Grape breeding in Hungary: old and new varieties

(What Hungary added to the world of viticulture)

• Perhaps it has happened not by chance that in the fields of rootstock breeding, clonal selection, table and wine grape breeding Hungary has deserved international appreciation and these results have been proved to be very influential in more cases.

• Briefly I would like to introduce the Hungarian grapevine breeding history, traditions in order to regard rootstock, white wine varieties, red wine varieties and table grapes.

• In Hungary the breeding of native and imported vine varieties began about the time when the Phylloxera appeared (1875).

The grapevine

breeding

has started

with

the

selection

of more valuable

stock. They

were

propagated

via

seeds

(generative) or

by

canes

(vegetative). We

think

that

most of the

unknown

origin, traditional

hungarian

variety

were

developed

and selected

out of seed

population

by

growers.

FurmintEzerjo

Kovidinka Kékfrankos

• Cross breeding started in table grape varieties. Pioneer work was done by the Mathiasz brothers. Janos Mathiasz wanted to develop varieties of early ripening, big, attractive clusters, big, savoury berries and good transportability.

Breeders, their table grape varieties in ripening orderBreeder Variety Earliest LatestAdolf Stark Pearl of Csaba

Sándor Szegedi Favorit

Sándor Szegedi Boglárka

Pál Kocsis Irsai

Olivér

Sándor Szegedi Narancsízű

Ferenc Póczik Pannónia kincse

Sándor Szegedi Kósa

János Mathiász Mathiász

J-né mus.

János Mathiász Queen

of the

vineyard

Pál Kozma Kozma P-né mus.

István Lubik Anita

János Mathiász Cegléd szépe

Pál Kocsis Attila

Sándor Szegedi Téli muskotály

August September October

(Hajdu, E., 2002.)

Chasselas Queen

Victoria WhiteX Calabriai fehér

Ezeréves Magyaro. emléke

X

Duc of Buccleuch

Erzsébet királyné emléke

(J. Mathiasz, 1900)

Pearl of Csaba

(A. Stark, 1904)

XBronnerstraube X Muscat Ottonel

Queen

of the

vineyards

(J. Mathiasz, 1916)

Chasselas Queen

Victoria White X

Chasselas bl. croquant X Chasselas rouge royal

Attila

(P. Kocsis, 1917)

X

Favorit, Narancsízű

(S. Szegedi, 1950)

Pannónia kincse

(F. Póczik,, 1942)XGénuai zamatos

Boglárka

(S. Szegedi, 1963)

Muscat Ottonel X Chasselas rouge défoncé

Mathiasz

J-né muskotály

(J. Mathiasz, 1902)XRosa menna di vacca

(Hajdu, E., 2002.)

Cegléd szépe

(J. Mathiasz, 1903)

Hungarian table grape varieties are grown:

• In Italy – Queen of the vineyard

• In Russia – Irsai Olivér

• In almost every grape growing country – Pearl of Csaba

The following varieties were developed from Queen of the vineyard

• Aurora - in Argentina;• Bien donné, Roselle - in South Africa;• Delight, Perlette, Early Muscat - in USA;• Ithaki, Thermi - in Greece;• Banatsky Muscat, Radmilovacki Muscat - in Yugoslavia;• Apirena Bruni - in Italy;• Augrevata, Napoca, Splendid - In Romania.

Fungus resistant table grape varieties

Variety Origin Degree of resistance

Downy mildew

Powdery mildew

Gray rot

Roter brenner

Palatina Villard blanc (SV 12375) x Queen of the vineyard 6 3 9 3

Pölöskei muskotály

Zalagyöngye (SV 12358 x Pearl of Csaba) x 5917-8 (Gloria Hungariae x Erzsébet) 7 7 9 2

Teréz Villard blanc (SV 12375) x Olimpia 7 7 9 2Eszter Villard blanc (SV 12375) x Early Magaracs 6 7 9 2Fanny Villard blanc (SV 12375) x 658-215 (Téli

muskotály x Olimpia) 5 5 9 3Nero Villard blenc (SV12375) x Gárdonyi Géza 6 5 8 3

(Kozma, P., 2002.)

Rootstock breeding

• Phylloxera resistant and lime tolerant rootstock varieties were developed by Zsigmond Teleki and by his son Sandor Teleki at the end of the 19th century. Zsigmond Teleki ordered grapevine seeds from Euryale Rességuier from France from V. berlandieri plantation because of the prohibition of vine import due to black rot disease at that time.

Zsigmond Teleki 1854 - 1910

• He was born in Villány on 23 September 1854.

• He was eager to develop his farm, especially finding a suitable rootstock for chalky soil.

