global agewatch index 2014: insight report (korean)

8/11/2019 Global AgeWatch Index 2014: Insight report (Korean)

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2014 Insight report


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1: 2014 2060 60

2: (BRICS) (MINT) , GDP 60

3: 60

4: 1

5: ( )

6: (15 -64 )

7:

8:

9:

10: , ,

11:

12: 2014 , 2030 , 2050 60

13:

1:

2:

3: 2014 , 2030 , 2050 60

,

.

, , .

(The Global AgeWatch Index)

.

www.globalagewatch.org

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111722242627

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8

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Preface and Foreword Global AgeWatch Index 2014: Insight report 3

2014 96 . , , , .

. ,

, .

. 2000(Millennium Development Goals)

. (SustainableDevelopment)

.

.

. .

60 , 70 80 . . .

Professor Sir Richard Jolly

Institute of Development StudiesUniversity of Sussex

. UN 2015

.

UN

. 50 , .

. .

. .

. .

Toby Porter

CEO Chief Executive O cer HelpAge International

60 , 70 80

.

.

P h i l M o o r e

/ H e l p A g e

I n t e r n a t

i o n a l


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4 2014 : Insight report

1. Norway

2. Sweden

3. Switzerland

4. Canada

5. Germany

6. Netherlands

7. Iceland

8. USA

9. Japan

10. New Zealand

11. United Kingdom

12. Denmark

13. Australia

14. Austria

15. Finland

16. France

17. Ireland

18. Israel

19. Luxembourg

20. Estonia

41. Romania

42. Peru

43. Sri Lanka

44. Philippines

45. Vietnam

46. Hungary

47. Slovakia

48. China

49. Kyrgyzstan

50. South Korea

51. Bolivia

52. Colombia

53. Albania

54. Nicaragua

55. Malta

56. Bulgaria

57. El Salvador

58. Brazil

59. Bangladesh

60. Lithuania

61. Tajikistan

62. Dominican Republic

63. Guatemala

64. Belarus

65. Russia

66. Paraguay

67. Croatia

68. Montenegro

69. India

70. Nepal

71. Indonesia

72. Mongolia

73. Greece

74. Moldova

75. Honduras

76. Venezuela

77. Turkey

78. Serbia

79. Cambodia

80. South Africa

81. Ghana

82. Ukraine

83. Morocco

84. Lao PDR

85. Nigeria

86. Rwanda

87. Iraq

88. Zambia

89. Uganda

90. Jordan

91. Pakistan

92. Tanzania

93. Malawi

94. West Bank and Gaza

95. Mozambique

96. Afghanistan

21. Spain

22. Chile

23. Uruguay

24. Panama

25. Czech Republic

26. Costa Rica

27. Belgium

28. Georgia

29. Slovenia

30. Mexico

31. Argentina

32. Poland

33. Ecuador

34. Cyprus

35. Latvia

36. Thailand

37. Portugal

38. Mauritius

39. Italy

40. Armenia

1:


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2014 : Insight report 5

(Fred) 70 (Zaina) 61 .

? 80

70 .

HIV .

60 20 1/3 . , .

, .

2014 , 96 . 60 91%, 10 9 .

65 1/4 .

.

, , .

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(76 ), (78 ), (77 ) .

. (30 ) 26 .

( )

( ) .

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6/28


.

. 12% 8 6 8 60 , 2050 60 20 2 20 3 15 . . 20 (, ) . 100 . .

2009 (48 ) 60 1 3 3 (70

), (36 ) .

.

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. 65 10

9 .

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250 ( US$89) .

.

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? .

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. (Dignity Pension) 60

.

, ? . 50 , 65

20% 0.4%( ) 1.8%(

) .

.

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A d a m

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7/28


2014

2050

2014

2050

1: 2014 2050 60

: UNDESA Population Division, World population prospects: the 2012 revision, DVD edition, 2013

: The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsementor acceptance by the United Nations

0-9% 10-19% 20-24% 25-29% 30+% No data

. , , .

