goals for today characterize the comma and its role in sentences view and discuss five reliable...
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The Comma:Five Main Rules
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Goals For Today
• Characterize the comma and its role in sentences
• View and discuss five reliable rules for comma placement
• If there is time, we’ll practice identifying where and why to use commas in an exercise
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The Comma: The Traffic CopThe comma
regulates the flow of phrases and clauses in
a sentence.
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Five Main Comma Rules–A Preview—
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1) After sentence introductions:
Intro, SV.
SV; TE, SV.
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2) Between clauses:
SV, {FANBOYS} SV.
SV, DC.
SV, {FANBOYS} SV, DC.
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3) To insert elements
into clauses:
S, phrase, V.
S, clause, V.
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4) To separate items in a list:
a, b, and c
adj, adj noun
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5) Tags:
I said, “I quote.”
“Frankly, my dear,” he said, “I quote, too.”
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Let’s Examine the 5 in Detail
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1) Intro, SV.= Introductory word group, subject verb.
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Subject + Verb = Clause The subject is the person or
thing that does the action.
The verb = action.
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Independent ClauseA clause has a subject and verb.
An independent clause has enough information about the subject and verb that it can stand on its own and not leave a reader confused.
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Anything before the subject of the first independent clause (IC) is the introductory word group.
Introductory Word Group
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Believing she had plenty of
time, the student put off writing
her paper until the night before it
was due.
Sentence Introduction Examples
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Subsequently, the student’s
essay was poorly organized
and undeveloped.
Sentence Introduction Examples
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Sentence Introduction Examples
Although her initial work
was substandard, the student
learned to do better the next time.
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The student drafted her second
paper a week before it was due; as
a result, she had time to revise it
before turning it in.
Sentence Introduction Examples
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Traffic-cop comma holds back the end of a clause to make way for another independent clause:
IC, for/and/nor/but/or/yet/so IC.
2) Comma Between Clauses
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Comma Between Clauses
I exist, for I cogitate. It sounds
pretentious, yet I wrote it anyway.
I could have written something
better, but this is PowerPoint,and the slides don’t have room!
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Keep compound elements together!
No commas in compound predicates: S V and V.
I ate a sandwich and drank
some ginger ale.
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No Commas in Compounds
A good money manager controls
expenses and invests surplus
dollars to meet future needs
(Hacker 288).
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Marie Curie discovered radium
and later applied her work on
radioactivity to medicine (Hacker 302).
No Commas in Compounds
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I was impressed that he knew how
to cook an omelet and that he
enjoyed helping others.
No Commas in Compounds
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She was pleased to note that the
band had reunited and that the
former manager had been fired.
No Commas in Compounds
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2) Comma Between ClausesClause, optional element.
“optional” = nonessential
Nonessential elements give the reader information, but they are not required for grammatical understanding.
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Clause, optional element.
For school, the children need sturdy
backpacks, which are expensive.
I ran off without my food, despite my
spending four hours preparing it the
night before.
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Elvis Presley made music industry
history in the 1950s, his records having
sold more than ten million copies
(Hacker 297).
Clause, optional element.
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Clause, {FANBOYS} clause.
The van was shaped like a toe,
and its engine roared like a hippo.
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Clause, {FANBOYS} clause.
My backpack was clean and bright orange in January, but it was dingy and smelled bad by the end of the quarter.
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3) To insert a phrase into a clause
Anything between subject and verb is an insertion. There need to be commas before and after the inserted element.
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Phrase Inserted into Clause
Natural foods are not always
salt free; celery, for example, contains more sodium than most people would imagine (Hacker 297).
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Phrase Inserted into Clause
Many dark bitter fruits, such as blueberries, cranberries,
and black cherries, have healthful antioxidants.
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Ed’s house, which is located on
thirteen acres, was furnished
with bats in the rafters and mice
in the kitchen (Hacker 294).
Inserted Adjective Clause:
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The helicopter, with its million-
candlepower spotlight
illuminating the area, circled
above (Hacker 295).
Prepositional phrases or verbal phrases functioning as adjectives:
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Darwin’s most important
book, On the Origin of
Species, was the result of
many years of research
(Hacker 295).
Appositives (nonessential)
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Essential—No Commas
The song “Vertigo” was
blasted out of huge
amplifiers (Hacker 295).
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The cake made with coconut was delicious.
This identifies which cake out of two or more (and it is part of the subject) = essential
The writer’s purpose can determine if info essential or not:
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The cake, made with coconut, was delicious.
This adds information about
the only cake discussed.
=nonessential
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Commas divide separate itemsin a series:
Bubbles of air, leaves, ferns, bits of wood, and insects are often found trapped in amber (290).
4) Items in a list
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Separate Items in a ListBut . . .I was served macaroni and cheese, broccoli, and eggs.
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Coordinate Adjectives
He was a no-good, low-down, dirty,
rotten rascal.
If the adj’s can switch places without altering the meaning, they are coordinate adjectives.
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No comma: cumulative adjectives
Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward us (Hacker
292).
(Three(large(gray shapes)))
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• Set off nouns of direct address
• The words “yes” and “no”
• Interrogative tags
• Mild interjections
• Dialogue tags (verbs of saying)
• Afterthoughts
5) Tags
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• Forgive us, Dr. Atkins, for having rolls with dinner (Hacker 298). [direct address]
• Yes, the loan will probably be approved. [Yes/No tag]
• The film was faithful to the book, wasn’t it? [Interrog. tag]
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• Well, cases like these are difficult to decide. [Mild interjection]
• I laughed when he muttered, “That’s what she said.” [dialogue]
• The bass weighed twelve pounds, give or take a few ounces (Hacker 297). [afterthought]
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Dates:On May 18, 1980, Mt. St. Helens erupted, turning daylight into dusk.
No comma for inverted dates: 18 May 2013
No comma for month + year: May 2013
Other Uses of the Comma
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John Lennon was born in Liverpool, England, in 1940.
Please send the package to Greg Tarvin at 708 Spring Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820.
Place names, except ZIP
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Gregory House, M.D.
Sue Lau, Ph.D.
Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany
Title Following Name
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3,500
13,500
135,000,000
Numbers four or more digits:
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Commas: They’re about the Clauses!
1. Intro, SV.
2. SV, {FANBOYS} SV.
3. S, insertion, V.
4. Separate Items in Lists
5. “Tags” tacked onto IC.
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Works Cited
Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference. 6th ed. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008. Print.