guide to cleaning equipment

Guide to

Equipment

Jangro Limited

James House, Worsley Road, Farnworth, Bolton BL4 9NL

0845 458 5223

Intro to Equipment Guide 08 13/6/08 11:13

Guide to Equipment

© JANGRO Network 2

IntroductionApart from the chemicals and solutions we use to

perform the chemical cleaning task, it would be

impossible to clean without the mechanical aid

provided by cleaning equipment. The term

mechanical refers to any piece of equipment that

aids the cleaning process that is handled by the

operative. In order for the operative to properly

apply the various solutions and chemicals

provided for cleaning, they will need to know the

most effective and correct way of applying it to the

surface to be cleaned. For instance, when cleaning

large expanses of hard flooring, is it more

appropriate to apply it with a machine or with the

use of more traditional items of equipment? Only

by being aware of how each item can be applied in

any given situation can the operative decide

which to utilise.

In this Guide we will deal with the different

categories and types of equipment used to aid the

cleaning process. These will range from the

electrical machinery used through to the cleaning

cloths used and their application. This Guide will

also deal comprehensively with the various types of

Personal Protective Equipment supplied by Jangro,

giving you an understanding of the appropriate

equipment required for any given work situation.

Introduction to Equipment

The first items we will look at in the cleaning

operative’s armoury are the different types of

machine used throughout the industry. As you

can appreciate, there is a huge range of machinery

available. In this section we will look at the various

categories of machine and the variations within

each group. We will also take a look at the way in

which they work and what makes them so

effective for the job they are designed.

We also provide information on the attachments

available to compliment the machines, making

them more adaptable within the working

environment. The first group of machines we will

look at are Suction Machines.

Cleaning Machinery

The first vacuum cleaner is said to have been

manufactured in Chicago in 1865. It was called the

Whirlwind. A janitor named Murray Spangler in

Canton Ohio created an early design and had

developed the idea after constructing a crude

prototype from a desk fan and a pillow case.

He sold his idea to his cousin, who owned

the Hoover Harness and Leather Goods, Co.

Vacuum cleaners have certainly come a long way

since and are available in a vast range of designs to

meet the needs of the most demanding cleaning

environments.

There are two major types of vacuum cleaners, the

upright and the cylinder. The difference is not just

in how they look but how they work. Both, of

course, rely on suction. They do this by creating a

vacuum.

Suction or Vacuum Cleaners


Guide to Equipment

© JANGRO Network 3

The creation of a vacuum within the machine,

which draws dust through an inlet tube into a dust

collection bag, is really all there is to it. Sounds

easy? OK, it is slightly more complicated so let’s

look at what needs to be done.

Today most commercial upright vacuum cleaners

have two motors. One drives the brush roll whilst

the other sucks air from an inlet creating a significant

difference in pressure between the air inside the

machine to that outside. Air drawn through the inlet

passes through and out of the machine. The air

drawn from the area surrounding the inlet contains

soil, debris or water lifted from the surface by the

force of the vacuum effect that is created.

The different types of machine collect the soil in

different ways and fall into two main categories.

These are:

1. Those machines where, as the dirt-filled air

makes its way to the exhaust port, it passes

through the vacuum-cleaner bag. These bags

are made of porous woven material (typically

cloth or paper), which acts as an air filter. The

tiny holes in the bag are large enough to let air

particles pass by, but too small for most dirt

particles to fit through. Thus, when the air

current streams into the bag, all the air moves

on through the material, but the dirt and debris

collect in the bag.

2. Those machines where the air stream passes

through a wider area, which is positioned over a

bucket. When it reaches this larger area, the air

stream slows down. This drop in speed

effectively loosens the air's grip, so the liquid

droplets and heavier dirt particles can fall out of

the air stream and into the bucket.

The principles of suction cleaning

1. Cylinder-type MachinesMost variations of this type of machine employ

the bag principle as explained above. They are

suitable for everyday vacuum cleaning and are

effective in collecting relatively light soil and

debris deposits.

This soil and debris is trapped within a paper bag

enclosed within a cloth bag and is situated in the

main body of the machine between the inlet and

the motor.

The walls of the dust bag

are designed in such a

way that will allow air to

flow through it, yet trap

fine dust particles within

it. The exhaust air then

passes through a series of

filters, which trap finer

particles, preventing them

from being emitted into

the atmosphere. These

filters must be cleaned

regularly in order to maintain their effectiveness.

Types of machine available

There are two types of machines - upright and cylinder vacuum cleaners. Uprights are recommended for

wide spaces on one level, where as cylinders are easier if steps and stairs are present.


Guide to Equipment

© JANGRO Network 4

Canister or Tub MachinesThese can be designed to employ either the bag or

bucket principle.Tubs employing the bag principle

are suitable for most tasks requiring the removal of

relatively light soil deposits. They are very similar

to cylinder vacuum cleaners in that a cloth filter is

situated between the bag and the motor housing.

A finer filter is usually placed between the filter

and the motor housing to protect the motor.

Alternatively, secondary filters can be fitted at the

outlet port. HEPA filtration or Absolute Filtration is

available on most Jangro vacuums. This filters

down to 0.3 micron at 99.98% efficiency.

Tubs that are designed to incorporate a container

are suitable for much the same tasks. The motor in

these types of machines is situated in such a way

that air flowing through the machines, by-passes

it, with the exhaust outlets being positioned

between the container and the motor. These

machines are especially suited for use in picking

up liquids, but can be used for dry soil. Soil

collected in bags is far easier to dispose of and

machines employing this principle are used

extensively throughout the cleaning industry.

However, the presence of the bag, especially when

containing debris can reduce the suction power

achieved by the machine.

Back-pack Vacuum CleanersThese are cylinder vacuum cleaners that are

ergonomically designed to be mounted

comfortably on the back of a cleaning operative

and allow the operative to safely remove debris

from otherwise inaccessible areas. They are

particularly effective for cleaning stairs and

removing high level dust and debris on ledges,

furniture and fittings.

Wet Pick-up MachinesWet Pick-Up machines work in the same way as

tub vacuum cleaners but are specifically designed

for dealing with large

amounts of water. In

addition to the filtering

systems available for all

vacuum cleaners, these

incorporate a cut-off

mechanism for the vacuum

to avoid water coming into

contact with the motor.

This safety feature usually involves a “float-valve”.

This is a plastic float in the shape of a ball or

upturned beaker which is housed in a plastic

“cage” beneath the vacuum inlet inside the waste

tank. As the water rises, so does the float and when

the water reaches a set level, the float will cover

the inlet, preventing further water being sucked in.

UprightsUpright vacuum cleaners are used in

areas where a deeper clean of the

carpet is required. Most incorporate

the sack principle and soil is deposited

within a dust filter bag, situated

within the main body of the head,

although some models can adopt

the container principle.

They contain a brush roll at the head of the machine,

essentially a belt-driven roller containing stiff

brushes that rotates at high speed and dislodges

dirt from the carpet fibres in the process.

The motor that creates the vacuum is in the

vacuum box on the handle and draws the air

containing the dislodged soil particles through

the machine into a paper sack. The exhaust air

then passes through a series of filters, trapping

finer particles preventing dust being emitted from

the machine.

They are a more expensive alternative to tub-vacs

but cost effective in large areas, reducing the time

and effort required when using a floor wand.


Guide to Equipment

© JANGRO Network 5

Vacuum cleaners are provided with a range of tools

and accessories that increase their adaptability for

tackling a wide range of cleaning tasks. Examples

of these are:

Crevice Tools that are used for cleaning in hard to

reach and awkward places.

Upholstery Tools which are T shaped and without

bristles for cleaning delicate fabrics.

Dusting Brushes, traditionally round or oval in

shape, incorporate soft-bristles to dislodge dust

particles and resemble a traditional vacuum head.

Combination Floor Tools can be used on both

hard and carpeted floor surfaces. A pedal on the

tool changes the use from a gliding tool on carpets

to a floor brush for hard floors.

Squeegee Tools are used on Wet & Dry machine

only, and are used to collect water or fluids from a

floor; these usually have rubber blades and can be

either fitted to a floor wand or as a fixed outrigger

on some of the bigger wet and dry machines.

Equipment and Accessories

Choosing the correct machine

When selecting the correct type of machine you

should carefully consider the following points:

• Type of waste to be removed - whether the waste is bulky, dry or wet.

• The working environment - whether there are space constraints, the

location of the waste (i.e. high level).

• The needs of the user - working posture adopted.

• The nature and size of the task -size of the area to be cleaned.

• Health and Safety -working at height etc.

There are also technical considerations which govern

the operating characteristics and performance of

commercial/industrial vacuum cleaners of the dry

tub, wet and dry tub, battery operated tub vacs

and upright vacs with brush heads.

The parameters to consider are:

Length of CableThis is measured from the base of the plug to

where the cable enters appliance. The cable, for

general use should be no less than 7.5 metres long.

Motor PowerThis is shown on the appliance in two designations:

• Maximum wattage • Nominal Wattage

Pmax, the maximum wattage is the theoretical

maximum load capability of the motor.

Piec, the actual wattage utilised when the vacuum

cleaner is in use under normal operating conditions.

It is actual wattage that is the most useful measure

of the power consumed by the motor.

The motor power should not exceed the capability

of the available supply (eg from a 230v, 50Hz,

electricity supply the motor power should NOT

exceed 3kW).


Guide to Equipment

© JANGRO Network 6

Air FlowThe measure of this is as significant to performance

as motor power and vacuum.

Air Flow is dependant upon length and diameter

of the vacuum hose and the nature of the

accessory fitted to the end of the hose and the

overall design of the product.

For comparative performance analysis, the air flow

should be measured at the hose fitting connection at

the body of the machine, ie without a hose fitted.

Air WattageMachines will often have air wattage quoted in their

performance details.It is generally recognised as being

of use as a comparative measure of performance and

efficiency of a particular vacuum cleaner.