. . ( 1), . 1

5 ( , ,, , ) 96

91% 60 7 9 .

.

1 . 60 . ,

.


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2: (BRICS) (MINT) , GDP 60

11.5

28.9

19.4

28.5

8.5

18.314.4

32.8

8.7

15.6

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25.9

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27.3

67

34

297

454

10

4068

2626

2050 2014

58 65 6948 8030 71 85772.5 1.3 5.07.7 1.91.1 5.8 7.34.0

(9 ) 10 , , (18 ) (20 ) 20 . 20 1

(GDP per capita) . ( 18%, 32%) . 2

(76

), (78 ), (77 ) .

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(58 ), (65 ), (69 ), (48 ),(80 ) -

.

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1 (US$13,608) (10.8%) . (Human Development Index)

187 90

. 1 (US$12,747)(9.5%) 61 ,

.

: UNDESA Population Division, World population prospects: the 2012 revision, DVD edition; World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.kd.zg


9/28


. ,

60 60 .

. 2014 , 96 65

1 5 . 29 .

4

, 60 16 . 60

. ( 3)

60 . 1990 2012 , 96 83

60 2 19 4 . 60 82 1990 80 . 5

(79 ), (75 ), (86 ), (76 ) 60

. 60 1990 7 , 4 ,

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.

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29 , 12 1/3 . , ,

23% . 1 . 96 62

(76.2 ) 50% .

3: 60

60 8680.3

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10/28


( , / )

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.

.

( , ) 83.7 ,82.7 , ,

60% .

. .

.

. 96

. .

, .

.

. 60 3 . 6

42% 22% ,

11%, 6% . 7 . 62%, 52%

, 99%, 86% . 8

60 ,

. , , .

32 26 29 62 0

4: 1


11/28


12/28


. . 13

. , , , . 14 . , 65

6% . ( ) 15

(Juana Bautista, 74 ) 65 (Pension 65 programme)

250 ( US$89) . ,

.

(the Roundtable for Poverty Reduction, - )

. .

: HelpAge International interviews, 2014

, ,

. , , . .

AIDS

. 11

.

, , . 12

, 2014

. , , ,

,

. . 16

.

30 10 7 . 1% . 17

, ,

. 18

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I n t e r n a t

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13/28


. 2012 , (ILO, International Labour Organization) 185

. 19

. , . 19

. . ( ) 1995

2004 1/3 . 20

. .

.

(RentaDignidad) 60 2008

. 16%

15% 14% . .

OECD . OECD 125 .

. ,

. .

- 10 , . .

, (Zaina, 61 ) 70 .

.

. HIV . . 11 ,

. .

4 1 1 5 . .

: HelpAge International interview, 2011, and Ministry of Labour, Employment and Youth Development andHelpAge International, Dar es Salaam, Achieving income security in old age for all Tanzanians, 2010

J e f W i l l i a m s /

H e l p A g e

I n t e r n a t

i o n a

l


14/28


.

. 65 1/4 . 22 , 1/10 . 1/5 . 23

, , . . 24

, .

.

.

(Inter-American Development Bank) , . 25

, . . ( 6 )

.

,

. 26 ,,

. 27

. , 60% .

28 71% . 29 76% 73% . 30

- 31

. 1943 1/4 . 10 65 10 9 . () 32

. ,

.

.

6: (15 - 64 )

0%

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

: ILO, Active contributors toa pension scheme in the working agepopulation 15-64 (%), www.ilo.org/ gimi/gess/RessourceDownload.action?ressource.ressourceId=19606


15/28


- 2013 88% .

.

22% . 200kcal . .

. .

. .: Aguila E et al, Experimental analysis of the health and wellbeing e ects of a non-contributory

social security program, Santa Monica, RAND, 2011. Rodrguez et al,Impact evaluation of the non-contributorysocial pension programme 70 y ms in Mexico, International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, Impactevaluation 5, 2014

. , ,

. , .

