global hydropolitics experiences
TRANSCRIPT
Hydropolitics:Global experiences in
transboundary river basins
Ana Elisa Cascão - SIWIPresentation to Euphrates-Tigris Training Programme Stockholm, 18 May 2010
Structure of the Presentation
First Part• Water everywhere?• What is Hydropolitics?• Water and Conflict• Water and Power
Second Part• Water and Cooperation• How to operationalise cooperation• Examples worldwide• Exercise • Final discussion
Wat
er e
very
whe
re?
Freshwater
Wat
er e
very
whe
re?
Surface water
Groundwater + Surface Water
Small water...
HYDROPOLITICSHYDROPOLITICS
big politics!
Most of the ‘small water’ is transboundaryMost of the ‘small water’ is transboundary
Hydropolitics: is there a definition?
What can we see in this picture?
PowerWater
Control
Merowe Dam, Sudan
HYDROPOLITICS:‘who gets what water, when, where and how?’
Water: a complex resource...Water: a complex resource...Natural resource Social resource
Economic resource Cultural resource
Political resource
Water: a complex resource...Water: a complex resource...
Water: can be source of conflictWater: can be source of conflict
Quantity
Infrastructure
Quality
Joint manageme
nt
Hydropower
Border issues
Irrigation
Flood control
...
Conflictive Events by Issue AreaConflictive Events by Issue Area
Water sharing/allocation is a main source of conflict!Water sharing/allocation is a main source of conflict!
Wolf et al. 2003
Sharing the Jordan River Basin + Aquifers Sharing the Jordan River Basin + Aquifers
Who gets what water, when, where and how?
• 5 riparians: Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine
• Unequal allocation and utilisation of water resources
Phillips 2007
Jordan Valley: Example of Water conflictJordan Valley: Example of Water conflict• Several conflict events (militarised/armed)/Very limited cooperation
• Asymmetric power relations among riparians
• Jordan Basin: Extreme case of water-related conflict
Asymmetric Power RelationsAsymmetric Power Relations
Geography Material power
Bargaining power
Ideationalpower
4 PILLARS OF POWER
Framework of Hydro-Hegemony Zeitoun and Warner 2006
GEOGRAPHICAL POWERGEOGRAPHICAL POWER
Riparian Position:• Downstream• Midstream• Upstream
Geographical Advantages:• Contribution to river flow• Potential for water utilisation• Suitability for hydraulic infrastructure
MATERIAL POWERMATERIAL POWER
Economic development
Military power
Political stability and influence
BARGAINING POWER:BARGAINING POWER:in interstate relations and negotiationsin interstate relations and negotiations
WHO CONTROLS THE NEGOTIATIONS?
WHO CONTROLS
THE AGREEMENTS?
WHO CONTROLS
THE NUMBERS?
WHO CONTROLS
THE AGENDA?
WHO CONTROLS
THE LEGITIMACY?
WHO PLAYS BETTER WITH
INTERNATIONAL LAW?
WHO HAS ACCESS TO
INVESTMENT?
IDEATIONAL POWER: IDEATIONAL POWER: Power to influence perceptionsPower to influence perceptions
Asymmetric Knowledge
SanctionedDiscourse
Incentives
Playingwith time
Silent
Diplomacy/Cooperation
Asymmetric power in MENA river basinsAsymmetric power in MENA river basins
EGYPTSUDANETHIOPIA + Equatorial countries
Geography
Geography
GeographyMaterial
power
Material power
Material power
Bargaining power
Bargaining power
Bargaining power Ideational
power
Ideationalpower
Ideationalpower
ISRAEL
Bargaining power
Ideationalpower
JORDAN
Geography
Material power
Bargaining power
Ideationalpower
PALESTINE
GeographyMaterial
power Bargaining power
Ideationalpower
GeographyMaterial
power
Lower Jordan River BasinLower Jordan River Basin
Nile River BasinNile River Basin
How do we move from a situation of How do we move from a situation of conflict to cooperation?conflict to cooperation?
Cooperation continuumCooperation continuum
Sadoff and Grey in Andersen, 2005
Indus Mekong Rhine Orange Senegal
How to operationalise cooperation?How to operationalise cooperation?
Water AgreeementsWater Agreeements
• Formal negotiations (bilateral or multilateral)
• Can be specific or a framework
• Based on principles or needs
• Can [or not] include water allocations
• Might focus on benefits (e.g. related to hydraulic project), instead of the water itself
Jordan-Israeli Peace Agreement (1994)
Egypt-Sudan Water Agreement (1959)
SADC Shared Watercourse Systems Protocol (2001)
Convention of the Niger Basin Authority (1980)
Agreements by Issue Area Agreements by Issue Area
River Basin OrganisationsRiver Basin Organisations
River Basin OrganisationsRiver Basin OrganisationsOMVS (1972)OMVS (1972)
LCBC (1964)LCBC (1964)
NBA (1980)NBA (1980)
ORASECOM (2000)ORASECOM (2000)
ZAMCOM (2004)ZAMCOM (2004)
LIMCOM (2003)LIMCOM (2003)
OKACOM (1994)OKACOM (1994)
CICOS (1999)CICOS (1999)
LVBC (2005)LVBC (2005)
NBI(1999)NBC ( ? ) NBI(1999)
NBC ( ? )
TPTC (2002)IncoMaputo (?)
TPTC (2002)IncoMaputo (?)
Joint projects and joint managementJoint projects and joint management
JOINT
Bilateral
Multilateral
Examples of bilateral joint projectsExamples of bilateral joint projects
Maguga Dam Maguga Dam – Incomati River(South Africa/Swaziland)
Itaipu Dam Itaipu Dam – Paraná/La Plata River(Brazil/Paraguay)
Bi-national initiativeHydropower & Irrigation
Two agreements (1992): Joint Water Commission + Joint Development of Water Resources (7 dams)
Consultation: Tripartite Agreement (incl.Mozambique)
KOBWA: Komati Basin Water Authority
Bi-national project and ownership( 50%/50%)Hydropower mainly (+++)
Agreement (1973): Itaipu TreatyNo Consultation: Argentina (La Plata)
Agreement (1979): Tripartite Agreement
ITAIPU Binacional
Senegal River Basin:Senegal River Basin:Multilateral joint management & projectsMultilateral joint management & projects
• 4 riparians: Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, [Guinea]
• Well-established Senegal River Basin Organisation (1972)
• Goals: shared development, joint governance and conflict management
• Jointly planned and owned infrastructures
• Shared costs and Shared benefits
• Water and socio-economic development (food security, hydropower, navigation, etc)
• Senegal Basin: good example of transboundary water cooperation
Manantali Dam - a joint project:shared benefits and shared costs
‘Making the pie bigger’:Generating and sharing regional benefits
TWO-Analysis,SIWI 2008
Positive-Sum Outcome:All could get a bigger ‘share’ of the pie
Hydropower Production and Trade
Agricultural Production
Environmental Services
“A focus on sharing the benefits derived from the use of water, rather than rather than the allocation of water itself, provides far greater scope for identifying
mutually beneficial cooperative actions”
(Sadoff and Grey 2005)
Nile