VacuumThe vacuum measured at the end of the hose or at

the mouth of an accessory on a hose,varies from one

hose length/accessory fitment to another, and is not

useful in comparative analysis.

The vacuum performance of a machine is best

measured at the machine hose inlet, with no hose

fitted and the inlet closed.

Performance of any machine is a combination of air

flow, vacuum and motor power, generally in that

order of significance.

CapacityCapacity is always measured in litres. This is variable

dependant upon the application:

Dry Vacuum MachinesIf a bag is fitted, the capacity is measured by the

physical capacity of the bag.

If the machine is stated as having capability for

operation in a dry mode without a bag fitted, the

capacity of the machine is measured by either the

physical volume of the tub up to the bottom of the

hose inlet connector or up to the top of the tub

container if the inlet is higher and not integrated into

the tub container capacity.

Wet and Dry Vacuum MachinesWhen used as a dry vacuum cleaner the comments

of the section ‘Dry Vacuum Machines’ above will

apply.

When used as a wet vacuum cleaner, the wet pick-up

capacity is a measure of the volume of fluid the

machine is capable of collecting before the safety-cut

off device is actuated, with the machine standing on

a flat surface. This is not the capacity of the container.

WeightThe statement of weight is associated with the

weight of the cable and machine only, ie excluding

hose and accessories, as these can vary, dependant

upon the application and affect the overall weight

accordingly.

FiltrationDry vacuumsThe greater the quoted surface area of filtration, the

longer the operating time without the need to clean

the filter.

This quoted surface area is not the dimensional

size of the filter, but the surface area of filtration

material exposed to the air flow. It should be noted

that the use of a dust bag extends the operational

life of the filter.

Wet vacuumsFiltration is not normally required in a standard

application where the wet material is non-hazardous.

If an application is considered by a user as ‘non

standard’ then specialist advice should be sought

from the supplier or manufacturer.

Wet/Dry Combination vacuumsThese are vacuum cleaners that can be used in both

wet and dry applications without any change of

filtration method. In this instance refer to the

manufacturers instructions to identify correct use of

machine.

Note: For use outside of what might be considered

typical use, a wide range of specialist vacuum

cleaners are available incorporating all the necessary

filtration requirements.


Guide to Equipment

© JANGRO Network 7

Container SizeTypically, this is the volume of that element of the

vacuum cleaner construction that houses the dust

collection element of the machine. It should not be

considered the dust capacity of the vacuum cleaner.

VoltageBefore use, it should be confirmed that the rated

voltage stated on the vacuum cleaner is compatible

to the supply voltage of the power source.

Static ElectricityCertain vacuum cleaners have an anti-static feature

quoted. These machines are recommended where a

build up of static electricity may be expected,such as

when collecting very fine dust or cleaning certain

textile surfaces, static electricity build up is also likely

when the atmosphere is particularly dry.

Noise LevelNormally quoted in the unit dB(A). Most standard

vacuum cleaners operate in a range of 60-80 dB(A) or

less, but such machines, particularly when operating

at less than 60 B(A) may not have the same

performance characteristics of standard vacuum

cleaners due to reductions in air flow.

Whatever machine type is selected, care should be

taken to ensure all staff are suitably trained in its safe

use. Further guidance in relation to the safe use of

electrical equipment can be found in the Health and

Safety Awareness Guide.

Care of the equipment

Vacuum cleaners, like all other items supplied to

operatives must be cared for properly in order to

maintain high levels of performance and prolong

the life of the machine. Therefore, consideration

should be given of the following points:

• Never use the machine when the dust bag or

container is full as this will overload the motor

(this is usually indicated by a noticeable change

in the sound of the machine).

• Remove all tools and accessories from the

machine following use and store safely.

• Empty dust bags and containers regularly and

frequently.

• Always clean and dry the collection tank of wet

pick-up machines after use.

• Always clean all tools and accessories after use.

• After each use, wipe the outside of the machine

and clean the cable.

• Hang up all hoses after use and do not allow

them to trail on the floor.

• Never pull the machine by the hose when in

use.

• Do not use the same hose for wet and dry

vacuuming.

• Ensure that the cable is coiled around the

machine when not in use.

• Clean filters regularly and change whenever

necessary.


Guide to Equipment

© JANGRO Network 8

Along with vacuum cleaners, rotary cleaning

machines are the most common machines used

by cleaning operatives throughout the industry.

They could be accurately described as the

workhorses of the industry, given the range of

tasks they can be used to perform.

Although they may all look similar, the specifications

of the different types of machine will dictate their

suitability for certain tasks. For instance, machines

that rotate at slower speeds are more suitable for

scrubbing tasks, whereas the faster machines are

more suited to floor polishing procedures.

Rotary Cleaning Machines

ScrubbingImpacted soil deposits can be removed from hard

floors by scrubbing, which requires the use of a

suitable cleaning solution in conjunction with the

machine. Brushes or a suitably graded abrasive pad

can be used to dislodge the soil once it has been

softened by the cleaning solution.

BurnishingThe tips of a rotary brush or the surface of an

abrasive pad will scratch and cut at the floor surface

to create a smooth surface with a gloss finish. If this

process is used on a floor that has had polish

applied, it will lead to the removal of the surface

layer of polish to achieve the same results.

Spray CleaningAgain, like scrubbing, the machine is used in

conjunction with a cleaning solution. It differs

from scrubbing in that a buffable detergent is

used and it is applied using a trigger spray or

pump up bottle spray in the form of a fine mist,

which, when subjected the action of the machine,

will leave a gloss film on the surface of the floor.

This process can be used to maintain unpolished

floors or to maintain the appearance of floor

treated with polish.

BuffingA soft grade abrasive pad is used to create a gloss

finish on the floor. If a floor has been recently

treated with wax, emulsion or seal finish, buffing

The range of tasks performed

Therefore, it is crucial that the correct machine is

chosen to carry out any given task efficiently.

The most common varieties of machine used have

a single rotating head, onto which can be attached

brushes, pads, bonnet mops, sanding discs and

scarifying assemblies (more on these later).

The head itself is driven by an electric motor or, in

the case of non-electric versions, propane and

petrol. The power is transmitted to the rotating

head in one of the following ways:

Direct drive - where the motor is situated directly

above the head with the power being transmitted

by means of a gear box.

Belt drive - where the motor is situated off centre

or the rear of the rotating head with the head itself

being driven by a drive belt.

The principles of rotary cleaning


Guide to Equipment

will enhance the appearance of the floor by

generating heat on the surface which will harden

waxes and resins present in the newly laid polish.

Spray BurnishingIn essence, this is very similar to spray cleaning butthe term is applied to the maintenance proceduresrequired of floors where a buffable polish has beenapplied and the abrasive pad will remove soilalong with the surface layer of polish to leave aglossy finish. Waxes and resins present in theproduct applied form part of the eventual finish,further enhancing the appearance of the floor.

ScarifyingThis is the most aggressive way of removingimpacted soil from a surface.A scarifying attachmentis fitted to the machine that incorporates a series ofsharp cutting tools that will remove soil deposits bymeans of a chisel like action.

Light SandingThis can be done with the use of abrasive meshdiscs used in conjunction with a slow speedmachine. They can be used to lightly sand anuneven or damaged surface or strip back multiplelayers of polish that cannot be removed byconventional stripping.

Bonnet MoppingA cleaning process for carpets or hard floors usinga standard speed rotary machine fitted with theappropriate bonnet mop.

Each surface has its own particular technique andinvolves a surface-specific bonnet mop.

CarpetA carpet bonnet is manufactured from a mixtureof polyester and viscose and is an extremelyeffective cleaning technique. For best results thecarpet should first be vacuum cleaned and pre-sprayed to tackle any heavy soiling. A solution ofthe appropriate detergent is used to pre-soak thebonnet mop which is then wrung out before beingused to "buff" the carpet.

Hard FloorsWith hard floor bonnet cleaning the rotarymachine should have a centre feed facility and befitted with a solution tank. A hard floors bonnet ismanufactured from a mixture of nylon and hightensile nylon which ensures that it is hard wearingand the mop does not hold too much water. Todistinguish it from carpet bonnets the hardsurface bonnet generally contains easily identifiedcoloured fleck, and has a mesh centre to allowwater to feed through to the bonnet.

The cleaning technique here is different to carpets.The bonnet is put onto the drive board in a drystate, and dampened by feeding water throughfrom the solution tank. Only sufficient cleaningsolution should be fed to the bonnet, and as thebonnet dries out more solution can be fedthrough. If done correctly the floor should be airdried in two or three minutes.

As previously stated, although the machines may

look similar, they do perform a number of separate

tasks, depending on their individual properties. In

this section we will look at the various types of

machines available.

Single Brush MachinesSingle brush machines have, as the

name implies, a single rotating

drive pulley driven, powered by an

electric motor. The drive pulley

itself can be driven via a belt linking it to the rotor

of the motor or through a gearbox.

All machines apart from the Ultra High Speed

machines are designed to be used in conjunction

with drive brushes, abrasive pads and a wide range

of other accessories and assemblies. Ultra High

Speed machines, due to their speed configuration

tend to be fitted with a fixed drive board which is

not removed after use.

Types of Machine

© JANGRO Network 9


Guide to Equipment

© JANGRO Network 10

Brushes Brushes are available for use with all machines other

than Ultra High Speed machines which have a fixed

drive board.These are usually an optional item, but if

purchased in conjunction with other accessories can

increase the number of tasks that can be undertaken.

The bristles of modern brushes are constructed

mainly of nylon or polypropylene and natural fibres

such as gumati, bassine and bahia for polishing or

burnishing floors.

The scrubbing and carpet brushes tend to be used

on Standard speed machines as this will minimise

splashing, and the natural fibre brushes tend to be

used on High or Super speed machines as the brush

speed assists in the polishing or burnishing process.

