon contact, skin may feel warmdue to the absorption of moisturefrom the skin. Glycerine can beremoved by washing with water.

Glycerine may be absorbed inpotentially harmful amounts whenapplied in large quantities tosevere burns (second or thirddegree) over large areas of thebody as part of a cream or othertopical application. Absorptionunder such circumstances canelevate serum osmolality and mayresult in osmotic shock.

INHALATIONNo significant irritation. TheACGIH Threshold Limit Value is10 mg/m3 as a nuisance mist. Ifirritation occurs as a result ofinhalation, remove person to anarea of fresh air.

DRUMSAcceptable drums may be polyeth-ylene or epoxy-phenolic lined, butdue to the variety available, contactDow for assistance in identifyingacceptable drums.

BIODEGRADATION DATABiodegradation under aerobicstatic laboratory conditions is high(BOD20 or BOD28/ThOD greaterthan 40 percent). It is expectedthat biodegradation will be achiev-able in a secondary wastewatertreatment plant.

The inhibitory concentration ofglycerine (IC50) in OECD Acti-vated Sludge, Respiration InhibitionTest (Guideline #209) is greaterthan 1,000 mg/L.

The five-day biochemical oxygendemand (BOD5) is 0.54 p/p, the10-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD10) is 0.98 p/p, the 20-daybiochemical oxygen demand(BOD20) is 1.0 p/p and the theo-retical oxygen demand (ThOD) iscalculated to be 1.22 p/p.

SAFETY AND HANDLING

One of the desirable qualities ofglycerine is its ease of handlingfrom a personal safety viewpoint.However, a few reasonable precau-tions are necessary. Good manu-facturing practices should beexercised to conform to federalregulations and to maintain thequality necessary for humanconsumption.

Due to glycerines high viscos-ity, slight heating is usuallyrequired to lower the viscosity foreasy transfer.

Its important to note, however,that glycerine may degrade tooxidation by-products. Glycerineby-products have different toxico-logical and physical properties fromglycerine itself. See the MaterialSafety Data Sheet for more informa-tion. To minimize quality degrada-tion, glycerine should be used andstored below 54C (130F).

In the presence of powerfuloxidizing agents such as sodiumhypochlorite or hypochlorous acid,a violent reaction may occur.Review the following exposurehazards and first aid procedures toestablish and maintain safe workingconditions.

EYESMay cause slight, transient irrita-tion. Upon eye contact, flush theeyes with plenty of water.

28

Storage and handling equipmentshould be installed to avoidpossible cross-contamination withother materials. Glycerine willreact with many compounds,including acids, isocyanates,chlorine and oxidizing agents.

On any of the following storageand handling topics, Dow personnelare available to discuss their specificstorage conditions.

BULK STORAGEBulk storage and loading equip-ment should be designed to allowfor periodic emptying and clean-ing. New equipment should behydrostatically tested prior to use.To ensure product quality, itis recommended that only dedi-cated equipment be used to storeglycerine.

Bulk storage and loading areasshould have easy access for tanktrucks and/or railcars and mainte-nance equipment.

Bulk storage tanks should usenitrogen padding or air dryers toprevent moisture accumulation.Glycerine is very hygroscopic.

Bulk storage facilities may needprovisions for heating of product iflocated in cold regions. Care mustbe used when heating glycerine toavoid heat degradation of the

product, as temperatures above54C (130F) can cause acceler-ated degradation. See Figure 9 (onpage 30) for typical bulk glycerinestorage facilities and tank truckoff-loading arrangement.

SupercoolingThe freezing point of glycerine is17C (62.6F). Glycerine has thecharacteristic of supercooling,which means that it can remainin a liquid state even below itsreported freezing point of 17C(62.6F). However, to avoidunexpected crystallization, gly-cerine should be stored above17C (62.6F).

Materials of ConstructionStainless steel is the recommendedmaterial of construction forglycerine storage tanks.

Plastic and fiberglass tanksas well as lined tanks can be usedfor glycerine storage. All plasticmaterial and tank linings beingconsidered for use with glycerineshould be checked to assure com-patibility with the product to avoidany adverse effects on quality.

Design and FabricationA welded tank designed in accor-dance with UL-142 (atmosphericpressure vertical and horizontaltanks), or API 650 (verticalatmospheric tanks) is recom-mended for glycerine storage.

GENERAL STORAGECONSIDERATIONS

Tanks larger than 5,000 gallonsin capacity should be equippedwith a manway.

Glycerine storage tanks shouldbe designed to eliminate significantproduct residue after draining inorder to facilitate clearing andcleaning (i.e., incorporate abottom drain).

A self-cleaning white paintexterior is recommended onglycerine tanks. This color of paintwill minimize the internal tempera-ture changes that occur during24-hour cycles. The reducedexpansion and contraction of thecontents (breathing) will decreasethe demand for nitrogen or dry air.

A glycerine tank should becleaned and dried prior to beingused for the first time.

Tank InstallationGlycerine tanks should be sup-ported on a firm foundation. Therecommended foundation is areinforced concrete pad or ring.Soil testing is advisable to deter-mine the proper foundation neededto safely support the gross weightof the completely filled tank.