The groups

of Teleki’s

rootstock

seedlings according to Károly Bakonyi 1

2

Vinifera

types, these

were

not

propagated

because

of their

weak

growing

habit.3

4 A hairless

internode

bronze

shoot

tip

male

flower

S.O.4

female

flower

5BBbronze

shoot

tip5 A Riparia

hairless

internode

G.K.67type

female

flower

G.K.62green

shoot

tipmale

flower

5C 6 A hairless

internode

green

shoot

tip

female

flower

G.K.1

male

flower

125 A, 1277 B hairy

internode

bronze

shoot

tipfemale

flower

125 AAfemale

flower

Cosmo

2, 10,

G.K.108 B Berlandieri

hairy

internode

bronze

shoot

tiptype

male

flower

Durlach

50,52, G.K.9

9 B hairy

internode

green

shoot

tip

female

flower

Barr

503, 513

10 A Rupestris

hairless

internode

bronze

shoot

tip

male

flower

T.10Atype

The Teleki’s rootstock plantation was famous all around Europe

5 BB rootstock block

Teleki 8 B rootstock block in cultivation

Teleki’s

rootstocks

grouped

by

Franz Kober

female 125 AA, 8AAA hairy shoot bronze shoot tip

male 125 A, 127 A

B hairless shoot bronze shoot tip female 5 BB, 127 BB

female 27 CCC hairy shoot green shoot tip

male 19 ACC

D hairless shoot green shoot tip ? 105D

Rootstock clones or varieties selected from Teleki’s plant material

• Nussberg – 5 BB, 125 AA (from Teleki’s 10 groups),• Wienerneustadt – 148 Wi,• Freiburg – Fr. 148. (from 5BB),• Wadenswil – 5C Wed., (from 5C),• Geisenheim – 5C Gm6, 5C Gm10 and 5C Gm13, (from 5C),• Weisberg – Wei.48, (from 5BB),• Durlach – No 50, 51 and 52, (from 8 B),• Kreser – R 7, R 27, R 43 and 8-35, (from 5BB),• Oppenheim – SO4 and SO8, (from Teleki 4 A),• Barr – Barr 503 and 520, (from Teleki 9B),• Conegliano – Cosmo 2 and Cosmo 10, (from 8B),• Craciunal Blaj – Cr. 2, Cr. 26 (from 5BB), Cr. 71 (from 8B),• Villany – 5C (from Teleki 5A).

Georgikon 28

Georgikon 103

Georgikon 251

Wine variety breeding

• In Hungary a national grapevine breeding programme was started in 1948. The Research Stations of the Research Institute for Viticulture and Enology (Badacsony, Eger, Kecskemét, Pécs, Tarcal) and the University of Agriculture, Keszthely joined to the programme.

Selection

• Three types of selection were applied: mass selection, clone type and clonal selection.

• Varieties with high agronomic potentials and grown on large areas were involved at first, like: Ezerjó, Olasz rizling (Riesling Italico), Kadarka, Blaufrankisch (Franconian), Blauer Portugieser.

Steps of clonal selectionSteps Place Comparison

basisPlant number

Duration

I. step Mother stock

Mean of mother stocks

1 3-5 years

II. step Clone plot standard 20 3-5 years

III. step Clone field

standard 80 3-7 years

I. Propagation degree

Prebase field

Selection basic 100-300 Variety maintenance

II. Propagation degree

Basic vineyard

Selection basic 0.1 –0.2 ha Variety maintenance

III. Propagation degree

Certified plantation

Selection basic 1-10 ha Variety maintenance

Clones of traditional hungarian varietiesClone Qualification

year Location

of selction

Furmint Kt. 4 1969 Tarcal

Furmint P.51. 1969 Pécs

Furmint T. 83 1990 Tarcal

Furmint T.92 1973 Tarcal

Hárslevelu

1007 1973 Tarcal

Hárslevelu

P.41 1971 Pécs

Hárslevelu

T. 311 1990 Tarcal

Kovidinka

K.8 1994 Kecskemét

Italian Riesling

B. 5 1990 Badacsony

Italian Riesling

B.14 1990 Badacsony

Italian Riesling

B.20 1980 Badacsony

Italian Riesling

GK 1 1969 Keszthely

Italian Riesling

GK 18 2003 Keszthely

Italian Riesling

GK37 2003 Keszthely

Kadarka Kt. 4 1958 Kecskemét

Kékfrankos Kt. 1 1980 Kecskemét

Cross breeding

• The aim of cross breeding is to improve the unfavorable characteristics of the varieties.

• The most success was in the breeding of white wine grape varieties.

• Breeders managed to increase yielding potential (early harvest and wood ripening), frost and winter tolerance of buds, to improve sugar content and aroma of berries and colour (pigments, anthocyanins) in red grape wines.

Grapevine breeding institutes in Hungary

• Corvinus University, Faculty of Horticulture Science (CUFHS), Budapest;

• Research Institute for Viticulture and Enology, - - Badacsony (RIVE Badacsony)- Eger (RIVE Eger)- Kecskemét (RIVE Kecskemet)- Pécs; (RIVE Pécs)- Tarcal (RIVE Tarcal)

• University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely (Georgikon).

