grammar, vocabulary and all thatvenec.ulstu.ru/lib/disk/2006/51.pdf · Ульяновск 2006 ....

GGRRAAMMMMAARR,,

VVOOCCAABBUULLAARRYY

AANNDD AALLLL TTHHAATT

УУллььяяннооввсскк 22000066

Федеральное агентство по образованию Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

Ульяновский государственный технический университет

GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY

AND ALL THAT Методическое пособие

для студентов старших курсов специальности «Связи с общественностью»

Составитель Ю. А. Плужникова

Ульяновск 2006

УДК 42 (076) ББК 81.2Англ-9я7 Г76

Рецензент кандидат филологических наук, доцент цикла «Прикладная

лингвистика» УлГТУ Н. С. Шарафутдинова Одобрено секцией методических пособий научно-методического

совета университета

Grammar, Vocabulary and All That: методическое пособие / сост. Ю. А. Плужникова. – Ульяновск: УлГТУ, 2006. – 132 с.

Пособие составлено в соответствие с программой курса английского языка для

гуманитарных специальностей для высшей школы. В пособие включены идиоматические выражения, лексические упражнения для развития общего владения английским языком.

Работа подготовлена на кафедре «Иностранные языки». УДК 42 (076) ББК 81.2Англ-9я7

Учебное издание

GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY AND ALL THAT

Составитель ПЛУЖНИКОВА Юлия Александровна

Методическое пособие

Редактор О. А. Семёнова

Подписано в печать 02.10.2006. Формат 60×84/16. Бумага офсетная. Печать трафаретная. Усл. печ. л. 7,44. Тираж 150 экз. Заказ

Ульяновский государственный технический университет,

432027, г. Ульяновск, ул. Сев. Венец, д. 32. Типография УлГТУ, 432027, г. Ульяновск, ул. Сев. Венец, д. 32.

© Ю. А. Плужникова, составление 2006

© Оформление. УлГТУ, 2006

Г76

CONTENTS

Wordbuilding………………………………………………………………… 5

Abbreviation…………………………………………………………………. 24

Choose the right word………………………………………………………… 30

How many words do you know?……………………………………………... 55

Use of English………………………………………………………………… 66

Idioms…………………………………………………………………………. 81

Do or make…………………………………………………………………… 92

American english……………………………………………………………... 97

Reading……………………………………………………………………….. 101

Miscelaneous exercises……………………………………………………….. 122

Tests…………………………………………………………………………… 128

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………… 131

5

WORD- BUILDING

6

I PREFIXES

ADJECTIVES

1. Make the adjectives in brackets opposite in meaning.

1. It is …………… (accurate) to say that she was dismissed. 2. He is the person ………….(capable) of telling a lie. 3. That statement is totally ……………….. (logical). 4. It is …………….. (legal) for people under 17 to drive a car in Britain. 5. It was rather ………………….. (considerate) of her to keep us waiting. 6. For the estimated one in twelve people who suffer from a phobia, life can be

governed by their ……………….. (rational) fear. 7. She has a very cold and ………….. (personal) manner. 8. I was so excited to see snow that I was ……………… (different) to the cold. 9. His behaviour was very ………………... (responsible) – he might have hurt

somebody. 10. Using other people for your own profit is ……………….. (moral). 11. Heavy snow made the village ………………… (accessible) to traffic. 12. I hate working …………….. (regular) hours. 13. He could barely conceal his being ……………… (patient). 14. I had reason to believe that this statement was ……………….. (correct). 15. It seems ……………… (possible) that I could have walked by and not

noticed her. 16. It's …………… (probable) that she'll accept the invitation.

2. Which negative adjective fits each of the following definitions?

……………………….. means not having a husband or wife. ……………………….. means impossible to eat. ……………………….. means unable to read or write. ……………………….. means not having a job. ……………………….. means fair in giving judgement, not favouring one

side. ……………………….. means unable to be replaced.

7

VERBS

3. Complete the verbs in these sentences. 1. I`m sorry, I mis………………. her massage completely. 2. We un………………... as soon as we got to the hotel, then went out for a

walk. 3. She was here a minute ago, but then she dis……………… . I`m afraid I

don`t know where she is now. 4. We normally have similar opinions but I dis………………. with him totally

on the subject of drugs. 5. My homework was so bad that I`ll have to re………………. it. 6. Apparently her alarm clock didn` ring and she over………………. . 7. She finally managed to un…………….. the door and we were able to go

inside. 8. I dis………………. the film, but the other enjoyed it. 9. I don`t think I`ll pass the exam, but I can always re……………… it in

September. 10. The post office shuts for lunch but it should be re……………… at 2.00 p.m. 11. She`s over………………. At the moment. She really needs a holiday and a

complete break from her job. 12. My sister wrapped up my present so well that it took me about five minutes to

un……………… it. 4 Complete the sentences. Add the necessary prefix and put the word in the correct form.

1. Children (and adults) love …………………. parcels at Christmas time. (WRAP)

2. I almost always find that I ………………. with his opinion. (AGREE) 3. I`m sure he`s lying but it`s going to be hard to ………..…… his story.

(PROVE) 4. After a brief speech the Queen ………………… the new statue. (VEIL) 5. It took the removal men an hour to ……………….. our things from the van.

(LOAD) 6. His phone was ………………. because he didn`t pay his last bill.

(CONNECT) 7. The runner was ………….………. after a blood test. (QUALIFY)

8

SUFIXES

NOUNS 5. What is the abstract noun related to each of the following adjectives?

1 affectionate 9 attentive 2 excited 10 happy 3 kind 11 popular 4 secure 12 weak 5 amused 13 equal 6 graceful 14 hopeful 7 original 15 resentful 8 stupid 16 wise

6. Find a synonym with the suffix in brackets. Example: animosity (-ity) - hostility

1 astonishment (-ment) 6 decrease (-tion) 2 inquisitiveness (-ity) 7 community (-hood) 3 fraternity (-hood) 8 vision (no suffix) 4 possibility (no suffix) 9 liberty (-dom) 5 substitution (-ment) 10 fury (no suffix)

7. Combine the suffixes with the verbs or adjectives, and then complete the text below.

-ment -ity -ion -ation -ness

improve televise elect educate weak manage govern stupid

9

8. Complete each of the quotations with one of the words in the box.

imitation advice injustice kingdom darkness

1. “Better to light a candle than to curse the ……………… .” 2. “Do not ask ……………….. of the ignorant.” 3. “Better to suffer ………………. than to commit it.” 4. “ ………………… is the sincerest form of flattery.” 5. “It`s easy to govern a ……………… but difficult to rule one`s family.”

9. Write your own quotations to describe the following abstract nouns. 1 freedom 2 love 3 life 4 curiosity 5 imagination

ADJECTIVES

10. How many of these words can form opposites with the suffix –less ? painful wonderful useful careful beautiful tactful awful thoughtful

In his first broadcast on (1) _________ since he won the (2) _________ last month, the Prime Minister promised to make health and (3) _________ two of his top priorities. And in a strong attack on the previous (4) _________ , he said that the present (5) _________ of the British economy was caused entirely by their (6) ________ and bad (7) _________ . he said he would act immediately and he hoped the British people would be able to see clear signs of an (8) _________ in the economy by the end of the year.

10

11. Write down an adjective (or adjectives) formed from these nouns or verbs.

thought attract create fog home use

dirt care danger politics enjoy

pain knowledge suit sun music

comfort fame rely wash break

12. Fill the gaps with suitable adjectives. 1. It was so ………………… (fog) this morning that I couldn`t see more than

twenty metres in front of me. 2. The people in the tourist information office were very ………………….

(help) and answered all our questions without any problems. 3. This is very ………………… (danger) road; there were at least three serious

accidents on it last year. 4. It was very ………………. (pain) when I hit my leg against the corner of the

table. 5. This bag is very …………………… (useage) because I can use it for work

or when I go on holiday. 6. We`ve never had any problems with our TV in ten years; it`s been very

……………. (rely). 7. The factory is in the middle of the ……………….. (industry) part of the city,

surrounded by other factories. 8. I made some coffee but it was horrible. In fact, my sister said it was

………………. (drink). 9. I`m afraid my working hours are very ……………….. (flex); I have to start

at exactly the same time every day and finish at the same time every day. 10. It seems terrible to me that there are so many …………………. (home)

people living in a city with thousands of empty houses. 11. Spain is ……………….. (fame) for its beaches. 12. She was so ………………… (lucky) that she lost all her money at the

casino. 13. Not all antiques are as …………………. (value) as they look. 14. He`s in Africa now. He`s always had an ……………… (adventure) spirit. 15. The window was so dirty it was ……………… (difficulty) to see out of it.

16. Look ……………… (care) through the notes before you start writing. 17. You must be very ………………(care) when you drive in wet weather.

11

VERBS

13. Which verbs are related to these abstract nouns? 1 collection 4 intensity 7 action 10 ownership 2 emptiness 5 strength 8 excitement 11 imagination 3 satisfaction 6 boredom 9 production 12 adjustment 14. Complete each sentence with a verb formed from the word in brackets.

1. These streets are too narrow. They should (wide) ____________ them. 2. Do you know a doctor who (special) ____________ in childcare? 3. The child was (terror) ______________ when he saw the dog. 4. Self-service supermarkets were first (popular) _____________ by

businessman Clarence Saunders. 5. I didn`t put any sugar in your tea. You may want to (sweet) ____________ it

yourself. 6. Water (solid) ____________ by reduction of temperature. 7. My skirts are too short. I`ll have to (long) ______________ them. 8. It`s a nice house, but we`d need to (modern) _____________ the kitchen. 9. You may need to (hot) _____________ that soup up.

10. At the end of three years, our son hopes to (quality) ____________ as a lawyer.

11. The horse was (fright) ____________ by the sudden noise. 12. The trip to France, he said, would (broad) ______________ our horizons

and provide us with both amusement and education. 13. North America was mainly (popular) _____________ by immigrants from

Europe. 14. The financial crisis darkened the future of the company. 15. Try to (simple) _____________ your explanation for the children. 16. Some countries are really too big for (central) ____________ government.

12

II 1. Add the correct prefixes to the beginning of the words.

1. Many people who wanted tickets were disappointed because the organizers had _____estimated the singer`s popularity.

2. He is taking a ______atlantic (= across) flight from London to New York. 3. When the ambulance came, the man was _______conscious after being

knocked down by a car. 4. The _______president of the United States was honoured at the ceremony,

five years after he resigned. 5. People who can only speak their own language are called _______lingual. 6. Superman is a comic strip character who has ______human strength. 7. ______racial fighting between the two minorities had led to civil war in the

country. 8. John left his job because he was _____able to deal with such a large amount

of work. 9. The two countries _______operated to prevent the shipment of drugs from

one to the other. 10. That child looks very thin. I think he must be ______fed. 11. Don`t ______feed the dog or it`ll get fat. 12. The media gave her so much attention she became a _______star overnight. 13. He never goes out or talk to people; he`s so ______social. 14. Tom knew the information was somewhere in his ________conscious, but he

couldn`t remember it. 15. The man had to ______apply the pain because the first coat wasn`t sufficient. 16. Ghandi achieved a lot through ______violent action. 17. The neighbouring tribes found it difficult to _______exist peacefully. 18. We caught the _______continental train from Paris to Istanbul. 19. As these programmes are _______changeable, they can be used with any

computer system. 20. We weren`t allowed onto the ferry because it had been ______booked. 21. The _______government protesters marched to parliament.

2. Construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.

1. The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly. 2. Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too little. 3. He dated his cheque with a date that was later than the real date. 4. She`s still on good terms with the man who used to be her husband. 5. He made so many mistakes in the letter that he had to write it again.

13

3. Complete the following table, using your dictionary where necessary.

Adjective Adverb Noun Verb excitingly argumentatively

educational legality reasonably

embarrassing think fantasy

decisive accuse

4. Match the prefixes to the words in order to complete the following sentences.

im- de- re- over- in- bi- under- un-

perfect paid sensitive sleep

frost print lingual dress

1. When the alarm clock doesn`t go off we sometimes _________________ . 2. If a book sells out the publisher has to __________________ it. 3. Somebody who doesn`t consider people`s feelings could be described as

__________ . 4. When you take something out of the freezer you sometimes have to

_______________ it before cooking it. 5. Before getting into bed we normally ________________ and clean our teeth. 6. Someone who speaks two languages perfectly is __________________ . 7. Workers who think they are _______________ often go on strike. 8. If something is faulty it is _________________ .

14

5. Write three adjectives which could describe each of these people or things. 1. the weather ………………………………………………………………… 2. someone who is a very bad driver …………………………………………... 3. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ………………………………………………… 4. a large city …………………………………………………………………... 5. Albert Einstein ……………………………………………………………… 6. a new car …………………………………………………………………… 7. a speech …………………………………………………………………….. 8. your friend ………………………………………………………………….

6. Complete the sentences below with the prefixes from the box.

anti- mis- auto- sub-

pre- ex- non- co-

1. A pilot always has a _______-pilot to help him. 2. Famous people are often asked to write ________biographies about their

life. 3. _______-packed food is useful for busy people who haven`t got a lot of time

to cook. 4. My _____-wife still lives in Panama with our son. We keep in regular

contact. 5. The reason I didn`t understand was that you ________pronounced the word

naughty. 6. Do you mind if we go in a ________-smoking compartment? I`m trying to

give up cigarettes. 7. Max has gone on an _______-war demonstration in protest about our

involvement in the production of nuclear weapons. 8. We had to live in ________-zero temperatures.

7. Complete each sentence with a noun, verb or an adjective formed from the word in brackets.

1. She is a doctor who (special) ____________ in tropical diseases. 2. Italian parents often treat their children with great (tender) __________ . 3. One of the great (attract) ___________ of this country is the mountains. 4. They got a lot of (enjoyable) _______________ out of the film.

15

5. T he shop assistant showed a lot of (patient) _____________ with the difficult customer.

6. At my school we had very little (free) _____________ . 7. Although many children enjoy them, for others schooldays can be a time of

great (unhappy) _____________ . 8. The (discover) ______________ of oil was very important for the country. 9. It takes a lot of (patient) ________________ to play that game.

10. I`m sure he`ll do well. He`s extremely (ambition) _______________ . 11. The workers must be (stimulus) _____________ to greater effort by an

offer to share in the firm»s profits. 12. Did you know the boss had handed in his (resign) _______________ ? 13. T he only problem is that she`s not very (patience) _____________ . 14. Did you understand the teacher`s (explain) ______________ ? 15. The beach was too (crowd) ______________ so we went for a drive. 16. The train has been cancelled because of engine (fail) ______________ .

8. Complete the chart below.

ADJECTIVES NOUNS VERBS

________ ________ ________

wide patient sweet

terrified ________ generous ________

attraction _________

beauty _________ _________ _________ _________

dust _________ speciality

attract enjoy

________ ________

- ________ ________ ________

- ________

16

III

1. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Example:

THE FUTURE OF TALL BUILDINGS

Architects responsible for the (0) …… of many

skyscrapers believe that a tall building must always have

a certain minimum (1) …..… but that there is no limit to

its absolute (2) …….… . This means that the skyscrapers

of the future are likely to be even taller. Engineers agree

with this, but there is (3) ….….. over the best shape for

very tall, slim buildings. The effect of wind (4) …….…

mean that cylindrical designs have enjoyed some

(5) …….… in recent years, and these are quite pleasing

to the eye.

(6) ………. , however, the ideal shape is an ugly square

with heavily rounded corners.

Would these tall buildings of the future offer more

than a (7) ……..… view ? Some believe tall towers

could contain all the (8) ……….. for modern living. The

(9) …….. of these vertical villages would travel up and

down between their home and work zones and would

(10) …….. need to journey to ground level.

CONSTUCT

WIDE

HIGH

AGREE

PRESS

POPULAR

FORTUNATE

WONDER

REQUIRE

INHABT

RARE

0 construction

17

2. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

AN IMPORTAINT ENGLISH TOWN

The site of the town of Winchester was a (1) ………..

place for a (2) …..….. , at the point where a river cut

through the chalk of the (3) …..….. hillsides. A simple

camp at St Catherine`s Hill was the (4) ……… known

use of the site. This was followed by an Iron Age hill-fort,

but this was left (5) ……… by 100 BC. It was the

Romans who finally established the town and (6) …..…..

it with a defensive wall for the protection of their people

and trade.

With the (7) ……… of its first cathedral in the

seventh century, the town became an important (8) ……

center. Later, King Alfred, who had (9) ……… pushed

back the invading Danes, moved his palace to

Winchester. The town then experienced rapid (10) …. ,

and its (11) ……… role in English history was underlined

in 1066 when the conquering Normans, like Alfred,

made Winchester their capital.

NATURE

SETTLE

SOUTH

EARLY

INHABIT

ROUND

BUILD

RELIGION

SUCCESS

DEVELOP

CENTRE

18


THE ABC OF COOKING

It`s a (1) ……… idea for children to do some

cooking at an early age. Generally (2) ……… , most

children can`t wait to help in the (3) ……… of their

meals. They should be

(4) …… to do so, and care should be taken to

(5) ……… they enjoy the experience. It is important

to show them how to do things (6) ……… but they

shouldn`t be criticised too much. Although the

finished result may not be quite to your (7) … , the

young cook will undoubtedly find it quite the

(8) ……… food he or she has ever eaten.

Kitchens can, of course, be (9) ……… places and

so the absolute (10) ……… of keeping an eye on

children at all tines cannot be emphasised too

(11) ……… . sharp knives, for example, should be

avoided until children are old enough to handle them

(12) ……… .

MARVEL

SPEAK

PREPARE

COURAE

SURE

CORRECT

LIKE

TASTY

DANGER

IMPORTANT

HEAVY

SAFE

19


STRESS

In today`s world people seem to be very

(1) ………. and suffer from stress. This stress is often

(2) …….. and some people need to seek medical

(3) ……….. in order to recover. However, a more

(4) ……… solution is for people to learn to relax.

This can be achieved through a (5) ………… of

leisure (6) ….…… such as sport, reading, music or

even gardening. (7) ……… is placed on people

spending time doing things that they enjoy, the

ultimate aim being (8) ………… .

Unfortunately, some people find this

(9) ………. and therefore need to take drugs

prescribed by their doctor. These drugs are called

(10) ……….. . They calm people down, but can be

dangerous if taken for long period of time.

Alternative methods are much (11) …..…… and have

no side effect.

ANXIETY

HARM

TREAT

EFFECT

VARY

ACTIVE

EMPHASISE

RELAX

POSSIBLE

TRANQUIL

SAFETY

20


WEATHER PREDICTION

Predicting the weather has always been (1) ……...

to our lives since (2) ………… changes can

seriously affect crops and therefore the

(3) …………. of food. Today, forecasters use

modern technology in order to increase their

(4) …...…… . Knowing what the weather will be

like is not only interesting to farmers, it is also

relevant to sports enthusiasts such as (5) ………….

And people who live in (6) ………… areas. Despite

improvements in forecasting , the weather often

remains (7) …………. and this has given forecasters

a bad reputation. However, the climate is often so

(8) ………. that even experts with the latest

(9) ………… find it (10) ……… to make accurate

forecasts. Until further (11) ………… are made in

this field, it is likely that forecasters will be

(12) ………….. to be 100% certain of tomorrow`s

weather.

IMPORTANCE

CLIMATE

PRODUCE

ACCURATE

SKI

MOUNTAIN

PREDICTABLE

CHANGE

EQUIP, POSSIBLE

DEVELOP

ABLE

21


COFFEE HOUSES

Coffee houses are a (1) ………….. of

Viennese life. Each one serves a huge

(2) ………… of exotic coffees, so you should

consult the menu. The most popular coffee is

Brauner, which is (3) …………. to espresso.