Guy wires or tie-downs shouldbe considered if the tank will belocated in an open area. An emptytank is not very stable in strongwinds. If the tank will be located inan area prone to occasionalflooding, it should be securelyanchored to prevent it fromfloating off the base. An emptytank will float.

Bulk storage tanks should beelectrically grounded.

A bulk storage tank should behydrostatically tested prior to itsfirst use. This procedure will helpto identify leaks or other problemsbefore the tank is filled withproduct.

29

Tanks should be located toallow ample space to load andunload material, perform mainte-nance on the tank and to performmaintenance on adjacent tanks andequipment in the area.

Spill containment is stronglyrecommended if the tank will belocated in an area where a spillcould find its way into a river, lakeor aboveground/undergroundbody of water.

Figure 9 Typical Bulk Glycerine Storage Facility and Tank Truck Off-Loading Arrangement

REQUIREDACCESSORIES

Level IndicatorTanks should be equipped with ameans of measuring the levelinside the tank. Electronic orpneumatic level transmitters andinternal float-type devices arerecommended. External liquidcolumn gauges constructed ofpolyethylene can be used if theyare protected to prevent accidentalbreakage. The bottom should befitted with a shut-off valve to beopen only when reading the level.Glass devices are not recommended.

Pressure-Vacuum Relief ValvesLocated on top of the tank, thisdevice is used to prevent damageto storage tanks due to pressurechanges caused by filling ordraining and by thermal expansionor contraction of the contents. Thissafety device is recommended forall closed bulk storage tanks.

Nitrogen Pad-Depad SystemThis system provides a dry nitrogenatmosphere in the vapor space of thetank. Nitrogen padding is recom-mended for glycerine storage tanksto prevent oxidation.

30

LEGENDPCV = pressure control valve, ERV = emergency relief valve, VRV = vacuum relief valve, HLS = high level switch, HLA = high level alarm,LI - level indicator, LT = level transmitter, EBV = emergency block valve, TI = temperature indicator, TT = temperature transmitter,EBV = emergency block valve, FI = flow indicator, FT = flow transmitter, PI = pressure indicator, PT = pressure transmitter.

1

TO NITROGEN PAD-DEPADOR AIR DRYER SYSTEM ACCESS PLATFORM

2" LIQ.

GROUNDSPILLCONTAINMENT

WALLLOW POINT DRAIN

ABSORBENT

FIRE MONITOR

FIRE EXT.

FLEX HOSE

TO PROCESS

NOTE: LABEL LINES FOR CONTENT

2 SAFETY SHOWER& EYEWASH

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPTO SAMPLINGSYSTEM

GROUND1

TANK TRUCK

1 PUMP TO BE TURNED OFF BY: HIGH LEVEL IN TANK HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE LOW PUMP DISCHARGE FLOW LOSS OF ELECTRICAL GROUND

SAFETY SHOWER MUST BE LOCATEDTO BE QUICKLY ACCESSIBLE FROM ALLPRODUCT HANDLING AREAS.

POSITION TEMPERATURE SENSORS TO PROVIDE ACCURATE LIQUID TEMPERATUREREGARDLESS OF LEVEL.

2

3

5

GLYCERINE

1

FCMV

FCMV

PVRVERV

HLSHLA

HLA

LILT

TITT

TICTT

1

101

KBV

FIFT

PIPT

This schematic drawing is provided in good faith by The Dow Chemical Company..However, as the delivery, storage, use and disposal conditions are not within itscontrol, Dow does not guarantee results from the use of the schematic. The customeris advised to employ a qualified engineering service to design and build their storageand handling facility. Since any assistance furnished by Dow, with reference to thesafe delivery, storage, use and disposal of its products is provided without charge,Dow assumes no obligation or liability.

TITT

3STEAM

CONDEN-SATE

SLOPE

Air Dryer SystemThis system can be used in place ofa nitrogen pad-depad system tomaintain a moisture-free environ-ment in the vapor space of the tank.The system utilizes a gel desiccantdryer such as silica gel on the tankvent to dry air going into the tank.

Tank HeaterIf the glycerine tank will be locatedin a climate that routinely seestemperatures below 17C (62.6F),a tank heater will be required. Foreasier handling, glycerine can bekept at 32 to 49 C (90 to 120F).Tank suction heaters or recirculat-ing heat exchanges are recom-mended. A tank heater must becontrolled to prevent temperaturesabove 54C (130F). This can bedone by using hot water ordesuperheated steam. The highertemperatures for a prolongedperiod of time will cause degrada-tion of the product.

PIPE DESIGNCRITERIA

PipingPiping should be designed tominimize the number of potentialleak points (flanges, screwedconnections, couplings, etc.).Piping systems should be installedto drain to low points and havevalves to allow easy clearing of thepipe for maintenance.

To ensure product quality, nevermanifold glycerine with other prod-ucts. All piping should be dedicatedfor glycerine only.

drop. Filter elements can be con-structed of cotton, polyester, poly-propylene, nylon or stainless steelscreen. Element pore sizes of 10 to75 microns are recommended.