Vitis vinifera originated white wine varietiesVariety Parentage Year of cross

and state

qualification

Harvest data(day

of the

year

-

kg/m2

– sugar

g/l)

Variety owner(Leading breeder)

Cserszegi fuszeres Irsai

Olivér x Red Traminer

1960 – 1982 258 -1.36 –195 Georgikon (Karoly Bakonyi)

Ezerfurtu Hárslevelu

x Red Traminer 1950 – 1973 266 –1.24 -190 RIVE Kecskemet

(Andras Kurucz)

Karát Kovidinka

x Pinot

gris 1951 – 1974 288 –1.16 –210 RIVE Kecskemet

(Andras Kurucz)

Korona Juhfark x Irsai

Olivér 1967 – 2002 276 –0.93 –200 Georgikon (Karoly Bakonyi)

Mátrai muskotály Izsáki x Muscat

Ottonel 1952 – 1982 274 –1.07 –160 CUFHS

(Pál Kozma)

Nektár Judit x Cserszegi fűszeres 1970 – 1994 245 –1.10 –190 Georgikon

(Karoly Bakonyi)

Pátria Italian Riesling

x Red Traminer

1980 – 2002 269 –1.34 –180 Georgikon (Karoly Bakonyi)

Rozália Italian Riesling

x Red Traminer

1980 – 2002 270 –1.02 –185 Georgikon

(Karoly Bakonyi)

Zefír Hárslevelű x Leányka 1951 – 1983 238 –0.85 –185 RIVE Eger

(Ferenc Király)

Zenit Ezerjó x Bouvier 1951 – 1976 258 –1.28 –200 RIVE Eger

(Ferenc Király)

Zéta Bouvier

x Furmint 1951 – 1990 260 –1,18 –195 RIVE Tarcal

(Ferenc Király)

Zeusz Ezerjó x Bouvier 1956 - 1994 280 –0,89 -185 RIVE Badacsony

(Ferenc Király)

Vitis vinifera originated red wine varieties

Variety Parentage Year of cross

and state

qualification

Harvest data(day

of the

year

-

kg/m2

–

sugar

g/l)

Variety owner(Leading breeder)

Bibor

kadarka Kadarka x Muscat

Bouschet1948 - 1974 287 –1.03 -185 CUFHS

(Pál Kozma)

Kármin Petit Bouschet

x Kadarka

1951 -1974 283 –1.28 -160 RIVE Kecskemet

(Andras Kurucz)

Rubintos Blaufrankisch

x Kadarka

1951 - 1980 274 –1.23 -175 CUFHS

(Pál Kozma)

Turán (Teinturier

x Kadarka) x (Medec

noir x Pearl of Csaba)

1964 - 1985 253 –

1.45 -165 RIVE Eger

(Jozsef D. Csizmazia)

Resistant white wine grape varieties

• Pearl of Zala(SV 12358 x Pearl of Csaba, 1957)Resitance todowny mildew – 6Powdery mildew – 4Grey rot - 8

• Bianca(SV 12375 x Bouvier, 1963)Resitance todowny mildew – 7Powdery mildew – 7Grey rot - 3

Resistant white wine grape varieties

• Pearl of Viktória(SV 12375 x Pearl of Csaba, 1966)Resitance todowny mildew – 7Powdery mildew – 7Grey rot - 8

• Csillám(SV 12375 x Csabagyöngye, 1966)Resitance todowny mildew – 7Powdery mildew – 5Grey rot - 5

Resistant red wine grape varieties

• Pearl of Danube(Seibel 4986 x Pearl of

Csaba, 1966)Resitance todowny mildew – 5Powdery mildew – 6Grey rot - 6

• Medina(SV 12286 x Blue Medoc,

1957)Resitance todowny mildew – 5Powdery mildew – 7Grey rot - 8

• Nero(SV 12375 x (Blue Medoc x

Csabagyöngye), 1970)Resitance todowny mildew – 5Powdery mildew – 7Grey rot - 8

Percentage of utilization of new varieties out of the totalVariety 1973 - 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cserszegi fuszeres 1.97 1.60 1.88 1.72Ezerfurtu 1.63 0.23 0.20 0.07

Karát 0.19 0.02 0.00 0.00Zefír 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00Zenit 1,13 0.26 0.26 0.16Zéta 0.04 0.81 0.60 1.51

Bibor

kadarka 0.28 2.27 0.72 0.43Turán 0.12 1.81 1.15 1.80Favorit 0.44 0.70 0.30 0.39

Kozma P-né muskot. 0.11 0.24 0.15 0.21Resistant varieties

Bianca 0.98 0.61 0.57 0.82Pearl of Zala 5.33 0.27 0.23 0.00

Pearl of Viktória 0.19 0.01 0.23 0.02Pearl of Danube 0.02 0.66 0.08 0.17

Nero 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.20Pölöskei muskotály 0.20 0.53 0.39 0.67

Thank you for your attention!

Thank you for your attention!