.33

, 30%

. 34

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. . .

. , ( ) 150 (257

) .

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16/28


?

? , . 50 , 65

20% 0.4%( ) 1.8%( ) . 35 , GDP . 36

. . GDP

5 . , , 10 . 37

. . 38

, .2008 , 7570 , 60

. ( )

2014

. .

, , .

, .

. , .

, . 39

.

.

S a r a h

H e r

t z o g

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i o n a l

- 1990 75 . 2008 70 . ( 60 )

80 . 40 , . 5 .

, . . . .: HelpAge International interview, 2011


17/28


2014 . ,

. , . , . 2013 , .

- , . .

, .

2013 (38 )(80 ) .( 7)

(8 ) . (38 ) .

8

19

87

64

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92

91

93

94

96

88

63

89

77

72

88

81

91

92

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88

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83

56

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88

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96

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80

81

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85

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95

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. , . ,(92 ) , 94 .


18/28


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.

, (48 ) 14.4%

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31

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-

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.

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22/28


Costa Rica

Belgium

Georgia

Slovenia

Mexico

Argentina

Poland

Ecuador

Cyprus

Latvia

ThailandPortugal

Mauritius

Italy

Armenia

Romania

Peru

Sri Lanka

Philippines

Vietnam

HungarySlovakia

China

Kyrgyzstan

South Korea

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

64.0

63.9

61.3

60.1

59.5

59.4

58.1

57.9

57.8

57.0

56.355.3

54.2

53.9

53.0

52.8

52.6

52.6

52.3

52.2

51.951.7

51.5

51.0

50.4

51

40

48

23

34

17

24

56

46

32

58

12

8

25

30

26

65

79

73

70

35

21

72

54

80

64.6

71.8

65.9

78.6

73.3

80.1

77.8

62.4

67.9

74.2

57.982.1

82.8

77.5

75.6

77.2

50.7

34.9

41.9

46.8

73.178.8

42.1

63.5

32.5

15

30

60

38

35

40

48

28

24

66

41

23

63

6

74

64

32

54

76

36

57

53

58

83

42

73.8

68.7

46.2

63.2

64.5

59.4

55.3

69.2

70.7

44.1

59.170.7

45.0

78.7

34.0

44.9

68.1

50.0

31.9

63.9

47.451.4

46.5

28.9

58.2

49

58

15

81

52

35

61

42

51

14

73

79

70

69

9

46

24

32

18

71

53

36

38

31

19

32.0

28.9

53.2

19.2

29.9

38.0

27.3

34.4

30.0

54.0

22.619.4

24.6

24.6

58.9

33.5

46.0

43.0

50.2

24.4

29.437.0

36.2

43.0

48.6

29

24

45

7

46

66

37

58

55

68

12

51

38

74

73

64

79

25

15

31

60

80

28

36

54

71.6

73.4

67.1

79.2

66.7

61.7

69.2

63.4

63.8

60.1

78.265.4

69.2

58.5

58.9

62.0

56.9

72.9

77.3

71.3

63.156.8

71.8

69.6

64.1

Norway

Sweden

Switzerland

Canada

Germany

Netherlands

Iceland

United States

Japan

New Zealand

United KingdomDenmark

Australia

Austria

Finland

France

Ireland

Israel

Luxembourg

Estonia

SpainChile

Uruguay

Panama

Czech Republic

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

93.4

88.3

87.9

87.5

86.3

86.0

85.3

83.5

82.6

80.7

80.177.6

76.1

76.0

75.8

74.8

74.2

72.2

71.3

67.7

67.667.5

65.3

65.0

64.8

1

9

29

7

15

5

3

22

31

27

11

18

61

6

16

2

20

45

4

38

41

42

10

39

13

89.1

82.8

76.0

83.2

80.5

85.6

87.5

78.7

75.4

77.1

82.779.8

52.2

84.6

80.4

88.0

79.1

68.1

87.0

72.4

71.370.5

82.8

72.3

82.0

16

12

2

4

11

13

8

25

1

9

27

33

5

19

21

7

17

26

10

55

3

14

37

31

47

73.5

75.2

81.3

80.3

75.6

74.8

78.2

70.1

83.9

77.8

69.368.1

79.8

72.7

70.8

78.3

73.1

69.8

76.6

50.0

80.574.4

63.3

68.7

56.1

1

3

10

8

5

11

16

4

12

6

23

20

2

43

30

37

34

13

54

7

56

27

29

33

28

76.2

65.7

58.0

59.7

62.8

57.4

52.8

65.0

56.8

61.8

46.1

48.3

70.2

34.1

43.9

36.3

38.7

55.3

29.4

61.8

29.2

44.7

44.5

40.2

44.5

4

6

1

9

11

5

10

17

21

30

3

14

26

2

18

23

16

35

19

39

22

49

57

48

50

80.1

79.4

83.7

78.9

78.6

79.6

78.8

76.8

75.0

71.5

81.8

77.7

72.5

82.7

76.1

74.2

77.0

69.6

76.1

68.1

74.7

66.0

63.5

66.4

65.8

2:


23/28


Bolivia

Colombia

Albania

Nicaragua

Malta

Bulgaria

El Salvador

Brazil

Bangladesh

Lithuania

TajikistanDominican Republic

Guatemala

Belarus

Russia

Paraguay

Croatia

Montenegro

India

Nepal

IndonesiaMongolia

Greece

Moldova

Honduras

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

50.3

50.3

48.9

48.9

48.4

47.5

47.0

46.3

45.5

45.4

45.044.4

44.3

43.7

42.5

42.1

41.7

40.9

39.0

38.9

38.638.1

37.3

36.2

36.2

55

68

44

77

52

47

76

14

75

53

57

81

74

50

37

78

66

60

71

69

86

36

28

63

84

62.6

48.2

68.6

38.0

64.1

67.8

38.1

80.8

39.6

63.9

59.029.9

41.3

65.0

72.9

35.8

50.6

56.0

44.6

47.9

18.673.0

76.0

51.6

21.4

59

18

61

45

20

68

34

43

71

65

80

39

44

84

86

50

49

56

87

79

70

93

22

90

46

22

76

21

59

87

45

67

66

39

17

40

62

84

64

26

41

77

78

55

68

48

65

80

50

63

78

42

86

33

47

69

53

87

41

90

61

43

34

44

82

77

72

70

52

59

8

62

91

76

65

46.4

72.8

45.7

57.0

72.1

40.0

66.3

57.4

37.7

44.2

31.161.0

57.0

28.6

27.1

54.4

55.3

49.1

27.0

31.2

37.820.5

70.7

25.8

56.2

46.6

20.8

47.9

27.7

14.3

33.5

25.2

25.6

36.2

50.3

35.026.8

17.7

26.0

45.1

34.7

20.5

19.5

29.3

25.0

32.326.0

19.3

31.6

26.2

57.1

67.5

54.7

70.6

66.4

59.8

65.3

54.6

67.5

52.6

63.167.3

70.2

67.1

55.5

57.5

58.9

58.9

65.3

63.2

79.062.9

49.6

57.7

62.0

Venezuela

Turkey

Serbia

Cambodia

South Africa

Ghana

Ukraine

Morocco

Lao PDR

Nigeria

RwandaIraq

Zambia

Uganda

Jordan

Pakistan

Tanzania

Malawi

West Bank & Gaza

Mozambique

Afghanistan

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

36.1

36.1

35.4

35.2

35.2

34.0

31.0

30.3

30.3

25.7

23.423.1

21.1

19.5

17.0

12.3

10.7

6.4

4.5

4.1

3.7

67

33

49

89

19

87

43

64

85

90

92

62

91

93

59

95

94

96

82

88

83

49.8

73.3

65.7

16.5

79.6

17.8

70.2

51.1

18.7

16.3

11.552.2

13.3

11.3

56.6

6.0

6.1

6.0

23.0

17.3

22.0

29

52

62

51

89

77

85

72

82

88

81

75

91

92

67

78

69

95

73

94

96

69.1

52.5

45.3

53.3

25.9

31.9

27.3

37.5

29.7

25.9

30.032.8

24.7

22.1

43.6

31.8

39.8

18.8

36.6

18.9

7.1

60

93

92

74

75

25

85

88

83

47

89

91

57

72

95

44

86

82

96

94

90

27.4

6.0

9.9

22.5

22.3

45.9

15.2

14.2

19.0

32.3

13.811.2

29.2

23.9

1.6

33.9

14.6

19.0

1.3

4.2

12.0

93

40

67

27

83

56

85

89

20

75

13

92

84

70

32

81

88

94

63

96

95

49.5

67.6

60.2

72.2

55.0

63.7

54.8

53.9

75.5

58.3

78.249.6

54.8

58.9

70.6

56.0

54.5

48.4

62.3

45.1

47.0


24/28


12: 2014 , 2030 , 2050 60