Equipment and Accessories

The working width of these machines can vary

from 28 to 60 cm and the speed at which it is

driven falls into one of the following categories:

• Slow or Standard Speed 120 - 250 rpm

• High Speed 260 - 360 rpm

• Super Speed 370 - 490 rpm

• Ultra High Speed 500 - 2000+ rpm

As a general rule, machines in the Standard, High

and Super Speed categories, will tend to be swing

machines which are operated in a side to side

motion. They will have a head weight on the floor

of anything between 20 to 45 kilos, depending on

working diameter, size and weight of motor and

general construction of the machine. The

machines operate on the principal that at a point

of equilibrium or in a horizontal position to the

floor the machine will ‘hover’ in the same spot. By

gently raising the handle the machine will move to

the right, and by gently lowering the handle the

machine will move to the left. It is a combination

of this slight upward and downward movement

on the handle that allows the machine to swing in

a side to side action.

With Ultra High Speed machines, these are known

as divided weight machines and tend to be

operated in a straight line method. In order to

facilitate these higher speeds the rear wheels will

be in contact with the floor when in use and

possibly the machine will also have a front or

central castor wheel to give further ease of

mobility. Ultra High Speed machines usually have a

pad pressure of between 3 to 9 kilos, depending

on the diameter and speed of the machine. This is

why they are particularly effective in polishing or

burnishing hard floor surfaces, but cannot be used

for more aggressive cleaning methods such as

scrubbing or stripping.


Guide to Equipment


Floor Maintenance PadsPads are designed to be suitable for particular

tasks and their effectiveness depends greatly on

the speed at which they rotate along with the

weight applied by the machine. They are

manufactured in a range of colours, each having its

own characteristics and suitability for certain tasks.

They are fitted to machines via the drive disc,

which is usually supplied with the machine. The

surface of the drive disc is covered with short

nylon bristles that grip the surface of the pad and

prevent it from slipping during cleaning.

The following table will help you to choose the right

colour pad for the task being undertaken.

Anti-splash SkirtsMade from flexible Perspex these simply slide

under the machine and surround the brush or

cleaning pad. They prevent water and chemical

splashing on to furniture and fittings when the

machine is in use.

Suction AssembliesSuction assemblies are vacuum cleaners designed

specifically to be mounted on rotary cleaning

machines. The inlet tube is connected to a skirt

creating a vacuum around the head. Any dust or

debris dislodged in the process is deposited in the

dust bag.

Solution Tanks and Spray UnitsLike suction assemblies, these can be mounted on

the machine. They incorporate a tube that is

connected to the base of the machine with the

solution being fed into the pad or brush by way of

a trigger operated by the cleaner. Their use allows

the cleaner to control the level of solution used

during the cleaning process, ensuring that floors

are not over-wetted.

High Speed Rotary Machine

Black

Wet Stripping

Brown

Dry Stripping

Green

Wet Scrubbing

Blue

Cleaning

Red

Polishing

Tan

Polishing with

a slow or

standard

speed machine

White

Super

Polishing


Guide to Equipment


As we have already mentioned, the methods

adopted when using these types of machines are

dictated by the characteristics of the individual

machine. This will dictate their suitability for

certain tasks.

Each machine will have its own specification and

operatives should be aware of the various points

to consider when selecting the correct machine.

This will enable them to make the right choice at

all times.Therefore, operatives should consider the

following:

• The weight of the machine

• The strength of the motor

• The brush speed

• The size of the working head

• The performance requirements

• Portability

• Manoeuvrability

• Availability of power points

There are a number of reasons why the selection

of the correct machine is critical. The most obvious

one being that the operative will struggle to

achieve the standards required of the job being

undertaken. However, of far more importance is

the fact that using inappropriate machinery can

lead to injuries to operatives and damage to the

surfaces being cleaned.

The following chart should help you appreciate the

importance of appropriate machine application.

Points to consider prior to use

Scarifying

Heavy Scrubbing

55 - 65+

45+

High

High

Slow

Slow

• Too light: cleaning is ineffective ortime consuming

• Too fast: splashes when scrubbing

Light Scrubbing 30 - 40+ Moderate Slow or Standardif splash guard isfitted

• Too fast: splashes when scrubbing

Bonnet Mopping 30 - 40+ Moderate Slow • Too light: Bounces across the floorsurface

• Too heavy: can damage thecarpet

• Low power: motor can overload

• Too fast: bounces across the floorsurface

Spray Cleaningor Burnishing

30 - 40+ High or Moderate High, Standard orSuper

• Too light: cleaning is timeconsuming

• Too heavy: strip off too muchpolish when burnishing


• Too slow: too labour-intensive asnot enough heat is generated toheat set polishes.

Carpet Skimming 30 - 40 Moderate Standard • Too light: bounces across thesurface

• To heavy: can damage the carpet


• To fast: bounces across thesurface

Effect of incorrect machine choice

TaskWorking

Weight (kg)Power of Motor Brush Speed


Guide to Equipment


Rotary Cleaning Machines, like all other items

supplied to operatives must be cared for properly

in order to maintain high levels of performance

and prolong the life of the machine. Therefore,

consideration should be given of the following

points:

• Never use under-powered machines for heavy

duty cleaning.

• Remove all brushes, drive plates and pads from

the machine after each use.

• Never leave the machine resting on the brush

or drive plate when not in use.

• Empty out and rinse all solution tanks and

associated tubing after each use.

• Wash out all brushes and pads thoroughly

using a suitable detergent solution.

• Leave all brushes and pads to air-dry after

cleaning.

• Store all pads horizontally at all times,

especially when drying.

• Wipe down the machine following each use.

• Make sure that all cables are wound around the

cable retainers and check for any shredding,

splits or kinks while doing so.

• Report any changes in the performance of the

machine immediately and do not use until

suitably repaired.

Scrubber drying machines

combine the scrubbing

function of a rotary cleaning

machine with the suction

capabilities of a vacuum

cleaner allowing both

cleaning processes to be

carried out in a single pass.

Following treatment with a

scrubber dryer, the floor is

clean and dry and suitable

for walking on.

They are manufactured in a huge range of shapes

and sizes from the smallest, which are no bigger

than a vacuum cleaner, to the largest which you

can sit on and drive down the high street.

Regardless of the size, they all perform the same

function that of dislodging dirt and debris and

vacuuming away the resulting waste solution.

The rotary brushes incorporated within the

machine can be cylindrical or disc shaped and

driven in the same way as described in the rotary

cleaning machine section.

Scrubber Dryers

Care of Equipment

First of all let us look at the main components of

the machine and the way in which they interact

with each other during operation.

Clean Water TankThe clean water tank is usually situated within the

main body of the machine above the rotary head.

Usually the water is fed through the brush either

by a manual gravity system or an automated

system through a solenoid.

The Vacuum UnitThe vacuum unit is situated within the collection

tank and is protected from water by the use of a

float valve which will automatically cut off the

vacuum if the level of the waste water becomes

too high. The vacuum inlet is attached to the

squeegee to allow the waste to be collected.

How Do They Work?


Guide to Equipment


The Squeegee and Collection TankThe squeegee is situated at the back of the

machine and trails behind it when in use. It is

typically one and half times the width of the

machine, allowing it to collect waste when the

machine is turned. The squeegee itself is fitted to

a free-floating, adjustable outrigger to increase its

manoeuvrability and automatically adjusts to the

unevenness of the floor surface being cleaned.

The intake tube carries the waste into the

collection tank where it is deposited. It also

contains a drainage outlet which is situated below

the base of the collection tank to allow for easy

drainage. Some models have detachable tanks

that can be emptied in much the same way as a

bucket or bowl.

The Control PanelThis is usually incorporated with the handle of the

machine or near to it. The control panel allows the

operator to switch the vacuum unit and solution

pump on and off as required. The more

sophisticated models can have indicators to show

the levels within the solution and collection tanks.

Like all of the machines we have discussed so far,

pressure washers are available in a range of

designs and sizes, making them suitable for

tackling small areas of localised soiling to large

areas. They can also be used on vertical as well as

horizontal surfaces.

They are particularly

effective in dealing with

ingrained dirt, some forms

of graffiti, traffic films and

bird droppings, but most

popular for cleaning cars

and commercial vehicles.

Pressure Washers

Pressure washers are available in a variety of

voltages, including 240v, 110v or 3 phase (415v).

Mobile pressure washers tend to incorporate an

on board petrol or diesel engine and do not

require connection to an electricity supply. These

have clear advantages in terms of versatility and

mobility, as well as obvious health and safety

issues concerning use of trailing electricity supply

cables around water.

They may consist of a main water tank which can be

continually fed with water from a main supply by

means of a connecting hose, a cleaning solution

reservoir, a water pump and a heater (if hot water or

steam can be used). The extent to which the

temperature and pressure of the water can be

adjusted is dependant on the quality of the machine.

The water travelling through the machine is

subjected to pressure in the main pump and the

water is propelled at speed through a hand-held

lance onto the surface to be cleaned. Cleaning

agents can be injected into the water prior the

emission to increase the effectiveness of the

cleaning solution used. Some machines are

supplied with a range of accessories that connect

to the lance to alter the angle of the jet or the

pressure at which it is applied to the surface.

It should be noted that when the water is

propelled through the lance at pressure, operators

will experience a significant recoil which can make

it difficult to control at first.

How do they work?


Guide to Equipment


Factors influencing their efficiency

Sanding machines are used to smooth or even out

the surface of damaged or old wooden floors. The

actual sanding of the floor can be carried out using

a range of machine types.

Rotary cleaning machines can be used to carry out

floor sanding using attachments that are fitted to

the powered head of the machine. Varying grades

of sanding discs can be applied to the surface,

each of which will remove varying layers from the

surface, depending on the weight and speed of

the machine.

The effectiveness of this very much depends on

the skill of the operator. Due to the rotational

nature of the procedure, it can prove difficult for

operatives to achieve an even finish, the most

common problem being visible “half-mooning”, a

series of uneven, semi-circular gouges covering

the surface of the floor.

As a result, manufacturers of cleaning machinery

have tackled this problem by developing

machines that more easily achieve the results

required. Most machines incorporate dust collection

bags to cut down on the amount of fine sawdust

emitted during the sanding procedure.

