growing divisions secession vs. union slavery vs. freedom
DESCRIPTION
Main Issues Growing contradiction between white freedom and black slavery Growing divide between north and south Lack of compromise solutions Southern secession vs. Union goals Lincoln and Emancipation Role of slaves in Civil War and emancipation Course and outcome of the war Main Issue: Would America live up to its ideals of freedom, equality, and democracy?TRANSCRIPT
THE CIVIL WARGrowing DivisionsSecession vs. UnionSlavery vs. Freedom
Main Issues• Growing contradiction between white freedom and black
slavery• Growing divide between north and south• Lack of compromise solutions• Southern secession vs. Union goals• Lincoln and Emancipation• Role of slaves in Civil War and emancipation• Course and outcome of the war• Main Issue: Would America live up to its ideals of
freedom, equality, and democracy?
Causes of the Civil WarMajor Questions:
•What were the major political and social events that led up to the Civil War?
•What caused the divide between North and South to grow?
•Why were they unable to work out compromise?
Ideological and Political Divisions
Pro-Slavery South
• Slavery good institution• Protected blacks• Christian institution• Profited whites
• White male political patriarchy
• States rights to protect slavery
• Western expansion of slavery
Free Soil North
• Northern states and territories stronger w/o slavery
• Slavery morally and economically corrupt
• Free Soil = land of free white laborers
• Freedom from slavery, freedom for whites
• Against western expansion of slavery
Political Failures and Conflicts• Constitutional Convention – institutionalized slavery, did
not tackle abolition at the time, pushing it on later generations
• Missouri Compromise (1820) – free and slave state tit-for-tat
• Mexican-American War – war of territorial expansion• Compromise of 1850 – tried to appease both sides, but
offended both• Bleeding Kansas – civil war over slave/free state status• Dred Scott Decision – blacks had “no rights which the
white man was bound to respect” – C.J. Taney• Dred Scott Decision – Congress had no right to outlaw
slavery in territories
Political Divisions: 3rd Party System• Solid South white male Democratic Party• Northern urban Democrats (immigrants/workers/Irish)• Constitutional Union Party (1860) – Whigs, Democrats,
and Know-Nothings who supported Union, but didn’t want slavery to be major issue
• New political party: Republican Party formed in 1854 by anti-slavery activists• Opposition to slavery in Kansas and Nebraska• Free Soil ideology• Pro-Union• Equal rights• Big Government for social and economic goals
1860 Election
1860 Election Effects• Lincoln ran on nationalist platform – Union most important• But his anti-slavery views were well-known: slavery was
immoral; eventually, nation would become all slave or all free• Lincoln won 1860 election, which was unacceptable to most
southerners• Southern states rejected federal authority over slavery in any
form – led to secession from Union• South Carolina first to secede from U.S. on Dec. 20, 1860,
followed by MS, LA, GA, AL, FL – formed Confederacy• Secessionists rejected Lincoln’s offer of compromise in
1861 Inaugural Address: “no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with slavery in the States where it exists.”
Fort Sumter, SC• Confederates fired on U.S. fort on April 12, 1861
Official beginning of the Civil War
Why Did Southern Whites Fight in the Civil War?• Non-slaveholding whites?• “way of life” threatened• Anti-northern/urban/ industrial• Something in common with
slaveholders• Social connections between the
classes of whites• Economic connections: renting
slaves, foremen on plantations, debt
• Fears of black people and slave rebellion
• The vote & political participation• Ideas of white racial superiority• States rights
Why Did Poor Southern Whites Fight in Civil War?
