hal salwasser college of forestry oregon state university august, 2004 af&pa dean’s tour...

Hal SalwasserHal SalwasserCollege of ForestryCollege of Forestry

Oregon State UniversityOregon State University

August, 2004August, 2004

AF&PA Dean’s TourAF&PA Dean’s Tour

Olympia WashingtonOlympia Washington

Hal SalwasserHal SalwasserCollege of ForestryCollege of Forestry

Oregon State UniversityOregon State University

August, 2004August, 2004

AF&PA Dean’s TourAF&PA Dean’s Tour

Olympia WashingtonOlympia Washington

Why Forest Research is Needed Why Forest Research is Needed Now More than EverNow More than Ever

Aligning Forest Aligning Forest Science for Forest Science for Forest ChallengesChallenges

Aligning Forest Aligning Forest Science for Forest Science for Forest ChallengesChallenges

What We’ll CoverWhat We’ll Cover

Forest challenges: US forests in a Forest challenges: US forests in a

global contextglobal context

Sustainability and forestsSustainability and forests

Different roles for different forestsDifferent roles for different forests

The work aheadThe work ahead

Global ForcesGlobal Forces

Population growthPopulation growth Political instabilityPolitical instability Trade costsTrade costs Restructuring in forest products industryRestructuring in forest products industry Widening rich-poor gapWidening rich-poor gap Raising of “green” consciousnessRaising of “green” consciousness Rising consumptionRising consumption Global climate changeGlobal climate change Non-native invasive speciesNon-native invasive species

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

6 Bil. in 2000 8-9 Bil by 20506 Bil. in 2000 8-9 Bil by 2050 More demand for every forest resourceMore demand for every forest resource Intensified wood production on best Intensified wood production on best

sitessites Forest loss to urbanizationForest loss to urbanization Growth in temperate forests; depletion Growth in temperate forests; depletion

in tropical forestsin tropical forests Potential overexploitation of boreal Potential overexploitation of boreal

forestsforests

Political InstabilityPolitical Instability

Emerging democraciesEmerging democracies

TribalismTribalism

Terrorism and the war on civilizationTerrorism and the war on civilization

Corruption, illegal loggingCorruption, illegal logging

China and India emerging powersChina and India emerging powers

State budgets and ballot measuresState budgets and ballot measures

Severe social fragmentation over public Severe social fragmentation over public

forest values and purposesforest values and purposes

Trade CostsTrade Costs

Assuming global wood supply will meet Assuming global wood supply will meet

all future needs is a hypothesis:all future needs is a hypothesis: Market inequities, barriersMarket inequities, barriers

Fuel prices affect transportationFuel prices affect transportation

Value of US dollarValue of US dollar

Shipping securityShipping security

Impacts of growth economies on access to Impacts of growth economies on access to

supplysupply

Widening Gulf Between Widening Gulf Between Rich and PoorRich and Poor

Deforestation in tropics, developing Deforestation in tropics, developing

nationsnations

Poverty – even pockets in rich nationsPoverty – even pockets in rich nations

Unstable developing economiesUnstable developing economies

International strife, war over access to International strife, war over access to

resourcesresources

Urban-rural divideUrban-rural divide

Changes in Forest Changes in Forest Products IndustriesProducts Industries

Globally competitive marketsGlobally competitive markets

Planted forests for wood, fiber (~ 60% in Asia)Planted forests for wood, fiber (~ 60% in Asia)

Partnerships in developing countriesPartnerships in developing countries

Transnational capital flowTransnational capital flow

Increased utilization efficiencyIncreased utilization efficiency

Dominance of globally integrated companiesDominance of globally integrated companies

Disintegration of forestlands from mills, TIMOsDisintegration of forestlands from mills, TIMOs

Fragmentation of ownershipsFragmentation of ownerships

Growing Environmental Growing Environmental AwarenessAwareness

Broader concept of “the environment”Broader concept of “the environment”

“ “Green” as a marketing assetGreen” as a marketing asset

Certification gaining groundCertification gaining ground

Allure and illusion of reservesAllure and illusion of reserves

Affluence, power create the tensions:Affluence, power create the tensions: Enable consumption, imports, pollutionEnable consumption, imports, pollution

Enable concern for environmentEnable concern for environment

Rising Demand for Forest Rising Demand for Forest Products, ValuesProducts, Values