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10

15

20

25

30

5 . 4 6

. 3 8

. 9 1 1

. 2

1

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25/28


2050

29.6

15.6

21.0

10.5

6.1

7.3

6.3

6.0

10.3

6.1

6.2

2030

22.8

10.8

13.8

6.8

5.3

5.2

4.5

4.6

5.6

4.0

4.0

2014

14.2

8.7

8.1

5.3

5.1

4.9

4.9

4.5

4.1

3.8

3.7

Mauritius

South Africa

Morocco

Ghana

Mozambique

Tanzania

Malawi

Nigeria

Rwanda

Zambia

Uganda

2050

42.7

41.1

33.1

37.5

32.8

25.7

27.3

30.6

18.3

21.1

21.2

18.1

22.3

13.7

15.2

14.8

19.8

15.7

17.4

10.8

11.9

11.4

8.5

2030

37.5

31.1

23.4

27.0

23.8

19.7

17.3

18.3

12.3

14.1

12.8

11.3

11.7

9.6

10.5

8.9

11.5

8.3

9.2

6.4

8.1

6.6

5.1

2014

32.8

17.7

17.6

15.1

14.4

13.0

11.1

10.0

8.5

8.3

8.1

8.0

7.0

6.6

6.6

6.5

6.1

5.9

5.4

5.1

4.9

4.6

3.9

Japan

South Korea

Cyprus

Thailand

China

Sri Lanka

Turkey

Vietnam

India

Indonesia

Cambodia

Nepal

Bangladesh

Philippines

KyrgyzstanPakistan

Mongolia

Lao PDR

Jordan

Iraq

Tajikistan

West Bank and Gaza

Afghanistan

2014

18.8

15.3

14.6

11.5

10.9

10.6

9.9

9.9

9.8

9.7

9.79.5

9.4

8.4

7.5

7.1

6.7

6.7

2030

22.1

18.2

23.5

18.7

19.3

16.0

13.2

16.4

16.0

14.7

14.914.5

14.7

11.2

9.6

11.5

9.7

7.6

2050

27.4

25.2

31.3

28.9

30.2

23.3

21.6

23.8

25.9

22.1

22.023.3

22.1

16.6

13.8

21.3

17.2

12.2

Uruguay

Argentina

Chile

Brazil

Costa Rica

Panama

El Salvador

Colombia

Mexico

Ecuador

VenezuelaPeru

Dominican Republic

Paraguay

Bolivia

Nicaragua

Honduras

Guatemala

Africa

Latin Americaand the Caribbean

2050

36.5

36.0

30.4

37.1

32.5

32.7

33.2

36.7

30.8

36.4

36.7

31.2

32.0

35.4

30.329.6

28.5

31.2

30.9

31.5

2030

29.9

31.2

26.9

31.7

27.6

26.7

27.1

27.6

24.9

26.8

26.7

25.8

27.0

25.8

24.824.7

23.3

22.6

23.9

22.2

2014

26.6

25.6

24.4

24.4

24.4

24.3

24.0

21.8

21.7

21.6

21.4

20.9

20.1

19.8

19.719.5

19.4

17.7

15.7

14.7

Bulgaria

Croatia

Latvia

Slovenia

Estonia

Hungary

Czech Republic

Poland

Ukraine

Serbia

Romania

Lithuania

Georgia

Slovakia

BelarusMontenegro

Russia

Moldova

Albania

Armenia

EasternEurope

2014

27.5

27.4

26.8

26.0

25.6

25.1

24.5

24.4

24.3

24.1

24.0

23.8

23.6

23.4

23.321.8

21.7

20.1

20.1

19.7

19.5

18.3

17.2

15.4

2030

36.4

34.6

31.1

32.4

28.0

32.6

29.2

28.5

30.0

30.9

31.5

31.7

28.4

31.6

28.226.1

28.5

25.6

24.6

25.9

24.5

24.4

23.1

18.4

2050

39.6

38.7

31.5

37.9

28.5

40.8

31.0

28.5

31.8

36.8

33.5

32.9

30.4

40.2

30.728.1

30.7

27.0

27.6

28.8

29.1

29.8

29.7

22.5

Germany

Italy

Finland

Greece

Sweden

Portugal

France

Denmark