The waiters are (4) …………. Polite and must

be spoken to (5) …………… . most regulars sit

for hours over one cup of coffee and do not feel

obliged to order further (6) ……….. . Tourists

often cause (7) ………… and are seen as

(8) ………….. who try to strike up

conversations. The Viennese do not go to coffee

houses to be (9) …………. ; they go to be seen

in public. Upon leaving, it isn`t (10) ……… to

leave a very large tip. The (11) …………..

coffee drinker usually rounds the bill up to the

(12) ………. schilling.

SPECIAL

SELECT

SIMILERITY

EXTREME

RESPECT

REFRESH

ANNOY

INVADE

SOCIAL

NECESSITY

KNOWLEDGE

NEAR

22


THE JOB INTERVIEW

It is important to make a good (1) ………….. when

going for a job interview. Interviewers usually ask a

(2) ………….. of questions, many of which concern

(3) ………….. . However, they also usually like to

ask questions about previous (4) …………. as well

as (5) …………. not connected to the work place.

Often, the (6) ………….. candidate is not the one

with the most impressive (7) ………… . But the

one who shows that he or she has made the most

(8) ………….. use of their time. Few employers

want employees who are (9) ………….. to think for

themselves. The (10) ……………. of advencement

in any job very rarely depends on the

(11) …………. of work but more on the enthusiasm

and (12) ………… of the employee.

IMPRESS

VARIOUS

QUALIFY

OCCUPY

ACHIEVE

SUCCESS

EDUCATE

EFFECT

ABLE

POSSIBLE

ACCURATE

DEDICATE

23


WEATHER FORECASTING

Before the (1) ……… of instruments to

measure weather conditions, people relied on their

own (2) ……… of the wind and sky as well as the

(3) ………. of birds and animals in connection

with different types of weather. Many rhymes that

have an (4) ……….. with the weather have

become (5) ………….. over the centuries. In the

short term, a (6) ……….. like 'red sky in the

morning, sailor's warning', often proves to be

(7) ……… accurate. However, it is very (8) ………. that next year's

summer can be predicted from this year's winter.

Such predictions can't be considered (9) ……….

in precise weather forecasting. (10) ……… of this

can be found in past records.

Nowadays, all aspects of the weather such as

hours of (11) ………. and rainfall are observed on

a (12) ………. basis by meteorological stations

with specialised equipment.

INVENT

OBSERVE

BEHAVE

ASSOCIATED

POPULARITY

SAY

SURPRISE

LIKELY

USE

PROVE

SUN

DAY

24

ABBREVIATIONS

25

ABBREVIATIONS and ABBREVIATED WORDS

Letters or words?

Some abbreviations are read as individual letters: BBC British Broadcasting Corporation UN(O) United Nations (Organisation) MP Member of Parliament PM Prime Minister EU European Union PC personal computer Some abbreviations are read as words: OPEC [əupek] Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries AIDS [eidz] Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome Occasionally an abbreviation can be read as individual letters or a word: VAT [væt] or V-A-T Value Added Tax Written forms only Some abbreviations are written forms only; they are still pronounced as full words. Mr Mrs (= a married woman) Ms [məz] (= a woman who may be single or married) St. Mark (Saint Mark) Dean St. (Dean Sreet) Dr (Doctor) Abbreviations as part of the language Some abbreviations (from Latin) are used as part of the language. Abbreviation Pronunciation Meaning* Latin etc. e.g. i.e.

[et'setrə] E-G I-E

and so on for example that`s to say, in other words

et cetera exempli gratia id est

* Note: This is also how we say them in spoken English; we write “e.g.” and we say “for example”.

26

Shortened words Some English words can be shortened, and it is very common to meet them in this form, particularly in spoken English. maths (mathematics) fridge (refrigerator) a paper (newspaper) flu (influenza)

bike (bicycle) mum (mother) telly (television) vet (veterinary surgeon)

ad / advert (advertisement) language lab (laboratory) sales rep (sales representative) board (blackboard)

Exercises 1. What does these letters stand for? Complete each one.

B & B ……………………………………………… VIP ……………………………………………… 600 B.C. ……………………………………………… CIA ..……………………………………………. UFO ……………………………………………… CA ……………………………………………… GCE ……………………………………………… WHO ……………………………………………… BC ……………………………………………… C.A. ……………………………………………… GM food ……………………………………………… ID ..…………………………………………….. FBI ……………………………………………… NATO ……………………………………………… BSc ……………………………………………… PIN ……………………………………………… UNESCO ……………………………………………… PC .……………………………………………… NB ………………………………………………. Fr .……………………………………………... 4 am .……………………………………………… oz .………………………………………….….. dz .…………………………………………….. 60 mph ……………………………………………… 4 ft ……………………………………………… 15 in .……………………………………………... 7 pm .………………………………………………

27

2. Rewrite this note, making it more informal by using short forms where possible. 3. Complete these sentences with suitable abbreviations or shortened words.

If you go to any of the Mediterranean islands ………………….. Sardinia or Corsica, it`s a good idea to hire a car.

He didn`t want to walk so he went on his ……………………… . A: Do you always listen to tapes in the classroom?

B: No, we sometimes listen in the …………………………. . I asked the teacher to write the word on the ………………………….. . If you go there, you can buy books, pens, writing paper

………………………….. . She was away from college last week because she had …………………. .

I think she`s better now, though. When I decided to sell my records, I put an ………………… in the paper

and I had thee replies the same day. It was a warm day so I put the milk and butter in the ……………………… . If the tickets are very expensive …………………… more than $75, don`t

buy any. I put my ………………… in the left luggage locker.

Michael Peter had a mathematics examination this afternoon and then he had to take his bicycle to the repair shop, so he`ll probably be a bit late home. You can watch television while you`re waiting for him, and please help yourself to anything in the refrigerator. If there`s a problem (for example, Doctor Brown rings about the influenza vaccination), my telephone number is next to the photographs on the dining room table. I should be home myself by about five o`clock. Margaret (Peter`s mother)

28

4. What does each abbreviation stand for, and where will you see them? etc. …………………………………………. i.e. …………………………………………. RSVP …………………………………………. PS .…………………………………………. e.g. ………………………………………….. c.f. …………………………………………. PTO …………………………………………. asap …………………………………………. c/o ………………………………………….

5. “Ttanslate” this note from the boss to a group of workers in an office, into full words.

6. Complete the crossword. Across: 3 Flying saucer 6 N, S, E or W? 8 Royal Navy 9 Rest in Peace 10 Short for biological(ly) 11 Music disc

Down: 1 % 2 Same as 13 across 4 Refrigerators 5 Means “or nearest offer” 7 Serious illness 10 “Please note” backwards 14 Place for a short drink?

Memo from: Mr Richard Hedd (MD) To: All staff Date: 3/5/05 Ref: 04056/DC

May I remind you that all new lab equipment should be registered with Stores & Supplies, Room 354 (ext 2683). NB: new items must be notified before 1700 hrs on the last day of the month of purchase, i.e. within the current budgeting month. All a/c nos must be recorded.

29

12 & 13 Means “especially” 15 British car-phone 17 America 19 Famous film alien from outer space 20 Short name for London Undeground

16 British Telecom 18 South East

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16

17 18 19 20

30

CHOOSE

THE

RIGHT

WORD

31

I SIMILARITIES

NOUNS 1. Choose the proper word.

(attack – fit)

1. He died of a sudden heart ………. . 2. It was thought wise to ignore his ……….(s). 3. She often had bad coughing ……….(s) that left her faint and weak. 4. The ………. on the enemy`s defences was launched at dawn. 5. She will have a fainting ………… whenever she can`t have her own way. 6. They made a new ………… on the problem. 7. She cleaned the whole house in a …….…… of enthusiasm. 8. He made a blistering …………. on his opponent. 9. She had an …..…… of hiccups.

(trace – track) 1. Tough the woman looked untidy and shabby there were ………… of beauty on her lean face. 2. No sooner had the bell rung than all the ………. of the feast were hastily removed. 3. A car ……… were distinctly visible on the wet ground. 4. He was lucky to have had a narrow escape, yet the police was on his ………. . 5. All the students of the college gathered to watch the ………… events. 6. He spoke in an even voice without a ………… of emotion. 7. The police found no ……….. of the man. 8. The trapper followed the fox`s …………….(s).

(fault – guilt) 1. This false start has been all my own …………. . 2. They would not through stones and stick at the dog without a sense of ………….. . 3. … the way they were together now was no one person`s ………… . 4. I had been unjust to him in that, and so I had added a sense of ………… to my other more formal obligation. And then I suppose there was also the ………… of my letter. 5. But he was still speechless, struck dumb by the realisation of fearful ………. . 6. “No! No!” she cried, “it`s all my …………. , Denis. I should never have come. I disobeyed my father.” 7. The door was left open and the dog ran away. Whose ……….. is it? 8. The government of West Germany bears ……….. for the provocations on the border.

(business – affair – thing – concern – matter) 1. Look here, Fowler, I thought you'd come here …………… . 2. What's the …………… with him? He seems all funny today. 3. “Don't interfere with this,

32

Frank,” he said, “this is my ………….. entirely.” . 4. I`ve had lunch, Jack. But coffee would be the very …………….. , also some brandy. 5. My dear old boy, you're a good chap and all that sort of thing, but this is ……………. . 6. Even such a trivial …………… as cooking an egg demands an attention... 7. “The best …………… you can do, Stanley,” said-Mr. Smeeth... “is to drop these silly tricks”. 8. I felt I had looked upon something personal to himself with which I had no ………….. . 9. Can you throw any light on the ………….. now? 10. There's one or two …………… I'd like to know about, of course. 11. He wants to talk to you privately – about …………. . 12. In such …………… he was on the side of his father. 13. It's not a very nice ……………. that you're doing. 14. You don't know what I'm escaping from. It's not from the war. That's no ……………. of mine. I'm not involved.

(politics – policy) 1. His knowledge of ……………. is very profound. 2. Every progressive person should be interested in ………………. . 3. The foreign ……………… of the United States is controlled by monopolies. 4. It`s against government …………... to sell weapons to the country. 5. Philips, as a matter of …………… , doesn’t comment on matters under litigation. 6. If you red the papers regularly you will be able to talk ……………… . 7. She takes an active part in local ……………. and current affairs. 2. Translate into Russian. 1. Я не виноват, что вы опоздали на поезд. 2. Наши войска начали решительное наступление на позиции врага. 3. Наши конструкторы создают замечательные вещи. 4. Не перекладывайте свою вину на других. 5. В конце концов Хоффа таинственно исчезла, не оставив никаких следов. 6. Не нам судить (not for us to determine), кто из них прав, кто виноват. 7. Она ударила его в порыве гнева. 8. Кто виноват в этом? 9. В чем дело? 10. Джемма думала, что это Артур виноват в предательстве. 11. Вымойте их в холодной воде, чтобы удалить все следы песка. 12. Прежде чем уехать, вы должны привести в порядок дела 13. Всю вину я беру на себя. 14. На нее напала икота. 15. Следствие по этой краже шло долго, и было трудно найти виновного. 16. Это вопрос жизни и смерти. 17. Я должен поговорить с вами по делу. 18. В порыве энтузиазма она убрала весь дом. 19. Следователь нашел четыре свежих отметины от свежих уколов, но ни одного следа от старых; это говорило о том, что Джон не был наркоманом. 20. Полиция идет по его следу и надеется скоро

33

его поймать. 21. Ваш совет оказался очень полезным в этом деле. 22. Какова политика этой компании? 23. Он яростно набросился на своего оппонента. 24. Следы яда были обнаружены в крови мертвого мужчины. 25. Они вновь энергично приступили к решению этой проблемы. 26. У него случаются приступы эпилепсии. 27. Это дело чести. 28. Это вопрос трех дней. 29. Никогда не думала, что девушка может так интересоваться политикой.

ADJECTIVES

3. Choose the proper word.

(brief – short) 1. After a ………… interview he got into the car and drove to the airport. 2. The man wore dark glasses and a …………. beard. 3. He cut his speech ………… . 4. The discussion was …………. but fruitful. 5. The lawn was covered with ………… grass. 6. Don`t you find her skirt a bit ………. ? 7. It was a stupid mistake to quit the University a month …………. of graduation. 8. Bad news caught him ….……... . 9. The car stopped ……….. . 10. We are ………… of cash. 11. He made a ………… work of the problem.

(hot – heated) 1. The students were having a …………. discussion during the break. 2. I squeezed the child`s ………… little hand. 3. Is there any …….…. news on the election results? 4. The men had a …….…. argument about politics. 5. You'd better learn to control that …….….. temper of yours. 6. Bake the cookies in a ….…….. oven. 7. I detest …………. weather.

(another – different) 1. The teacher tried to explain the rule in a ……….. way and I understood it at once. 2. The schoolboy returned the book he had read and asked for ……….. book, but of a ………… kind, he said, as he wanted to have a rest from detective stories. 3. I asked for a pair of shoes of a ……….. kind, but the shop-girl said that the rest of shoes were not my size. 4. From that time I became ………… man. 5. I had one drink, then decided that I needed …………….. . 6. We were glad the war was happening in another country. 7. This new drug is quite different from all the others available.

34

(historic – historical) 1. In his …………. novel Walter Scott gave a wonderful description not only of ……….. events, but of whole ………… epochs. 2. To complete my report I need some ………… data. 3. If you want to see the principal …………… buildings and monuments in London, I advise you to begin with the Houses of Parliament. 4. Franklin D. Roosevelt did much to strengthen the bonds of ………… friendship between the American and Russian peoples. 5. We cannot be sure whether King Arthur was a …….……. figure.

(comfortable – convenient) 1. I like to sleep on a camp-bed, I find it very ……….. . 2. I believe Friday the only ………. day for our meeting, we have only four lectures on that day. 3. Though the flat was rather ………. , warm, light and cosy, it was not ………. for our work as it was rather small. 4. These shoes are very ………. for wear in wet weather as they have rubber soles. 5. She did everything possible to make the patient feel ………………… . 6. Finally I went asleep in a heap quilts, very warm and ……………… . 7. Without saying anything to Christine, he began to look for a ……………… consulting room up West.

(sharp – keen – acute) 1. His voice was calm, ……… and angry. 2. The car speed along. She kept her foot permanently on the accelerator, and took every corner at an ….…….. angle. 3. I`m not very ……….. on hard liquor. 4. Andrew had a ………… impulse to tell her that she must obey his instructions and not these of a meddling school-mistress. 5. His tone changed, became ……….. . 6. I was deathly …………. on getting some money for him; and this thing, properly worked, might almost make him independent. 7. You don`t play golf, do you? You ought to take it up. My eldest girl is very ……………. and she can`t find many young people to play with her. 8. Her ………… pain had returned to her! 9. “Bert was the spit-and-image of his father,” Ada said, and she loved him for it and for his ………..…. intelligence. 10. Bob gave her a …….…. look and she felt a twinge of conscience (угрызения совести). 11. After a phase of …………. nervousness Mary`s anxiety gradually faded.

(wet – damp – soaked – drenched) 1. Her cheeks were ………. with tears. 2. He hung up his ………… trunks and towel to dry; the night air was so ……….. , however, that in the morning they were still

35

……….. . 3. They got caught in the rain on their way home and were ……….. to the skin. 4. Un-fortunately none of them noticed the sign “ ……… paint”. 5. The family were so wretchedly poor that white bread ………... in milk was a real feast to the children. 6. We had a …….….. autumn last year. 7. We were ………….. to the skin. 8. I left the garden chairs out all night, and they got ………..…. with rain. 9. Her face was ……….….. with tears of joy. 10. The summer was cold and ………..….. . 11. Get out of those …………… clothes. You must be freezing to death! 12. Don`t leave the cushions in the garden. They`ll get ………….. if it rains. 13. Everyone got completely ………………. When a huge wave hit the boat. 14 Be carefull you don`t slip – the drass is …………….. . 4. Translate into. 1. Я постараюсь быть кратким. 2. Бородино – историческое место под Москвой. 3. С тех пор я стал другим человеком. 4. Мужчины вступили в жаркий спор о политике. 5. Его спокойная внешность скрывает необычайно острый, проницательный ум. 6. Собаки очень полезны для этой работы, т. к. у них очень острый нюх. 7. Она попала в дождь и ее туфли промокли. 8. Ты бы лучше научился сдерживать себя. 9. Становилось очень уютно, если передвинуть тот шкаф. 10. В комнате было холодно и сыро. 11. «Новости лишь вкратце», – сказала она. 12. Борьба за пост президента, наверняка, станет еще жарче в следующие несколько недель. 13. Мне нравится, каким острым становится у меня чувство обоняния и слух в темноте. 14. Вальтер Скот – мастер исторического романа. 15. Обожаю эти туфли, они такие удобные. 16. Мы попали под дождь и промокли насквозь. 17. Ее точка зрения полностью отличается от нашей. 18. Ребенок заплакал, как только увидел острую иглу в руках врача. 19. Я передал управляющему короткую записку, где объяснил причину моего ухода. 20. Это небольшая книга, не более 60 страниц. 21. Мы промокли до нитки. 22. Это самое подходящее время для нашей встречи. 23. Книга начинается с небольшого предисловия (outline) об истории современного Китая. 24. Война усугубила острый экономический кризис. 25. Здесь очень жарко – могу я открыть окно? 26. Еще одним беглецом оказался Ричард Гуденоу. 27. Две сестры совершенно не похожи друг на друга. 28. Верный исторической действительности, писатель изображает борьбу Людовика XI (Luise XI) против феодальной знати. 29. Он пролил чернила и все документы промокли.

36

VERBS 5. Choose the proper word.

(overcome – defeat) 1. He was a champion who has never once been ………… . 2. She looked pale and haggard (изнуренный). She must have been ………. by hard work and exhaustion. 3. Little did he suspect what difficulties he would have to …………. before he reached his goal. 4.Who was Napoleon finally …………. by? 5. She had a strong desire to burst out laughing but she managed to …………. it. 6. The candidate of the liberal party ………….. his opponent. 7. She managed to …….……. her shyness. 8. A man who commits a crime …….…… the end of his existence. 9. She managed to ……..….. her shyness.

(conceal – hide) 1. He ………….. his plan from his family, as it was intended as a complete surprise. 2. Where is the boy? He must be ………… somewhere. I`ve seen him enter the cottage. 3. She blushed and ………… her face in her hands. 4. “You had better …………. . The police are after you.” 5. He did his best to …………. the truth so that nobody should guess what had actually happened. 8. You cannot ………….. your guilt from the police. 9. The thieves thought that they had ………… the jewels from discovery.

(drown – sink) 1. He was a poor swimmer, always afraid of getting ………… . 2. During the storm two fishermen were …………. . 3. The ship ……….…. near the harbour. 4. He tried to ……..…… his sorrow in wine. 5. He was aware of the risk he was taking and knew it was a case of …………. or swim. 6. The words ………… into his memory. 7. Your feet ……………. into the softest of carpets. 8. Villages were …………. when the reservoir was constructed. 9. At last I ……..…… into a deep sleep. 10. The sun ……..…… below a cloud. 11. Her head …….……. down upon her breast.

(join – unite) 1. The two streams ………. at the foot of the mountain. 2. ……… we stand, divided we fall. 3. One by one the children ……… in the game. 4. All peace-loving people should ………. in their struggle against a new war. 5. Won`t you ………. me in a walk? 6. ……….… two blocks of wood with glue. 7. Would you ……..….. us for a drink? 8. They all ………….. in singing the national anthem. 9. These firms …….…... . 10. We had to …….……. the competing factions into a cohesive whole. 11. She ……..…. in as a volunteer. 12. We must ……..….. in our struggle against terrorism.