• Many lower-class whites bought into southern hierarchy – household
• Control of land, household, labor, and political rights• White male authority, honor, power, and monopoly of
violenceMale Planter Elite
/\White Women & Children
/\White Laborers
/\Slaves & Free Blacks
Poor White Landowner or Renter
/\Wife & Children
/\Slaves and Free Blacks
Why Did Northerners Fight?• Abolitionist minority – fund. opposed to slavery – slavery
was an evil, a stain on the nation – represented belief in full INCLUSION of blacks into nation
• Free Labor majority – opposed to expansion of slavery• Slavery hurts free labor • Free labor = economic and political independence• Free people would not allow themselves to be enslaved• Republican and “republican”• Pro-Union – unification of nation [under free labor ideals]• Belief a pivot point to judge whether people are worthy of citizenship
or rights
Important Points about Civil War• Change from limited to “total” war• First “modern” technological war• More casualties (1 million) and deaths (620,000) than any
other U.S. war• War for the future of the country• War of competing ideals
• Would the U.S. live up to the ideals of democracy, freedom, and equality?
• Would the union of states survive?
Civil War Casualties by Battle
Odds of Dying from Combat Wounds
First “Modern” War• Increased death and brutality• Both sides fighting for causes they believed in• Length of war = increasingly hardened soldiers• Mentality of victory at all costs • New military technologies increased deaths and casualties:
• Long-barreled muskets – shot farther and more accurately than ever before
• Cannons• Arms outpaced traditional military strategies – marching in formation,
close-range fighting in long lines• Defensive strategies best, but generals refused to give up on charges• Lag in medical technology: lack of sanitation
• Became a “total war”: attacks on civilian populations
Early War: 1861-1862• Idea of limited short war on both sides• Most northerners fighting to preserve union (the nation),
not to end slavery – believed the war would be short quick victory for North
• Most southerners fighting to preserve slave system and homeland – believed quick victory would force north to give in to demands for separate country
• General George McClellan, Union military leader, believed that quick victories would convince most southerners to rejoin the Union – but he never won those victories and war dragged on
• Became a long, total war
Major Front: Eastern Front• Most battles fought in Virginia• The North wanted to capture the Confederate capital in
Richmond, VA• Virginia and Richmond defended by Robert E. Lee and
Army of Northern Virginia• Lee and Stonewall Jackson effective defenders• Union General George McClellan overly cautious – didn’t
pursue Confederates after victory at Antietam in 1862 (bloodiest one-day battle in U.S. history)
• McClellan removed from command• Union defeated at Fredericksburg in next attempt to
capture Richmond
Civil War Battles Map
Union Naval Blockade of the South• Goal: cut off south from Atlantic and interstate trade• Goal: cut off cotton trade to Europe, limit southern war funds, keep
Europe out of war
Major Front: Western Front• Between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi
River• North wanted to capture the MS River and use it for
invasion of the South• Succession of Union victories, led by U.S. Grant• Victories at Shiloh (April 1862), New Orleans (April-May
1862)• Needed to capture Vicksburg, MS to gain control of MS
River• Capture of Vicksburg, combined with Emancipation
Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863, turned the tide of the war – South on the defensive militarily and ideologically
Siege of Vicksburg, MS
Slaves, Freedpersons, and Freedom• Slaves and freedpersons and their attempts to realize
American ideals• Slaves had already made great efforts to achieve freedom
during slavery and Civil War• Resistance during enslavement – multiple forms and
tactics• Emancipation Proc. (Jan. 1863)• Fought for Union• Fled to Union lines• Attempted to reunify with families during war
Everyday acts of resistance – What are they talking about?
Eastman Johnson, “A Ride for Liberty, the Runaway Slaves,” 1862
Brief History of the U.S. Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln’s mixed messages on abolition of slavery• ‘House Divided’ speech, 1858, Senate Campaign: "A
house divided against itself cannot stand" – Union would become all slave or free
• Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 1861: “no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with slavery in the States where it exists.”
• By early 1862, Lincoln advised Union border states to accept compensated abolition of slavery, delayed over 30 years, congressmen rejected it
• Later in 1862 had decided to announce E.P.• How and why did this happen? • Why did Lincoln and northerners shift from war for Union to
war of emancipation?