High consumption in First World High consumption in First World

Rising consumption in developing Rising consumption in developing

regionsregions

Wood is part of solution to energy drainWood is part of solution to energy drain

Rising demand for water, recreationRising demand for water, recreation

Forests for biodiversity, climate changeForests for biodiversity, climate change

Global Climate ChangeGlobal Climate Change

Forests are carbon scrubbers, sinksForests are carbon scrubbers, sinks

Wood is an alternative to fuel-intensive Wood is an alternative to fuel-intensive

building materialsbuilding materials

Potential impacts of carbon credit Potential impacts of carbon credit

markets on forest valuesmarkets on forest values

Impacts on growing zones, productivity, Impacts on growing zones, productivity,

vulnerabilities to invasivesvulnerabilities to invasives

Non-native Invasive Non-native Invasive SpeciesSpecies

Plants impact on competitive advantage of Plants impact on competitive advantage of

native species, fuelsnative species, fuels

Insect, pathogen impacts on native speciesInsect, pathogen impacts on native species

Constraints on tradeConstraints on trade

Impacts on management costsImpacts on management costs

Forest area:Forest area: ~ 9.6 bil ac; 50-66% of 1600 ce ~ 9.6 bil ac; 50-66% of 1600 ce

Forest loss:Forest loss: ~ 23 mil ac/yr in 1990s ~ 23 mil ac/yr in 1990s

Population + economic growth Population + economic growth = forest loss, but not always= forest loss, but not always - 30 mil ac/yr tropics, - 30 mil ac/yr tropics, + 7 mil ac/yr+ 7 mil ac/yr non-tropics non-tropics

DemandsDemands for forest benefits ever growing for forest benefits ever growing Water quality, quantityWater quality, quantity

Wood use (+ 0.3 to 0.5%/yr)Wood use (+ 0.3 to 0.5%/yr)

Biodiversity conservationBiodiversity conservation

Carbon storageCarbon storage

Recreation, subsistence, cultural usesRecreation, subsistence, cultural uses

Global Forest ContextGlobal Forest Context

Ind. wood use rose 40% since 1960: ~ 1.58 BCM in 2000Ind. wood use rose 40% since 1960: ~ 1.58 BCM in 2000 Fuel wood use > industrial wood use: ~ 1.78 BCM in 2000Fuel wood use > industrial wood use: ~ 1.78 BCM in 2000 Ind. wood use estimated increase 33% by 2050: ~ 2 BCMInd. wood use estimated increase 33% by 2050: ~ 2 BCM ~ 75% of global wood and fiber will come from planted ~ 75% of global wood and fiber will come from planted forests by forests by mid mid century or earliercentury or earlier ~ 33% of industrial wood used worldwide now crosses an ~ 33% of industrial wood used worldwide now crosses an international boundary from tree to productinternational boundary from tree to product US imports 27% of sawn wood products consumed; US imports 27% of sawn wood products consumed; exports exports associated jobs & impactsassociated jobs & impacts US uses 27% of world’s industrial wood; largest per capitaUS uses 27% of world’s industrial wood; largest per capita US forest and wood choices drive global wood marketUS forest and wood choices drive global wood marketUN FAO 2003: 2000 dataUN FAO 2003: 2000 data

Global & U.S. Wood Global & U.S. Wood UseUse

US in Global ContextUS in Global Context

27

28

8

8.7

20

5.8

7

4.7

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Ind. Wood Used

Ind. Wood Produced

Wood Volume

Plantations

NA IUCN Protected Forest

Forest Land

Land

People

Percent of World Share (UN FAO 2003: 2000 data)Percent of World Share (UN FAO 2003: 2000 data)

US ForestsUS Forests

749 million acres749 million acres

On to Our 2On to Our 2ndnd Topic Topic






Where did this Big Where did this Big Word Come From?Word Come From?

Sustained yield – forestry, fisheries, wildlife: late Sustained yield – forestry, fisheries, wildlife: late 1800s-early 1900s1800s-early 1900s

Sustainable developmentSustainable development Brundtland Commission 1987Brundtland Commission 1987

Earth Summit 1992 Earth Summit 1992 Agenda 21, Chapter 11Agenda 21, Chapter 11 Montreal Process, Santiago DeclarationMontreal Process, Santiago Declaration PCSD, Exec. Order, SFM RoundtablePCSD, Exec. Order, SFM Roundtable

SFM Certification/Licensing Systems 1990s SFM Certification/Licensing Systems 1990s State’s adopting MP C&I/SFI/FSC State’s adopting MP C&I/SFI/FSC

The ability to:The ability to:

Hold upHold up

Support, supply with sustenanceSupport, supply with sustenance

Keep in existence, prolongKeep in existence, prolong

Persevere, endure, withstandPersevere, endure, withstand

Use without degradingUse without degrading

What Does it Mean?What Does it Mean?