37

(rob – steal) 1. The cashier made a statement to the effect that he had been assaulted (нападать) and ………….. on his way to the Bank. 2. Nobody had left the premises (владение) within the last two days, yet the identity card could not be found anywhere. Somebody must have …………. it. 3. He made a duplicate key in order to ……….. the flat. 4. Television has ……..…… the cinema of its former popularity. 5. The thieves …….…… the passengers of all their money and jewels. 6. They've …….….. our liberty.

(defend – protect) 1. A high wall …………... the estate from intruders (незванный гость). 2. Charles wore dark glasses to ………… his eyes. 3. “My neighbours will ………. the kids while I am away ………….. my motherland,” said Dick. 4. The army prepared to …….……. the nation against attack by the enemy. 5. What can we do to …….…… ourselves against continuously rising prices? 6. If you go alone into the forest, you'd better ……..…… yourself with a knife. 7. Take this medicine regularly; it will ……..……. you against a return of the illness. 8. You can't ……..….. your brother from blame in the accident.

(admit – confess) 1. I ………… I`ve made a blunder. 2. Did the man …………. to having forget the will? 3. He will never ……….. he may be wrong. 4. The question ………... of no delay. 5. The boy …………… to stealing the apples. 6. He ….……… to his complicity in the crime. 7. The accused …….…. his guilt to the police. 8. Many Christians regularly ……..…… to a priest. 9. This, I …….….., is true. 10. You must …….…. her statement to be doubtful. 11. The prisoner ……c…. to his part in the crime. 12. I have to ……..…… to a hatred of modern music. 13. The prisoner refused to …………… in spite of the evidence against him.

(consult – advise) 1. You`d better ………… a lawyer before it is too late. 2. She had to ………… a number of reference books to obtain the necessary information. 3. The doctor ……….. him to give up smoking. 4. I don`t want to be ……….. on his matter. 5. Parents can ……c…… the teachers about their children. 6. We ….……… a doctor about our health, and a banker about our money. 7. I intend to ……….….. with my tax lawyer before sending in my tax return. 8. She ……..…… us that we should leave. 9. Experienced seamen will ….……….. you about sailing in this weather. 10. I want to …………… you against speaking to him just now. 11. I would like to ……..…… everyone that.

38

6. Translate into Russian. 1. Ей удалось преодолеть свою застенчивость. 2. Ты не можешь скрыть свою вину от полиции. 3. Команда Шотландии победила команду Уэльса со счетом три ноль. 4. Он никогда не любил признавать свои ошибки. 5. Он скрыл свои долги от жены. 6. Он попытался утопить свое горе в вине. 7. Они похитили нашу свободу. 8. Тринадцать колоний объединились в государство, известное сейчас под названием Соединенные Штаты Америки. 9. Грабители отобрали у пассажиров все деньги и драгоценности. 10. Мы не сможем защитить порт от нападения с суши и моря. 11. Она выкрала мое письмо и послала его вам сегодня утром. 12. Где ты спрятал подарки к Рождеству? 13. Опытные моряки дадут вам совет, как плавать в такую погоду. 14. Признаюсь, я давно хотел с вами познакомиться. 15. Кто будет защищать его в суде? 16. Я пришел в кампанию в 1999 году. 17. Принимай это лекарство регулярно, оно защитит тебя от рецидива (return) болезни. 18. Две деревни соединяются тропинкой, которая идет через лес. 19. Нужно признаться, что наряду с достижениями в нашей работе имеется ряд недостатков. 20. Можете вы подсказать, где мне лучше остановиться? 21. Воры думали, что надежно спрятали бриллианты. 22. Угроза нападения извне объединила правительство и его оппонентов. 23. Наконец я погрузился в глубокий сон. 24. Все пассажиры утонули в кораблекрушении. 25. Я намерен посоветоваться с моим налоговым консультантом, прежде чем отправить свою налоговою декларацию. 26. Что мы можем сделать, чтобы защититься от постоянного роста цен? 27. Он опустился в кресло. 28. Воры украли у него все, что у него было. 29. Ночь спускается на море. 30. Обвиняемый признался, что был замешан в преступлении. 7. Choose the proper word.

(wait – expect – await) 1. Whom do you …………….. to meet there? 2. After the hard day`s work a well-earned rest …………….. you. 3. We ……………… you to dinner but as you didn`t come we decided not to ……………… . 4. Jane ……………… to see Robert among her friends who came to see her off, but he wasn`t there. 5. The train is …………….. to be fifteen minutes late. Let`s ………….. here. 6. He always comes when he is least …………… . 7. I wonder what ……………. me there. 8. Please ……..….. a minute, I`ll be right back. 9. Are you …….……… a letter today? 10. I`m sure that an interesting future …………… him. 11. Don't ……..……. sudden improvements from this class. 12. The whole family ……….…… great things of him.

39

(select – choose – elect) 1. You may look through the catalogue and ………. any book you like. 2. The furniture and pictures were …………. with great care to suit the style of the villa. 3. Though she had been offered to share the house in Grosvenor Square with her elder brother she …………. to live in the country. 4. He was in his early thirties when he was …… deputy to the Supreme Court. 5. The pictures in the mansion have been obviously ……….. by an expert. 6. Mrs. Tompson, after careful consideration, has ………… a first-class boarding school for her younger daughter. 7. Helen ………. the first hat she had been offered, which she later regretted. 8. He didn`t ……….. to answer the question. 9. We should …………… one of the suggested projects. 10. After only a year in the sports club, the youngest player was …….…… to the committee. 11. Jim ……..…… Mary as his wife. 12. After many tests, John was ……..…… for the team. 13. They ……..…..….. her as captain. 14. They …….……. to go by train. 15. It is difficult to …….…… among so many nice houses.

(look – seem – appear) 1. The weather …..……. quite warm though it`s only 50C above zero. 2. The children …….... tried but they ……..…. Greatly pleased with the trip, don`t they? 3. It ………….. that something was wrong. 4. The host and the hostess ……….. a bit old-fashioned, but they ……….. to be hospitable and friendly. 5. She …….…. to be very light-minded, but she only ……………. it. 6. The new teacher …………. young and inexperienced. 7. My brother says that people usually ………… what they are and I believe that people are very often quite different from what they ………. to be. 8. Old Jolyon ………….. young in spite of his age. 9. After her illness the girl ……………. pale and worn. 10. The hunter's story ………………. to the listeners as a mere boasting.

(refuse – give up) 1. In spite of his father`s wish he ……… to leave the Medical Institute as he was fond of medicine and didn`t want to ……….. . 2. I decided to break with him after he had ……….. to help me when I was in great need of help. 3. Though she regularly ……….. his proposal he culdn`t ………. his dream of marrying her sooner or later. 4. If she asks me for any favour I`ll never ………. her. 5. If I were you I wouldn’t ………… my plan so easily. 6. The cinema owners have the right to …….…… admission to anyone under eighteen years of age. 7. He ……..…… them nothing. 8. He was so poor that he had to ……………. his studies. 9. Although John loved Fleur deeply, he decided to …..…… her …..…. after talk with his mother.

40

(stretch – run) 1. A small stream …….…. along the road. 2. These steps …….….. to the South for miles and miles. 3. The path …..……. across the field for a mile and then was lost in the forest. 4. No matter how hard I looked I saw only a vast plain …..……. before me. 5. The ugly scar ………... right across the man`s left cheek. 6. For how many kilometers does this forest ….……… ?

(surprise – astonish – strike – puzzle) 1. I won`t be ………… if he gets A, he is a very bright boy. 2. We were ……….. by the contrasts between wealth and poverty in Delhi. 3. His question ……… me. I didn`t know how to answer it. 4. I was ………. to meet him in town, I was sure he had not come back yet. 5. His cruelty ………… us. We always thought that he was kind and sympathetic. 6. It ……..…… us that they were able to survive. 7. I ………….. him in the act. 8. He ……...…… me by his knowledge. 9. He always ……………. students that way. 10. He doesn't ……..…… me as (being) genius. 11. He was ……….….. how to act. 12. This question ……..……. me. 13. An idea suddenly ………….. me. 8. Translate into Russian. 1. Рассказ поразил меня своей нелепостью. 2. Вокруг здания тянется балюстрада. 3. Мы работали, не переставая, но казалось, что мы не добились никакого успеха. 4. Я действительно хотел провести отпуск за границей, но нам пришлось отказаться от этой идеи. 5. Все ждали, что он начнет говорить, но он молчал. 6. После многих испытаний Джона приняли в команду. 7. Мне это никогда еще не приходило в голову. 8. Он вытянул шею, чтобы посмотреть, что творится (вокруг). 9. Он не знал, как поступить. 10. Мне казалось, что у нас много общего. 11. Этот вопрос ставит меня в тупик. 12. Он был облачен в малиновую пижаму. Кто бы мог предположить, что он дойдет до такой экзотики? 13. После трудного дня их ждал заслуженный отдых. 14. Ее выбрали капитаном. 15. Ради ребенка она отказывала себе даже в самом необходимом. 16. Мы были поражены, что они смогли выжить. 17. Сегодня мы должны избрать делегатов на конференцию. 18. Мартин не хотел отказаться от мечты стать писателем. 19. Он поразил меня своими знаниями. 20. Когда Монтанелли должен был сделать выбор, он не нашел в себе силы отказаться от религии. 21. Они ждали до тех пор, пока она не вернулась. 22. На закате солнца, купол собора Святого Петра был словно в огне. 23. Несколько минут он, казалось, собирался с мыслями.

41

24. Вы меня удивляете. 25. Широкие равнины, простирающиеся до самого моря. 26. Всего год пробыв членом клуба, самый молодой игрок был избран в руководящий комитет. 27. Я думал, что вы согласитесь, я не ожидал от вас отказа. 28. Парень, казалось, сожалел о том, что он совершил. 29. Просмотрев каталог, ученый выбрал книги для своей исследовательской работы. 30. Мы ждем тебя на обед в четверг.

42

II CONFUSIBLES

- CONSC - 1. My ________________ is clear. (an inner sense of right and wrong) 2. Is he _______________ enough to answer questions? (awake) 3. The class ______________ of the workers made them unit. (awareness) 4. The stone hit her on the temple and she was __________ for several minutes.

(passed out) 5. A ____________ tradesman will never short-change a customer. (scrupulous) 6. A sketch of himself has a ____________ humour one would not have suspected.

(preset at a hidden level of the mind) 7. This wasn`t _____________ done. (on purpose, intentionally)

- COMPREHEND - 1. The government gave a ____________ explanation of its plans for industrial

development. (thorough, broad) 2. One often finds a writer`s books more ______________ if one knows more about

his life. (easily understood) 3. She was perfectly __________ to me. (which cannot be understood) 4. Our ignorance and ______________ of the least things in nature is stupendous.

(the state of not understanding)

- DUC(T) - 1. The police think the missing woman was ___________ . (kidnapped) 2. I was __________ to come against my will. (to persuade smb to do smth) 3. From the fact that Socrates was a man and the principle that all men are mortal I

_____________ that Socrates would die. (to determine smth from general principles in relation to a particular fact)

4. He won`t _____________ the rent of our house. (to make smaller) 5. They will __________ no less that ten pounds from your wages. (to take away

from a total) 6. Copper is a highly ___________ metal. (able to act effectively as a path to

electricity) 7. Plenty of exercise is conductive to good health. (likely to produced)

43

- CONFIDE - 1. The politician spoke in a ___________ voice. (showing assurance) 2. I don`t know why she chose me as her __________ . (a person with whom one

discusses one`s personal affairs) 3. You have won my _____________ . (faith, full trust) 4. He gave her a ____________ look. (showing full trust)

- HABIT - 1. The Tiger Moth has a limited ___________ . (the natural home of a plant or an

animal) 2. The shipwrecked seamen finally reached an _____________ island. (without

people living there) 3. The house is unfit for human ____________. (the act of living in) 4. she gave her ____________ greeting of “Hi!” (customary) 5. The village numbers 54 _______________ . (people leaving there) 6. He failed to find a ____________ house at this price. (which can be lived in)

- POLIC - 1. I support the Liberal party. What are your ___________ ? (political opinions) 2. He left his country for _____________ reasons. (concerning public affairs and/or

the government) 3. One of the new government`s ___________ is to control public spending. (a plan

or course of action in directing affairs) 4. Where`s our insurance ____________ got to? (a written statement of the details

of an agreement with an insurance company) 5. Most English people believe that Churchill was an outstanding __________ . (a

person whose business is politics) 6. The Western media invariably try to ____________ any issue concerning Russia.

(to give a political character to) 7. To learn as much as possible of an enemy has always been regarded as

___________ . (well judged with regard to one`s advantage)

- ECONOM - 1. He red ____________ at Oxford. (the science of the way in which industry and

trade produce and use wealth) 2. The new oil-fields will improve the state of the _____________ . (the economic

life of the country)

44

3. She is an _______________ housekeeper and feeds her family cheaply. (not wasteful)

4. The country is in a bad _____________ state, so we must reduce profits. (connected with trade, industry, etc.)

5. Now that Jim is out of work we`ll have to ___________. (save money)

- COMFORT - 1. All he wants is a warm fire and a _____________ chair to sit in. (giving comfort,

esp. to the body) 2. She turned red with ____________ when the teacher spoke. (slight anxiety or

shame) 3. I felt _____________ when I had to admit my guilt. (embarrassed) 4. He took off his hat and unwound a long grey __________ . (woolen material worn

around the neck for warmth)

-RESPOND- 1. He gave no __________ to my question. (answer) 2. She is most ____________ to kindness. (answering readily) 3. He is a ___________ person I can be trusted. (trustworthy) 4. His appearance in court as a ____________ will do nothing to help his career. (a

person answering a charge in a divorce suit) 5. The prisoner was idiotic and ____________ . (showing lack of ability to think of

the effect of his actions on others) 6. On Friday we`ll be broadcasting a report from our London __________ . (smb

employed to report news from a distant area)

- ADMIT - 1. ____________ is one pound. (the cost of entrance) 2. As the theatre was full I was unable to gain an ___________ . (right of entrance) 3. This is not an ____________ excuse. (that can be allowed or considered) 4. _____________ , he is a thief, but he is irresistibly charming. (it must be admitted that) 5. In your state tea, coffee and alcohol are _____________ .(which cannot be

allowed)

45

- ERR - 1. To ____________ is human. (make a mistake) 2. Very few people now uphold the ____________ belief that the world is flat.

(incorrect) 3. The dog`s ___________ walk suggested rabis. (irregular in movement) 4. This word doesn`t look right; look it up in the ___________ . (list of mistakes

and printing __________ at the beginning of the book)

- EXHAUST - 1. We`ve made an ____________ study of the matter. (thorough) 2. She wasa pale with ___________ . (the state of being tired out) 3. His supply of jokes was ____________ . (endless) 4. He felt ___________ after a month of working overtime. (tired)

- DECIDE - 1. A ___________ person acts quickly and often succeeds. (marked by

determination and firmness) 2. I`m _____________ whether to call the doctor or not. (in doubt) 3. His character is very ____________ . (sure of oneself) 4. She`s ____________ a quarrelsome person. (unquestionably) 5. His whole attitude was marked by ___________ and incompetence. (hesitation)

- TIRE - 1. I`m __________ of your stupid questions. (annoyed) 2. You`ll never find another worker as _____________ as that one. (never getting

tired) 3. She is just a ___________ child who won`t do as she is told. (annoying) 4. Enforced idleness is the most __________ tiring thing. (causing fatigue) 5. The baby screamed on ___________ . (not showing or feeling tireness)

- PRACTICE - 1. Yours is an ____________ plan. (not sensible or reasonable) 2. The dancer moved with ___________ grace. (gained by practice) 3. Is it ___________ to try to grow crops in deserts? (that can be successfully used) 4. She pulled out the stitches with an ___________ hand. (not skilful)

46

5. We`ve bought a very ___________ little table that fold up out of the way when not needed. (suited to actual conditions)

6. The work of a medical ____________ demands both skill and devotion. (a person who works in a profession)

- CRED - 1. I place full ___________ in the government`s abilities. (trust) 2. One should ___________ a good deal of what one hears. (to refuse to believe it) 3. What was written on his face was sheer open-mouthed _____________ .

(disbelief) 4. He can move with an ______________ speed. (unbelievable) 5. At his mention of luncheon at the White House she looked _____________ .

(showing disbelief) 6. Children`s _____________ is proverbial. (willingness to believe) 7. They are persons sufficiently ___________ . (describing praise, approval) 8. We will not take a footman without ____________ from his last master. 9written

proof of a person`s trustworthiness)

- SENSE - 1. Do try to be __________ . (reasonable) 2. Tropical animals are extremely ____________ to cold. (quick to feel the effect of) 3. I was almost ____________ with terror. (unconscious, foolish) 4. The ____________ of the instrument is below standard. (ability to indicate slight changes)

- CORRECT - 1. Teachers usually make ____________ in red ink. (a change that corrects

something) 2. The criminals were sent to prison for ___________ punishment. (intended to

correct0 3. He is an ____________ liar. (unable to be changed for the better) 4. The wit of the last age was yet more ___________ than their language. (not

correct)

47

- IMPRESS - 1. There was a clear ___________ of the murderer`s heel in the mud. (a mark left by

pressure) 2. She is high-strung and ____________ . (easy to influence) 3. Oliver`s acting in King Lear was most _________ . (causing admiration) 4. His description is ______________ . (producing little impression)

- IMAGINE - 1. All the characters in this book are ____________ . (not real) 2. Their youngest is a most ____________ child. (good at inventing things) 3. It`s simply ____________ . (inconceivable) 4. I never expected this from such a dull ___________ person as Judy. (lacking the

power of imsgination)

- APPRECIATE - 1. The temperature dropping __________ last night. (considerably) 2. Their ___________ of the performance was expressed in loud cheers.

(understanding of the worth) 3. His kindly ___________ words moved her almost to tears. (feeling or showing

understanding)

48

III 1. Choose the word which best fits each space.

THE BAT The bat may (1) ……………. (represent / seem / declare / present) an

ordinary creature, but in fact it is an amazing animal. The bat has wings and is the only mammal (2) ……………. (possible / able / capable / probable) of true flight. There are many (3) ………….. (different / contrasting / differing / conflicting) species of bat; in Britain (4) …………… (all / lonely / alone / lonesome) there are fourteen types of bat, which range in size from a few inches to (5) …………….. (various / several / little / few) feet in wingspan.

Bats are nocturnal animals (6) …………… (which / who / whose / they) become active only at dusk. Many species (7) ……………… (put / confide / stand / rely) on a “radar” system to find their way around. The bat emits squeaks and then measures the echoes to “see” how far away any (8) ……………. (hindrance / obstacle / barrier / blockage) is.

The (9) …………….. (amount / population / majority / number) of bats survive on a diet of insects while others eat fruit. There are two species which eat fish and there are (10) …………….. (even / too / ever / so) some bats which eat meat! Some vampire bats take blood (11) …………….. (out / off / of / from) their sleeping victims. These bats may (12) ………….. (hold / grasp / carry / send) the deadly disease rabies.

Bats are social creatures and (13) ……………… (connect / relate / structure / form) large colonies. Most bats hibernate (14) ………………. (at / whole / throughout / among) the winter months. Many people are (15) ……………. (fearless / afraid / scary / frightful) of bats without ever seen one. Perhaps if we learn (16) ……………… (many / little / some / more) about these wonderful creatures, we will no longer fear them. 2. Choose the word which best fits each space.