Brief History of E.P.• Preliminary E.P., Sept. 22, 1862 – slaves will be freed in
states still in rebellion on Jan. 1, 1863 – ignored by Confederate states
• Emancipation Proclamation, Jan. 1, 1863 – • freed all slaves in rebellious states (excluded Union slaveholders)• Intention to enlist slaves in army and navy
• Lincoln: “military necessity, absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union”
• “We must free the slaves or be ourselves subdued. The slaves [are] undeniably an element of strength to those who [have] their service, and we must decide whether that element should be with us or against us...The Administration must set an example, and strike at the heart of the rebellion.”
• E.P. made the Union army an army of liberation in Confederate states
• Slavery not completely abolished until 13th Amendment to Constitution, Dec. 18, 1865
Change in War Goals• Slaves pushed Union to change war goals• “Contraband” slaves fled to Union lines, demanded role in war
effort, demanded freedom• Thousands of slaves on the move in the south• They undermined the South’s ability to sustain economy at
home on backs of slave labor• Undermined South’s ability to control population and borders• A revolution from within the Confederacy• At same time, Radical Republicans pressured Lincoln to
change goals• Confederate military victories convinced him of necessity of
different war strategies
After Vicksburg, Total War• Generals Grant and Sherman shifted war goals and
strategies towards complete subjugation and destruction of Confederate ability to fight
• Attacked economic, social, and physical infrastructure• Sherman’s March to the Sea through the South –
destroyed railroads, farms, towns – tried to break the will of the people to fight
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Gettysburg, July, 1863• While Grant and Sherman fought in west and lower south,
Lee went on offensive• Lee invaded the north, hoped to relieve pressure on
Vicksburg• Met Union forces under George Meade at Gettysburg, PA• Lee was defeated and had to retreat to VA• Called “the high water mark of the Confederacy”
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address• Address delivered Nov. 19, 1863 at dedication of Gettysburg National Cemetery
• Two main issues: Constitutional Liberties & Equality• War for Union, national unity• War for human equality
• Link to text of Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address”• Link to video/audio of reading of “Gettysburg Address”
• Link to Library of Congress site on “Gettysburg Address”
End of the War & New Am. Revolution• Defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg sealed the fate of the
Confederacy• War lasted 2 more years, however• But the Union victory signified a New American Revolution:
• Hopes of fulfillment of American ideals for all Americans• Questions about fate of freed slaves• New battles over freedpersons’ rights, citizenship, and economic
possibilities• Reaction of white southerners to black freedom – battle for soul of
the south and the country• Question of government role in sustaining equality and freedom for
all Americans – Is freedom real if the conditions for freedom don’t exist?
Definitions of Full Freedom:• Conflicts over the definition of freedom for newly-freed
slaves during and after the Civil War• What would FULL FREEDOM look like?
• How to guarantee Full Freedom?
Definitions of Full Freedom• Equality of rights• Vote• Land• Ways to provide for themselves, take care of own• Organize, form groups• Churches and schools• Right to defend country, join military (180,000 during the war)• Necessity of enforcement • Equality under law, opportunity• Money, other forms of support• Protection = military/law enforcement• Take land from someone and give it to another• Infrastructure• Peace?
Fight for Full Freedom During the War• Slave efforts:
• Fought for or worked for Union victory• Sought out family members• Geographic mobility - moved to new areas• Sought land and economic freedom
• Union confiscation of lands• General Sherman’s Field Order #15, Jan. 1865 – Sea
Islands and other lands set aside for freedpersons• Goal of 40 acres and a mule• Northern Republican support for freedmen – formation of
religious and governmental aid groups during war
Black Refugees Seeking Freedom
Post-Slavery Connections• Goals of Emancipation continue into the present• Common goals: fight racial and economic exploitation; fight for democracy and equality
• Public expression and celebrations • Juneteenth and Emancipation Day celebrations
throughout the Atlantic• Radicalism and Reform in the Black Atlantic or African-Atlantic• Anti-colonial activists• Civil rights activists• Human rights activists• Labor activists
Emancipation Day, 1863, South Carolina
Juneteenth
Musicians at the Austin, Texas, Emancipation Day picnic, June 19,1900
Ex-slaves at the Austin, Texas, Emancipation Day picnic, June 19,1900
Emancipation Day Parade, Richmond, VA, 1904/5