Latin: Latin: sussus = up; = up; teneretenere = to hold = to hold

Sustainability of What?Sustainability of What?

Ecosystems?Ecosystems?

Natural Resources?Natural Resources?Economies?Economies?

Communities?Communities?

Human Well Being?Human Well Being?

All of the AboveAll of the Above

Institutions?Institutions?

The suite of forest policies, plans and The suite of forest policies, plans and

practices that sustains forest conditions – practices that sustains forest conditions –

diversity, resilience, productivity -- for the diversity, resilience, productivity -- for the

values, uses, products, and services values, uses, products, and services

desired by society and landowners.desired by society and landowners.

Applied to ForestsApplied to Forests

Hal’s definitionHal’s definition

Montreal Process Montreal Process CriteriaCriteria

BiodiversityBiodiversity

Productive capacityProductive capacity

Ecosystem healthEcosystem health

Soil and water conservationSoil and water conservation

Global carbon storage, cycleGlobal carbon storage, cycle

Socio-economic benefitsSocio-economic benefits

Legal, institutional, economic policiesLegal, institutional, economic policies

7 criteria7 criteria67 indicators67 indicators

Other approaches to SFM – Other approaches to SFM – ATFS, MUSY, FPFO, SFI, FSC, CSA, ATFS, MUSY, FPFO, SFI, FSC, CSA,

ISO, ITTO, Tarapoto, Helsinki:ISO, ITTO, Tarapoto, Helsinki:

Criteria, standards, objectives, Criteria, standards, objectives, principles and indicators for allprinciples and indicators for all areare

working hypothesesworking hypotheses;;being tested and refined through being tested and refined through use; the dust has definitely not use; the dust has definitely not

settled yet.settled yet.

SFM IssuesSFM Issues

Who makes the rules, sets the targets?Who makes the rules, sets the targets?

Mixed ownership landscapesMixed ownership landscapes

Changing ownerships, fragmentationChanging ownerships, fragmentation

Compensation for public benefitsCompensation for public benefits

Consistency in standards, reciprocityConsistency in standards, reciprocity

Scientific basis for standards -- NCSSFScientific basis for standards -- NCSSF

Tailoring for regional variation, purposesTailoring for regional variation, purposes

Elitism, dueling systemsElitism, dueling systems

Dealing with consumptionDealing with consumption

U.S. is not on a path that others can follow and be U.S. is not on a path that others can follow and be

globally sustainable;globally sustainable;

Preserve our resources, use the resources of Preserve our resources, use the resources of

others’, high use of non-renewables;others’, high use of non-renewables;

Must alter our course and “close the loop” on Must alter our course and “close the loop” on

production and consumption of resources for production and consumption of resources for

quality of life.quality of life.

What makes us think we can do it for What makes us think we can do it for forests?forests?

US is NOT a Global US is NOT a Global ModelModel

Learning from the PastLearning from the Past

To chart a path to the future …To chart a path to the future …

What We Know About What We Know About ForestsForests Complex, dynamic ecosystems: time and spaceComplex, dynamic ecosystems: time and space Management/conservation driven by demandsManagement/conservation driven by demands Demand for wood & all other forest values continues Demand for wood & all other forest values continues

to growto grow Must yield value to stay forested, if privateMust yield value to stay forested, if private Local choices can have global transfer effectsLocal choices can have global transfer effects Forestry, technology and conservation can and have Forestry, technology and conservation can and have

restored and enhanced forests, their products restored and enhanced forests, their products and and uses, uses, e.g., America’s Tree Farms, America’s e.g., America’s Tree Farms, America’s

family forests, Tillamook State Forest, Green family forests, Tillamook State Forest, Green Mountain NF, engineered wood products, Mountain NF, engineered wood products,

eastern eastern wilderness areaswilderness areas

Benefits Beyond Benefits Beyond WoodWood

Water: from all forestsWater: from all forests

Energy: wood as fuel, wood as low energy Energy: wood as fuel, wood as low energy material, urban trees for energy conservationmaterial, urban trees for energy conservation

Recreation: especially from public forestsRecreation: especially from public forests

Carbon stores: in the forest and in wood productsCarbon stores: in the forest and in wood products

Biodiversity: reservoirs and sourcesBiodiversity: reservoirs and sources

Minerals: domestic sources, reservesMinerals: domestic sources, reserves

Ecosystem services: mitigate global changeEcosystem services: mitigate global change