TATTOOING: AN ANCIENT TRADITION Tattooing is an (1) ………….. (elderly / old / original / outdated) art. In

ancient Greece, people who had tattoos were (2) ……………. (supposed / realised /regarded / held) as members of the (3) ……………. (greater / upper / high / extreme), classes. On the other hand, tattooing was (4) ……………… (banned / exported / blamed / finished) in Europe by the early Christians, (5) ……………… (whose / that / they / who) thought that it was a sinful thing to (6) …………….. (be / create / make / do).

49

It was not (7) ……………. (by / until / for / since) the late 18th century, when Captain Cook saw South Sea Islanders decorating their bodies with tattoos, that attitudes began to (8) ………………. (vary / convert / change / move). Sailors came back from these islands with pictures of Christ on their backs and from then on, tattooing (9) ……………. (gained / won / earned / made) in popularity. A survey by the French army in 1881 (10) ……………. (declared / said / explained / showed) that among the 378 men (11) …………… (inquired / questioned / demanded / spoke) there were 1,333 designs.

Nowadays, not (12) ……………. (everybody / every / each / nobody) finds tattoos acceptable. Some people think that getting one is silly because tattoos are more or less permanent. There is also some (13) …………….. (danger / trouble / concern / threat) about (14) ………………. (gaining /catching / having / infecting) blood disease from unsterilised needles. Even for those who do want a tattoo, the (15) ……………. (progress / system / pace / process) of getting one is not painless, but the final result, in their eyes, is (16) ……………. (due / worth / owed / deserved) the pain.

3 Choose the word which best fits each space:

STARTING A BUSINESS Running your own business can (1) ……………. (make / present / provide /

suggest) really high job satisfaction – the satisfaction of being in (2) …………… (duty / charge / head / position) of your own life and making your own (3) ………….… (alterations / ideas / proposals / decisions) about how things should be done.

If you are ambitious, you may want to achieve (4) ……………. (courage / power / success / security) on a large scale and eventually become rich. Or it may be (5) ………………. (many / enough / too / lot) for you simply to enjoy work more and to achieve a modest increase (6) ……………. (at / on / in / for) living standards at the same time.

It`s important to take into (7) ……………. (account / mind / thought / contemplation) the less desirable aspects of the job as (8) ………………. (much / also / too / well). For instant, if problems (9) …………….. (rise / raise / arise / happen), it will be up to you to sort them (10) ……………… (up / in / through / out). You`ll probably have to work harder and longer hours, especially in the (11) ……………… (initiation /early / starting / beginning) stages. You`ll probably

50

see less of your family and friends too. And, of course, you won`t enjoy the security of a (12) …………… (permanent / square / regular / usual) pay packet.

If you see all this as a challenge (13) ………….. (rather / instead / otherwise / other) than a disadvantage, you have at (14) ………………. (last / least / once / most) one of the qualities needed for success. Other qualities (15) ……………. (compose / contain / consist / include): the ability to work on one`s own, a refusal to (16) ………….. (give / work / turn / draw) up, and a willingness to take on responsibility.

Do you have what it takes?

4. Choose the word which best fits each space.

THE LATE, LATE FLIGHT TO LONDON Passengers (1) …………….. (travelling / going / waiting / wanting) on a flight

from Washington to London were in (2) …….... (for / at / on /with) a very long wait. They had (3) ……………. (still / alredy / however / yet) been waiting eight uncomfortable hours for takeoff, only to be (4) ……………..(said /told / mentioned / announced) that the flight was (5) …………… (late / retarded / delayed / behind) even further. The cabin crew advised passengers to take pillows and blankets from the overhead lockers in (6) ………………. (case / order / time / turn) to sleep inside the airport terminal. Many passengers (7) …………….. (mislaid / wasted / missed / lost) their tempers and fights broke (8) ……………… (up / off / out / down). People shouted and (9) ………………. (asked / applied / demanded / took) information. A member of the staff paniced and called airport security guards. A (10) …………….. (few / number / couple / little) lucky passengers were put on alternative flights, (11) ……………. (although / even / in spite / despite) about 100 others spent the next day in the airport. Many people missed the connecting flights and (12) ……………….. (should / would / could / had) be delayed for several days. first-class passengers were (13) …………….. (still / many / more / much) fortunate. They were put (14) …………….. (up / off / out / about) in luxury hotels and provided with food and drink. Other passengers had to be content with vouchers for Burger King, as the airline staff were not able to find hotels with (15) ……………… (much / enough / too / a lot) free rooms to accommodate them. One woman carried a silver horseshoe for (16) ………………. (fortune / chance / luck / probability). As she said, “It didn`t work this time!”

51


BARBADOS Have you (1) …………. (ever / since / never / for) been to Barbados? Life

(2) ………… (by / at / on / over) Barbados is slow and peaceful. People there seem to (3) …………. ( spend / pass / attend / follow) all their time eating and relaxing. You (4) ……………. (almost / hardly / nearly / scarce) ever see anyone doing any real work. (5) ……………. (Although / Nevertheless / Despite / Contrary) crowds of tourists are attracted (6) ……….. (at / from / on / by) cheap package deals, the island, situated (7) …………… (among / between / in / on) the Caribbean remains (8) ……………. (undisturbed / unattached / unspoilt / untouched). The temperature seldom falls (9) ………………. (under / below / down / behind) 20ºC and you are likely to meet friendlier people anywhere in the world. In Bridgetown, the capital, you can sit on the balcony of the harbour-front restaurant (10) ……………… (swallowing / sipping / biting / eating) fresh coconut cocktails, and watch the boats (11) ……………… (unpacking / disembarking / unloading / delivering). It`s also a great place to buy jewellry as not only is it beautifully made, but it is also tax-free. For the classiest hotels (12) …………….. (face / head / turn / charge) north to the Platinum Coast, (13) …………….. (called / termed / christened / named) after its white sandy beaches. The superb Glitter Bay Hotel is situated in flower-filled gardens with (14) …………….. (falls / jumps / sets / dives), enjoy your cocktail and start figuring out how to (15) …………….. (take / earn / gain / posses) the money to get back to Barbados. 6. Choose the word which best fits each space.

BODY LANGUAGE Language is commonly believed to be a system of communication that

(1) …………….. (exists / consists / contains / includes) of sounds and written symbols. However, we can also communicate (2) ……………. (to / for / in / by) other ways by using our facial (3) …………….. (expressions / shapes / looks / aspects), our tone of voice and even our (4) ……………. (full / whole / partial / total) body. In fact, in many situations, non-verbal communication can (5) ………………. (explain / announce / reveal / publish) more accurately what a person is feeling. Body language always speaks the truth, (6) ……………. (whereas

52

/ so / except / therefor) words can often be (7) …………….. (senseless / hopeless / mistrustful / mileading).

For successful communication both at the office and at home, an understanding of body language is important. At work, non-verbal communication is (8) ………………. (associated / related / combined / reserved) to power. People (9) ……………. (at / on / by / in) charge tend to lean (10) …………….. (back / behind / away / against) in their chairs, fold their hands behind their heads and (11) …………….. (put / lay / deposit / lie) their feet up on the desk. They usually (12) ………….. (overwhelm / master / dominate / hold) conversations, both talking and interrupting more than others. Those who (13) ……………… (do / give / lead / follow) orders, on the other hand, are much less relaxed and tend to sit on the (14) ………….. (top / edge / limit / border) of their chairs with their arms tightly folded.

Body language plays an equally important role at home. Children are particularly quick to pick (15) …………….. (out / over / up / at) on non-verbal signals and can distinguish (16) …………… (between / among / from / that) what is said and what is really meant.


MORE THAN TOY`D EXPECTED Florida has a lot more to (1) ………………. (present / offer / provide / show)

Mickey Mouse. It may be the theme park capital of the world, but outside the man-made world of fantasy, it is also possible to see (2) …………….. (savage / natural / wild / mad) animals you`ve never seen outside a zoo.

A visit to Florida would not be (3) ……………. (complete / whole / entire / all) without seeing the alligators at (4) …………….. (near / next / closed / close) range. If you are lucky, you`ll be able to touch a baby alligator, (5) …………….. (despite / although / otherwise / moreover) you must be careful not to (6) ……………….. (form / situate / put / direct) your fingers anywhere near its teeth, as they are extremely (7) ………………. (sore / hard / painful / sharp). While you are in the major towns, a car is not (8) ……………… (optional / essential / compulsory / extreme), but if you want to travel round the state you will need one. However, driving in America can be a pleasurable (9) …………….. (extend / way / time / experience). American cars are (10) …………….. (built / done / planned / formed) for comfort and are easy to drive. In (11) ………………. (addition / order / all /

53

fact), the roads are (12) ……………… (extended / large / wide / long), the speed limit is low and petrol is cheap.

The beaches are many and veried. The rich are famous (13) …………….. (prefer / head / leave / meet) for Palm Beach, whereas those with (14) …………….. (much / many / most / more) children than money go to the beaches on Florida`s Western Gulf coast. Alternatively, there is Fort Myers for those who want to (15) …………….. (perform / do / make / have) watersports, or Sanibel for anyone (16) ……………… (interested / curious / fascinated / amazed) in shell collecting.


PETER THE GREAT Peter the Great was Russian`s fourth Romanov Tzar and (1) ……………. (high

/ with / standing / at) 6 foot 7 inches, probably the tallest. He also had an enormous (2) …………….. (aptitude / applause / taste / appetite) for food and drink. Another “great” (3) ……………… (face / aspect / view / angle) of his personality was his (4) ……………….. (inclination / temper / mood / disposition), which was fearsome. But it was his thirst for knowledge combined with his (5) …………….. (vision / ambition / jealousy / greed) of a new Russia that made him a great leader in 1697, motivated by his desire to break (6) ……………. (free / in / up / over) from the constrictions of old Russian customs, Peter travelled around Europe learning valuable military and industrial (7) …………… (professions / studies / designs / skills).

When he returned to Russia, Peter was (8) …………….. (convinced / interested / determined / unwilling) to throw off the remnants of the past. He dramatically (9) …………….. (excluded / eliminated / reduced / shortened) the powers of the Russian aristocracy and abolished old-aged (10) …………….. (heritage / costumes / means / traditions). In order to (11) ……………… (made / prepare / fulfill / produce) his dream of a modernised Russia, he (12) ………………. (began / founded / made / found) universities, established the country`s first newspaper and encouraged the development of industry. He also pushed back the impire`s boundaries by (13) ……………… (inflating / spreading / growing / expanding) the armed forces. Before his death in 1725, Peter had had a new capital built and (14) ………………… (entitled / labeled / named / said) it St Petersburg. It was (15) ……………….. (modeled / designed / constructed / copied) on the Westrn cities he most admired, like Paris and London, and (16) …………….. (remained / kept / settled / retained) the capital until the First World War.

54


GARDEN PARADISE In the spring of 1976, the late George Rushton began (1) …………….. (doing /

fixing / creating / inventing) a flower garden for his recently disabled wife, Mary. The area next to the family home had been (2) ………….. (overgrown / overcrowded / overdone / overbooked) for years. All the trees and plants had grown (3) ………….. (short / straight / wild / greed) and the area had been used as a place where people (4) ……………. (bought / sold / picked / threw) their rubbish. When George started (5) …………….. (making / creating / washing / setting) up the garden, he found lots of things, including an old bicycle and several kitchen sinks! Then, (6) ……………… (while / before / after / during) the rubbish had been removed, he (7) …………… (worked / hired / followed / recorded) machinery to cut down the unwanted plants and trees. This (8) ……………… (spent / was / gave / took) five months. George spent a (9) …………….. (further / couple / little / few) three months tidying up the garden and cutting the grass, which had (10) …………….. (arrived / been / found / reached) an incredible height. (11) …………….. (Just / Only / After / Since) then could he actually start moving plants around and (12) ………… (making / planting / putting / fixing) new ones. On the lawn, he dug a small pond, and in the front garden he put down flower (13) ……………. (beds / carpets / bottoms / tops). A year (14) ………………. (after / while / then / later), the whole place was (15) …………….. (living / lively / alive / lovely) with colour. George also had concrete paths (16) ……………. (put / laid / prepared / developed) so Mary could enjoy every corner of the garden in her wheelchair.

55

HOW

MANY

WORDS

DO YOU KNOW?

56

1. Choose the word that has the same meaning as the word at the left.

1. comedian n

A fashionable person B someone foolish C actor who amuses D advertising model

2. commentator n A armed service officer B dictator C building constructor D reporter

3. citizen n A responsible person B student of religions C member of an nation D sophisticated person

4. dramatist n A actor B lighting expert C doctor D playwright

5. opportunist n A highly creative B extremely precise C takes advantage of circumstances D enjoys life

6. barbarian n A love of animals B intellectual C cranky man or woman D savage

7. benefactor n A helper B religious person C refugee D recipient of a gift

8. coach n A ice-hockey player B club member C instructor D ticket-collector

9. conductor n A fighter of crime B repairman C professional singer D leader of an orchestra

10. jockey n A basketball player B swimmer C racehorse rider D tennis player

57


1. concern v A to relax B to turn away C to deal with D to forget

2. conduct n A behaviour B approval C attention D pledge

3. commerce n A navigation B newspapers C international law D business

4. ceremonial adj A unplanned B confused C serious D ritual

5. cordial adj A friendly B binding C exact D smooth

6. demonstration n A hidden action B agreement C presentation D severe punishment

7. deficit adj A more than expected B in error C less than needed D empty

8. saga n A ancient love song B vivid description C heroic tale D word of advice

9. taboo n A mystery B something that is forbidden C conclusion D trick

10. tariff n A key B tax C gift D report

58

3. Find the synonym at the left. 1. abolish v A to put an end to

B to settle down C to strike quickly D to smooth over

2. asinine adj A resentful B unusual C stupid D nasty

3. awesome adj A over-ambitious B ridiculous C very beautiful D causing wonder

4. arbitrary adj A based on one`s feeling B conciliatory C having sound judgement D diplomatic

5. acclaim v A to make a speech B to show approval C to argue deceitfully D to brag about

6. affirm v A to convince B to examine carefully C to become unsteady D to state positively

7. anticipate v A to extend B to endure C to resent D to foresee

8. alert adj A thoughtful B stimulating C attentive D uneasy

9. ample adj A easygoing B loud C thin D abundant

10. aroma n A pleasant fragrant B sweet taste C soft colour D steam of vapour

59

4. Do you know these verbs? Choose the right word.

1. influence v A to come together B to have an effect on C to completely confuse D to cause sickness

2. proceed v A to plan B to go forward C to plant D to return

3. absorb v A to soak up B to be silly C to be distant D to push away

4. expand v A to make larger B to crush C to pay out D to rub off

5. embarrass v A to squeeze or hug B to make ill at ease C to be deceitful D to over-extend

6. yield v A to call loudly B to swing back and forth C to protect D to produce

7. wrench v A to push open B to tighten C to unscrew D to give a sharp, violent twist

8. specialize v A to do something once B to concentrate on an activity C to set up a display D to follow one`s beliefs

9. enchant v A to sing B to take away from C to put under a spell D to whisper

10. menace v

A to repair B to rush around C to threaten D to lie

60

5. Do you know these nouns? Choose the right word.

1. panorama n A sweeping view B broad valley C shaded area D slow motion

2. adulation n A disloyalty B excessive admiration C fame D maturity

3. interval n A mix-up B beginning C highway crossing D time between events

4. tenacity n A cruelty B scolding language C persistence D boldness

5. genius n A brilliant person B magician C ancestor D someone selfish

6. gratitude n A thankfulness B worry C fear D sorrow

7. geologist n A mechanical engineering B deals with languages C studies earth D studies space

8. courtesy n A rudeness B small enclosure C gesture of respect D politeness

9. tranquility n A modesty B lightheartedness C calmness D gracefulness

10. border n A edge B thin covering C river D shallow bow

61

6. Do you know these nouns and verbs? Choose the right word.

1. originate v A to bring into being B to put into files C to copy carefully D to examine thoroughly

2. persist v A to be hot B to endure C to punish D to vanish from sight

3. stimulate v A to make a likeness B to slow down C to arose to action D to make easy

4. fortify v A to strengthen B to do quickly C to leave D to boast

5. enlighten v A to turn on lights B to shift a load C to cheer up D to inform

6. ripple n A trembling leaf B sand dune C tear in a garment D small wave

7. breakthrough n A collapse B gust of emotion C unfortunate circumstances D important advance in knowledge

8. aftermath n A result B criticism C summary D index

9. allegiance n A worship B loyalty C respect D friendship

10. altercation n A change B accusation C quarrel D distribution

62

7. Choose the right word.

1. attain v A to draw near B to search for C to unify D to achieve

2. ascend v A to climb B to scan C to taint D to excel

3. reunion n A organisation of workers B a coming together again C go-between or mediator D adjustment

4. motive n A a reason B enclosing stillness C something that blocks D change of place

5. poll v A to push B to make an opinion survey C to retire D to think seriously

6. repetition n A the act of doing over and over B carefully ordered answer C long search D repair to a house

7. haggle v A grow older B bargain C make use of D settle an arrangement

8. superstition n A power B great wisdom C belief in supernatural forces D strong skepticism

9. shrine n A statue B garden C house D sacred place

10. cosy adj A warm and comfortable B shaky and uncertain C flat and smooth D extremely crowded

63

8. Which one of the four answers has most nearly the same meaning as the word in black type. Choose the correct word.

1. is not contented A satisfied B sorry C allowed D confused

2. measured precisely A easily B before C exactly D on all sides

3. not very likely A probable B well-liked C enjoyable D similar

4. bewildered by the answer

A startled B confused C angered D offended

5. deceived his friends A praised B made fun of C tricked D looked after

6. is not appropriate A truthful B necessary C suitable D dependable

7. spoke previously A cautiously B publicly C earlier D privately

8. the same destination A costume B language C district D goal

9. the violence of the storm

A effect B sound C force D approach

10. to prohibit toughing

A enjoy B permit C be afraid of D forbid

64

9. Which one of the four answers has most nearly the same meaning as the word in black type. Choose the correct word.

1. a wicked queen A rich B bad C greedy D wise

2. a silly idea A good B strange C new D foolish

3. visit them often A once or twice B many times C at once D rarely

4. move forward A sideways B backward C ahead D down

5. to raise it a little A push B turn C pull D lift

6. Are you certain? A here B sure C in a hurry D ready

7. an ancient story A humorous B terrible C old D lively

8. to increase the amount A divide up B use up C take away D add to

9. to aid the nurse A ask B listen to C help D rescue

10. to omit a number A leave out B choose C put down D add

65


1. to adore v

A to love B to desire C to celebrate

2. to affect v A to include B to influence C to improve

3. to alter v A to repair B to make up C to change

4. to amuse v A to amaze B to entertain C to exaggerate

5. to astonish v A to surprise B to guess C to pack

6. to depart v A to compare B to break C to leave

7. to fasten v A to feed B to tie C to dress

8. to frighten v A to disturb B to scare C to comfort

9. to happen v A to occur B to accept C to take part

10. to hug v A to embrace B to hand C to wave

11. to imitate v A to ignore B to copy C to draw

12. to join v A to unite B to enjoy C to wrap

13. to obtain v A to build B to skip C to get

66

USE

OF

ENGLISH

67

IN OTHER WORDS

TENSES

He`s never driven a Porsche before. It`s the first time he`s ever driven a Porsche.

They have never heard such a funny joke. It`s the funniest joke they`ve ever heard.

She hasn`t phoned yet. She still hasn`t phoned.

It`s week since she visited me. She hasn`t visited me for a week.

The last time I called her was two days ago. I haven`t called her for two days.

When did you last meet him? When was the lat time you met him?

When did she buy the car? How long ago did she buy the car? How long is it since she bought the car?

1. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar mining to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You can use between two and five words. Don`t change the word given.

