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GY403 Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation

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Page 1: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

GY403 Structural Geology Lab

Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation

Page 2: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Terminology & Definitions• Azimuth: compass direction of a line measured relative to north=0, east=090, south=180, west=270 (increases 

clockwise from north). 

• Bearing: compass direction of a line in quadrant format (ex. N30W, S20E)

• Trend: azimuth or bearing direction of a line (ex. 330 or N30W). A vertical line has no definable trend.

• Strike: trend of the horizontal line contained in a geological plane (ex. bedding). By convention strike lines are recorded to a north quadrant (0‐90; 270‐360)

• Inclination: angle measured from a line of plane to the horizontal in a vertical plane. The maximum possible angle is 90. Planar structures have inclinations that are termed “true dip”. Linear structures have an inclination that is termed “plunge”.

• Dip: inclination angle measured on a geological plane. If the angle is measured perpendicular to strike it is a “true” dip, otherwise the angle is an “apparent” dip. Apparent dips are always less that the true dip.

• Plunge: inclination of a line measured from the line up to the horizontal in a vertical plane.

• Trace: intersection of a plane with the horizontal map surface. For example the axial trace is the intersection of the axial plane with the map surface. If the map surface is horizontal the trace is also the strike line of the plane.  

• Rake (Pitch): angle between a line contained in a plane and the strike line of the plane. A rake angle needs to be followed by the quadrant end of the strike line from where the rake was measured (ex. 33SW in a plane that is oriented N50E, 60SE). The maximum possible angle is 180.

Page 3: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Attitude (Orientation) of Geological Structures

• Geological structures that can be measured are either geometric “planes” or “lines”. 

• Planar: geological structures such as bedding, faults, joints, axial planes are planar geometries.

• Linear: geological structures such as fold hinges, elongated minerals, cleavage/bedding intersection are linear geometries

Page 4: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Planar Attitudes• A plane’s attitude in 3D space is determined by measuring 2 non‐parallel lines that 

lie within the plane.

• Strike and Dip: strike is the trend of the horizontal line that lies in the geological plane. By convention this trend is always recorded to a north quadrant. The trend can be either azimuth or bearing format.

• The dip is the maximum angle of inclination of the plane. Because the dip trend is always perpendicular to the strike only the quadrant direction (NE, SE, NW, SW) is needed for the dip.

• Azimuth Example: 050, 68SE. The north end of the strike line is trending at azimuth 050. The true dip inclination angle is 68 degrees trending at 140 azimuth (southeast quadrant 90 degrees from strike). The two non‐parallel lines that define the plane are the strike line (azimuth=050, plunge=0), and the dip line (azimuth=140, plunge=68).

• Quadrant Bearing example: N30W, 55SW. The north end of the strike line is trending 330 azimuth (=N30W), and the dip line is trending 240 azimuth (SW quadrant 90 degrees from strike). The plunge of the dip line is 55. 

Page 5: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Other Planar Attitude Conventions• Right‐Hand rule: rather than reading the strike to a north 

quadrant (NE: 0‐90; NW: 270‐360) the strike trend is recorded in the azimuth direction such that the true dip (incline) of the plane is to the observers right. This removes the need for a quadrant direction for the dip.

• Example: A strike and dip of 310, 55SW would be measured as 130, 55.

• Note that a right‐hand rule measurement appears no different than a bearing and plunge for a line so the note‐taker must be careful to distinguish planar form linear data.  

Page 6: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Other Planar Attitude Measurement Conventions

• Dip Trend and Angle: Because the strike of a plane always has a trend 90 degrees from the dip trend, one may simply record the dip trend and dip angle of a plane. The strike can always be calculated as the line trending perpendicular to the dip trend. 

• As with the right‐hand rule, the note‐taker must be careful to distinguish planar from linear data.

Page 7: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Planar Geometry

=dip angle=50°

A

B

C

D

G

E

F

H

dip trend=030

Vertical plane

030 azimuthStrike & Dip: 300, 50NERight‐Hand: 300, 50Dip line trend and plunge: 030, 50 

Horizontal plane

Dip line

Page 8: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Linear Attitude

• Linear attitudes are specified by a bearing (trend) and plunge measurement. Note that no quadrant direction is needed therefore 2 numbers completely specify the attitude.