Sanding Machines

There are a number of factors that will influence

the effectiveness of pressure washers. These are:

Water Temperature - Hot water,up to a temperature

of 60°C,will increase the effectiveness of the solution

as it will help with the removal of greasy deposits.

However, using hotter water can lead to chemical

deposits calcifying and clogging the spray nozzle.

If steam is used, the ability to emulsify grease and

oil deposits is greatly increased. Some machines

are capable of heating the water up to 140oC

steam. These machines will often incorporate a

diesel fueled heat exchanger to enable this

function, although the pump is still usually

powered by a mains electricity supply.

Water Quantity - The greater the amount of water

applied at pressure through a nozzle, the greater

the pressure applied to the surface being cleaned.

The quality and size of the pump used will dictate

the amount of water that can be pressurised and

applied to the surface. The cleaning capacity of

the pump is often measured in litres per minute

and referred to as the flow rate.

It is the pistons working in the pump head that

pressurise the water, and it is the speed at which

these pistons work that will often dictate whether

the machine is classed as domestic or commercial

unit. The most common speed of the pump is

2800rpm and this is used in most domestic and

some professional pressure washers. A commercial

pump will often run at only 1400 rpm and thus will

not create excessive wear on pistons, valves and

seals when the pressure washer is in constant use.

Cleaning Agents - Cleaning agents that can be

injected into the pressurised water can include

neutral, bactericidal, degreasing and descaling

products.They can also be manually applied to the

surface being cleaned to enable the dirt to be

loosened prior to treatment with pressurised water.

Pressure - Increases in water pressure will lead to

increases in the overall rate of cleaning. However,

if too much pressure is applied to certain surfaces,

the action of the water can lead to damage. Care

must always be taken to ensure that all pressures

used are appropriate for the surface being cleaned

and will not cause damage to it.


Guide to Equipment


The machines are available in the following types:

Orbital Sanders

Orbital sanders incorporate

a pad onto which a sanding

pad or sheet is attached

that will vibrate at high

frequencies allowing the

sanding medium to cut into

the surface of the wooden

floor.

They are effective in producing an even finish but

should be used for light sanding or floor

preparation procedures in small areas as they are

usually lighter in weight than other machines.

Belt Sanders

Belt sanders operate by

means of a powered belt

onto which is attached a

proprietary sanding belt. The

sanding belts are provided in

a range of grades suited to

specific tasks.

Belt sanders are relatively easy to use and are

particularly easy to use of wood strip or planks

where the wood grain lays in one direction.

Drum Sanders

Drum sanders operate in

much the same way as belt

sanders, except that the

sanding belt is attached to

a rotating drum. As a result,

they are also suitable for

treatment of large areas of

wooden flooring providing an all over even finish.

Edging Sanders

Edging sanders are small

orbital sanding machines

that are designed to deal

with the edges of wooden

floors that cannot be

effectively treated by larger

machines. The actual

working head can vary according to the machine

for use with square, circular or triangular pads.

* The models featured are

provided for illustrative purposes and

are not provided by JANGRO.

Floor sanding is an extreme form of floor

maintenance and should only ever be considered

as a last resort, when normal maintenance

procedures have failed or have ceased to become

effective. Even the highest quality wood floors will

struggle to withstand the procedure on more than

a couple of occasions, given the amount of wood

removed during the procedure.

Therefore, you should consider the following

points carefully before deciding on sanding as

maintenance option.

• The maintenance history of the floor -

i.e. has the procedure been undertaken at any

time in the past?

• The depth of the wood blocks, planks or strips.

• Whether the floor is sprung -

extra care should be taken if they are.

• The amount of material to be removed -

is floor replacement the only answer?

• Have all other options been considered?

Points to consider prior to use


Guide to Equipment


IntroductionFew people appreciate the importance of the

correct use of manual cleaning equipment and

unfortunately its value is underestimated to the

extent that lots of cleaners view it as disposable.

For instance, how many of you out there when

asked to provide a cleaner with mop heads, will be

asked to provide a handle and bucket at the same

time. Therefore, it is important that cleaning

operatives learn the importance of the role the

equipment plays in the overall delivery of the

service as well as developing an understanding of

the importance in cleaning and maintaining

equipment to retain its efficiency for longer.

Also, making the right decision when choosing

manual cleaning equipment is extremely

important, not least of all because it will directly

influence how efficiently cleaning operatives can

work; choosing inappropriate or inefficient

equipment will have an adverse affect on the

efficiency of your business.

It is worth noting that when cleaning operatives

are required to adopt a working position that

requires them to stoop, crouch or bend they will

lose up to 50% of their working efficiency. For

instance, a common mistake made by managers is

providing hand-held dust pan and brush sets

when long handled versions are available allowing

the cleaner to adopt a standing position.

The range of manual cleaning equipment is huge,

with new items becoming available all the time

designed at meeting the ever-increasing need for

highly specialised solutions. In this section of the

Guide, we will deal with the more common tools

and their variations, looking at the work situations

in which they can be used and outlining the

advantages and drawbacks of their use.

An understanding of the application of manual

cleaning equipment will lead to higher degrees of

efficiency from all involved in delivering the

service.

Manual Cleaning Equipment

When we consider the different areas we need to

clean, it quickly becomes apparent that there is a

lot of equipment out there and a lot of decisions to

make when considering the most efficient items

needed within your own working environment.

Basically,manual cleaning equipment can be broken

down into the following categories, depending on

the way in which you intend to clean:

• Hard floor equipment

• Carpet and soft furnishing equipment

• High level cleaning equipment

• Wall or vertical surface equipment

Looking at Equipment


Guide to Equipment


Brushes and brooms,although similar in construction

and carrying out similar tasks, are different in the

sense that the word broom refers to the long

handled variety and the word brush should be used

when referring to a the hand-held variety.

All brushes are constructed in the same basic way.

The working end of the brush consists of a stock that

holds tight bundles of bristles. A handle can be

incorporated within the overall design of the brush

for additional control and in brooms this is usually

replaced by a stave, inserted into the stock.

(See illustration).

The materials used for the stock and handles usually

consist of wood, coloured plastic or coated metal to

compliment any colour-coded systems in place.

Bristles, on the other hand, can be provided in a wide

range of materials. However, although the more

traditional fibres used consisted of animal and

vegetable products such as birch, coconut fibre and

horse hair, many of these have been replaced by

synthetic fibres such as nylon and polypropylene.

All brushes and brooms fall into four main categories.

These are:

• Hard brushes and brooms

• Soft brushes and brooms

• Scrubbing brushes

• Detail brushes

Hard BroomsHard Brooms are very

hardwearing and have well

spaced, hard bristles. They are

effective in removing large

items of litter and particularly

suited for use outside.They can loosen impacted dirt

when used in conjunction with water and detergent.

As with all brooms they are supplied in a range of

sizes to meet your particular needs.

Soft BroomsSoft Brooms have softer,

more flexible bristles that are

more tightly set, making

them particularly suitable for

removing smaller items of

litter and soil. They are not

particularly effective at

loosening impacted dirt and

are more suited for sweeping

indoor areas.

Plastic brushes can be provided in a range of

colours that compliment and support colour coded

cleaning regimes.

Scrubbing Brushesand BroomsDeck scrubs are most

common kind of scrubbing

broom and are used to

remove impacted dirt and soil

from hard surfaces. They are particularly effective in

small, confined areas where the use of rotary

cleaning machines is not possible.

Brushes and Brooms

Stave (brooms only)

Stock

Bristles


Guide to Equipment


Scrubbing BrushesScrubbing brushes are

produced in a huge range of

designs, some of which

incorporate handles for

greater control. As with deck

scrubs they are effective in removing dirt and soil

from all types of hard surfaces. Plastic varieties are

produced in a range of colours to support colour-

coded cleaning regimes.

Detail BrushesDetail brushes are used for

a whole range of intricate

tasks, with many being

manufactured for very

specific purposes i.e. pipe

cleaners, bottle brushes,

suede brushes etc.

Within the catering industry,

detail brushes are used for

cleaning crockery and the inside of kitchen

equipment and utensils. All of these brushes have

synthetic bristles and are produced in a range of

colours to help prevent the spread of bacteria.

Selecting the correct broom for a particular job is

important if efficiency is to be maintained.In general,

the larger the area to be cleaned,the larger the width

of the broom head.

It should also be pointed out that within an effective

cleaning regime, brooms should only be used to

remove litter from an area to be cleaned as the

brushing action, coupled with the flexibility of the

bristles,will cause dust to be kicked up from the floor.

This brings us quite neatly to our next group of tools,

namely Dry Mops.

Dry MopsAs we have just mentioned,brooms will cause dust to

be kicked up from the floor into the atmosphere, this

dust will remain in the air for some time and will

eventually resettle on the floor and other level

surfaces in the room. This will go a long way in

undoing all of your hard work in cleaning the floor in

the first place. In order to avoid this happening, dry

mops can be used.

These are more commonly known as mop sweepers

or dust control mops. They consist of a metal or

wooden handle and frame which has a dust control

mop head fitted around it. The head is attached to

the handle using a swivel joint, allowing the head to

be manoeuvred more effectively.

Single Dust SleevesDust sleeves consist of a

hardwearing nylon or

polyester sleeve that holds

cotton or synthetic fibres in

the form of a “flat-mop”. The

sleeve can be tied to the

wooden or metal frame or held on using press-studs.

(see illustration). The heads themselves vary in size

from between 30 and 150 cm.

The fibres can be impregnated with mineral oils,

making them ideal for attracting and holding dust.

However, when they are washed, they need to be re-

dressed with oil to maintain their effectiveness.

Single sleeves are highly effective in controlling the

amount of dust kicked up from the floor during floor

maintenance procedures in small areas. Also, when

using dust mops,it is important to maintain a leading

edge, using a “figure-of-eight” motion, otherwise

their use will be rendered ineffective.