Let’s Talk About RolesLet’s Talk About Roles






The “Whole Forest” ViewThe “Whole Forest” View

All Forests:All Forests: fromfrom urban forests and tree farms to urban forests and tree farms to wilderness and parkswilderness and parks

All Forest Products:All Forest Products: fromfrom wood and water to wild wood and water to wild things and wild places things and wild places

All Forest Practices:All Forest Practices: from preservation and from preservation and protection to restoration and productionprotection to restoration and production

All ForestAll Forest Uses:Uses: fromfrom recreation and learning to jobs recreation and learning to jobs and subsistenceand subsistence

All Forest Values:All Forest Values: fromfrom carbon stores and jobs carbon stores and jobs to to sources of life and inspiration sources of life and inspiration

Breadth of Sustainable Breadth of Sustainable Forest ManagementForest Management

Sustainable forest management Sustainable forest management

varies by forest type, varies by forest type,

ownership, primary purposeownership, primary purpose

Forest purposes:Forest purposes:

Wood and fiber productionWood and fiber production

Multiple resource values/usesMultiple resource values/uses

Reserves, nature preservationReserves, nature preservation

Urban and community forestsUrban and community forests

Wood Production Wood Production ForestsForests

Most of world’s future wood will Most of world’s future wood will

come from planted forests:come from planted forests: ~ 33% now, ~ 75% by 2050,~ 33% now, ~ 75% by 2050,

from ~ 10-20% of global forest from ~ 10-20% of global forest

areaarea

Primary purposes: Primary purposes: Grow trees for wood, fiberGrow trees for wood, fiber Increase forest value to ownerIncrease forest value to owner

Management challenges:Management challenges: Thrive in global marketsThrive in global markets Increase wood yield: < 2X over naturalIncrease wood yield: < 2X over natural Reduce environmental impactsReduce environmental impacts Improve wood quality, consistencyImprove wood quality, consistency Produce high return on investmentProduce high return on investment Maintain social license to operateMaintain social license to operate

Most Productive Forest Most Productive Forest Lands in USLands in US

… … are in the hands of 9-10,000,000 are in the hands of 9-10,000,000

family, tribal, and industrial private sector family, tribal, and industrial private sector

forest stewards!forest stewards!

Site Class by OwnershipSite Class by Ownership

020406080

100120

NationalForest

OtherPublic

ForestIndustry

FamilyForests

Million Acres by Site Class in U.S.(annual growth in cu ft/ac)

1 = >120

2 = 85-120

3 = 50-85

4 = 20-50

5 = 0-20

Source: Powell et al. (1993) Tables 5 and 6

Multi-resource ForestsMulti-resource Forests

Most of the world’s Most of the world’s accessibleaccessible forests forests

have multiple resource purposeshave multiple resource purposes < 40% of global forest area?< 40% of global forest area?

Primary purposes: Primary purposes: Meet diverse landowner objectivesMeet diverse landowner objectives Increase forest value to owner(s)Increase forest value to owner(s)

Challenges:Challenges: Optimize multi-resource outcomesOptimize multi-resource outcomes Produce multiple benefits for acceptable Produce multiple benefits for acceptable

costscosts Differentiate productsDifferentiate products Finance non-market benefitsFinance non-market benefits

Reserve ForestsReserve Forests

Parks, wilderness, natural areas:Parks, wilderness, natural areas: 12.4% worldwide in 200012.4% worldwide in 2000 < 40-50% of global forest area?< 40-50% of global forest area?

Primary purposes:Primary purposes: Sustain at-risk species, natural Sustain at-risk species, natural

processes, “wild” ecosystemsprocesses, “wild” ecosystems Recreation, cultural usesRecreation, cultural uses

Management cManagement challenges:hallenges: Minimize human use impactsMinimize human use impacts Restore, promote wildness, naturalnessRestore, promote wildness, naturalness Ameliorate effects of invasive species, Ameliorate effects of invasive species,

air pollutionair pollution Achieve goals for least costsAchieve goals for least costs

Urban, Community Urban, Community ForestsForests

Where 80% of US people liveWhere 80% of US people live

Primary purposes:Primary purposes: Attractive communities, neighborhoodsAttractive communities, neighborhoods

Conserve resources: water, energyConserve resources: water, energy

Increase property valuesIncrease property values

Backyard wildlife habitatsBackyard wildlife habitats

Management challenges:Management challenges: Safety, infrastructure impactsSafety, infrastructure impacts