• Example:  220, 15  (line is trending at azimuth 220, and the plunge incline is 15 degrees).

• Note that a line may trend in any azimuth direction (0‐360). 

• Note that a line plunging 90 degrees (vertical) has no definable trend.  

Page 9: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Linear Geometry

β=plunge angle=22°

A

B

C

G

F

D

β

Horizontal plane

Mineral lineation

γ=rake angle=30°

Trend & Plunge: 320, 22Rake angle: 30NW

N

Page 10: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Planar Attitude Examples0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F)

(G) (H) (I)

60

330, 60SW

25

060, 25SE

05

290, 05NE

090, 42N –or‐ 270, 42N

42

horizontal 000, 75W

75

045, 90 060, 35NW OT

35

Rt. hand rule: 120, 39

39

Page 11: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Linear Attitude Examples

90

180

270 90

180

270 90

180

270

0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

0

90

180

270

(D) (E) (F)

15

000, 15 060, 60

05

210, 05

240, 00  ‐or‐ 060, 00 Vertical ‐or‐ plunge=90 75, 330

60

75

Note: all above linear attitudes are in “azimuth, plunge” format,except (F) that is in “plunge, azimuth” format.

Page 12: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Geologic TimePeriod Symbol

Quaternary Q

Tertiary T

Cretaceous K

Jurassic J

Triassic Tr

Permian P

Pennsylvanian |P

Period Symbol

Mississippian M

Devonian D

Silurian S

Ordovician O

Cambrian ‐C

Precambrian p‐C

Young

Old

Young

Old

Page 13: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Rule of “V’s” for Geologic Contacts Crossing Stream Valleys

5020 90

• “V” in dip direction is less pronounced with larger dip angle• A vertical bed shows no “V”

Page 14: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Bedding Strike & Dip Symbols 

‐Cs Oc Sr Dc

35 35 35 35

‐Cs Oc Sr

Dc

DcSr

Oc

p‐Ca

35

• Unless strata is overturned dip should be toward younger beds• Strike is parallel to contact• Dip angle is measured in plane perpendicular to strike • Stream valley produces a contact “V” that points in dip direction 

Page 15: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Bedding Strike & Dip Symbols 

‐Cs Oc Sr Dc

75 75 75 75

‐Cs OcSr Dc

Dc

p‐Ca

75

• “V” in dip direction is less pronounced with larger dip angle

Page 16: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Bedding Strike & Dip Symbols 

‐Cs Oc Sr Dc

‐Cs Oc Sr Dc

Dc

90

• Vertical beds have no “V” across a stream valley• Note the special symbol for a vertical planar attitude

Page 17: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Bedding Strike & Dip Symbols 

Sr Oc ‐Cs p‐Ca

35 35 35 35

SrOc ‐Cs

p‐Ca

Dc

35

• Note the overturned symbol and that the dip direction is toward older beds

p‐Ca

‐CsOc

Page 18: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Apparent Dips

Oc Sr

DcMt

Mt

Dc

Sr

Oc

Dc

SrOc

Mt

>35

35

>35

>35

• Note that the 35 degree angle on the front face must be an apparent dip because the contacts on the map surface are clearly not perpendicular to the front face. The true dip must therefore be >35 degrees.

Page 19: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

‐Cs Oc Mf |Pp

35 35 35 35

‐Cs Oc Mf

|Pp

|Pp

Mf

Oc

p‐Ca

35

• Unconformities are marked by hachures on the map surface on the younger side of the contact; in a cross‐section view by a irregular contact line depicting erosional relief.

• Note the missing Silurian & Devonian formations producing the disconformity

Unconformable Contacts

Page 20: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Sr Dc OcDc Sr Oc Sr Dc

Folding and 3D Blocks 

Dc

Sr

Oc

60

60 40 50

60

60

4040 40

40

50 50 50

Dc

Sr

Oc

‐Ca ?p‐Ca

Mf ‐Ca

40

• Typical fold problem presentation‐ add strike & dip symbols, complete contacts on sides of block, add anticline and syncline symbols. Problem solution is in blue color. Use dashed line and “?” for speculative contacts and age labels.

Page 21: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Dc Mf |Pp SrMf Dc Oc Sr Dc Mf

Non‐plunging Anticlines & Synclines

|PpMf

Dc

Sr

Oc

?‐CrOc

Sr

Dc

DcMf

Sr

• Note that the anticline has the oldest strata in the core of the structure, and the syncline has the youngest, and note the axial trace symbols for anticline and syncline.