V SweepersV Sweepers consist of a

scissor-frame, incorporating

handles for greater control

and two matching dust

sleeves attached to the frame-

head. They perform a similar

task to that of single dust

control mops, but are used for large areas, such as

gymnasia and assembly halls. In fact, their maximum

working area can span an impressive 2 metres.

Therefore, their use can significantly reduce the

amount of time spent removing dust and debris from

a floor prior to cleaning, making them an excellent

choice when providing a cost effective service.


Guide to Equipment


The scissor action of the frame traps dirt and debris

amongst the fibres of the heads and keeps it

contained prior to collection.

Static MopsStatic mops are essentially the same as ordinary dust

sleeves except for the fact that they do not require

impregnation with mineral oils to work effectively.

They are constructed of synthetic fibres that, when

moved along the surface of the floor, will create a

static charge that will attract dust.

They get very dusty during operation and need to be

cleaned regularly to maintain their effectiveness.

They must be cleaned in a solution of warm water

and neutral detergent and allowed to drip dry.

However, they do not require any additional

treatment once washed.

They are particularly effective in areas where there

are fine dust particles that can be kicked up into the

air at the slightest disturbance.The action of the static

charge will attract dust in the air.

Disposable MopsMost hard floors can be cleaned using disposable

mops.They are essentially a non-woven cloth that fits

over a plastic or metal frame or nylon fibre head. The

cloths are most commonly impregnated with

solutions that will attract dirt, trapping dirt and dust

particles between its fibres. They can also attract dirt

via a static electric charge,though this is less effective.

Although the general term used is “disposable”some

of these cloths can be washed and used more than

once, though they will eventually disintegrate after a

few washes.

Their use is particularly encouraged in areas where

the control of infection is of paramount importance,

as the different cloths can be disposed of

depending on the area being cleaned. In this sense,

they can be incorporated within your colour-coded

cleaning regimes.

Socket mopsThe term “socket mop”

refers to any ball type

mop used for cleaning.

These types of mop are

by far the most commonly used within the

cleaning industry and it is fair to say that every

home probably has one. The reason why they are

so commonly used is due

to the fact that they are

suitable for a variety of

tasks and that they are

used in work areas less

than 30-40m.

They are made from 100% white cotton yarn and

are double folded and attached to the socket. The

socket itself performs two functions, the first being

to hold the yarn securely

and in such a way that it

retains its shape. It also

enables the mop head to

be securely attached to

the handle or “stave” to

give it its proper name.

The traditional mop has a metal socket and is

attached to a wooden stave; however, the use of

coloured plastic varieties is becoming ever more

prevalent throughout the industry as they will

prevent the spread of bacteria as part of colour-

coded cleaning systems. The plastic sockets attach

to plastic coated metal handles that usually

incorporate a rubber grip at the top, which makes

it more comfortable when wringing. Also, plastic

fittings make attaching and detaching mop heads

much easier for the user.

Mops


Guide to Equipment


All of these types of mop

can be used in conjunction

with traditional mop/wringer

buckets.

Kentucky MopsLike ordinary socket mops,

Kentucky mops are made

from 100% cotton yarn, the

main differences being that

have a much longer yarn

and are stitched in the

middle using a polyester

band to secure the yarn

fibres and maintain its

shape. The polyester band can also have an

abrasive texture to enable the removal of

stubborn stains and dirt from the surface being

cleaned.

Again, like socket mops, they can be attached to

ordinary wooden staves. This is done with the use

of a metal “clip and plate”. The clip will hold the

Kentucky mop head in place and will attach itself

to the plate. The metal plate is then attached to

the stave. However, coloured plastic clip and plate

attachments are readily available and can be

attached and detached more easily than the

traditional metal designs.

They are particularly effective for cleaning large

areas of flooring and can also be used for laying

floor polish. However, they can only be used in

conjunction with the appropriate wringer bucket.

(For further details refer to the Buckets and

Mopping System article in this section).

Sponge mopsSponge mops can be used

for cleaning floors and

vertical surfaces. They are

usually supplied complete

and replacement heads can

be purchased.

The head itself is constructed

using absorbent cellulose

sponge and is attached to

a metal strip, which in turn

is mounted within the

wringing mechanism.

There are two ways in which

the sponge can be wrung. Both involve the use of

a handle, the first of which will squeeze the head

through two rollers. The other type will squeeze

the head between two plates which move in a

pincer-like motion.

They are particularly

effective for dealing

with spillages quickly

and efficiently.

Bonnet MopsBonnet mops can be used for cleaning hard floors

in conjunction with standard speed rotary

cleaning machines but are more commonly used

for cleaning carpets.

As we saw earlier

different bonnets and

different techniques

are used for carpet and

hard surface cleaning.

However, their use is

declining due to the modern-day effectiveness of

water extraction and steam cleaning techniques


Guide to Equipment


Natural ChamoisChamois leather is

obtained from certain

breeds of sheep and is oil

tanned to make it soft

and luxurious to the touch. It can absorb up to six

times its own weight in water and is extremely

effective in absorbing large quantities of water,

leaving a clean,smear-free finish to all hard surfaces,

particularly glass and highly polished surfaces. It is

also extremely durable and hardwearing.

When first purchasing chamois leather, they will

need to be thoroughly rinsed to remove any

residues remaining from the tanning process. If

this is not done, the leather will leave smear and

streaks on the surface.

Synthetic Chamois or “Sham Cham”Synthetic wash leathers are a more cost-effective

version of chamois leather. They are made from

highly absorbent

synthetic fibres that

form a soft, perforated

surface and can be used

in exactly the same way

as natural chamois leather.

They are extremely durable and hard wearing and

can be used on all highly polished hard surfaces.

Demister PadsDemister pads are made from

chamois or synthetic wash

leather stuffed with padding

and resemble a small pillow.

They can be used for washing, drying and

polishing, and are particularly effective in

removing moisture from windows and other

polished surfaces without resorting to washing

them. They leave a clean surface, free from smears.

Wash Leathers

Dish ClothsDish cloths could be

described as the general

purpose cloth of the

cleaning industry, due to

their suitability for a wide-range of tasks. They are

made from cotton and are “flat-knitted” and

hemmed, to help them maintain their shape.

Although they can be provided in bleached white,

they are available in a range of colours to support

colour-coded cleaning regimes. In fact, it is fair to

say that dishcloths are potentially the most

effective spreader of bacteria, as they come into

contact with a whole range of surfaces. For this

reason alone, it is important that you fully consider

purchasing coloured varieties.

Floor ClothsFloor Cloths are made

from cotton and are

extremely hard wearing;

making them ideal for

jobs that cannot be

done effectively with a

dish cloth. They are

particularly effective for heavily soiled areas and

cleaning floors where cleaning equipment cannot

access i.e. between stair spindles, railings etc.

Their loose weave construction enables easier

cleaning, and their durability ensures that they can

be cleaned effectively in washing machines.

Cleaning Cloths and Wipes


Guide to Equipment


Stockinette RollWhen a small dish cloth

is not big enough for the

task in hand, stockinette

roll is ideal, as it can be

cut to size to meet the needs of any individual job.

They are manufactured in much the same way as

dish cloths and can be used as a general purpose

cloth for cleaning, drying and polishing.

However, it is not normally provided in any colour

other than white, limiting its use in buildings using

colour-coded cleaning regimes.

LightweightCleaning ClothsThese are semi-disposable,

non-woven cleaning cloths

that are produced in a

range of colours. They can

be incorporated within your specific colour-coded

cleaning regime and are extremely effective in

reducing the spread of bacteria.

They can be provided in ready-to-use cloth form or

on a roll, enabling you to tailor the size of the cloth

to the job being undertaken.

They are ideal for use in cleaning food preparation

surfaces as a semi-disposable cloth and are

economically priced when compared with

traditional cleaning cloths.

Anti-Bacterial Cleaning ClothsBigger and stronger than

lightweight cleaning cloths,

they have the added

advantage of being fully

machine-washable.

Again, they are made from non-woven fabric and

are manufactured in arrange of colours. They are

particularly suited to cleaning food preparation

areas, where a deeper, more thorough clean is

required. They can also be used as a semi-

disposable cloth for heavier, dirtier tasks.

Industrial Cleaning ClothFor heavier cleaning, industrial

strength, non-woven, semi

disposable cleaning cloths are

ideal. They are extremely

absorbent and are particularly

suited to workshop

environments, such as garages, print rooms etc.

These cloths can be dispensed from a towel

dispenser or cut from a roll for bigger jobs.

All-Purpose Cleaning ClothsFor general cleaning tasks, all

purpose cloths are a good

alternative to the more

traditional cloths used.They are

sponge like in appearance and

texture and have an open cellular structure that is

ideal for collecting food and dirt particles as well

as removing stubborn stains.

Due to their ability to retain dirt particles within

their cellular structure, they should be used as

semi-disposable when used in areas where

hygiene is a concern.

Label WipersLabel Wipers are more

commonly referred to as

Industrial Rags. They are

fabric cloths that are

made from 100% recycled

garments.

They are used for wiping

up liquid spillages, wiping down surfaces,

machinery and hands and are particularly suited

for use with grease, paint, oil and chemicals.

They are provided in 10kg sacks and are used in

most industries as an effective, heavy-duty

disposable item.


Guide to Equipment


Anti-septic wipesThese are used to clean surfaces or hands when

dealing with hazardous waste. They are provided

in sterile, single-use sachets, each containing a

single disposable wipe.

VDU Screen WipesTelephone and VDU wipes are

formulated to both cleanse and

sanitise. They are mildly scented

to leave the telephone handset

smelling fresh.They are provided

in tubs containing 100 wipes.

ScrimScrim is a flame retardant,

100% cotton fabric that

resembles close-knit

netting. It has multiple

uses but within the cleaning industry it is used

exclusively for cleaning windows.

Its suitability for window cleaning is due to the fact

that its close-knit construction allows the gaps

between the weave to trap dirt and grime, whilst

at the same time keeping in close contact with the

glazed surface. The result is a clean, smear-free

surface.