1. The last time I went to Brussels was two years ago. been I ……………………………………… for two years.

2. I`ve never heard such a silly story. silliest It`s …..……………………………….. ever heard.

3. He hasn`t been to work for a week. since It`s a …….…………………………… to work.

4. How long did they move into their house? moved How long ……………………………….. into their house?

5. She`s the cleverest person I`ve ever met. never I`ve …………………………………… person.

68

6. It`s a month since I saw him. for I ………………………….. a month.

7. When did you buy this suit? bought How long ……………………………………… that suit?

8. I haven`t written to them for a month. is It ……………………………………… I wrote to them.

9. How long is it since you tidied your room? ago How long ………………………. your room?

10. When did you last go to London? time When …………………………………. went to London?

11. I haven`t finished my homework yet. still I …………………….…..…………. homework.

12. Kate hasn`t been to the dentist`s for six years. last The ………………………………. to the dentist`s was six years ago.

13. I started working there two years ago. have I …………………….…………….. two years.

14. I can`t remember when I last laughed so much. time I can`t remember ……………………………. so much.

15. We`ve never been on an aeroplane before. first It`s the …………………………………….. on an airplane.

16. They haven`t won a competition for years. since It`s …………………………. a competition.

17. I can`t tolerate his bad behaviour any more. put I can`t ………………….………….. behaviour any more.

18. Terry and June haven`t sent out invitations to their wedding yet. still Terry and June ……………..………………… invitations to their wedding.

69

MODALS

Perhaps she moved to Rome. She may have moved to Rome.

I`m sure she is sleeping. She must be sleeping.

I`m sure he hasn`t left. He can`t have left.

It`s forbidden to smoke in hospitals. You mustn`t smoke in hospitals.

He is likely to win the race. It is likely that he`ll win the race. He`ll probably win the race.

Let`s go for a walk. Shall we go for a walk?

It wasn`t necessary for you to finish it today. You needn`t have finished it today.

Was it necessary for Ann to leave the party that early? Did Ann need to / have to leave the party that early?

You`d better ask for some advice. Toy should ask for some advice.

Shall I help you with the dishes? Would you like me to help you with the dishes?

It isn`t necessary to do the ironing today. You don`t have to / don`t need to / needn`t do the ironing today.

Would you mind if I used your phone? May / Might I use your phone?

2. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar mining to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You can use between two and five words. Don`t change the word given.

1. It was necessary for you to bring me flowers as I alreasy had a lot. needn`t

You ……………………..………………….. flowers. 2. Perhaps he left the car unlocked.

may He ………………………………………. the car unlocked.

3. I`ll carry that bag for you. like Would …………………..……………….. that bag for you?

70

4. I advise you to drive more slowly. should You ………………………………………. slowly.

5. It would be a good idea for you to leave early. better You …………..………………………………. early.

6. Driving without headlights is forbidden. drive You ………………..……………………… headlights.

7. I`m sure he lied to you. have He ………………………………………. to you.

8. I don`t think he has been feeling well lately. have He ………………………………………….. well lately.

9. It`s possible that Ann is looking for a new job. may Ann ……………………………………. a new job.

10. He will probably pass his driving test. likely He ………………..………………………. his driving test.

11. It was not necessary for him to pay for the damage, although he did. needn`t He ………………………………… for the damage.

12. You are not allowed to leave until the exam has finished. mustn`t You …………………………………. the exam has finished.

13. I`d better start saving for my summer holiday. should I ………………………………… for my summer holiday.

14. We`ll probably stop and get something to eat on the way home. likely It ………………………. stop and get something to eat on the way home.

15. It`s possible that you forgot to pick up your change. have You ……………………………………….. up your change.

16. You mustn`t take photos in the cathedral. allowed You ……………………………… photos in the cathedral.

71

ADJECTINES

I`ve never seen such a boring film. It`s the most boring film I`ve ever seen.

If you work more, you`ll be paid more. The more you work, the more you`ll be paid.

She is taller than her brother. Her brother isn`t as tall as her / she is.

That table is similar to this one. That table and this table are alike.

She`s the quickest typist of all. No other typist is as quick as she is / her. She`s quicker than any other typist.

He`s a terrible driver. He drives terribly.

Tim has dot the same number of books as Tom. Tom has as many books as Tim.

This car is much more expensive than that one. This car is far / a lot more expensive than that one. That car is much / far less expensive than this one.

Ann is friendly to everyone. Ann behaves in a friendly way to everyone.

He hasn`t made as many mistakes as last time. He has made fewer mistakes than last time. 3. Using the word given and other words to complete the sentences so that the second sentence has a similar mining to the first sentence. You must use between two and five words. Make sure you don`t change the word given.

1. No other gymnast is as graceful as she is. most She is …………………….…………………… gymnast of all.

2. I`ve never heard such a ridiculous statement. the That is …………………………………….. I`ve ever heard.

3. “She cooks well,” Ann said. good “She ……………………….………………. ,” Ann said.

4. If you try harder, you`ll do better. the The ………………………………………….. you`ll do.

72

5. She is always motherly towards her children. way She always ……………….………………….. towards her children.

6. Our house and theirs are alike. similar Our house ………………………………………….. theirs.

7. She is the best singer of all. good No other singer ………..…………………………….. is.

8. Don`t buy as much cheese as the last time. less Buy …………………………………….. the last time.

9. He is noisier than his brothers. noisy His brothers are ………………………………………….. is. 10. This ring is much more valuable than that one.

far That ring is ………………………………………. this one. 11. He is the best teacher in the school.

good No one else in the school is …………………………………. he is. 12. My car is not so fast as his.

much His car …………………………………………………… mine. 13. French isn`t such a difficult language as Chinese.

more Chinese is ……………………………………… French. 14. Sue is more patient than Emily.

as Emily isn`t ………………………………….. is. 15. Sally dresses more smartly than Pam.

less Pam dresses ……………………………………. Sally. 16. They arrived later than we expected.

as They didn`t arrive ………………………………………. expected.

73

INFINITIVE / GERUND / PARTICIPLES

Driving fast is dangerous. It is dangerous to drive fast.

They made him admit (to) his guilt. He was made to admit (to) his guilt.

I prefer driving to flying. I prefer to drive (rather) than fly.

She was too inexperienced to get the job. She wasn`t experienced enough to get the job.

It was difficult for him to do the crossword. He had difficulty (in) doing the crossword. He found it difficult to do the crossword. He could hardly do the crossword.

He`s too ill to go to work. He isn`t well enough to go to work.

We were interested in the lecture. The lecture was interesting to us.

They allowed him to enter the building. They let him enter the building.

Could you clean up the room? Do / Would you mind cleaning up the room? Would you be so kind as to clean up the room?

It took her an hour to prepare the meal. She took an hour to prepare the meal. Preparing the meal too her an hour. She spent an hour preparing the meal. 4. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar mining to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You can use between two and five words. Don`t change the word given.

1. It`s not my decision – it`s yours. up It`s ………………………..……………….. decide.

2. His story amused us and we all laughed. found We ………………………………………. and we all laughed.

3. These tests have to be corrected. need These ……………………..…………………. corrected.

74

4. They thought the way he jumped the fence was amazing. amazed They ……………………………………… he jumped the fence.

5. I prefer reading a book to watching TV. read I prefer …………………………………… watch TV.

6. The headteacher insisted that all the pupils wear school uniform. made The headteacher ……………………………………. school uniform.

7. It is said that this diet is rich in vitamins. be This diet …………………………………….. rich in vitamins.

8. He finds it difficult to address large audiences. has He ……………………………… large audiences.

9. Let`s go shopping in town. about What ………………………………….. in town?

10. Would you be so kind as to move over a little? mind Would you mind moving over a little?

11. The horror film was terrifying. were We ……………………………………. the horror film.

12. He spent hours wallpapering the sitting room. took It …………………………..……………. the sitting room.

13. She put on suntan oil because she didn`t want to get burnt. avoid She put on suntan oil ………………………………… burnt.

14. Sarah prefers to ski rather than to ice-skate. to Sarah ………………….……………………. ice-skating.

15. Dad didn`t allow me to drive his car. let Dad …………………….…………………….. his car.

16. As you feel weak, you should cancel your trip suggest I ……………………………. Your trip as you feel weak.

75

PASSIVE VOICE 5. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar mining to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You can use between two and five words. Don`t change the word given.

1. Oxford beat Manchester United in the Cup Final yesterday. beaten Manchester United ...………….………………. in the Cup Final yesterday.

2. Now that I wear contact lenses, the optician tests my eyes every three months. have Now that I wear contact lenses, I …………………… every three months.

3. It`s possible to obtain concert tickets from most major music stores. obtained Concert tickets ……………………………. from most major music stores.

4. Someone stole Mary`s briefcase from her office while she was out. had Mary………………………………….. from her office while she was out.

5. Someone should have already made all the arrangements for the business meeting.

been All the arrangements ………………………….…. for the business meeting.

6. The dentist extracted two of Steve`s teeth yesterday. got Steve …………………….…………………………. yesterday.

7. Peter had fed the dog by the time Sheila came back. been The dog ……………………………………. by the time Sheila came back.

8. Flooding has damaged many major roads in the city. have Many major roads in the city …………………………………… flooding.

9. Most people think society`s problems are the result of unemployment. thought It …………….……………… society`s problems are the result of unemployment.

10. The optician mended my glasses. had

I …………………………………………………… my glasses.

76

11. The bus driver insisted that the noisy passenger get off the bus. made The noisy passenger ………………….………………….. the bus.

12. People think that hard work is the key to success in life. thought Hard work …………………….…………… the key to success in life.

13. The au pair makes our beds every day. made We ……………………………………… the au pair every day.

14. The Whites arrived here two hours ago. been The Whites …………………………………………………. two hours.

15. He persuaded his brother to lend him his car. got He ………………………………………. him his car.

16. Someone spilt fruit juice over Sophie`s new white dress. had Sophie …………………………. over her new white dress.

REPORTED SPEECH 6. Complete the following sentences using the words in bold.

1. He reminded me to post the letter. told He ………told me not to forget…………. To post the letter.

2. “Let`s try that new Thai restaurant,” she said. trying She ……………………………….. new Thai restaurant.

3. “Yes, I gave away your secter,” she said. giving She ………………………………………….. my secret.

4. “I`m sorry I lost the book you lent me,” he said. apologized He ………………………………… the book I had lent him.

77

5. “Don`t go too near the edge of the cliff,” they said to us. warned They ……………………………… too near the edge of the cliff.

6. “No, I didn`t steal the company`s money,” the manager said. having The manager ………………………………… the company`s money.

7. “What shall I do?” she said. wondered She ……………………………………………….. do.

8. “You`ve caused a lot of pain to my family,” she said to him. of She ……………………………………. a lot of pain to her family.

9. He told the manager he was dissatisfied with the service. about He …………………………………………… the service. 10. “You must apply for the teaching post,” he said to me.

on He ………………………………………….. the teaching post. 11. “I`d like you to come to Paris with me,” he said to her.

go He ……………………………………… to Paris with him. 12. “Please, please don`t give us any homework,” they said to the teacher.

not They …………………………………. give them any homework. 13. “That`s how I managed to escape,” he said to me.

how He …………………………………….. he had managed to escape. 14. “I`ll never forget our anniversary again,” he said.

would He ………………………………. their anniversary again. 15. “You should try to find another job,” he said to me.

me He ……………………………………….. to find another job. 16. “Yes, it was a very dull lecture,” she said.

that She ………………………………….. a very dull lecture. 17. “No, I won`t tell you where I was last night,” he said to her.

her He ………………………………. where he had been the night before.

78

CONDITIONALS / WISHES / UNREAL PAST 7. Complete the following sentences using the words in bold.

1. She would have stayed longer, but the babysitter needed to leave at 9.00. not If the babysitter …..had not needed to leave…….. at 9.00, she would have stayed longer.

2. We stopped at the service station. Otherwise, we would have run out of petrol. not If ……………………………. at the service station, we would have run out of petrol.

3. Tim couldn`t have found the treasure without the map. for But …………….………………….. , Tim couldn`t have found the treasure.

4. I would have bought you a present but I didn`t know that it was your birthday. wish I …………………………… it was your birthday: I would have bought you a present.

5. I grabbed his hand. Otherwise, he might have run into the road. case I grabbed his hand ………..……………………………… into the road.

6. It`s a pity I didn`t read that book. wish I …………………………………………….. that book.

7. Ann can organise the concert but somebody must help her. helps Only if somebody ……………………………………… the concert.

8. Helen would have lent you the money but you didn`t ask her. asked If ………………………………….. , she would have lent you the money.

9. I didn`t finish my assignment because I came down with a terrible cold. would If I hadn`t come down with a terrible cold, ……………..… my assignment. 10. I learnt to swim because you encouraged me.

never I …………………………………… to swim if you hadn`t encouraged me. 11. Lee didn`t drive me to the airport and as a result I missed my flight.

wish I ………….………….. me to the airport: I wouldn`t have missed my flight.

79

12. Kate will move to London but she must find a job first. finds Only if Kate ……………………………………… move to London. 13. You can`t lose weight without doing some exercise.

not Unless you do some exercise, …………………………………….. weight. 14. I`ll mow the lawn tomorrow but only if it`s fine

is Only if it ………………………………………. mow the lawn tomorrow.

PRONOUNS / DETERMINERS 8. Complete the following sentences using the words in bold.

1. The only person he didn`t invite was Sarah. except He ……invited everyone except…………….. Sarah.

2. I have packed everything except my camera. only The ………………………..…………. packed is my camera.

3. He sat alone waiting for his name to be called. by He ………………….……………….. for his name to be called.

4. We haven`t got any information about her travel arrangements. no We ………………………………….. her travel arrangements.

5. I invited Fiona to my party; I invited her husband too. both I invited …………….………………………. to my party.

6. Nothing can make up for the loss of so many human lives. not There is …………………… make up for the loss of so many human lives.

7. You can go anywhere except the chairman`s office. place The …..……………………………… go is the chairman`s office.

8. They say we`ve got plenty of time to spare before the show begins. is They say ……………………………… to spare before the show begins.

80

9. There were several filmstars at the premiere of “Dangerous Liasons”. few There …………………………… at the premiere of “Dangerous Liasons”.

10. I have got little time to spare. not I ………………………………………….. to spare.

11. He said, “Emma is against my resigning and so is John.” nor He said that ……….……………………….. in favour of his resigning.

12. You`ll have to walk a mile to get to the station from here. walk It`s …………………………………………….. to the station.

13. The class was so noisy that nobody could hear him at the back of the room. make The class was so noisy that he …………………… at the back of the room.

14. He told me to leave whenever I felt like it. time He told me …………………………………… felt like it.

15. He believes that reckless drivers should be heavily fined. who He believes that ……………………………….. should be heavily fined.

16. He used another person`s car to go to work this morning. someone He used …………………………………… to work this morning.

17. There wasn`t much we could do to help them. little There ………………………………………….. to help them.

18. He has given us much encouragement. deal He has given us ……………………………… encouragement.

19. Let`s go to some other place to do our shopping. else Let`s go ………………………………… our shopping.

20. He said that I could do whatever I wanted as long as it was legal. anything He said that I ……………………………… as long as it was legal.

81

IDIOMS

82

I be at a loss for words:

be on good terms (with sb):

be in sb`s shoes:

be in a good mood:

be broke:

do one`s best:

do sb a favour:

do (sth) for a living:

be so surprised that one does not know what to say

be friendly (with sb)

be in sb`s position

feel happy

have no money at all

try as hard as possible

do sth to help sb

have a job and earn money

1. Fill in the correct idiom. I was so shocked by the news that I …………………………………… . Look what you`ve done! I would like to ……………… when Mum gets

home. “What do you ……………………?” “I work as a nurse.” After the divorce, they didn`t talk for months, but now they ……………. with

each other. I don`t get paid until Friday, so now I …………………………… . Although he ………………………. , he didn`t win the race. Could you ……………… ? If you`re going out, could you get me some milk? Now is a good time to ask for a rise because the boss ……………………… .

have a good time:

have the time of one`s life:

have an early night:

fall in love with:

get along with:

get into a mess:

get on sb`s nerves:

get rid of sb/sth:

give sb one`s word:

enjoy oneself (opp: have a bad time)

experience a period of exceptional happiness

go to bad early

begin to feel romantic love for sb

be on friendly terms

get into a difficult situation

irritate sb

remove or dispose of sb/sth

make a promise

83

2. Fill in the correct idiom. He ………………………….. that he would never lie to her again. Did he buy you flowers again? I think he ……………………. you. I ……………………….. my colleagues in my new job. I really like it there. I`m sure I will ………………………… at the party tonight. I`m so tired. I think I will ……………………. . I ……………………… on my honeymoon. We went to Venice. John ……………………… . He never stops talking in class. He spent too much money and …………………. with his credit card

payments. I think you should …………………………... those old jeans. They`re full of

holes.

get in touch with sb:

keep in touch with sb:

keep sth quiet:

keep an eye on sth:

keep one`s head:

keep one`s fingers crossed:

make oneself at home:

make room (for sth):

make sure:

communicate with sb one hasn`t seen recently

maintain contact by visiting, writing etc

keep sth in secret

guard sth

remain calm

wish for good luck

act and feel as if one were in one`s own house

allow enough free space

check

3. Fill in the correct idiom. Always ………………………… the cooker is off when you leave the house. She asked Mark to …………………. the children while she went to the shop. Peter promised to ………………… me after he moved away, but he hasn`t

written yet. I don` know if they`ll give me the job but I …………………… that they will. When the fire started, David managed to ……………. and get everyone out

of the room. I`ll tell you what we`re planning if you promise to ……………….. . You can watch TV, get yourself a juice or do whatever you like.

Just ……….……….. . We must ……………. everyone we invited to the party and tell them it`s

been cancelled. You can …………………. the new sofa by moving the table.

84

4. Translate into Russian. 1. «Не пропадай», – бросил он вслед. 2. «Понаблюдай пока за ним, а потом мы решим, что нам делать», – сказал детектив Блейк своему подчинtнному. 3. Они постарались избавить себя от возможной неприятной ситуации. 4. Потрясение было так велико, что в первый момент я не мог сказать ни слова. 5. Сохраняйте спокойствие, что бы ни случилось. 6. В той ситуации он сделал все, что от него зависело. 7. Он пообещал, что их разговор не покинет пределы этой комнаты. 8. «Сдаю историю», – сказала она. – «Пожелайте мне удачи», –добавила она и зашла в кабинет. 9. Мне не хотелось бы быть на твоем месте в тот момент. 10. Никогда бы не подумала, что он так хорошо ладит с детьми. 11. Странно, но в этом городе я чувствую себя как дома. 12. Убедись, что они правильно поняли все мои указания. 13. Если хочешь попросить у шефа прибавку к зарплате, можешь сделать это сейчас, он в хорошем настроении. 14. Сейчас я без гроша, иначе я не отказался бы от возможности посетить Рим. 15. Будь любезен, сделай радио потише. 16. Отец никогда не говорил, что он делает, чтобы раздобыть средства к существованию. 17. У нее на уме одни развлечения. 18. У него снова неприятности. 19. Твое хныканье раздражает меня.

II

make a fortune:

make a fuss:

make up one`s mind:

make a living:

drop sb a line:

break a record:

break sb`s heart:

cut a long story short:

make a lot of money

complain loudly

decide

earn money

send sb an informal letter

make a new record

make sb very sad

tell sb sth briefly

5. Fill in the correct idiom. There`s no point going into details. To ………………. , he simply isn`t right

for the job. There`s no need to ……………… just because I don`t wash up. I`ll do it

later. Please …………………. while you`re in Germany.