• Because there are no overturned beds the strata always dip in the younging direction.• Non‐plunging folds have straight contact lines in the map view (horizontal) surface.• Vertical sides of the block diagram perpendicular to the axial traces of folds may contain curved 

contact lines.

Axial traces of folds

Anticlinesymbol

Syncline symbol

Page 22: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Geologic Domes and Basins

MtDc

Sr

Sr

Sr

Oc

Oc

Oc

Sr

?‐C

?‐C

Oc

• This example is a basin because the youngest strata are in the core (center).• Note that dip direction is toward the core of the basin, which is also toward younger beds.  • Strike direction is “tangent” to the curved contacts in domes & basins.

Page 23: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Plunging Folds

‐Cs

Oc

Sr

Dc Mf

Oc

Dc

p‐Ca

p‐Ca‐Cs Oc

Sr

SrOc

‐Cs

p‐Ca

p‐Ca

‐CsOc

Sr

Oc

Dc

• Note that anticlines still have oldest strata in the core of the structure, vice versa for synclines. Dip direction is away from anticline core, toward syncline core.

• Plunge direction always points with the “V” direction of the contact in the anticline, opposite the “V” in contacts for the syncline.

?

Plunging anticlineAxial trace

Plunging synclineaxial trace

Plunge direction offold hinge

Page 24: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Mf Dc Sr Dc Mf |Pp Mf Dc Sr

?O

SrDcMfMfDcSr

?O

Dc

Mf

|Pp

Overturned Folds

• Overturned folds have one limb containing overturned strata.• The above anticline & syncline pair share an overturned limb.• Note the overturned symbols for the anticline & syncline

Overturned anticlinesymbol

Overturned synclinesymbol

Page 25: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Fault Classification

• Dip‐Slip Faults– Hanging wall down = Normal dip slip

– Hanging wall up = Reverse dip slip

• Normal faulting accommodates lateral stretching

• Reverse faulting accommodates lateral compression

• Strike‐slip faults– Right‐handed offset across fault contact = Right‐lateral (dextral)

– Left‐handed offset across fault contact = Left‐lateral (sinistral)

• Fault slip that combines both dip‐slip and strike‐slip components is oblique‐slip.

Page 26: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

‐Ca‐Cp

Ox

Sj

DoOx

‐Cp

‐Cp

Fault Classification:____________________________Left‐lateral strike slip

‐Ca

35

35

35

35

35

35

Do

Sj

Ox

‐Cp‐Ca

70

70

Strike‐slip Fault

HW FW

• Note that “HW” always on the dip direction tic mark side of fault contact.• Note the arrows indicating left‐lateral (sinistral) strike slip.

Note: slicken‐side striations were found to be horizontal in the fault zone.

Sj

+ ‐

Page 27: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

‐Ca‐Cp

Ox

Sj

DoOx

‐Cp

‐Cp

Fault Classification:____________________________Reverse dip slip

‐Ca

35

35

35

35

35

35

Do

Sj

Ox

‐Cp‐Ca

70

70

Dip‐slip Fault

HW FW

• Note that “HW” always on the dip direction tic mark side of fault contact.• Note the arrows indicating reverse dip slip (HW up relative motion).• Note that the “U” up‐thrown symbol on fault block where strata is displaced in dip direction. 

Note: slicken‐side striations were found to be down‐dip in the fault zone. U D

Sj

Page 28: GY403 Structural Geology Lab - University of South … Structural Geology Lab Geological Attitudes and 3D Block Diagram Interpretation Terminology & Definitions • Azimuth: compass

Fault Classification:______________________________________

Mf

Dc

Sr

Oc

Qal

Tr Kt

Jl

Trd

Oblique: Normal dip‐slip and rt.‐lat. Strike‐slip

Oblique‐slip Fault

UD

HWFW

MfDc

SrOc

KtJl

Trd

Jl

• Note that a strike‐slip motion would not “match” strata in opposite blocks.• Offset on axial trace determines the right‐lateral slip.• The fact that “Mf” is in the synclinal core in the west block as compared to “Qal” in the east block 

proves that the west block has been uplifted

+‐