HosesHoses used for loading andunloading of glycerine should bemade of reinforced elastomer withcross-linked polyethylene liner.Flexible corrugated stainless steelmay also be used.

Hoses should be dedicated toglycerine service to avoid productcontamination, and should be ratedto withstand the operating pres-sure of the pump.

Hoses should be capped atboth ends when not in use to keepdirt and moisture from enteringthe hose and causing productcontamination.

GasketsGaskets made with Teflon(1) fluoro-polymers and Viton(1) fluoro-elastomers are recommended foruse with glycerine.

ValvesGate, ball, plug and butterfly valvescan be used in glycerine service.The valves should be constructedof stainless steel to ensure productquality and should be designed sothat no internal lubrication isnecessary.

Check valves are not recom-mended for use with glycerine dueto the viscosity of the product.

(1 )Trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company

Stainless steel schedule 10 is therecommended material of con-struction to ensure product quality.Welded seamless pipe is also rec-ommended. Screwed piping canbe used, but pipe dopes shouldbe avoided to prevent productcontamination.

Valves should be placed to alloweasy access and operation.

If the piping will be located whereambient temperatures can fall below17C (62.6F), then tracing andinsulation should be used. Glycerineflows well at temperatures of 32 to49C (90 to 120F). Any pipe heatingsystem should have an upper limitto prevent excess temperaturesabove 54C (130F). Higher tem-peratures over prolonged periodscan cause degradation of glycerine.

PumpsFor normal operations, a centrifugalpump is recommended for use withglycerine. If the glycerine will bestored at lower temperatures, it willbe more viscous and a positivedisplacement pump such as a gearpump is recommended. Thematerial of construction should bestainless steel.

FlowmetersIf it is desirable to measure theflow of glycerine in the pipingsystem, a flowmeter is recom-mended. Common types of metersthat work well with glycerine in-clude positive-displacement (gear)meters, mass-flow meters andorifice meters. Sight glasses arenot recommended.

FiltersTo ensure clean product, filters aredesirable. Filters should be largeenough to handle the desiredproduct flow with a low pressure

31

The Dow Chemical Company has afundamental concern for all whomake, distribute and use itsproducts, and for the environmentin which we live. This concern isthe basis for our Product Steward-ship philosophy by which weassess the health and environ-mental information on our prod-ucts and take appropriate stepsto protect employee and publichealth, and our environment. OurProduct Stewardship program restswith each and every individualinvolved with Dow products frominitial concept and research, to themanufacture, use, sale and disposalof each product.

RESPONSIBLE CARE

Dow has a long-standing policy toensure that its operations do nothave an adverse impact on thecommunity or the environment. Touphold this policy, Dow is commit-ted to support Responsible Care,a continuing effort by the chemicalindustry to improve the respon-sible management of chemicals.

Under Responsible Care, Dowcomplies with ten guiding prin-ciples and six codes of practice thatcover all aspects of research,

PRODUCTSTEWARDSHIP

Responsible Care is a registered service mark of theChemical Manufacturers Association.

32

development, manufacture, dis-tribution, transportation, use anddisposal of products. The principlesalso extend to prompt reporting,customer counseling, communityawareness, support of externalresearch, participation withgovernment and other organiza-tions and promotion of ResponsibleCare principles worldwide.

CUSTOMER NOTICEDow strongly encourages itscustomers to review both theirmanufacturing processes and theirapplications of Dow products fromthe standpoint of human healthand environmental quality to helpensure that Dow products are notused in ways for which they arenot intended or tested.

Dow personnel are preparedto assist customers in dealing withecological and product safety con-siderations. Dow product literature,including Material Safety DataSheets, should be consulted priorto use of Dow products. Your Dowrepresentative can arrange theproper contacts, or write to theDow location nearest you.

FOR MOREINFORMATIONTo learn more about Dow Syn-thetic Glycerine products, contactthe Dow Customer InformationGroup at 1-800-441-4DOW (4369).In Europe, call 41-1-728-2111. Anexpert in the field of glycerinechemistry will be happy to answeryour questions and evaluate yourpotential applications.

For additional informationin the U.S. and Canada,

call 1-800 -441-4DOW (4369).

In Mexico, call 95-800 -441-4369.

In Europe, call 41-1-728 -2111.

Printed in U.S.A. *Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company. CH 131-121-E-1199X

NOTICE: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ fromone location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this documentare appropriate for Customers use and for ensuring that Customers workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and othergovernmental enactments. Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALLIMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.

Published November 1999

The Dow Chemical Company, 2040 Dow Center, Midland, Michigan 48674Dow Chemical Canada Inc., 1086 Modeland Rd., P.O. Box 1012, Sarnia, Ontario, N7T 7K7, Canada

Dow Quimica Mexicana, S.A . de C.V., Torre Optima Mezzanine, Av. Paseo de Las Palmas No. 405,Col. Lomas de Chapultepec, 11000 Mexico, D.F., Mexico

Dow Europe S.A., Bachtobelstr. 3, CH- 8810 Horgen, Switzerland