85

I can`t ………………….. where to buy a Porsche or BMW. Her fiancé ……………………. when he left her. John Spencer …………………… in business and became a millionaire. The old lady manages to ………………….. by selling flowers. The athlete ………………. at the last Olympics.

take sth into account:

take place:

give sb a hand:

give sb a ring:

take a look:

put the blame on sb:

put an end to sth:

no kidding?:

(do sth) behind someone`s

back:

regard, consider

occur, happen

help sb

telephone sb

look at sth quickly

say sb is responsible for sth bad

end sth completely

use to express surprise or irony

act without sb else`s knowledge

6. Fill in the correct idiom. During the war, most of the fighting ………………….. in the mountains. If you can`t come to my house tonight, can you at least ……………… so we

can decide about tomorrow? When you buy a house, you should always …………… location ……………

. Susan ……………… in the garden, so I didn`t have to do it all myself after

all. Can you …………………. at my composition and see if there are any

mistakes? Don`t try to …………………. your sister. I know the accident was your fault. “I`m top of my class this term.” “ ……………….. ? I`m glad you`re doing

so well.” Don`t talk about me …………………. . If ther`s a problem, tell me to my

face. The government is trying to ………….. crime by putting more policemen on

the streets.

86

feel/be/look worn out:

learn by heart:

lose one`s heart:

lose heart:

lose ones temper:

change one`s mind:

tell the world:

spend money like water:

feel/be/look exhausted

memorise

panic; lose self-control

become discouraged

become angry

decide to do sth different

tell everyone

spend money quickly or in large amounts

7. Fill in the correct idiom. He …….. completely …………. after working for twelve hours without a

break. If there`s a fire in the building, it is important to stay calm and not to

………………… . I know some lines from the “Iliad”, but I wouldn`t like to have to ……… it

all ……… . When Kelly agreed to marry him, he was so happy he wanted ……………….

. You`ll never be rich because you ………………………………. . I was going to go out last night, but then I ………………. and stayed at

home. Don`t ……………………. Just because you failed your driving test – I`m

sure you`ll pass eventually. When Billy didn`t stop talking, the teacher …………………… and made him

go out of the class.

8. Translate into Russian. 1. «Вкратце могу сказать, что мы так ничего и не решили», – сказал он. 2. Она выглядела совершенно изнуренной после нескольких бессонных ночей. 3. Спустя несколько лет мы случайно узнали, что он крупно разбогател, создав свою компанию. 4. Почему ты мне не позвонил? 5. Мы должны принять во внимание все вышеупомянутые факты. 6. Главное в подобной ситуации не падать духом. 7. Она вышла из себя из-за невообразимой выходки своей подруги. 8. Он так был рад, что ему хотелось рассказать о свей новости всему миру. 9. Я собирался уехать вчера, но передумал. 10. Он создал большой ажиотаж вокруг своей обожаемой племянницы. 11. Он решил добиться своей цели во что бы то ни стало. 12. Похоже, что они что-то замышляют за его

87

спиной. 13. Черкни пару строк, как приедешь. 14. Никто уже так и не смог побить его рекорд. 15. Ты разбиваешь мне сердце своими словами. 16. Если он будет тратить так много денег, он разорится. 17. Почему ты пытаешься свалить вину на меня? 18. Прежде чем зайти в кабинет адвоката он ещё раз взглянул на документы. 19. Я считаю, что он должен положить конец этому бессмысленному переживанию.

III

fit like a glove:

sleep like a log:

have sth on the tip of one`s

tongue:

out of the blue:

by and large:

take it easy:

in a flash:

(of clothes) fit very well

sleep very deeply

(be) on the point of remembering and saying sth

suddenly and unexpectedly

mainly

don`t be worried or excited

very quickly

9. Fill in the correct idiom. I`m going next door, but I`ll be back …………………………. . Everything will be all right! Just …………………………. ! She went to the best dressmaker to ensure that her wedding dress

……………. . There`re a few problems, but ……………………… it`s a good plan. I …………………….. last night in spite of the storm. We were discussing politics when, ………………. , she started talking about

her daughter`s boyfriend. She couldn`t quite remember the man`s name but she

………………………… .

be hard on sb:

be short of:

treat sb in a strict or unfair way

not have enough

88

be sound asleep:

be flat out:

be out of work:

be out of practice:

be sleeping deeply

be exhausted

be unemployed

lack practice

10. Fill in the correct idiom. I ………………. – I think I`d better go to bed. You mustn`t ………………… your daughter – she`s doing the best she can. George ………………………. for nearly a year before he found a job. I ……………………. money this week – can I pay you next week? By the end of the film my friend ………………………. on the sofa. I`d like to play tennis, but I`m completely …………….. so I`m sure I`ll

lose.

in cold blood:

make one`s blood boil:

ring a bell:

work a miracle:

in black and white:

against all odds:

without any feeling of remorse

make sb angry

sound familiar

make sth that seems impossible happen

in writing

despite the difficulties

11. Fill in the correct idiom. ………………………….. he managed to win the race. I want everything …………………… before I sign anything. The decorators ………………… when they transformed our attic into a

luxury bedroom. The murderer killed his victim ……………………………... . Her name …………………….. , but I couldn`t remember where I`d heard it. My brother …………………. When he told me he had crashed my car.

89

12. Translate into Russian. 1. «Подсудимый хладнокровно убил свою жертву», – заявило обвинение. 2. Феликс начал понимать, что он был с ней слишком суров. 3. «Смотри на вещи проще, не принимай все так близко к сердцу», – посоветовал мне мой старший коллега. 4. «Поторопись, у нас мало времени», – крикнула Молли, спускаясь вниз по лестнице. 5. Все задания должны быть выполнены в письменной форме. 6. Этот костюм подходит тебе идеально. 7. Из-за недостатка опыта его приняли на менее престижную должность. 8. Пока я без работы я не могу себе позволить поехать за границу. 9. После тяжелой работы он крепко спал. 10. Нам удалось решить проблемы несмотря на все трудности. 11. Помнишь человека, который сделал этот сундук? – Что-то такое припоминаю. 12. Ее безразличие жутко меня злит. 13. Я думаю, что ты не сможешь разбудить его, потому что он спит очень крепко. 14. Имя этого ученого вертится у меня на языке, но я никак не могу его вспомнить. 15. Твоя новость как гром среди ясного неба. 16. В общем и целом ваша работа соответствует всем требованиям. 17. Мы доберемся туда в мгновение ока. 18. Этот хирург самый лучший в нашей стране, он просто творит чудеса.

IV

Numeral quiz 13. Insert the appropriate word.

1. in the ____________ heaven 2. ____________ winks 3. the ____________ corners of the earth 4. in ___________ minds 5. ___________ can play at that game 6. to look like a _________ dollars 7. ___________ bites of the cherry 8. as like as __________ peas 9. to have ___________ over the __________

10. at ___________ and ___________ 11. to put _________ and _________ together (and make ___________ ) 12. at the _____________ hour 13. on all ___________ 14. to kill __________ birds with _________ stone

90

15. a ____________ 64 dollar question 16. __________ is company ____________ is a crowd 17. a _________ track mind 18. _____________ hours a day 19. the ___________ plus 20. a ___________ letter word 21. ____________ days wonder 22. the ____________ Commandments 23. the ____________ Sisters

Anatomical quiz

14. Insert the appropriate word. 1. It hasn`t got a _____________ to stand on. 2. The dinner is formal. If you don`t wear the correct clothes you`ll stick out like

a sore _______________ . 3. Come on, shake a ___________ . It`s time to be up. 4. His __________ are all ____________ . 5. Shakespeare is ____________ and ___________ above his cotemporaries. 6. Hold your _____________ ! 7. I hope I`m not treating on anyone`s ______________ . 8. Will you lend me a _____________ . 9. This affair can`t last much longer: it`s on its last ____________ . 10. I`ve a ___________ to pick with you over that matter. 11. I don`t know what it is, can`t put my ____________ on it. 12. There, you`ve put your ____________ in it again. 13. They don`t seem to be particularly willing to put their ___________ into it. 14. That will surely put his _____________ out of joint. 15. I`m up to my ______________ in debts. 16. He`s got a chip on his _____________ today; must have had a quarrel with his

wife. 17. When the old man died his children fought __________ and ___________

over his money.

92

DO

or

MAKE

93

DO means to carry out a specific action, e.g.: Do your homework. MAKE means to create, manufacture, prepare, e.g.: Can you make me a cup of coffee?

DO

one`s best / worst, business with

smb, a crossword, damage to, one`s

duty, an exercise, an experiment,

good, one`s hair, harm, housework,

homework, a job, lessons, smth. for

a living, miracles (for), research,

right/wrong, a service, the shop-

ping, a translation, the washing-up,

work, a favour, a course, etc

MAKE

an appointment, an arrangement, the bed, a

cake, certain, changes, coffee, a deal with smb,

a decision, a discovery, an effort, an excuse, a

fortune, a joke, an impression, improvements, a

mess, a mistake, money, a noise, an offer,

peace, progress, an attempt, trouble, a

translation, preparations, a success of smth,

sure, war, a phone call, a fuss of smth, a go of

smth, a suggestion, a profit, a face, a point of

smth etc

Expressions with do and make:

do without = manage without do away with = abolish do out of = prevent from having ( by deceit ) make for = move in the direction of make of = think ( opinion ) make off = leave hurriedly make up for = compensate for make up to = be nice to in order to get smth. do up = 1. fasten 2. renovate 3. put into a bundle make out = 1. claim 2. manage to see 3. understand 4. write 5. complete

94

make up = 1. compose 2. invent 3. put some cosmetics on 4. constitute 5. form

Exercises 1. Here are some different ways in which do up, make up and make out can be used. What is the meaning of the phrasal verb in each case?

1. Take this prescription to the chemist and she`ll make it up for you. 2. Can you make out the little grey house on the shore? 3. A human being is made up of many, often conflicting, desires. 4. If you do up the newspapers, I`ll take them to be recycled. 5. I find it impossible to make Jo out. 6. Let`s advertise the talk in the hope of making up the numbers a bit. 7. He made out that he had never loved anyone else. 8. We`re planning to do up our bathroom at the weekend.

2. Add the necessary prepositions or particles to complete this story.

Last weekend we decided to start doing ……… our bedroom. We agreed that we could do ………. the old fireplace in the corner. As we began to remove it from the wall we found some old pictures done ……… in a bundle behind a loose brick. At first we could not make ……… what was in the pictures but we wiped them clean and realised they all depicted the same young man. We spent an enjoyable evening making ……… stories to explain why the pictures had been hidden.

3. Replace the underlined word(s) with a suitable expression with do / make. 1. I`m going to prepare lunch tomorrow. 2. Let`s go to the city centre and find a restaurant on the way. 3. I`ll clean the house at the weekend. 4. I usually buy my food on Saturday morning.

95

5. What do you think of him? 6. They both want to become rich. 7. He left hurriedly as soon as he heard their car turn into the drive. 8. When are they going to decide? 9. The superb food at the hotel compensated for the uncomfortable rooms. 10. She is definitely improving. How many driving lessons has she had now? 11. She is going to organize a party for her birthday. 12. He prevented me from having my rightful inheritance. 13. When do you take your next exam? 14. Slavery was not abolished until the nineteenth century.

4. Insert DO or MAKE. 1. You must ……. a decision now. 2. To …… a fortune you have to ……. a lot of hard work. 3. I …….. an appointment to see the optician. 4. After he …….. his homework, he found he …….. a mistake. 5. This drug can …….. miracles for people with back problems. 6. They ……. a lot of changes in the town center recently. 7. You …….. the right thing by telling the police. 8. He …….. an archaeological discovery. 9. After being ill for twp weeks, he is now …… an excellent recovery. 10. She ………. a lot of research in the field of medicine. 11. I ……… an arrangement to meet him at the cinema yesterday. 12. It is important that you ……. exercise in order to keep fit. 13. All that smoking ……. you harm. 14. He ……… an excuse and left the office in a hurry. 15. I always tried …….. my best, but she was never satisfied. 16. He ……. some research into ancient religions at the moment. 17. If you don`t ……… an effort, you won`t ……….. any progress. 18. I …… a one-week course in word processing.

5. Translate into English. 1. Он вынужден был что-то сделать, чтобы отвлечься от своих грустных

мыслей. 2. Она хотела накраситься и напудриться, прежде чем идти на вечер. 3. Они должны послужить примером. 4. Теперь он отправился в Эдинбург. Я просто не знаю, что о нем думать. 5. Если бы мы могли увидеть землю, мы бы поняли, где мы находимся.

96

6. Я не имею ничего общего с этим человеком. 7. Она будет ему хорошей женой. 8. Эта работа должна быть сделана незамедлительно, во что бы то ни стало. 9. Чтобы добиться успеха в учебе, необходимо делать все регулярно. 10. В настоящее время Ниссан производит автомобили на двух заводах в

Европе. 11. Не будет вреда, если мы хотя бы выслушаем его смелое предложение. 12. Почему ты делаешь все, чтобы вывести меня из себя. 13. Вы делаете успехи: Ваши ошибки уже не столь многочисленны, как это

было раньше. 14. На экзамене он сделал несколько ошибок. 15. Нам придется обойтись без переводчика. 16. Она согласилась выполнить эту работу? 17. Я не смог раздобыть лодку, поэтому я должен идти весь путь пешком. 18. Мы обычно занимались делами на Гранд-стрит. 19. Что сделано, то сделано (Сделанного не воротишь). 20. После ужина она помыла посуду. 21. Я сделаю все, что в моих силах, чтобы быть ей полезным. 22. Они выбрали ее председателем. 23. Она приложила все свои силы, чтобы выиграть гонки. 24. Я люблю, чтобы мясо было хорошо прожарено. 25. Он станет хорошим управляющим. 26. Она украшала цветами бесчисленное количество общественных обедов. 27. Я не могу решить эту задачу. 28. Я упорно, но медленно двигался в их направлении.

97

AMERICAN

ENGLISH

98

AMERICAN AND BRITISH ENGLISH.

American spelling is usually simpler. For example, British English words ending in -our and -re, end in -or and -er in American English, e.g. colour/color, enter/center. Words ending -ise in British English end in -ize in American English. There are differences in individual words too, e.g. British ‘plough’ becomes ‘plow’.

Here are some common US words with their British equivalents.

Travel and on the street American British English English

In the home American British English English

gasoline petrol truck lorry baggage luggage sidewalk pavement crosswalk zebra crossing line queue vacation holiday parking lot car park freeway/highway motorway round trip return one way single railway car railway carriage engineer (on train) engine driver baby carriage pram subway underground

antenna aerial elevator lift eraser rubber apartment flat closet wardrobe yard garden drapes curtains flashlight torch Scotch tape sellotape cookie biscuit candy sweets bathroom, rest room toilet, WC garbage, trash rubbish diaper nappy pantyhose tights french fries chips

Note: the fall = autumn, semester = term (academic) [semester is becoming more common in Britain.] Here are some words and phrases which can cause confusion when used by Brits and Americans talking together because they mean something different in each ‘language’:

American English British English check bill undershirt vest underpants pants pants trousers vest waistcoat the ground floor/the first floor the ground floor the second floor the first floor wash the dishes wash up

wash up wash your hands

99

1. Translate the following into British English. 1. I had a blow-out. 2. Pass me the cookies. 3. It`s in the closet. 4. Open the drapes. 5. We`ve run out of gas. 6. Our bags are in the trunk. 7. One-way or round trip? 8. Buy a one-way ticket. 9. We`re leaving in the fall. 10. I hate waiting in line.

2. Can you avoid some of the most common confusions arising between British and American speakers?

1. Where would you take (a) an American visitor (b) a British visitor who said they wanted to wash up – the kitchen or the bathroom?

2. Which would surprise you more – an American or a British man telling you that he wanted to go and change his pants?

3. You have just come into an unknown office block. If (a) an American (b) a Brit says that the office you need is on the second floor, how many flights of stairs do you need to climb?

4. If (a) an American (b) a Brit asks for a bill, is he or she more likely to be in a bank or a café?

5. Would a man wear a vest under or over his shirt if he is (a) British (b) from the USA?

3. Decide if the speaker is using British English or American English, and cross out the incorrect answer.

We`ve decided to take our holiday / vocation in the autumn / fall this year. At my son`s high school / secondary school the new term / semester starts

next week. I never eat biscuits / cookies or sweets / candies. Put that garbage / rubbish in the dustbin / trashcan. The trousers / pants look nice with that waistcoat / vest. The lorry / truck came past us on the highway / motorway. My apartment / flat is on the fourth / fifth floor but I`m afraid there is no lift /

elevator. The people next door are on holiday / vacation. They`ll be away for a

fortnight / two weeks.

100

We left the car in the car park / parking lot and took the subway / unerground to the center.

My trainers / sneakers are in the wardrobe / closet. 4. This text includes some words used in American English. Underline them and write the British words on the right-hand side. It was getting near lunchtime and I needed some gas, so I left

the interstate and drove towards the nearest town. There was a gas station just outside the town and I decided to stop and have a look round. I put the car in a parking lot and took a cab to the centre. It was midday and very hot, so I stopped at a little café with tables on the sidewalk. I started talking to a truck driver, who gave me a history of the town, and afterwards he took me on a guided tour. It made a very nice break.

5. Complete the table.

American English British English baggage ………………………….. ………………………….. crossway ………………………….. yard french fries ………………………….. drapes diaper ………………………… flashlight

…………………………….. stand / wait in queue pram ………………………………tights ………………………………………………………………toilet ………………………………………………………………sellotape ………………………………

101

READING

102

I Text One

You are going to read a newspaper article about a schoolboy race walker. Eight sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A – I the one which fits each gap (1 – 7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A schoolboy with the world at his feet

STUART MONK`S mates hate

walking to school with him . It`s only

10 minutes from the 16-year-old`s

home, even for those going slowly

because they can`t face a maths

lesson. Others, happy that they have

done their homework, will probably

take half that time. [ 0 | I ]

‘Everybody keeps telling me to slow

down when I`m walking with them,’

he admits. [ 1 | ] He happens

to be Britain`s brightest star in the

un-glamorous sport of race walking.

At the national junior

championships in two weeks` time,

he will be trying for a sub-45minute

time in the 10km walk to qualify for

the European Championships.

[ 2 | ] ‘But his times have been

58, 54, 50 and 46 minutes,’ says his

trainer, Pauline Wilson proudly. ‘And

in the last race he had an injury

which slowed him up a bit.

Race walking is a strange sport.

People laugh at it because the number

of walkers who are disqualified during

races. With no technology to help

them, judges have to decide whether

the rules are being broken because a

walker has failed to keep contact with

the ground. Since walkers are going so

fast, it`s hard for them to do so

accurately. Every top walker has been

disqualified from a race at one time or

another.

[ 3 | ] It`s so common that under

the rules you are warned twice before

being thrown out of a race.

Race walking hasn`t been very good

at responding to bad publicity, even

though it`s got a very strong argument

purely on health grounds. It is the

perfect form of exercise, using all the

large muscles, and it causes very few

injuries, even if you`re moving along as

fast as the average cyclist. It`s also a

wonderfully cheap sport. [ 4 | ]

103

His only income comes from

delivering newspapers.

Stuart is already part of his

regional senior team and set a UK

under-20 records when he won the

national Indoor Championships in

February. He is in the middle of

school exams but still found time to

compete in a local race. Before I went

to meet him there I asked Pauline

Wilson how I would recognise him,

‘Don`t worry. [ 5 | ]’, she

replied. And he was.

Pauline is in no doubt about

Stuart`s potential .’It`s very exciting

to see him improve ,’ she says. He is

certainly capable of being part of the

Olympic team one day. To reach that

level, it takes a lot of effort. [ 6 | ]

But he is only 16, so it`s really too

easy to say.’

