green building materials & techniques3 nov 2009spm

Green building

• It focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource use –energy, water and materials.

• While reducing impacts on human health

And environment during the Lifecycle, through better siting, design construction and operation.

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GREEN BUILDING EMPHASIES ON

• REDUCED ENERGY USE –EFFICIENT AND ALTRNATIVE SOURCES WHICH ARE LESS POLLUTING

• REDUCED WASTE-REUTILISING OUR INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES

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GREEN BUILDING

• “THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDING IS OFTEN UNDERESTIMATED ,WHILE THE PERCEIVED COSTS OF GREEN BUILDINGS ARE OVERESTIMATED” WHERE AS IT IS ONLY 17% ADDITIONAL *.

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STATUS IN INDIA

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CONTENTS

• Categorization Of Materials• Evaluating

Eco-friendly Materials• Evaluating Systems• Constraints• Life Cycle Stages• Scoring System

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CONTENTS

• Evaluating Parameters. • Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Potential Eco-friendly materials & techniques.• Myths Surrounding Green Buildings• CHALLENGES• CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES• Elements of green construction technique

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Categorization Of Materials

• Civil materials• Water-proofing and Chemical additives• Paving, flooring, dado and similar finishes• Paints, colors, white washing, distempering

and wood finishes• Wood work• Roofing and ceiling• Doors and windows

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Categorization Of Materials

• Water supply and sanitary fittings• Electrical works• Fire fighting system• Miscellaneous• Excavation work• Road works

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Evaluating Eco-friendly Materials

Why eco-friendly materials?Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that

depends upon depletable resources. Production of building materials leads to irreversible

environmental impacts. Using eco-friendly materials is the best way to build

a eco-friendly building Stone quarrying leads to eroded hills,like this picture

showing the site of makarana marble quarry, brick kilns in the fringes of the city lead to denudation of topsoil, dredging for sand damage the river biodiversity etc.

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Effect of quarrying

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What is Eco-friendly material ?

Dictionary: describes a product that has been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment

US EPA – EPP program defines as:"...products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose...

" Thus we talk of two issues – one that it does the least possible environment damage and two that it is a comparative scale as there are very few materials that are completely eco-friendly.

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What is Eco-friendly material ?

One more point to note when we talk of eco-friendly construction is that it consist of two parts – Material and Technique.

A material by itself can be eco-friendly, e.g Bamboo.

Or Even conventional materials can become eco-friendly based on the construction technique that is used.e.g rat trap bond developed by Lauri Baker,which require less number of bricks and

are more heat insulating than normal walls and therefore eco-friendly.

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Properties

The various properties of the Eco-friendly materials and techniques are –

Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenance.

it is difficult to get a material that has all these properties, and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials.

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Properties

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SOURCES

A .Renewable source –

• Rapidly renewable sources e.g. wood from certified forests

B. Reuse of Waste

• Salvaged products –e.g. old plumbing, door frames

• Recycled contents – agriculture/ industrial waste e.g. Bagasse Board

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Embodied Energy

• Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site .

• Aluminum and steel has the most

embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them. Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production.

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% EMBODIED ENERGY

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Reduce Pollution

Reduce Pollution

• Air Pollution- Use of materials with low VOC emissions e.g. Cement Paints

• Water Pollution – Materials that prevent leaching.

• Land Pollution- Materials that reuse waste that would otherwise have resulted in landfill. e.g. Fly ash Bricks.

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Energy Conservation

• Materials that require less energy during construction e.g. precast slabs. Materials that help reduce the cooling loads- e.g – aerated concrete blocks.

• Products that conserve energy – e. g. CFL lamps.

• Fixtures & equipments that help conserve water e.g. Dual flush cisterns

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Performance

• Reduce material use These are energy efficient and also help reduce the dead load of a building. e.g. Ferro cement

• Materials can be eco-friendly based on how they perform. Use of certain material or techniques can reduce the amount of material required.

• Durability – The longer the life of a material the lesser it is required to replace and thus reduces the quantity required to produce.

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Performance

• Materials that require less energy during construction e.g. precast slabs

• Materials that help reduce the cooling loads- e.g – aerated concrete blocks.– Products that conserve energy – e. g. CFL lamps

• Fixtures & equipments that help conserve water e.g. Dual flush cisterns

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Performance

RECYCLABLE• Reuse or Recycle as different product e.g.

steel, aluminum. Biodegradable – that decompose easily e.g

wood or earthen materials.

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Evaluating Systems

Having identified the properties we start

studying the available evaluating systems for identifying eco-friendly materials.

There are various international and national systems that recommend and even certify products at eco-friendly. Some of these are –

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International

• US EPA – Env preferable purchasing – this is for all products

• Green Seal – has certification after establishing product standards

• Green spec –has a Directory of green building materials

• Bee’s - BEES measures the environmental performance of building products by using the life-cycle assessment approach specified in ISO 14000 standards.

• JIS – Japanese Industrial standards that have established eco-friendly standards

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National

MOEF – Proposed certification of all eco-

friendly products as ‘Ecomark’ CPCB is entrusted with the task of

developing the standards for certification. At the national level there is no prominent

evaluating system as yet. Moef has proposed eco-certification of all eco-friendly products as ‘Ecomark’ (1991)

CPCB is entrusted with the task of developing the standards for certification.