Belgium

Malta

Austria

Netherlands

Switzerland

Spain

United KingdomNorway

Canada

United States

Australia

New Zealand

Luxembourg

Iceland

Ireland

Israel

Western Europe,North America and Australasia

Asia-Pacic andWest Bank and Gaza

3: 2014 , 2030 , 2050 60

: UNDESA Population Division,World population prospects: the 2012 revision, DVD edition, 2013


26/28


1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

2.1

2.2

2.3

3.1

3.2

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

13:

, . , , , 4 .

, . (World Bank) (WHO, World Health Organization),

(ILO, International Labour Organization),Barro and Lee (Gallup) 13 . ( 13)

. . ,

, . . 10

.

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: 2012 , 2012 60 , 2013

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2014 . .

. . 2014 .

2013: , , 2014 .

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, . 60 , 60 , , 4 . . .

www.globalagewatch.org .

, .


27/28

Global AgeWatch Index Team Jane Scobie,Rachel Albone, Sylvia Beales, Caroline Dobbing,Mark Gorman, Anders Hylander, Charles Knox-Vydmanov,Aleksandr Mihnovits, Eppu Mikkonen-Jeanneret,Silvia Stefanoni

Academic consultant Prof Asghar Zaidi, Centre forResearch on Ageing, University of Southampton, UK

The Global AgeWatch Index methodology bene tedgreatly from the input and advice of members of theGlobal AgeWatch Index methodology review group duringtwo Delphi Review processes in 2013.

Insight report written by Mark Gorman andCharles Knox-Vydmanov with contributions fromSylvia Beales, Sarah Gillam, Alice Livingstone,Hannah Loryman, Aleksandr Mihnovits,Eppu Mikkonen-Jeanneret, Jane Scobie, Silvia Stefanoni,Asghar Zaidi

Edited by Kathryn ONeill and Celia Till

Photo research by Dama SathianathanFront cover photos, left to right: Frdric Dupoux/HelpAge International,Mayur Paul/HelpAge International, Antonio Olmos/HelpAge International,Silvia Jansen/iStockphoto, MrHicks46/Flickr, HelpAge International,Wang Jing/HelpAge International, Antonio Olmos/HelpAge International

Flickr images on pages 1, 5 and 6 are licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0,https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 and t hose on pages 15 and 28,under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0, cropped

Design by TRUE www.truedesign.co.uk

Print by Park Lane Press www.parklanepress.co.ukPrinted on Cocoon, 100% recycled and FSC certi ed

2014 : Insight report

First published in English as

Global AgeWatch Index 2014:Insight report

Published by HelpAge InternationalPO Box 70156, London WC1A 9GB, UKwww.helpage.org [email protected] Registered charity no. 288180Copyright HelpAge International, 2014