[ 7 | ] Stuart himself finds it

hard to explain, though Pauline thinks

that it`s a combination of physical

advantages, self-discipline and

maturity. ‘I`m aware of what it takes to

reach the top.’ Says Stuart. It`s a long

walk, but he`s getting there.

A Even Stuart, in his short career, has

had this happen to him twice.

B This makes it just right for a 16-

year-old like Stuart.

C Stuart is determined to win one,

though.

D What is the special talent that

makes Stuart walk faster than most

people can run?

E That would be quite an

achievement for someone who

only took up the sport seriously 12

months ago.

F Stuart has the right mental attitude

and the right discipline.

G However, that isn`t easy for Stuart.

H Stuart will be the one in the lead.

I But Stuart can walk the distance

faster than most people could cycle

it.

104

Text Two You are going to read a newspaper article about a special course for people who are afraid of flying. Eight sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A – I the one which fits each gap (1 – 8). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

All aboard the flight from fear Stuart Rising was terrified of flying. And he was one of the relaxed ones

on a course aimed at curing passengers of air-travel phobia. About 200 of us assembled in the

huge lecture room of the luxury Heathrow airport hotel. [ 1 | ] And we were about to take part in a fear-of-flying course: a seminar conducted by two airline pilots and a psychologist from a leading London hospital.

We sat like attentive school-children, focused on our three teachers. First, we were asked to identify our specific fears and problems. Some did not like take-off and lending. [ 2 | ] Some shared my dislike of being trapped in the seemingly small space of an aircraft.

Our first teacher asked: “Does anyone dislike lifts or travelling on the Underground?” Lots of hands shot up with mine. I felt better already. One person had been struck by terror on an Underground train. [ 3 | ] I was in good company.

Our tutor encouraged us to identify our particular worries and fears connected with air travel. We formed teams and got to know each

other. [ 4 | ] For example, the pilots explained that on take-off there is always a lot of noise as the engines build up power, but nothing is wrong.

The pilots discussed other common fears and worries. People like me, who may feel breathless in inclosed spaces, were reassured that the air in the aircraft is continually being changed. There is always enough air. [ 5 | ] The principles of flight were discussed and the pilots explained that the air travel is, in fact, one of the safest forms of modern transport.

The time had come. We were told to take all the positive action needed. We should be courageous and resolute. Now, if we followed through, we would be able to face our fears of flying and then overcome it.

We were taken to a 747 aircraft. We climbed aboard. I sat beside Betty, the lady who had panicked in the lift. Nervously gripping her armrests, Betty was now minus her

105

smile. The young woman across the aisle from me was in tears. She was scared, but she was on the plane. The engines roared into life; the plane moved forward. [ 6 | ] ‘Fasten your seatbelts, please,’ a silky female voice urged us. How could we resist? We did as we were told and kept cool. Or tried to.

Suddenly we had taken off. We were airborne. We flew from Heathrow airport to the south coast. Dungeness Power Station was clearly visible from the window. On the return to Heathrow, we took it

in turn to visit the flight deck. [ 7 | ]

After we had got off the plane, we burst into the display of emotion, triumphantly laughing and cheering while exchanging hugs and claps on the back. [ 8 | ] We had all faced a serious problem and taken a giant step toward overcoming it. We felt sad for the few who had refused to board the aircraft. The chances are that they will probably never get on any plane.

Me? I`ll soon be flying to America.

A Betty, a middle-aged lady with a lovely smile, admitted that she had panicked while stuck in a lift between floors in a Spanish hotel.

B Betty, delighted to be back on the ground, even gave me a friendly peck on the cheek.

C Everything there was under control and, of course, we understood that the ‘bump’ on landing was quite normal.

D No turning back now. E More strange and potentially

frightening noises occur at other times, such as when the wheels are pulled up.

F Others disliked the movement of the plane when it is hit by air currents.

G However, stress and tension can be brought on simply by shallow breathing: we were therefore encouraged always to take deep, full breaths.

H We were then ready to analyse our problems, which were discussed and critically examined.

I Young, middle-aged and old: what we all had in common was a fear of flying.

106

Text Three You are going to read an article by a journalist who took a residential course for writers. For questions 1 – 7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according the text.

On Monday, 14th November, it rained all day ‘Is this a bad sign?’ I wondered as I asked a local person for direction to the venue for my course. As I was late, I was glad his instructions were brief and clear, but I thought he had a strange expression on his face. “Danger of flooding. Check your brakes,” read the next sign. The sign after that read “Arvon Foundation”, where my course was. It also said “Drive carefully.” I edged toward my destination. It was too late to turn back.

When I`d mentioned that I was going on a writing course my friends` reactions had varied from “Are you running it?” to “You must be mad.” The latter was right, I thought, as I walked into a 16th century farmhouse just before dinner. I was shown to a small room with three beds and a basin. The only bathroom was through another bathroom. For a journalist with wide experience of 5-star hotels, this was a shock.

I took my place at the dinner table and looked at my companions for the next five days; sixteen would be writers, aged 26 – 74. We had two teachers: Deborah, author of ten novels, and Stephen, whose latest work I had been unable to find in one of the biggest bookshops in London. ‘Hi, I`m Stephen,’ he said amiably, sitting down next to me. Without thinking I confessed to my failure in the bookshop, which added to the strain of the occasion for us both.

After dinner, our course in fiction

writing began. “What do you want to get out of your course here?” Stephen inquired, and we each explained our plans. Mine had been a novel. When I`d booked the course, I`d left lots of free time to plot it out, identify the characters and write at least one chapter. But all this time was swallowed by less demanding activities, like going to parties. “Er, a shot story …” I heard myself saying weakly, but at least it sounded like something I could achieve.

It seemed less, so the next day I was faced with the black screen on the word processor I had brought with me. There was nothing between me and my fiction but writer`s block. But professional journalists like me don`t get writer`s block, do they? Wrong. Fortunately, no-one else could get started either.

Towards the end of the morning, I remembered that I had an ancient piece of fiction in my machine. This was a desperate idea but I had to have some-thing to show the teacher before the afternoon`s individual tutorials. Perhaps it could be turned into a short story. It didn`t take more than a quick glance at it to convince me that it could.

Then it was tutorial time. We were due for our 20-minute individual session and nerves were frayed by the threat of cruel assessment. We had heard of idle tutors who refused to read the students` work at all and of frank ones who dared to tell the truth about

107

it, but we were much luckier. Deborah and Stephen were thorough in their preparations. Stephen provided detailed analysis from handwritten notes; Deborah supplied brilliant solutions to tricky problems; both were heartwarmingly encouraging to everyone.

By Thursday evening, the brave were reading their own stories, which provided fascinating insights into their

lives and personalities. Predictably, standard varied from the truly talented to the deeply ungifted, but all were clapped and praised, as they deserved to be. Most of the stories were autobiographical – so how come mine, which I was too cowardly to read – was about a world I know nothing about? And how come I got the distinct impression that Deborah and Stephen thought I`d better stick to journalism?

1. How did the writer feel as she made her way to the course? A confused B annoyed C nervous D determined

2. When the writer arrived to the course, she A felt that some of her friends` reactions had been right. B was disappointed that the building was such an old one. C considered complaining about the lack of facilities. D suspected that it was likely to be badly run.

3. In line 36 ‘my failure’ refers to the fact that the writer A didn`t remember Stephen from the bookshop. B hadn’t found Stephen`s new book. C didn`t realise Stephen worked with Deborah. D could`t start a conversation with Stephen.

4. Before she went on the course, the writer had A managed write a short story to take with her. B decided that writing a novel was going to take too long. C not had as much free time as she`d expected. D not succeeded in putting her plans into action.

108

5. What happened when she sat down to write on the first morning? A She discovered that she could have the same problems as any other

writer. B She realised that something she had written in the past was excellent. C She overcame a problem with the machine she had taken with her. D She decided that her first idea for a story was unlikely to work.

6. What does the write say about the first tutorial? A The teachers didn`t tell them what they really thought of their work. B It was better than those given on some other courses foe writers. C She was more nervous about it than some of the other writers. D She thought that Stephen`s approach wasn`t as useful as Deborah`s.

7. When people read their own stories to the others, A different stories got different reactions. B there was no opportunity for the writer to read hers. C the stories revealed things about their writers. D The writer felt that they were better than hers.

109

Text Four You are going to read an extract from a book about collecting animals for zoos. For questions 1 – 7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according the text.

ON ANY collecting trip, obtaining the animals is, as a rule, the simplest part of the job. As soon as the local people discover that you are willing to buy live wild creatures, the stuff comes pouring in; ninety per cent is, of course, the commoner types, but they do bring an occasional rarity. If you want the really rare stuff, you generally have to go out and find it yourself, but while you are devoting your time to this you can be sure that all the common local animals will be brought in to you. So one might also say that getting the animals is easy: the really hart pard is keeping them once you have got them.

The chief difficulty you have when you have got a newly caught animal is not so much the shock it might be suffering, but the fact that being caught forces it to exist close to a creature it regards as an enemy of the worst possible sort: yourself. On many occasions an animal may take beautifully to being in a cage but getting used to the idea of living with people is another matter. This is the difficulty toy can only deal with by patience and kindness. For month after month an animal may try to bite you every time you approach its cage, until you despair of ever making a favourable impression on it. Then, one day, sometimes without any preliminary warning, it will trot forward and take food from your hand, or allow you to tickle it behind the ears. At such moments you feel that

all the waiting in the world was worth-while.

Feeding, of course, is one of your main problems. Not only must you have a fairly extensive knowledge of what each animal eats in the wild state, but you have to work out something else when the natural food is unavailable, and then to teach the animal to eat it. You also have to provide for their individual likes and dislikes, which vary enormously. I have known a rat which, refusing all normal rat food – fruit, bread, vegetables – lived for three days on an exclusive diet of spaghetti. I have had a group of five monkeys, of the same age and types, who displayed the oddest individual characteristics. Out of five, two loved hard-boiled eggs, while the other three were frightened of the strange white shapes and would not touch them, actually screaming in fear if you put such a terrifying object as hard-boiled egg into their cage. These five monkeys all adopted oranges but, whereas four would carefully peel their fruit and throw away the skin, the fifth would peel his orange equally carefully and then throw away the orange and eat the peel. When you have a collection of several hundred creatures all displaying such curious characteristics, you are sometimes driven mad in your efforts to satisfy their desires, and so keep them healthy and happy.

But of all the irritating tasks that

110

you have to undertake during a collecting trip, bringing the baby animals up by hand is undoubtedly the worst. To begin with, they are generally stupid over taking a bottle and there is nothing quite so unattractive as struggling with a baby in a sea of warm milk. And then they have to be kept warm, especially

at night, and this means (unless you take them to bed with you, which is often the answer) you have to get up several times during the night to refill hot-water bottles. After a hard day`s work, to drag yourself out of bed at three in the morning to see to hot-water bottles is an occupation that soon loses its charm.

1 What does the writer say about getting hold of animals? A The best solution is to collect most of them yourself. B Dealing with local collectors takes a lot of time. C Collecting large numbers of animals is usually no problem. D Local people may not understand how rare some animals are.

2 What is the main problem with an animal that just been caught? A It is frightened to be near humans. B It has been badly shocked by its experience. C It does not like being with other animals. D It will try to break out of its cage.

3 How does the writer treat new animals in his collection? A He keeps away from those that bite. B He tries to build up a relationship with them. C He feeds them by hand every day. D He keeps them separate for several months.

4 How does the writer make sure the animals have a good diet? A He collects food for them from their natural home. B He gives them a variety of fruit, bread and vegetables. C He mixes food they dislike in with their favourites. D He finds alternatives to their natural food if necessary.

111

5 What do we learn about the five monkeys? A Some of them did not want eggs in their cage. B One of them did not know how to peel an orange. C Some of them were frightened to eat anything. D One of them threw his orange at the others.

6 The writer says that with a large collection of animals, it is A impossible to keep them all in cages. B a problem to control their natural curiosity. C crazy to expect them all to be healthy. D hard work to give each one what it wants.

7 What problem that the writer have at night? A He has to work with the baby animals until 3 a.m. B He keeps the baby animal`s cages in his bedroom. C He has to keep getting up to look after the babies. D The babies have to be given regular warm drinks.

112

III

Text Five You are going to read a magazine article about companies which develop photographs. For questions 1 – 14, choose from the companies (A – E). some of the companies may be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. There is an example at the beginning (0). _____________________________________________________________________________

Of which company or companies are the following stated?

It takes a day for the prints to be returned to the shop. 0 A

It offers services at different prices. 1

The writer had chosen a good day on which to use it. 2

It failed to do anything within the period it guaranteed. 3

Everything about the packaging was fine. 4 5

The photos were accompanied by advertising material. 6

The writer was confused about what to do. 7

There was no protection for the negatives. 8

The writer`s experience of it was better than that of later customers.

9

It lets you choose whether to be sent advertising material or not.

10

The writer used it because another service was not available. 11

Its methods appear more scientific than another`s company`s.

12

Other people could see the photos being developed. 13

It may give customers their money back. 14

113

Photograph Developers When having your precious holiday photographs developed, how much difference is there between companies? STELL YARROW tested five of them. Film Plus

A

This wasn`t first choice. I`d intended to try out another company first, but the machinery in the branch I visited was being replaced (the shop had neglected to tell me this when I rang the day before). The service at Film Plus, in keeping with its low-cost image, is of the Do-it-Yourself variety. Customers fill in details on an envelope and deposit their films in a container. After laboriously completing the form (having had some difficulty understanding the prices and instructions), I realised the films are picked up only once a week, on Thursday, for returning on the Friday. Luckily this was Wednesday. But even if I`d waited longer, it`s hard to complain at this price. Packaging: Flimsy, and the strips of the negatives were all in one sleeve, not separated once as they should have been.

Quickprint B

The film was processed in the shop`s own mini-laboratory, where technicians in white coats operated mysterious-looking machinery. The prints were ready within the hour, as guaranteed, and there was nothing to criticise in the service. I was lucky, though: my pictures were the last to be developed before they ran out of paper and the service was halted, to the annoyance of the queue of customers. The service is cheaper if you are prepared to wait longer for your pictures. Packaging: Reasonably strong and the negatives were properly sleeved.

Photo Express C

medicines or shampoo. The snaps were ready within the hour, as advertised, and chipper than Quickprint. Packaging: The negatives were in a separate bag in separate sleeves and they and the photos were in a strong envelope made of card.

Snapshots

D The prints from this mail-order company were slightly better than those of its competitor, Pictureland, but it trailed behind on service. It promised that the mail-order envelpes I requested would arrive within three days; they took five. A second batch I asked for when the first didn`t turn up took a week. The prints were returned to me ten days after the film was posted to the company, although the company says prints are returned within seven to nine days of posting. At such a rock-bottom price, the company doesn`t throw in a free film – but I was sent a mass of leaflets for more expensive sister companies, which do. Packaging: Flimsy, but the negatives were satisfactorily packed.

Pictureland E

The mail-order envelopes I asked for turned up a day later than promised, but the service was otherwise efficient. The company guaranteed you a refund if it doesn`t get the snaps back to you within seven days. It met this target, just took seven days to get to me. Snapshots on the other hand, didn`t offer such a guarantee and took longer. One fault with Pictureland is that you must

114

I went to the branch of this chain of mini-laboratories based in a local chemist`s shop. The set-up looked less laboratory- like than Quickprint, with the machinery turning out lines of strangers` family snapshots in view of customers buying

ring a special number if you don`t want to be flooded with brochures and leaflets in future. Packaging: The negatives were lying loose in the envelope and could easily have been badly damaged.

Text Six

You are going to read a review from a music magazine. For questions 1 – 15, choose from the albums reviewed (A – E). some of the alboms may be chosen more than

115

once. When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. _____________________________________________________________________________

Of which album(s) are the following statements true?

Additional interesting material comes with the album. 1

All the music is taken from public performances. 2

Some of the music has not been heard in public before. 3

The album contains music recorded after one of the performers died.

4

One of the items has recently been a bit hit. 5

The new version of the album contains more items than the original.

6 7

The album was produced after musical experiments. 8

The recordings show how artists can find it difficult to keep up standards.

9 10

The playing on the album lacks originality. 11

The majority of the music does not live up to its description. 12

The title of the album was taken from a programme about the performers.

13

The original album was made to meet legal obligations. 14

It is much better than similar albums. 15

Re-releases MIKE BURWOOD looks at a selection of music albums which are

making their second appearance on the recording scene. AMPLIFIED HEART by Everything But The Girl

simply to satisfy the requirements of Elton`s contract with his record company. At that time, it consisted of ten songs put

116

A

Most records buyers probably weren`t even aware of this album`s original release 18 months ago. Everything But The Girl`s seventh studio LP created hardly any interest among a public for whom the band`s brand of guitar playing had long been little more than a feeble copy of other musicians. Re-released now, following the huge success of the popular single Missing, the album`s selection of basically pointless songs seems more tired than ever. Only the new version of Missing makes any lasting impression and provides a reminder of the power once found at the heart of Everything But The Girl`s music. A GREAT DAY IN HARLEM by Various Artists

B

At last, an alternative to the terrible collections so often sold as introductions to jazz! A Great Day in Harlem is based on a delightful documentary of the same name which tells the story of how some of the finest musicians in jazz history came to be photographed together in front of a New York building in 1958. Excellent examples of the work of 18 of them are found on the 12 recording with dates ranging from 1936 to 1994. Particular success are Count Basie with his band, including Lester Young, and Charles Mingus`s original version of Goodbye Pork Pie Hat, written in memory of the same Lester Young only two months late after his death and less than a year after the original photo was taken. HERE AND THERE by Elton John

C

This was originally produced in 1976

together from shows in London and New York, but it has now explained to a great-est live hits’ format with 16 more songs from those nights. Three of these – Whatever Gets You Through The Night, Lucy in The Sky With Diamonds and I Saw her Standing There – feature John Lennon in his last onstage appearance. WHO`S NEXT by The Who

D

Considered by many to be the band`s best, 1971`s Who`s Next was their only Number 1 album. Like many projects, it was developed from an earlier idea, in this case an attempt to combine rock-music opera with the limited technology of the time. With seven extra songs, four of them previously unreleased, notes by one of the band members and previously unseen photographs, this is definitely a collector`s item. KING OF THE DRUMS by Sandy Nelson

E

Despite the enthusiasm of the accompanying notes, this album really centers on just one masterpiece – the 1961 instrumental hit Let There Be Drums, with its marvellous rhythmes and rousing guitar-playing. Let There Be Drums actually followed another hit – the inferior Teen Beat – and Nelson spent the remainder of the 1960s trying unsuccessfully to produce similar hits. All these attempts are gathered among the 24 pieces here and this album provides a lesson in just how short a musician`s stay at the top can be.

117

IV Text Seven

You are going to read an newspaper article about a company that manufactures diving equipment. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A – I for each part (1 –8) of the article. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.

A Satisfying safety controls was the most important concern.

B Safety demands in the diving industry are growing rapidly.

C Pressure came from other companies. D The company met the demands of a new market. E The success of the early years seemed likely to

continue. F There are advantages for a small company. G A decision to change the direction was made. H Preparations have been made to control the

company size. I It started with a swim.

Well suited For shark-filled

waters

1

FOR THE Brennan family, what began

specialist water safety and survival market.

2

The family`s interest in water sports began in 1965 and led to its decision to set up Sea Sports to supply the rapidly growing water leisure industry. Over the next seven years the business grew steadily, becoming a limited company 1972. This was a time of expansion,

118

as a dip in the sea grew a into a successful water sports business, which then went on to win a place for itself in the

particularly in Europe.

