gwynne lyons toxics science and policy advisor wwf uk congenital defects the wildlife/human...
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Gwynne LyonsToxics Science and Policy Advisor
WWF UK
Congenital DefectsThe wildlife/human connection
AREHNA seminar - Kos, June 2005
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Overview of Talk
• Two examples of wildlife warnings.
• Congenital defects in 4 classes of vertebrate animals: fish; amphibians; reptiles; mammals.
• Wildlife warnings for the future
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Example 1 Abortion in Sea Lions
• 20 % Sea Lions had aborted pups on an island off California
• DDE responsible for 15%? Of premature baby deaths in USA(Longnecker et al. 2001)
• Higher DDT in Chinese workers who suffer abortion(Korrick et al. 2001)
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DDT in lab animals
• DDT has an anti-androgenic action in rodents. AGD > hypospadias > undescended testes(Kelce et al. 1995; Earl Gray et al. 2001)
• Highlights fetal tissue concs of 10-20 ppm DDE = similar to humans in late 1960s
• Shows DDT / DDE cause cryptorchidism and CIS in rabbits
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South Africa - babies
• DDT used in homes for malarial control
• Prof Bornman et al(unpublished –work in progress)
• DDT linked to testicular abnormalities in baby boys
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Example 2Thyroid effects in Great
Lakes wildlife • In Great Lakes all adult male salmon
showed thyroid disruption. Enlarged thyroids – goitre - some ruptured. Effects on thyroid still evident
• 2001-2004 gulls still have goitre – produce less thyroid hormones.
• Turtles in Great Lakes reduced thyroid function.
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Other species showing altered thyroid
function• Babies in 1990 Dutch
cohort – thyroid hormone levels correlate with pollutants
• The higher dioxin, furan and PCB in milk, the lower maternal total T3 and T4 . Infants have higher plasma-levels of TSH
• Alligators in polluted Florida lakes – reduced thyroxine levels.
• Florida panther thyroid dysfunction
• Polar bears – thyroid hormone levels altered - PCBs
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Thyroid effects in humans
• Goitre in Michigan residents
• PCBs - developmental neurotoxicity = thyroid disruption?
• In Japan – tripling of the incidence of cretinism 1981-9995 defective thyroid function in foetal life cause dioxin? – other chemicals linked to ED of T
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Congenital defects in Vertebrate wildlife - fish
• Intersex fish – up to 100% of roach in some UK freshwater rivers. VTG.Now found elsewhere in EU.
• Intersex found in UK marine fish – such as flounder – but less severe.Now found in Seine, Baltic flounder, and severe in swordfish from the Mediterranean
• MIPs morphologically intermediate papilla syndrome – Sand Gobies.
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Congenital defects in Vertebrates: Amphibians
• Gonadal dysgenesis and hermaphrodite leopard frogs - atrazine sites USA (Hayes et al. 2003)
• Intersex in cricket frogs – pop decline - peaked in OC time? (Reeder 2005)
• Cane Toads – 30% hermaphrodite – atrazine on sugar cane in Florida(Gross)
• Limb deformities
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Congenital defects in Reptiles
• Smaller phallus in alligators.• Abnormalities of the testes
in alligators
• Smaller precloacal length (= penis) in snapping turtles - Detroit river
• Abnormal testes – ovo-testes in red belly turtle in Florida
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Congenital defects in Mammals: Mustelids
• Impaired reproduction in otters in EU, and in Great Lakes.
• Otters in Lower Columbia river had shorter baculums and smaller testes.
• Eye defects linked with lower vit A• Endangered European mink in
decline• Mink in British Columbia shorter
baculum correlating to PCBs
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Congenital defects in Polar Bears and Panthers
• Suspected higher rates of female hermaphroditism in polluted Svalbaard.
• Many of remaining small population of Florida panthers have undescended testes
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Congenital defects in Black and Brown
Bears• Retained testes in 11 of
71 black bears in Florida(4 old enough to be considered cryptorchid)(Dunbar 1996)
• In Alberta Canada – 1988 – reported cases of masculinised females
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Congenital defects in Mule Deer and White Tailed Deer
• Abnormal testes and abnormal antlers in 27 of 116 adult male Mule deer around site on Columbia river USA (Tiller et al.1997)
• Of 254 white tailed deer from Montana – 67% showed genital developmental abnormalities. (1996-2000) Mis-positioned genitals, undersized scrota, and un-descended testes(Hoy et al. 2002)
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Congenital defects in male Sitka Black Tail Deer in Alaska
Aliluik peninsula on Kodiak Island
• 61 out of 94 were bilateral cryptorchid
• 43 out of 94 had abnormal antlers • At least 2 of the 10 scrotal testes
examined contained CIS cellsprecursors of seminoma
(Veeramanchaneni et al. 2005)
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Congenital defects in Eland in South Africa
• Focal white gritty areas found in testes of all 11 eland.
• Vacuolisation of sertoli cells• Impaired spermatogenesis• Testicular lesions associated with
high NP?• First evidence of wildlife affected
by EDCs in South Africa
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Warning for male Homo Sapiens
• Testicular dysgenesis now seen in many aquatic and terrestrial species.
• Additive effects known to occur in vivo with anti-androgenic substances(Foster et al. 2000)(Gray et al. 2001)(Silva et al. 2002)
• Swan 2005 – shows AGD and other effects linked to phthalate metabolites in mothers.
• Baby boys – half the men their fathers are?
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Warning: Immune suppression in wildlife is
widespread• Birds in Gt Lakes - Herring Gulls,
Black-crowned Herons, Caspian Terns in (2001) Great Lakes.
• Snapping Turtles in (2001) in Gt Lakes
• Loggerhead Turtles (2000/01) from North Carolina
• Seals (and controlled feeding of seals with fish from polluted Waddon sea depressed immune system
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Warning: Immune suppression in wildlife is
widespread ..cont…• High rates of cancer in St
Lawrence belugas.• Mice fed with fat replaced with
beluga fat – show immune suppression
• Immune suppression very evident in Svalbaard polar bears
• Immune suppression found in Florida panther
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Implications for humans?
• Discuss – Rice oil - Inuit babies – Dutch cohort. DES children. > old age – autoimmune disease – arthritis.
• Need to identify chemicals with immunotoxicant and/or ED action
• Need tighter controls on EDCs
• Need to bring EDCs under prior authorisation under REACH. Help!