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

ISBN 1 872590 60 8

1. International Labour Organization, Old-age e ective coverage: old age pension bene ciaries, ILO, 2014, www.ilo.org/gimi/gess/ShowTheme.do?tid=10 (17 July 2014)2. Calculated from UNDESA Population Division,World population prospects:the 2012 revision, DVD edition, 2013 (16 June 2014)3. Data calculated based on UNDESA Population Division, 20134. Calculation based on Global AgeWatch Index 2014 data and UNDESA PopulationDivision, World population prospects: the 2012 revision, 20135. Data calculated based on 2012 Life expectancy at age 60 (female), WHO GlobalHealth Observatory Data Repository, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.690?lang=en(19 June 2014). No data for West Bank and Gaza6. UNDESA Population Division, World population prospects: the 2012 revision,

2013, Mortality data, http://esa.un.org/wpp/excel-data/mortality.htm (7 August 2014)7. UNDESA Population Division, World population ageing 2013, 2013, ST/ESA/SER.A/348, p.498. International Labour Organization, World social protection report 2014/15:building economic recovery, inclusive development and social justice, Geneva,International Labour Organization, 2014, Table B.99. Vilela A, Pension coverage in China and the expansion of the New Rural SocialPension, Pension watch brie ng no. 11, London, HelpAge International, 2013

10. Knox-Vydmanov C and Palacios R, The growing role of social pensions,Public Administration, forthcoming11. Dlamini A, A review of social assistance grants in Swaziland, A CANGO/RHVPcase study on public assistance in Swaziland, Regional Hunger & VulnerabilityProgramme, 2007, www.wahenga.net/sites/default/les/reports/REBA_Swaziland _Social_Assistance_Grants.pdf (17 July 2014)

12. Holmqvist G, Fertility impact of high-coverage public pensions in sub-SaharanAfrica,Global Social Policy, December 2011, 11:2-3, pp.152-17413. Lu B, Rural pension, income inequality and family transfer in China. ARC Centre

of Excellence in Population Ageing Research Working Paper 2012/24, 2012; Vilela, 201314. Hagen K, The Old Age Pension in Lesotho: an examination of the institutional impact, WorldGranny, 2008; Willmore L, Towards universal pension coverage in Mexico, Pension watch brie ng no. 13, London, HelpAge International, 2014

15. UNDESA Population Division, World population prospects (2011 data)16. Barrientos A and Scott J, Social transfers and growth: a review, Working Paper 51,Manchester, Brooks World Poverty Institute, 2008; Dercon S, Social protection,e ciency and growth, WPS/2011-17, Oxford, Centre for the Study of AfricanEconomies, University of Oxford, 201117. Fuentes-Nieva R and Galasso N, Working for the few: political capture and economicinequality, Oxfam Brie ng Paper No. 178, Oxford, Oxfam International, 2014

18. Chotikapanich D, Gri ths W, Prasada Rao D, Karunarathne W, Income distributions,inequality, and poverty in Asia, 1992-2010, ADBI Working Paper Series 468, Tokyo,Asian Development Bank Institute, 201419. International Labour Organization, Social security for all. Building social protection

oors and comprehensive social security systems. The strategy of the International LabourOrganization, Geneva, International Labour Organization, 201220. Xavier Jara H and Tumino A, Tax-bene t systems, income distribution and workincentives in the European Union, EUROMOD Working Paper No. EM 7/13, 201321. Veras Soares F, Soares S, Medeiros M and Guerreiro Osrio R, Cash transfer

programmes in Brazil: impacts on inequality and poverty, International Poverty CentreWorking paper 21, Brasilia, United Nations Development Programme, 2006,www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper21.pdf (17 July 2014)22. International Labour Organization, Old-age e ective coverage 23. International Labour Organization, Old-age e ective coverage 24. Jtting J and de Laiglesia J, Is informal normal? Towards more and better jobsin developing countries, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) Publishing, 200925. Melguizo , Bosch M, Pages C, Mejores pensiones mejores trabajos:Hacia la cobertura universal en Amrica Latina y el Caribe, 2013