3

The firm then found itself under threat from cheaper imports. According to Jane Nye, daughter of the founder of the company, the competition forced them to lower their prices and highlighted the difficulties of a small manufacturing company whose products are easily copied. The company was forced to release half its 50-strong workforce. “It was a serious blow as we had been growing. We were successful and then that came along,” Mrs Nye explained.

4

“It was agreed that we needed to move into the area of safety products for the diving industry,” she said. The company used its knowledge of the world of diving to find markets where there was little competition. “The point about products in the safety and survival markets is that they are covered by regulations. Many companies do not have the quality system that would satisfy these.”

5

In order to reach this specialist market, the company established a new department in 1979, to produce safety equipment. It won contracts to supply large organisations with emergency

6

The long development process meant working closely with an institute of Health and Safety, and an institute of Naval Medicine as well as leading scientists in the field. “You`re talking about products that involve people so you have medical regulations and all kinds of procedures to go through in order to be able to develop products and do manned testing – all of that is a very lengthy and costly process,” Mrs Nye said.

7

Throughout, she has been determined to get the most from the workforce. The lines of communication within the company match its size. “Everyone can talk to me; it`s not as if the management is remote from the people who are working here – we are a unit that works together and the managers are all very accessible,” Mrs Nye said.

8

Now, with further growth in its sights, the group plans to take on extra staff but does not plan for a workforce of more than 75. “We have concentrated on equipping people in

119

breathing equipment and tough sea wear. “At that time, they were looking for better solutions to deep-sea diving and they came to companies like us and said “What can you do?” They liked the ideas that we put forward and so we got the work,” Mrs Nye said.

the organisation with a lot of skills. We have trained and invested heavily in this so that staff can move wherever they are needed. We`re a small specialist company – we`ll grow but not out of proportion.”

Text Eight

You are going to read an article about fashion shows. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A – I for each part (1 –7) of the article. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.

A Having new ideas

B Keeping things under control

C Making the clothes

D Who`s going to wear the clothes?

E Disappointments to overcome

F Everything depends on the show

G Making it all looking attractive

H It`s worth all the stress

I No time off for designers

Fashion shows

Putting on a fashion show is not as glamorous as it looks – Sharon Stanfield finds out what the stress is all about.

120

1

The shows – Milan, London, and Paris – are over for another season. Fashion journalists can put down their notebooks with a sigh of relief, and buyers can return to their officers. For the designers, there is hardly time to congratulate themselves or lick their wounds before the whole business starts all over again. In just four months they must have their next collection of clothes ready for the March shows.

2 Over the next few months, designers

and their creative teams will work together to create a spectacle that will hopefully fire the imagination of the fashion journalists and wake up the buyers. If the show`s a failure and no-one wants to buy, the designer could out of work. There`s more than models` bad moods to worry about – show-time is nerve-racking for everyone involved, from the designers to the wardrobe people.

3

Designer Paul Frith describes night-mares of working on a show. ‘It can be

pure madness backstage. That`s the only time I ever wonder why I`m doing it. It just becomes chaos. There`s just so much to think about. I spend the whole time in a state of high anxiety. But when it`s finished, I just can`t wait for the next one. The shows are the reason I do what I do and I get a real thrill out of them.’

4

Paul Frith`s last collection was well

received. But after taking a short break, it was not long before he began to think about his next collection. Designers work a year ahead, so right now they`ll be working on collection that will be in the shops this time next year. However, inspiration is not a thing that can be turned on and off whenever you like, and though designers work to tight schedules,

the designer starts to work with a stylist. Together they decide on how the collection is going to be presented at the shows. This involves deciding what hats, bags, belts, etc. should be used, and the hiring of the creative team – choreographers, producer, hair-stylist and make-up artist. The more money the designer has, the more experts he or she can employ to create a successful show.

7

About a month ago before the show

is due to take place, the stylist will begin to visit modeling agencies. Getting models with the right look is extremely difficult if the budget is tight. Fashion shows have a reputation for being badly paid, and often models

121

Paul Frith explains how creativity can`t be timetabled to suit. “All of a sudden I get this feeling in my head, then I sit down and sketch and it just pours out of me.”

5

Once the designs are on the paper and

the designer has chosen the fabrics he or she wants to work with, the sample collection for the shows can be produced. This is carried out by the design team under the designer`s supervision. Firstly, the cutter makes an initial pattern of the garment from the designer`s sketch. Then a model is made, which is then altered by the designer until it is exactly how they want it. Finally, the perfected patterns are passed over to a machinist.

6

While the garments are being made,

chosen for the show will drop out at the last moment if they get a better paid job, like an advert. However, a show that gets a lot of press coverage can make a new model`s name.

8

When things aren`t certain even up

to the last minute, it`s no wonder there`s an atmosphere of panic backstage. While the designer may be wondering why he or she didn`t take up painting instead of fashion, it is up to the stylist to remain calm and in command. As head of the creative team, the stylist must make sure that everyone knows exactly what they`re doing. There is only one run-through before the real thing and this is when the stylist has to get everyone organised. Whether the show is a triumph or a disaster depends on that.

122

MISCELANEOUS

EXCERCISES

123

1. There is one spelling mistake in each sentence in the following text. Correct the word which is wrongly spelt. (1) The moon is a natural satellite that travels around the earth. (2) As the moon

moves, it seemes to change shape. (3) But it does not change sheipe. (4) It has no

ligth of its own. (5) When we see the moon, we see sonlight reflected off it. (6) We

can see the moon only if the lighted part is torned towards Earth. (7) During the fool

moon, the lighted part of the moon is torned towards Earth. (8) There is no ear on the

moon. (9) And it is very hot in the day-time on it. (10) It appears to have no live.

(11) Many people wanted to lean more about the moon. (12) Long ago, people used

only there eyes to look at the moon. (13) They could not see the moon`s land clealy.

(14) Later, a telescope was invanted. (15) Since then, people have used telescops to

study the moon.

2. There is one spelling mistake in each line in the following text. Write the correct spelling in the space provided at the end of the line. Have you ever thought that a person1s appearence __________________________

revels more than we realise? According to some ___________________________

experts, a persons` face, head, and body can _______________________________

reveal a great deal about personallity. ____________________________________

The art of phrenology studys the form of the ______________________________

head, to be more acurate, the bumps (выпуклость) on it. ____________________

Phrenologists have identified forty bumps of various ________________________

shapes and sises on the human head. They “read” __________________________

these bumps to identify a person`s talants and _____________________________

chractor. For example, a bump between the nose ___________________________

and forhead is said to be present in people who ____________________________

have natural elegence and love of beauty. A bump __________________________

behind the cirve of the ear is the sign of __________________________________

a courageous and adventerous person. ___________________________________

124

3. Replace the italicized word or expression with the one below that does not change the idea. A sections B frequently C balanced D for last E entertained F straight G damp H cute I taut J matters

If you want to see your boy-friend`s hair as pretty (1) as Jon Bon Jovi`s, take

affairs (2) in your own hands – give him the haircut yourself. First, seat him in a

comfortable chair and pop a tape into the VCR to keep him amused (3). Make sure he

sits up without a bend (4). Start with a good look at his hair when it`s dry to see how

much you need to cut. Use scissors that have only been used for cutting hair to assure

sharpness and clean lines. His hair should be washed and made slightly wet (5),

combed and parted like usual. Cut the sides first, stopping often (6) for a head-on

look to make sure they`re equal (7). Holding hair tense (8) helps keep things even.

Save bangs to do after all (9). Trim little parts (10) at a time. And keep in mind that

this is only a trim.

4. Read and translate the following, stating in each instance the meaning of the words in bold type:

1. This seems an odd thing to say. 2. 1, 3, 5, 7 are odd numbers. 3. Here is an odd glove. Shall I throw it away? 4. We left school thirty odd years ago. 5. He makes his living by doing odd jobs. 6. She weeds the garden at odd times. 7. The landscape was rare except for the odd cactus. 8. He didn`t easily mix with others, with the result that on most social

occasions he was the odd man out. 9. The odds are that he will be disqualified.

10. It makes no odds whether he comes or not. 11. What`s the odds that they don`t come after all? 12. “Which team do you think will win the match this afternoon?” –

“I shouldn`t care to say! The odds are just about even between them. 13. The odds are against us. 14. The odds are in our favour.

125

5. Give the meaning of the words and combinations in bold type. Use them in sentences of your own.

1. Arrange the tables end to end. 2. He very often goes off the deep end about trifles. 3. We met no end of interesting people. 4. She was at the end of her patience. 5. We must put an end to these abuses. 6. He thinks no end of himself. 7. We had trouble without end. 8. She came to an untimely end. 9. With this end in view he went to work for the landlord.

10. He is nearing his end. 11. The end justifies the means. (prov.) 12. If you don`t give up crime, you`ll come to a bad end. 13. We shall never hear the end of the matter. 14. Our house is the end one in the street.

6. The following text is mixed up. Arrange all parts of it in the correct order.

ON THE FOLLOWING DAY VAN BAERLE …

1. “Ah!” said Cornelious. “I heard the clock strike ten a long time ago. I have not got much time.

2. “The prisoner shall be taken from prison into the yard and there his head shall be cut off.”

3. They questioned him; than they said that their orders would be sent to the prison later. Van Baerle was taken back to the prison to wait.

4. The officer went out. 5. After about half an hour an officer came to the prison. Rosa opened the door of

Van Baerle`s room; he was crying. The officer read the orders of the judge: 6. “Oh, no,” said Van Baerle. “Only I should never have guessed that this would

be the cause of my death. On what day is my head to be cut off?” 7. “At twelve o`clock.” 8. Cornelious Van Baerle listened to the words. He seemed surprised rather than

sad. 9. “At what time?” asked Van Baerle.

126

10. On the following day Van Baerle was called before the judges. 11. “Have you anything to say?” asked the officer. 12. “Today,” answered the officer, surprised at Van Baerle`s calmness. Rosa was

weeping. 7. The following text is mixed up. Arrange all parts of it in the correct order.

THERE WAS A BORED AND TYRANNICAL SULTAN … 1. When everyone had left the court, they gathered round Nasruddin. 2. Nasruddin spoke up. 3. “What is it?” asked the sultan. 4. “I can`t teach monkey to read and write,” said Nasruddin. 5. “Easy,” said Nasruddin. “The Sultan is eighty years old, and I`m eighty-five.” 6. “Oh mighty Sultan, I can do something to entertain you.” 7. “There is only one thing,” said Nasruddin. “It will take ten years.” 8. Ther was a bored and tyrannical Sultan. One day he shouted at his courtiers. 9. “All right,” said the Sultan, “I`ll give you the ten years.”

10. “Can you really teach a monkey to read and write?” asked one of them. 11. “So why did you promise to do it?” asked another. 12. “Do it then, said the Sultan. “But, if you fail, I`ll execute you.” 13. “Of course, I can`t,” replied Nasruddin. 14. “Unless someone does something to entertain me, I`ll cut all your heads off!” 15. “We`ll both have other things on our minds in ten years’ time!”

127

8. The following text is mixed up. Arrange all parts of it in the correct order.

A GREAT MANY PEOPLE ARE AFRAID OF SNAKES … 1. Most of the poisonous snakes of the United States are rattlesnakes. 2. There are, however, some poisonous snakes, and some are very poisonous

indeed. 3. Rattlesnakes get their name from the rattles on their tails. 4. Deaths from snakebite have been cut down in recent years by the use of

antitoxins that work against the snake poisons. 5. There are now few deaths from snakebite in the United States, Canada, and

European countries. 6. A great many people are afraid of snakes and think any snake should be killed

on sight. 7. About 10,000 people die each year in India alone from the bites of the

poisonous snakes, and thousands more die in other tropical regions. 8. Actually most snakes are harmless, and some do a great deal of good by eating

such animals as field mice and rats. 9. A rattlesnake often shakes its rattle when it is about to strike and thus gives a

warning.

124

TESTS

125

I Choose the correct item. 1. The message got ……………….. at last. A out B across C away D in 2. The workers ……………… against severe conditions on the plant.

A complain B oppose C threaten D protest 3. People taking their ………………... to extremes tend to become aggressive.

A values B thoughts C beliefs D ideas 4. She tried to be indifferent but her eyes gave her …………………. .

A up B apart C out D away 5. She eventually married the most …………………. of her admirers.

A resistant B defensive C persistent D intense 6. The librarian carefully ………………. how to use the catalogue system.

A showed B explained C asked D told 7. “I was really scared,” jenny ………………….. .

A admitted B spoke C persuaded D denied 8. Mike ………………… on taking his own decision.

A told B insisted C complained D considered 9. I`ll just call Sylvia to ………………… her that we are meeting at 8.

A remind B say C speak D recall 10. The children have ………………… to help us with the packing.

A promised B obeyed C said D denied 11. How many students are going to ………………. in this discussion?

A protest B participate C work D insist 12. The accident was very well covered …………………. and never reached the

newspapers. A on B with C up D by

13. My elder brother will never accept this new hair style. – I don`t believe he is so …………………. . A narrow-minded B like-minded C absent-minded D broad-minded

14. Joyce has practiced a lot in our computer class. Now she is very ………………. in using computers. A certain B confident C tense D determined

15. The robbers were ………………. as they waited the long minutes for the van to arrive. A tense B tenseless C tension D tensful

126

II Fill in the blanks with the correct words to complete each sentence. 1. The ___________ spent the ___________ in the castle. A knight B night 2. Be sure to ___________ your surname on the _____________ line. A write B right 3. Have you heard the fairy ___________ about the cat with no ___________

? A tale B tail 4. Didn`t you __________ Ann ask you to put the plate ___________ . A here B hear 5. The _________ on a ___________ is called fur. A hare B hair 6. Yesterday the sky was clear __________ and the wind _________ from the

north. A blue B blew 7. He decided to __________ his new belt, but he doesn`t know _________ he

put it. A where B wear 8. From _________ hundred flowers the prince had to find the fake flower

before it was __________ late. A too B two 9. It is not __________ if some people do not pay their bus ___________ . A fair B fare

10. The coach announced which _________ of the teams ____________ the game.

A won B one 11. He brought a ___________ of cool water to the ____________ traveller. A pail B pale 12. Do you always ___________ the skin off a __________ before you eat it? A pare B pear 13. The Indians wrote the __________ treaty on a ___________ of bark. A piece B peace 14. After his illness John felt _________ for a __________ . A week B weak 15. The boat sailed __________ through the ___________ . A straight B strait

127

III Choose the right word. 1. Brain`s room was an ____________ place.

A amazing B amazed

2. It doesn`t matter. It`s of no ____________ . A important B importance

3. What`s the _____________ of that building? A height B high

4. If you don`t do about the cut, it`ll __________ all over the place. A bleed B blood

5. If you want to speak English fluently, you need more English ____________ . A practice B practise

6. It`s not easy to operate this machine. We have great ____________ in oing it. A difficult B difficulty

7. I need your _____________ on this paper. Could you do it just now? A signature B sign

8. It`s 30 degrees in the shade. The ______________ is unbearable. A hot B heat

9. Let1s meet at seven o1clock. Will that time ___________ you? A suitable B suit

10. My flat is very old. I`d like to ____________ it. A modernise B modern 11. Your explanation is too complicated. Could you ____________ it? A simplify B simple 12. I ______________ too much. I`m going to have a diet. A weight B weigh 13. Did you tell anybody about your ______________ ? A lose B loss 14. How long is it? you should be accurate with the _______________ . A measure B measurement 15. The police found a _____________ body in the river. A dead B died

128

IV Choose the correct word. 1. Our holiday was spoiled by bad __________________ .

A weather B whether 2. There are several big parks in London _________________ Hyde park.

A beside B besides 3. The information comes through secret _____________________ .

A canals B channels 4. We _____________ his excuse.

A accepted B excepted 5. It will go _______________ with the murderer if he is caught.

A hard B hardly 6. Windsor ______________ on the Thames west of London.

A lies B lays 7. I have to ______________ you that our business with that company is very

important to us. A remember B remind

8. The boys _____________ the old barn for use by the club. A adapted B adopted

9. The captain ordered all the _____________ to be fired. A canons B cannons

10. The mercury in the thermometer is _______________ to changes in temperature. A sensitive B sensible

11. The disease _____________ his mind so that he could not remember what he had done. A effected B affected

12. The population of this town has been ______________ for ten years at about 5000 people. A stationary B stationery

13. It isn`t very ____________ to leave the lights on when you`re not in the room. A economic B economical

14. Do you believe in the ____________ that all man are equal? A principal B prinsiple

15. The police are on the ____________ of the thieves. A cent B scent

16. Witnesses ____________ the policeman`s statement. A collaborated B corroborated

17. His blood ____________ the ground. A dyed B died

18. A ____________ referee will judge a basketball game fairly. A disinterested B uninterested

19. He was only three years old when his family _____________ from Germany. A immigrated B emigrated

129

V Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence. 1. The task of the public relations department id to project the right

…………………… of a company. A painting B image

C picture D drawing

2. When the product was launched they issued a press ……………………to all the news agencies. A escape B issue

C release D promotion

3. According to the code of practice, a public relations officer should not knowingly ………………… false information. A disseminate B dissociate

C dispose D dissolve

4. Some companies entertain journalists more ………………… than others. A lasciviously B largely

C leniently D lavishly

5. The use of such things as logos and colour …………………. helps to maintain a corporate identity.A scheme B system

C style D fashion

6. We need to liaise more with politicians and ………………. servants if we want the government to agree to our plans. A official B polite

C civil D civilian

7. $200,000 was …………………. for the official opening of the new store. A set aside B brought about

C set off D laid up

8. Sponsorship can be an effective way of promoting ……………….. towards an organisation. A will B goodwill

C willingness D goodness

9. At a press reception don`t …………………. guests with irrelevant material. A overload B override

C overtake D overcompensate

10. The reseption must be held at a convenient …………………. with good transport and parking facilities. A revue B venue

C view D venture

130

11. When making a presentation to a relatively small ……………… an overhead projector can be invaluable. A assistance B spectator

C audience D congregation

12. Within a large organisation a well-designed ………………… journal is an effective method of internal communication. A in-house B home

C household D plant

13. Participating in local events, such as carnivals, is a good way of developing …………………. relations. A common B commonplace

C communal D community

14. We used every …………………. of communication to get our message across. A flow B stream

C channel D canal

15. We have to highlight our strength and ………………… any weakness. A play up B think through

C play down D talk back

131

Bibliography

1. Воловикова Е. В. Learnt to translate by translating. Практический курс письменного перевода с английского на русский / Е. В. Воловикова.–М.: Высшая школа, 1999. – 96 с.

2. Cambridge First Certificate in English 4. Examination papers from the University of Cambridge.– Cambridge, 2001. – 160 p.

3. Round-Up English Grammar Practice 6 / Virginia Evans. – Longman “Express Publications”, 2001 – 256 p.

4. Головчинская Л. С. Совершенствуйте свой английский: пособие по развитию навыков устной речи. В 5 кн.Книга 4. / Л. С. Головчин-ская. – М.: ООО « Издательство Астрель», ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2001. – 256 с.

5. English synonyms their meanings and usage. – М., 1995. – 255 p. 6. Английский язык для специальных целей: сборник тестов: учебное

пособие для вузов / Л. М. Федорова, С. Н. Никитаев, И. В. Баженова. М.: Издательство «Экзамен», 2005. – 192 с.

7. Language Activator The World`s First Production Dictionary. – Longman Group UK Limited, 1996. – 1598 p.

grammar, vocabulary and all thatvenec.ulstu.ru/lib/disk/2006/51.pdf · Ульяновск 2006 ....

Documents