Minimize sprawl and resource useMinimize sprawl and resource use

Minimize invasive species escapesMinimize invasive species escapes

Reserve ForestsReserve Forests:: Mostly federal, some state, tribal, private

Multi-resource Multi-resource

Forests:Forests: Mostly state, tribal, some family, some federal

Wood Wood

Production Production

ForestsForests:: Mostly industry, family, some state, tribal

Urban, Community Urban, Community

Forests:Forests: Forests where

people live

Social

Ben

efitsEco

nom

ic

Ben

efits

ForestForestSustainabilitySustainability

Environmental Benefits

Ownership MattersOwnership Matters

Wood ProductionWood Production Multi-resourceMulti-resource ReserveReserve

Industry, TIMOIndustry, TIMO

Private, largePrivate, large

Family, ENGOFamily, ENGO

TribesTribes

StateStateFederalFederal

****

* * Streamside zones, leave trees, HECV = mini or micro reservesStreamside zones, leave trees, HECV = mini or micro reserves

Oregon’s Current Oregon’s Current BalanceBalance

Oregon Forest Area by Primary Purpose

Multi-resource*33%

Wood Production

36%

Reserve31%

* This includes 2.5 million acres of federal matrix and AMAs which currently are not fully * This includes 2.5 million acres of federal matrix and AMAs which currently are not fully serving their designated purpose. If 1 million of those acres move to reserve class it serving their designated purpose. If 1 million of those acres move to reserve class it

increases reserves by 3.6% and decreases multi-resource by 3.6%increases reserves by 3.6% and decreases multi-resource by 3.6%

Let’s Talk About the Let’s Talk About the FutureFuture






SFM ChallengesSFM Challenges

Keep forest lands in forest uses for forest valuesKeep forest lands in forest uses for forest values Use and shape global forces to influence futureUse and shape global forces to influence future Meet people’s forest resource needsMeet people’s forest resource needs Improve management and conservationImprove management and conservation Invest in new knowledge and technologies:Invest in new knowledge and technologies:

New R&D for sustainabilityNew R&D for sustainability

Enhance lifelong learning and extended educationEnhance lifelong learning and extended education Develop incentives for sustainable production and Develop incentives for sustainable production and

conservationconservation

Past ResearchPast Research

Modern harvesting systemsModern harvesting systems Reforestation technologiesReforestation technologies Growth and yield enhancementGrowth and yield enhancement Water quality, fish and wildlife RWater quality, fish and wildlife Rxx

Pest management strategiesPest management strategies Fire management strategiesFire management strategies Product efficiencies, new productsProduct efficiencies, new products Sustained-yield planning toolsSustained-yield planning tools

Harvest practicesHarvest practices

Productivity practicesProductivity practices

Diversity practicesDiversity practices

New wood productsNew wood products

Non-wood usesNon-wood uses

Forests and climateForests and climate

Urban-forest interfaceUrban-forest interface

Tree genomics, biotechTree genomics, biotech

Fire, pests, forest healthFire, pests, forest health

RoadsRoads

Water, fish, wildlifeWater, fish, wildlife

Non-native invasive speciesNon-native invasive species

Policy and economicsPolicy and economics

CommunicationsCommunications

Risk assessmentRisk assessment

Adaptive problem solvingAdaptive problem solving

Today’s R&D Agenda Today’s R&D Agenda for Tomorrow’s for Tomorrow’s ForestsForests

Integrating technology with traditionIntegrating technology with tradition

Research AlignmentResearch Alignment

Declining capacity (NRC 2003)Declining capacity (NRC 2003)

Need for reinvestment, refocus on Need for reinvestment, refocus on priorities (Blue Ribbon Panel 2004)priorities (Blue Ribbon Panel 2004)

Engage governments, academia, forest Engage governments, academia, forest cluster in R&D for common goal of cluster in R&D for common goal of

global competitive advantage while global competitive advantage while achieving optimal outcomes for forest achieving optimal outcomes for forest conservation (heresy in the US!)conservation (heresy in the US!)

Some OutcomesSome Outcomes

Increased efficiency of wood production; roiIncreased efficiency of wood production; roi Increased wood utilization and value; roiIncreased wood utilization and value; roi Increased use of renewable resources Increased use of renewable resources over over

non-renewablesnon-renewables Increased capacity to handle surprisesIncreased capacity to handle surprises Increased environmental performance of all Increased environmental performance of all

forestsforests Stronger science base for SFM systemsStronger science base for SFM systems More knowledgeable citizenryMore knowledgeable citizenry

hal salwasser college of forestry oregon state university august, 2004 af&pa dean’s tour...

Documents

forest challengeswhat

forest benefits

forest research

forest values impacts

public forest values

forest products industry

forest products industries

ce forest loss