26. Kidd S, Equal pensions, equal rights: achieving universal pension coverage for olderwomen and men in developing countries, Gender & Development 17(3), 2009, pp.377-38827. Rofman R and Oliveri M, Pension coverage in Latin America: trends and determinants, Social Protection and Labor discussion paper 1217, Washington DC, World Bank, 201228. Arza C, Pension reforms and gender equality in Latin America, Geneva,United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 201229. Government of Chile, Centre for Statistics, www.spensiones.cl/safpstats/stats/pageCCEE.php?menu=sps&item=nbmpm (17 July 2014)30. International Labour Organization, Old-age e ective coverage 31. International Labour Organization, Old-age e ective coverage 32. Willmore, 2014; Rofman and Oliveri, 2012; Social Security Administration, Socialsecurity programs throughout the world: the Americas, 2013, www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2012-2013/americas/ssptw13americas.pdf (5 March 2014)33. Kidd S and Wylde E, Targeting the poorest: an assessment of the proxy meanstest methodology, Canberra, Australian Agency for International Development, 2011;Knox-Vydmanov C, Why the poor dont exist and what this means for social protection

policy, Pathways Perspectives Issue No.16, Development Pathways; Khondker B,Knox-Vydmanov C and Vilela A, Old age social protection options for Bangladesh, London, HelpAge International, 201334. Khondker et al, 201335. Knox-Vydmanov C, The price of income security in older age: cost of a universal

pension in 50 low- and middle-income countries, London, HelpAge International, 201136. Knox-Vydmanov C, The price of income security in older age 37. Authors calculations based on HelpAge International, Pension watch database,2014 and IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2014 edition38. Newson L and Walker Bourne A, Financing social pensions in low- and middle- income countries, Pension watch brie ng no. 4, London, HelpAge International, 2011

39. International Labour Organization, Old-age e ective coverage 40. Data calculated based on UNDESA Population Division, 201341. Japan has a Gini coe cient of 0.24 (0 representing equal distribution of incomeamong all families in a country and 1 signifying complete inequality where one familyin a country holds all income).42. Annual growth during the period 2010-15. Source: UNDESA Population Division,Pro les of ageing 2013

43. UNDESA Population Division, World population prospects 44. Yang, Y et al, Social security for Chinas rural aged: a proposal based on a universalnon-contributory pension, http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/UNPAN92079.pdf (30/5/14) and Vilela A, Pension coverage in China and the expansionof the New Rural Social Pension, London, HelpAge International, 201345. Global AgeWatch Index 2014 data46. Veras Soares et al, 200647. Krov E, Vidovicov L, Gregorov E, Hbov M, Overview on health promotion forolder people in t he Czech Republic, Charles University, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, 200748. Vertot N, The Elderly in Slovenia , Statistical O ce of the Republic of Slovenia, 2011, p.51

49. UNDESA Population Division, Pro les of ageing 2013 puts the global proportion ofover-60s at 11.7%, www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/urban/pro lesOfAgeing2013.shtml (27 April 2014)50. UNDESA Population Division, World population prospects 51. Calculated from UNDESA Population Division,World population prospects: the 2012revision, DVD edition, 2013 (16 June 2014)52. UNDESA Population Division, Pro les of ageing, World population prospects: the 2012revision, DVD edition, 2013, http://esa.un.org/unpd/popdev/AgingPro les2013/default.aspx

53. UNDESA Population Division, Pro les of ageing 2013 ; UNDESA Population,World population prospects: the 2012 revision, DVD edition, 2013.54. UNDESA Population Division, World population prospects: the 2012 revision, 2013,Mortality data, http://esa.un.org/wpp/excel-data/mortality.htm (7 August 2014)55. Calculation based on UNDESA Population Division, 2013


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