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Constraints(to be eco friendly )

• To qualify any material as eco-friendly it is necessary to conduct a life cycle analysis of each material.

• Each study has to be on a product to product basis

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SCORING SYSTEM

• A Eco-Points Scoring System was derived based on a Life Cycle Assessment of each product.

• Life Cycle Stages1. Manufacture/Extraction/

Production 2. Usage/Implementation 3. Maintenance/Operational life 4. Disposal

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SCORING SYSTEM

• The entire life cycle spans over 150 points • Each stage has a percentage contribution

depending on their individual impacts.• The higher the score the more eco-friendly

the material.– Class ‘A’ Materials – 100 and above (Excellent)– Class ‘B’ Materials – 60 - 99 (Good to moderately

good)– Class ‘C’ Materials – below 60 (Poor to Bad)

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Evaluating Parameters Life Cycle Stages

1. Manufacture/Extraction/Production - 60% (90 pts)

• Use of recycled resource (13pts)• Use of renewable resource (13pts)• Use of waste materials

(13pts)• Energy consumption (11pts)• Emissions and human safety factor (11pts)• Water consumption (10pts)• Waste production

(10pts)• Virgin resource consumption.

(9pts)

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Evaluating Parameters

Usage/Implementation – 18% (21pts)• Material wastage (8 pts)• Transportation (7pts)• Ease of usage/ storage/ workability (6 pts)

3. Maintenance/Operational life – 14%(12pts)• Building energy load reduction (6 pts)• Average life span (years) (6 pts)

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Evaluating Parameters

4. Disposal – 8% (27pts)

• Biodegradability (10pts)• Recycle/ Reuse factor (10pts)• Ease of removal/Disposal (7pts)

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Eco-friendly Materials• The first list is a list of materials extracted from the

comprehensive list of building materials that we had prepared. These are materials that are currently used by the construction industry or are easily available in the market and have eco-friendly properties.

• the second list of materials or techniques which have been developed by various organizations in India and are eco-friendly. These need to be marketed and its potential for local production has to be evaluated.

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Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1. Bamboo, Bamboo Based Particle Board & Ply Board, Bamboo Matting

2. Bricks sun dried 3. Pre-cast cement concrete blocks, lintels, slab. Structural and

non-structural modular elements4. Calcined Phospho-Gypsum Wall Panels5. Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6. Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7. Cement Paint8. Clay roofing tiles9. Water, polyurethane and acrylic based chemical admixtures

for corrosion removal, rust prevention, water proofing 10. Epoxy Resin System, Flooring, sealants, adhesives and

admixtures

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11. Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12. Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13. Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and Paver Blocks14. Gypsum Board, Tiles, Plaster, Blocks, gypsum plaster

fibre jute/sisal and glass fibre composites15. Laminated Wood Plastic Components16. Marble Mosaic Tiles17. MDF Boards and Mouldings18. Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19. Particle Boards20. Polymerised water proof compound

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21. Polymerised water proof compound 22. Portland Pozzolana Cement Fly-ash / Calcinated

Clay Based23. Portland Slag Cement24. RCC Door Frames25. Ready Mix Cement Concrete26. Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board27. Stone dust 28. Water proof compound, adhesive, Polymer,

Powde

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Potential Eco-friendly materials & techniques

1. Bagasse Board - BMTPC2. Bricks from Coal Washery Rejects -CBRI, Roorkee3. Building Blocks From Mine Waste - SERC4. Burnt Clay FlyAsh Bricks - CBRI, Roorkee5. Coir Cement Board - CBRI, Roorkee6. Compressed Earth Blocks - BMTPC7. EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI, Roorkee8. Fibre Flyash Cement Boards -BMTPC9. Fibre Reinforced Concrete Precast Elements, Wall

panels, Blocks, Manhole Covers - SERC10.Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards - CBRI, Roorkee

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11. Flyash Cellular Concrete, Flyash Cement Brick, Blocks - BMTPC

12. Flyash Lime Cellular Concrete - CBRI, Roorkee13. Flyash Lime Gypsum Brick - BMTPC14. Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash- Central Glass and

Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata15. Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16. Non Erodable Mud Plaster - CBRI, Roorkee17. Polytiles - CBRI, Roorkee18. Timber from trees such as Poplar, Rubber, Eucalyptus -

BMTPC19. Precast walling roofing components - CBRI, Roorkee20. Prefab Brick Panel System - CBRI, Roorkee

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Recommended eco-friendly alternatives


1. Structural System – Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain / reinforced) - cement, sand,

aggregate, steelBase Materials for R.C.C. and Steel Systemsa. Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash / Slag / Calcinated Clay)

attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and /or direct addition of pozzolana material

b. Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and /or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c. Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars Alternatives Systemsa. Ferro cement and b. Pre-cast components for columns, beams, slabs, lofts, balconies,

roofs etc. c. Ready Mix Concreted. Use Resinous curing agents

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2. Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks, cement concrete blocks, stonea. Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks / blocks b. Pulverized debris + cement bricks / blocks, c. Industrial waste based bricks / blocks, d. Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks, e. Phospho-Gypsum based blocks f. Lato blocks (laterite + cement)3. Mortar a. Sand from pulverized debris and / or sintered flyash b. Pozzolana Material content