Microfibre is a revolutionary fabric which is

extremely effective for cleaning in almost every

scenario imaginable. For this reason they are

quickly becoming the cleaning and polishing cloth

of choice in all areas of the cleaning industry,

replacing traditional woven cloths and dusters.

They are produced in a wide-range of colours and

can be used in conjunction with your own colour-

coded cleaning regime.

It is a unique combination of two basic fibres:

Polyester and Polyamide, a nylon by-product.

These are densely constructed fibres

approximately 1/16th the width of a human hair.

This network of fibres is then woven and

manufactured in distinct ways, producing different

varieties for a whole range of uses.

In order to be effective for cleaning and polishing,

the Microfibre must be “split” during processing.

This is a method of splitting the polyester (the

scrubbing fibre) from the polyamide (the

absorbing and quick drying fibre). Incredibly, this

means they can absorb as much as seven times

their own weight in liquids.

The polyester and polyamide are combined during

weaving to create thousands of microscopic

“loops”. These “loops” form a web of hook-like

claws that can reach

into the tiniest nooks

and crannies,

scrubbing away dirt

and grime while

trapping it within

the weave. These loops make Microfibre cloths the

ideal polishing cloth as they clean and polish

effectively and are in no way abrasive.

Microfibre is among the softest materials ever

created, being described as 10 times finer than silk

and 100 times smaller than a human hair, it is also

incredibly strong. That's because “split”Microfibres

contain thousands of “loops” per square inch, and

high quality Microfibre cloths have upwards of

200,000 strands of fibre per square inch of

material. This high density of fibres results in a

fabric that is durable enough to withstand over

500 washes.

Microfibre cloths actually trap dust and dirt, and

can be used with or without chemicals and are

designed to be used as dry as possible in order to

reduce drying time and cut down on wastage.

Also, as the fibres are entirely synthetic, they will

hold a static electricity charge and attract dust

particles, making them ideal in areas where people

are sensitive to dust or have dust allergies.

Microfibre


Guide to Equipment


General multipurposeclothsGeneral Microfibre cleaning

cloths can clean or polish

almost anything. The actual

fabric can be supplied as

ready made cloths or on a

roll, allowing it to be cut to

the most appropriate size.

Typically a 32cm x 32cm cloth contains 1.2 million

metres of ultra-fine Microfibre. It can be used dry

for dusting or you can dampen the cloth to wash

surfaces. The cloth will not mark or scratch even

the most polished of surfaces. The fabric can be

produced in a wide range of colours that all do the

same thing but will allow you to colour-code the

cloths for different purposes.

Multi purposemittensThe mitten has the same

texture and feel of

multipurpose cloths, but is

manufactured into a glove

to fit snugly around the

hand, which make dusting

and cleaning easier.

Window clothsThese are purpose made cloths designed to make

cleaning windows easier without the use of

chemicals. They can be used with water for

cleaning or dry for polishing, giving an excellent

smear-free finish.

Kitchen ClothThese cloths can be used for the heaviest cleaning

tasks, removing grease and grime or for wiping

down food preparation surfaces thoroughly and

efficiently. They can also be used for scrubbing

vegetables.

Optic ClothOptic cloths are

designed specifically

for cleaning small

glass lenses, such as

spectacles, cameras,

binoculars and projectors. They are particularly

effective due to the fact that they will clean

efficiently without scratching the surface of the

glass.

All-purpose mopsThese are Microfibre

cleaning mop pads

that attach to poles,

much in the same way

as a dry mop, which we

described earlier. They

can be used to damp

mop hard floors without the use of chemicals.

They have the ability to remove stubborn marks

with water alone and leave no residue, leaving a

shining, clean surface that is dry within 30 seconds.

Microfibre Cloth Applications


Guide to Equipment


Yellow ClothDustersAlthough they are

almost exclusively

yellow, the colour is of

no significance. Dusters

are made from cotton

and are hemmed to prevent fraying. They can be

used dry for polishing hard surfaces, but are most

effective when used in conjunction with furniture

polish or water applied in a mist either directly

onto the surface or to the duster itself.

They should only be used for general dusting and

polishing and should be cleaned regularly. They

should be disposed of when they start to lose their

soft, luxurious texture as they become less

effective.

Lambswool Flick DustersMade from pure lambswool, these

handy dusting tools are used for

dusting high and hard to reach

places. They consist of a generous

quantity of lambswool that is

attached to wooden or plastic pole up to 1m long.

As they are made from wool, they are able to hold

a static charge, thus attracting dust particles. Also,

they are fully washable in a neutral, lukewarm

cleaning solution and should be left to dry

naturally. If this is done, they will retain their

properties for long periods, making them

extremely cost-effective.

Hand Held Dusting Tools Like lambswool dusters, these

dusting tools are excellent for

cleaning high and hard to reach

places. However, they have the

added advantage of being able to

be used in conjunction with

extension poles.

They consist of a cotton yarn head that is stitched

into a polyester sleeve. The yarn is cut straight

allowing the fibres to “drape” across the item or

area being dusted, allowing all areas to be

thoroughly dusted.

They can be used dry, but can also be impregnated

with mineral oil to attract dust. They can also be

treated with a fine water mist to create the same,

less permanent effect.

Cobweb CollectorsCobweb Collectors are used in

conjunction with extension

poles to remove cobwebs and

other loose debris in high and

hard to reach places. They can

be made from natural fibres,

such as bassine, but are more commonly made

from hard synthetic fibres, woven into a wire frame

to give them their distinctive shape.

Care should be taken when using these types of

dusting tool at high level as the debris (including

some impressive spiders!) will inevitably fall onto

the operative. Eye protectors should be

considered for use when this type of job is being

undertaken.

Dusters


Guide to Equipment


General Purpose Sponges

General purpose sponges,

as the name suggests, can

have numerous cleaning

applications. They are

usually used when

applying foaming detergents to a surface, as their

open cellular structure can not only hold large

quantities of solution, but also acts as an agitator

when squeezed, increasing the amount of foam

used. The operative is also able to control the

amount of foam produced to suit the needs of the

task being undertaken.

General purpose sponges are extremely

economical when compared to natural sponge

and carry out much the same function.

They are made from synthetic material and can be

produced in a whole range of textures, for

instance, softer sponges would be used for

cleaning car paintwork and harder varieties would

be used to remove hard or crusty deposits from

windows and trim (bugshifters).

DishwashingSpongesDishwashing sponges are

a relatively new addition

to the cleaner’s armoury.

They are simple and ingenious and far more

effective than normal dishcloth for removing hard

food deposits due to the abrasive polyester pad

attached to one side.

The reason for their effectiveness is that the

sponge holds the cleaning solution within its open

cellular structure and delivers it through the

abrasive pad. This reduces the need to soak items

and cleans in one action.

They should be disposed of on a weekly basis as

they will hold and distribute bacteria easily.

Window CleaningSpongesWindow cleaning sponges

are usually much flatter

than normal sponges and

have a much tighter open

cellular structure, giving

them a more cloth-like appearance and texture.

This allows them greater contact with the glass

surface, reducing the possibility of smearing and

streaking when cleaning. They are equally

effective for cleaning all other hard surfaces.

They are produced in a wide range of colours and

designs and can be incorporated within your

particular colour-coded cleaning regime.

Natural SpongeNatural sponges are living

organisms that live in salt

water. They are harvested

by specialist suppliers and

there are a number of

species used for cleaning,

each having its own characteristics, making them

suitable for different tasks. Silk, Sea Grass, Sea

Yellow, Rock Island and Sea Wool sponges are just

a few of the species available.

They are most commonly

used in the ceramics and

pottery industry and for

body cleaning. However,

they can be used for

cleaning tasks.

Natural sponges have several distinct advantages

over synthetic sponges; they are much more

absorbent, more durable and longer lasting, will

not stain or retain odours, and their soft texture

promotes better and less abrasive cleaning.

Sponges


Guide to Equipment


General-PurposeBuckets and PailsMade from plastic, buckets,

pails and other water

containers are used for

general cleaning duties

that do not require the use

of a mop. They are made from plastic and

manufactured in colours that support colour-

coded cleaning regimes.

Standard Mop andWringer BucketsMop buckets come in a

range of colours and

designs. Most common

buckets are provided in

colours that compliment colour-coded cleaning

regimes and have detachable wringers and

handles. Removing the wringer allows the bucket

to be used as an ordinary pail for other general

cleaning tasks. It also makes cleaning the bucket a

lot easier for the operative.

The wringer is designed to accommodate socket

mops. Also, in common with other areas of the

industry, JANGRO can supply buckets that

incorporate a slip hazard sign on the outer casing

as an added safety feature.

Kentucky Mop WringerBucketsUnlike general wringer buckets,

these are designed for use with

Kentucky mops. They are larger

than normal buckets and must

be used in conjunction with a

suitable wringer. This wringer fits to the rim of the

bucket and incorporates a draining container with

two moveable rollers. The rollers are controlled by

means of a handle and when applied the mop is

lifted through the rollers for wringing. They are

not suitable for use with any other type of mop.

Dual BucketsDual buckets are used when

cleaning solutions and clean

water are required when wet

mopping is being done. They

can incorporate wringers

allowing cleaning operatives to

carry out two tasks without using two buckets.

Roller BucketsMost buckets can be

provided with castors,

which allow the bucket to

be moved across the floor

surface more easily. They

are especially effective when used on larger

buckets which, when filled, can be difficult to lift

and manoeuvre.

Galvanised SteelWringer BucketsWhere colour-coding is not

an issue, galvanised wringer

buckets can be used. They

are manufactured for use

with socket and Kentucky

mops, but can prove difficult to clean, due to the

wringer being welded to the main body of the

bucket. In modern establishments, their use is

dying out but they are extensively used

domestically.

Window Cleaners’ Hip Buckets

Window cleaners’ hip buckets

are water carriers that strap

around the waste by means of

a Velcro belt, allowing cleaning

to be done safely from ladders.