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4.Plastering – Alternatives to Cement, sand, plaster of paris, gypsuma. Calcium Silicate Plasterb. Cement Plaster c. Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d. Phospho-Gypsum Plastere. Non-erodable Mud Plasterf. Use Resinous curing agents5. Roofing and ceiling- Alternatives to Ferrous / non-ferrous sheets,

tiles, thatch a. Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC,

Polycarbonates, acrylics & plasticsb. Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c. Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

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6. Flooring, paving and road work –Alternatives to wood, stone, ceramics, concrete

a. Fly ash / industrial waste / pulverized debris blocks in BPC b. Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving.c. Bedding sand from pulverized debris7. Tiles for interiorsa. Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi covered areas b. Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c. Mosaic Tiles/ Terrazzo Flooring d. Cement Tiles e. Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f. Bamboo Board Flooring

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8. Windows, Doors and openings – Steel, aluminum, timber, glass, R.C.C., PVC, Stonea. Ferro cement and Pre-cast R.C.C. lintel, chajja and jalisb. Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum / Steel frames a. Ferrocement b. Pre-cast R.C.C. Frames/ Frameless Doors c. Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd. Hollow recycled steel channels and recycled Aluminium

Channels and Components9.Shutters and Panels – alternatives to timber, plywood, glass,

aluminum a. Red Mud based Composite door shutters, b. Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c. Other wood alternatives

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9. Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum, brass, PVC, G.I., S.S.a. Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb. Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and

brass components

10. Water supply, Sanitary and Plumbing Systema. R.C.C., uPVC, G.I., C.I. pipes instead of lead, A.C. pipesb. Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and

brass components for fittings, fixtures and accessoriesc. Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot / cold water system instead

of G.I.d. Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high

strength unplasticised PVC instead of C.I.

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11.Wood• Renewable timber from plantations with species having not

more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest / plantation or timber from salvaged wood

• Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded• Use of MDF Board • Instead of Plywood:

Bamboo Ply/Mat Board/ Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board,/ Bagasse Board /Coir Composite Board /Bamboo mat Veneer Composite/ Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board / Recycled Laminated Tube Board / Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board.

e. Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber.

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Advantages of GREEN Buildings vs. Conventional Buildings

• Cost Savings (First-Cost Savings; Ongoing Operating Expense Reductions)

• Minimize Impact on Environment • Enhanced Health & Productivity of Occupants• Increased Value & Lease-Up Rates• Community & Social Benefits• Other Owner Benefits (Lender Incentives; Tax

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Myths Surrounding Green Buildings

Challenges

They are too Green and complicated That office environment will be better That we're not already building green Over hyping benefits and performance

Cost Perceptions

Too expensive and has no ROI Initial costs not recaptured in long term Costs too high to warrant Can be cheaper; most are cost effective

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Myths Surrounding Green Buildings

Performance ExpectationsGreen automatically reduce expensesIt costs less to build and maintainMore green, more operating problems

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MYTHS

Demand• That tenants are banging down doors• That public will embrace it & payResearch Questions• Performance• How measure benefits?• Do studies show operational savings?• Factual data on effects, net costs

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MYTHS

• What added costs, new and existingLessons Learned• What mistakes have you seen• Keep open mind and not one answer for all• How change traditional way of doing things?

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MYTHS

• Education• Who teaches skills, materials and techniques?• Beyond materials & energy, what works?• Does green give competitive advantage?

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Approaches

• Beyond LEEDS; RPI & energy star?

• How create more incentives?

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MYTHS

Durability & Life Span• Material that are exceptionally durable,

or require low maintenance e.g PVC pipes.

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LIMITATIONS OF GREEN BUILDING

• INITIAL COST- SOME MATERIALS COSTS ARE HEIGHER

• FUNDING –SOME LENDER DO NOT OFFER LOAN

• AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS• LOCATION • TIME FRAME-FNDING NEEDED MATERIALS

TAKE MORE TIME

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ELEMENTS OF GREEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE

• PROPER VENTILATION • PREVENTION OF INDOOR MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION• UTILIZATION OF RECYCLED MATERIAL FOR MINIMIZING

THE COST OF BUILDING • INSTALLATION OF GLASS PANELS• INSTALLATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM• MAXIMISING THE USE OF RENEWABLE NATURAL

RESOURCES

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ELEMENTS OF GREEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE

• MINIMIZING THE USE OF DEPLETING RESOURCES

• MINIMIZING ENERGY USE IN GREEN BUILDINGS

• WATER CONSERVATION • PROPER DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE• MAINTENANCE OF GREENERY

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GREEN FEATURES

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TECHNIQUES

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TECHNIQUES

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TECHNIQUES

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TECHNIQUES

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TECHNIQUES

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TECHNIQUES

NATURAL VENTILATION

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THANKS! 04/11/23 64

green building materials & techniques3 nov 2009spm

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