They are available in a number of sizes, all of which

incorporate a holster for cleaning solutions that

will accommodate window cleaning tools and

squeegees. They can also include clips for window

scrims and squeegees on the main strap.

Buckets and Mopping Systems


Guide to Equipment


Window CleanersBucketsThese are buckets specifically

designed for use with window

cleaning tools and squeegees.

They are rectangular in shape

and are much wider than normal buckets.

Builders’ BucketsBuilders’ buckets are made from

robust black plastic, usually with a

wire handle for carriage. They can

be used to remove heavy items of

waste and for general cleaning

duties where colour-coding is not an issue.

Polish ApplicatorsPolish applicators consist of a wooden stave with a

metal working head, to which an applicator pad is

attached. The head is constructed from a “V”

shaped metal piece that is approximately 30cm

wide. To this, a metal plate is attached by means of

two wing nuts, which holds the pad securely.

The “V” shape allows the operative to turn the pad

over during the task and maintain a working angle

of 45° at all times. This allows for an evenness of

finish when applying polishes or seals.

LambswoolApplicator PadsLambswool applicators,

although more expensive,

should be used when

applying polishes and

seals. They are provided in packs of three and are

made from pure lambswool. They are rectangular

and fit snugly to polish applicators. They provide a

smooth and even finish to polished and sealed

surfaces due mainly to their luxurious

characteristics. They are also washable.

Synthetic Applicator PadsWhere lambswool is not used, synthetic pads can

be used for applying polishes and seals as a more

cost-effective alternative. Much the same results

can be achieved using synthetic pads, although

they do not compare favourably to lambswool.

Polish Applicators

Floor SqueegeesWhen water needs to be

removed from a surface quickly,

floor squeegees can be used.

However, they are more effective

on smooth surfaces and can only

remove water effectively if drains

are available. They can be used

effectively in conjunction with wet pick-up

machines by moving large quantities of water

towards the machine.

Floor ScrapersFloor scrapers are available for

use on stone floors and resilient

floors.They are, essentially, large,

thin blades of stainless steel that

are connected to a long stave.

The extra length of the stave allows for a degree of

flexibility when dealing with hard deposits on floor

surfaces, which is needed to effectively remove

them. They are most commonly used to remove

chewing gum from hard floors.

Hard Surface Scrapers and Squeegees


Guide to Equipment


However, care must be taken if attempting to

tackle deposits on wooden floors that the blade

does not damage the surface.

Window ScrapersWindow scrapers are small hand-held tools that

incorporate a replaceable blade. They are effective

in removing stickers and adhesive tape from

glazed surfaces as well as hard soil deposits.

Care should be taken by operatives when

changing the blades.

Window SqueegeesWindow squeegees are made

from a brass or stainless steel

stock that holds a rubber

blade. They work by moving

the rubber blade across the

surface and removing cleaning solution from it.

They grip the glass surface so snugly that all of the

liquid is removed in one stroke.

They are available in a wide range of widths, each

suited to particular work areas. The rubber strips

are replaceable either as individual items or as a

roll that can be cut to size. They can also be used

in conjunction with extension poles, reducing the

need for operatives to work on ladders.

Mechanical Grippers,Litter Pickers and SpikesMechanical grippers are long

handled tools with a pincer-

type mechanism operated by a

trigger on the handle. They

allow the operative to pick-up

litter and other items without bending down.

Litter spikes can be used as an alternative on soft

ground and allow for multiple items to be

collected.

They are also useful for picking up items that are

contaminated with foul or hazardous waste, such

as hypodermic syringes.

Lobby Brushes and PansAgain, these allow the operative

to sweep up and remove waste

quickly, without the need for

bending down. The pan is fitted

with a lid that automatically

opens when pushed down level with the floor and

closes when lifted. This ensures that litter is not re-

deposited onto the floor.

Litter Control Tools


Guide to Equipment


Pump DispensersPump dispensers are provided

to ensure that cleaning

products requiring dilution and

preparation can be decanted

into buckets and trigger sprays

accurately, in line with the mixing instructions

indicated on the product label.

They are designed to screw securely on the spouts

of containers and can be supplied to fit 5lt, 10lt

and 25lt containers.

Trigger Sprays andBottlesTrigger sprays allow the

operative to apply cleaning

solutions or polishes to all

surfaces in a stream or fine mist. They can be

provided in a range of colours that will support

colour-coded cleaning regimes, reducing the risks

of accidental application of inappropriate cleaning

solutions.

The trigger spray itself is detachable, making

cleaning the bottles much easier. Trigger spray

tubes can be cleaned thoroughly by placing in

cleaning solution and operating the spray

mechanism continuously. The same operation can

be repeated using clean water for rinsing.

PressurisedSprayersPressurised sprayers are

available for applying

cleaning solutions over

large areas. They are

most commonly seen

being used by gardening

contractors for crop

spraying. They work by

placing a cleaning solution into the main tank and

sealing it. The hand pump can then be applied

which pressurises the solution. The solution can

then be applied by operating a trigger on the

wand attached to the sprayer.

They can be used in-situ, or by being strapped to

the operative by means of a harness.

Pump or Dolly SprayersWorking on the same principle

as pressurised sprayers, these

are smaller hand-held

containers, which are used for

a range of tasks that require

solution to be applied in a

constant stream of mist.

Dispensers and Sprayers


Guide to Equipment


On occasion, cleaning operatives are required to

clean hard-to-reach places.Where these areas cannot

be reached safely using extension poles or handles,

they may be required to work from a range of

equipment from stepladders to hydraulic platforms.

This section covers the range of equipment available

to overcome the problems of otherwise inaccessible

dirt, in a way that maintains safe working practices.

Extension PolesThese are available in a huge range of designs and

sizes, all of which allow for inter-changeable items

such as cobweb dusters, squeegees and window

cleaning tools to be connected to them. They are

most commonly used to clean high ledges, pipe-

work and glazing.

The poles themselves can be connected to each

other to increase the working length, depending on

the individual work situation.

However, you should consider the effectiveness of

the cleaning operation when the surface you are

cleaning is, in some, cases 10-15 metres away from

you. Applying enough physical pressure to the work

surface from these distances can render the use of

extension poles ineffective.

3. Access Equipment

These are the most commonly used item of access

equipment and consist of upright stiles with steps

at 254mm intervals. They are usually constructed

from metal alloy or wood.

The diagram to the left illustrates the way in which

a ladder is basically constructed. All ladders

incorporate this basic design, regardless of the

individual type.

Ladders

Rungs(metal alloy ladders have turned,

anti-slip rungs and wooden ladders incorporate a “D” design for

operator stability)

Stile


Guide to Equipment


There are various types of ladder including:

Single-Section Standing LaddersThese are straight ladders which can be used for

access up to about 5 m. They should be fitted with

non-slip feet and be secured near the top

whenever in use.

Extending LaddersExtending ladders are single-section ladders of

different widths which are connected by specially

designed stiles. The height can be adjusted by

raising the smaller sections, which are held in place

by a stopper attached to the bottom that rests on

the rungs of the larger ladder.

Window LaddersThese are ladders that taper to a point at the top,

specifically designed for window cleaning. The

design enables window cleaners to place the

ladder safely against window frames and bays.

Padding can also be attached to the ladder to

protect fragile surfaces.

Step-ladders orSwing-back StepsThese are self-supporting

ladders that lock into place

using a locking brace that

holds the ladder in such a

position that the steps are

horizontal. They can be

designed to incorporate a

handrail, allowing better

support for the operative. They should also

incorporate a raised handle at the top to provide

support for the operative and a working platform

to rest equipment.

Trestles Though not strictly ladders, they are very similar.

They are self supporting in much the same way as

stepladders but consist of two ladder-like

assemblies hinged at the top. They are used in

pairs and boards are placed on the rungs of each

set to form a level working platform.

The rungs are set at different levels

enabling the operative to easily

adjust the height of the working

platform and are suitable for light

work of short duration.

The height of the platform must not exceed

4.570m and if the platform is higher than 3.6m the

trestles must be tied to the wall. If the platform is

higher than 1.98m a separate ladder must be used

for access to it.

The permitted lengths of the platform range from

a minimum of 1.3m to a maximum of 3.048m

depending on the thickness or design of the

platform. The minimum width of the platform is

440mm.

Like all access equipment, they must be placed on

firm level ground.

General Safety Requirements• All ladders should be inspected regularly for

faults, damage, splintering, and corrosion.

Special attention should be paid to the

condition of rungs and how securely they are

fitted to the stiles.

• Locking mechanisms on step-ladders should

be inspected regularly to ensure that they

operate safely and correctly.

• All ladders should be fitted with anti-slip feet.

• Ladders must never be painted as this can

obscure or cover damage and defects.

• All ladders found to be unsafe or unsatisfactory

should be replaced immediately.

General Safety Points Relating toLadder UseUsing ladders is a hazardous activity and as such

they must be used safely. In order to do this all

operatives using ladders should be trained in their

safe use. Guidance should be offered to all staff

and should include the following:

• Single or extending ladders should be placed

at an angle of 75º to the horizontal or 1-in-4 to

put it another way.


Guide to Equipment


• Ladders should be secured by rope at the top

or by fixing by guy ropes at 45º staked at the

base. If neither method is possible, the ladder

should be “footed” or held at the base by a

second operative. However, this method can

only be used to a height of 6.9m.

• All ladders should be placed on a flat, sound,

secure surface. If used on sloping ground, the

ladder adjustable feet or spikes should be

fitted to the base of the stiles.

• If the ladder is used on a staircase a suitable

extending foot can be fitted to one of the stiles.

• Never use metal alloy ladders near electric

cables.

• If rungs are to be reinforced, this must be done

on the underside of each one.

• Landings must be provided every 9.4m.

• When ladders are extended over 4.92m when

closed, they must have 3 overlapping rungs at

the point where the ladders join. If extended

over 6.15m they must have 4 overlapping

rungs.

Whenever the use of ladders is considered

inappropriate or unsafe, scaffolds can be used.

Cleaning tasks, given their very nature, could

require the use of a range of scaffolding types, in

order to allow adequate access to the area being

cleaned.

The two main types used are described as follows:

Mobile Scaffold TowersThis is a vertical rectangular

tower mounted on lockable

wheels. These can be used up

to a height of 12.31m and if it

rises above 9.75m must be tied

to the building being worked

on, anchored using guy ropes

or weighted at the bottom.

When used for cleaning the inside of buildings, the

height should not exceed 3 times the size of the

shortest base side. They are secured using a series

of adjustable outriggers fixed at each corner,

creating a larger supportive base. A ladder must

also be attached and fixed to the tower at the

bottom, with the first rung situated well clear of

the wheels. Finally, whenever they are moved, they

must be totally cleared of people and materials.

Inter-locking ModularScaffoldsThese are similar in shape and

size to mobile tower scaffolds

but are made from prefabricated

interchangeable scaffolding

units which can be assembled

without the use of couplings. As

a result they have a minimum of

individual components.

They are used to construct mobile load-bearing

platforms, mounted on lockable wheels that can

be moved, assembled and dismantled quickly and

easily. The height and use restrictions are similar to

mobile towers.

Scaffold


Guide to Equipment


Working PlatformsWith all scaffolding, operatives are required to

work from a platform. These can be constructed

with wooden boards or prefabricated metal alloy

components. Whatever the system used, the

following safety requirements apply:

• All boards must have with minimum

dimensions of 40mm thick, 225mm wide and

3.9m long which must be supported every

1.25m along the length.

• Regardless of the length, all boards must be

supported at 3 points along the length. All boards

must not overlap under any circumstances and

must fit tightly together, overhanging the

supporting scaffold by 51-155mm.

• If the base of the platform is higher than 1.98m,

the platform must be fitted with toe boards and

guard rails. Guard rails must be placed 920mm -

1.15m above the platform and toe boards must

be 150mm wide with the gap between the toe

board and the guard rail not exceeding

760mm.

• In addition to these safety measures, mesh or

netting can be fitted to the outside of the

platform to stop debris, materials and

equipment falling from it.

This group of access equipment allows for the

exterior of buildings to be accessed by means of a

working cradle suspended by wire or fibre ropes

from outriggers situated on the roof of the

building. Modern systems consist of an electrically

powered mobile unit that allows for a suspended

cradle to be lowered across the face of the building

using powered cables. When not in use, the cradle

is stored securely on the roof of the building.

Operatives can operate the cradles from inside the

cradle. However, an operative should also stand on

the roof to operate the override mechanism on the

main unit, in case of emergencies.

Cradle mechanisms are also available for use in

conjunction with scaffolding systems, though

these are mainly used on building sites.

Suspended Platforms and Cradles

There are three main types of powered platform

used, these are:

Scissor Lift PlatformsThese provide operatives with access to the exterior

surfaces of buildings and rise vertically. Given the

heights they can achieve, they need to securely

anchored into position to provide extra stability.

Their ability to rise up and down is achieved by

means of a scissor mechanism, with all types being

operated from within the platform and/or by a

remote operator situated at the base of the machine.

Narrow aisle machines are designed

for single-operator use with larger

versions available for multi-operator

tasks.

Care should be taken to ensure all

operators are fully trained in the safe

use of these types of access

equipment and should be supplied

with an appropriate safety harness. Most hire firms

will carry out this function on delivery and offer

advice on all items of Personal Protective

Equipment required for safe use.

Hydraulic and Electrically Powered Platforms


Guide to Equipment


Boom LiftsOften referred to as “Cherry

Pickers”, these lifts offer the

operator multi point access to

the surface being cleaned

without the need to move the

base, making them far more adaptable when

considering work requirements.

They consist of an electrically powered mobile

base with a double or triple mast boom, which

allow the cradle to be positioned anywhere within

its operating range.

Like other electrically powered platforms, they can

be operated from within the working cradle as well

as remotely using the control panel at the base.

The same safety precautions apply as to those

outlined for Scissor Platforms.

Telescopic WorkPlatformsAgain, like Scissor Platforms,

these provide vertical access

and can be used for a range

of access requirements.

The only difference between

these and Scissor Platforms is

the way in which the

platform is raised. With these

types of machines, the

platform is lifted using a telescopic mechanism

that allows access to surfaces anywhere within its

vertical range.

Also, like Scissor Platforms, their effectiveness is

limited due to their lack of manoeuvrability.

The final part of this Guide deals with Personal

Protective Equipment.

The legal obligation to provide all staff with

appropriate Personal Protective Equipment

required for each individual task is covered in the

Health and Safety Guide. Managers are also

required, by law, to carry out a detailed risk

assessment for each separate task that the

operative is required to perform. The risk

assessment should clearly identify the items of

Personal Protective Equipment that should be

provided to the operatives carrying out the task, in

order to ensure their safety.

This section covers the various types of equipment

available and should go some way in giving you a

clearer idea of the most appropriate items

required within your own work situation. Let’s start

from the head and work our way down.

Head ProtectionIn certain work situations, i.e.

carrying out cleaning in

building sites, operatives will

need to wear suitable head

protection. This takes the form

of a Safety Helmet or “hard hat” (pictured). The

helmet consists of a hard outer casing which

provides the protection and an adjustable plastic

inner fitting that carries out two functions;

ensuring that the helmet fits snugly and securely

and is lifted from the head to provide a cushion in

the event of any impact.

Eye ProtectionWithout exception, all

cleaning tasks that

involve the preparation

of cleaning solution will

require the operator to wear eye protection.They are

available in a wide range of designs but the most

common type used are spectacles that are light,

clear and can be worn over prescription spectacles,

ensuring that the operative’s vision is not impaired.

4. Personal Protective Equipment


Guide to Equipment


Ear ProtectionWhen cleaning is being provided

in noisy environments, operatives

should be protected against the

effects of long-term exposure to

high noise levels. This can be

achieved with the use of ear

defenders, which look like

headphones or ear plugs that are

made from expanded foam and

fit comfortably in the ear.

Respiratory ProtectionWhen cleaning involves the

use of products with harmful

or irritant fumes, or when

work environments are

dusty, making it difficult to

breathe, the provision of a

dust mask will protect the operative from

breathing in harmful fumes or dust particles.

The designs available range from the basic nuisance

dust mask through to full face protectors with

detachable canister filters. The crucial difference

throughout the range of equipment is the levels of

filtration each offer as this, in turn, will result in

varying degrees of protection to the operative.

Also, as filtration increases, masks will incorporate

an exhalation valve allowing the operative to

breathe easily and work comfortably.

Hand ProtectionThe most common form of

protection issued to cleaning

operatives. The hands are

the part of the body most

susceptible to injury and

infections due, mainly, from prolonged contact

with harmful or irritant chemicals. Cleaning

operatives should be issued with adequate stocks

of PVC gloves to protect them when handling

cleaning solutions and chemicals. These can also

be issued to kitchen staff for dishwashing, but will

incorporate gauntlets to protect the forearms.

Single-use neoprene gloves

can be issued for tasks where

good standards of hygiene

are required i.e. dealing with

biological hazards.

Where protection against

injuries from sharp objects is

required, more robust gloves

are available. They can range

from leather palmed rigger

gloves, which incorporate

strong gauntlets and needle resistant gloves that

are usually constructed using chain mail.

Also, gloves can be issued to

protect operatives when

lifting heavy items. They

incorporate anti-slip pads on

the palms and fingers to

improve the operative’s

ability to obtain a firm, safe grip while lifting.

Finally, when work is required outside or in cold

areas, thermal gloves can be provided to

operatives, enabling them to work in comfort.

Body ProtectionIn additional to traditional tabards

and overalls which usually form

part of the cleaner’s uniform, extra

protection can be provided to the

body to protect from soil, liquids

and cold.

The most common of these is the

boiler suit. These are usually made

from cotton and are designed for

use over normal clothes. Where

hygiene is a concern, disposable

versions are available that are made

from lightweight fibres and are

intended for single use.


Guide to Equipment


Also, where cleaning tasks

require the operative to work

at low level, work in confined

spaces or kneel, knee and

elbow protectors can be

issued which strap

comfortably around the joint, by means of Velcro

straps and provide padding and protection.

Finally, when cleaning is being carried out in

inclement weather, waterproof work wear should

be issued. These are commonly referred to as “oil

skins” and can be provided as coveralls or as

separate coats and trousers.

High-Visibility WorkwearIn addition to the clothing items

mentioned above, high-visibility

work wear is available and can

be issued to staff who work in or

near to traffic. They are made

from luminous material and

have reflective patches and strips placed on the

surface. It alerts other road users of their presence

and goes some way in avoiding accidents.

Trousers, coats, coveralls and waistcoats are all

readily available.

ProtectiveFootwearThere are two main

reasons why it can be

necessary to provide

protective footwear to cleaning operatives; to

protect them from crush injuries, particularly to

the toes and to protect the feet and ankles from

harmful substances such as oil, grease and

chemicals.

Safety shoes usually

incorporate a steel toe

cap for protection against

crush injuries caused by

collisions with machinery

and they can also be

provided in boot form to

protect the ankles.

Shoes with chemical

resistant soles can be

issued to operatives who

clean depots, garages,

workshops etc. Oil, grease

and petrol will seriously

damage ordinary footwear

as well as increasing the

likelihood of slips and falls.

Finally, waterproof footwear can be issued to staff

when carrying out wet duties such as car-washing

and spray cleaning. Wellington boots would be

the most obvious choice in such circumstances.

Ideally, all protective shoes should have a slip-

resistant sole and be comfortable to the user.


guide to cleaning equipment

Documents

equipment guide

cleaning equipment

types of equipment

equipment jangro network

traditional items of

piece of equipment thataids

vacuum cleanersintro

guide willalso deal