handbook of chemical neuroanatomy - · pdf filethe early stages of nervous system development...

HANDBOOK O FCHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY

Volume 10:

ONTOGENY OFTRANSMITTERS ANDPEPTIDES IN THE CNS

A . BJÖRKLUND

T . HÖKFELT

M . TOHYAMA

List of contributors

vPreface i x

I . THE EARLY STAGES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT :NEUROGENESIS AND NEURONAL MIGRATION - J . ALTMA N

1. Introduction

12. The loci of neuron production

32 .1 . The primary neuroepithelium

32 .2 . Compartmentation in the neuroepithelium

32 .3 . Mosaicism in the neuroepithelium

82 .4 . Secondary germinal matrices

83. The chronology of neuron production

1 03 .1 . Precision in the temporal order of neurogenesis

1 03 .2 . Sequential order in neurogenesis

1 04. Neuronal migration and pauses in sojourn zones

1 54 .1 . Translocation and different patterns of migration

1 54 .1 .1 . Passive translocation and migration along a straight path

1 54 .1 .2 . Cell-sorting migration

1 54 .1 .3 . Migration along curved paths and over long distances

1 64 .1 .4 . Divergent and convergent migration

1 94 .2 . Sojourn zones in transitional cortex

2 14 .3 . The lateral cortical stream

2 35. Conclusion

2 76. Acknowledgments

2 77. List of abbreviations

2 78. References

2 9

II . DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL CHOLINERGIC NEURONS - K . SEMB A

1. Introduction

3 32. The whole brain

343. Basal forebrain

3 4

3 .1 . Time of origin

3 5

3 .2 . Onset of cholinergic phenotype expression and migration

3 5

3 .2 .1 . AChE histochemistry

3 5

3 .2 .2 . ChAT immunohistochemistry

40

3 .2 .3 . NGF-receptor immunohistochemistry

40

3 .3 . Cellular differentiation and maturation

4 1

3 .4 . Axonal outgrowth

4 1

3 .4 .1 . Septohippocampal projections

41

3 .4 .2 . Nucleus basalis magnocellularis-neocortical projections

423 .5 . Unsettled problems

444. Cerebral cortex

4 54 .1 . Hippocampus

4 54 .1 .1 . Neurochemistry

4 54 .1 .2 . Cholinergic interneurons

4 54 .1 .3 . Cholinergic receptors

4 54 .2. Neocortex

454 .2 .1 . Neurochemistry

4 54 .2 .2 . Cholinergic innervation of the visual cortex

464 .2 .3 . Transient expression of AChE in thalamocortical fibers

464 .2 .4 . Intrinsic neurons of the cortex

474 .2 .5 . Receptors

4 75. Caudate putamen

4 85 .1 . Neurochemistry

4 85 .2 . Time of origin

4 85 .3 . Expression of cholinergic phenotype and morphologica l

maturation

505 .4 . Receptor binding

506. Mesopontine tegmentum

5 27. Spinal cord

5 27 .1 . Time of origin

5 27 .2 . Cholinergic phenotype and cellular differentiation

5 48. Conclusions


5 610. References

5 6

III . DEVELOPMENT OF DOPAMINE-CONTAINING SYSTEMS IN TH ECNS - A . KALSBEEK, P . VOORN AND R.M . BUIJ S

1. Introduction

6 32. Visualization of dopamine

643. Development of the mesotelencephalic dopaminergic system

6 53 .1 . Cell groups in the ventral mesencephalon

6 63 .2 . The mesostriatal innervation

683 .3 . The mesocortical innervation

8 04. Development of hypothalamic-dopaminergic systems

945. Development of dopamine-containing structures in the brainstem

996. Development of other dopaminergic systems

10 17. Dopaminergic systems in the human fetus


1069. References

106

IV . IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AROMATI CL-AMINO ACID DECARBOXYLASE (AADC) IN RAT EMBRYO S

C.B. JAEGER AND G . TEITELMA N

1. Introduction

11 32. Localization of D groups in the brain

11 42 .1 . D groups in embryos at 15 days of gestation

11 42 .2 . D groups in embryos at 16 days of gestation (Figs . 3 and 4)

11 72 .3 . D groups in embryos at 19 days of gestation

11 93. Localization of D groups in the periphery

12 64. Summary and discussion



12 87. References

13 1

V. PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE -THE ADRENALINE-SYNTHESIZING ENZYME - G .A. FOSTER

1. Introduction

13 32. Immunohistochemical analysis of prenatal PNMT-LI and TH-L I

ontogeny

13 43. Prenatal regulation of PNMT and TH expression

14 44. Neurochemical analysis of prenatal development of adrenergic neuron s

of the medulla oblongata

14 75. Immunohistochemical analysis of postnatal PNMT-LI development

15 06. Summary


15 18. References

154

VI . ONTOGENY OF HISTAMINE-IMMUNOREACTIVE NEURON SIN THE CNS - P . PANULA, A . KINNUNEN, M .S. AIRAKSINEN ,M . AHONEN, O . HÄPPOLA AND E . CASTRE N

1. Introduction

15 72. Biochemical analysis of histamine during ontogenesis

1582 .1 . Brain

15 82 .2 . Other tissues

16 13. Morphological analysis of developing histamine-containing systems i n

mammals

16 13 .1 . Tuberomammillary histaminergic neurons in rat brain

16 13 .2 . Transient histamine-immunoreactive neurons in the CNS

1623 .3 . Histamine-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat CNS

1683 .4 . Mast cells in the rat brain

1683 .5 . Histamine-immunoreactive neurons in the CNS of other species

1683 .6 . Pefipheral nervous system

17 13 .7 . Phylogenetic aspects

17 34. Conclusions

173

5. List of abbreviations

17 36. References

17 4

VII . POSTNATAL CHANGES OF GLUTAMINASE-LIK EIMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE OLFACTORY BULB, THALAMUS ,CEREBRAL CORTEX AND CEREBELLUM OF THE RA T- T. KANEKO AND N. MIZUNO

1. Introduction

17 72. Materials and methods

17 83. Results

17 93 .1 . Olfactory bulb and pyriform cortex

17 93 .2 . Thalamus

17 93 .3 . Cerebral neocortex

18 53 .4 . Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex

18 53 .5 . Cerebellum and precerebellar nuclei

18 54. Discussion

19 15. Summary

19 26. Acknowledgment

19 37. References

19 3

VIII . DEVELOPMENT OF NEURONAL ELEMENTS WITH SUBSTANCEP-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM - M . SAKANAK A

1. Introduction

19 7

2. Methodology

1993. Ontogeny of neuronal elements with SPI in the brain

1993 .1 . Rat brain

199

3 .1 .1 . General organization

199

3 .1 .2 . Development of SPI in specific brain regions

22 5

3 .2 . Mouse brain

23 5

3 .3 . Human brain

23 7

3 .4 . Rabbit brain

237

3 .5 . Xenopus embryonic brain

23 8

4. Development of SPI in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion

23 8

4 .1 . Rat

23 8

4 .2. Human

244

4 .3. Opossum

244

4 .4. Chicken

245

4 .5 . Xenopus

246

5. Factors that may affect the development of neuronal elements with SPI

246

6. Summary and conclusions

248

7. Acknowledgments

24 8

8. References

249

IX . ONTOGENETIC AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF TH EPREPROENKEPHALIN AND PREPRODYNORPHIN GENES IN TH ERAT BRAIN - Y . MORITA

I . Introduction

25 72. Methods

25 82 .1 . Animals and preparation of tissues

25 82 .2 . Probes

25 82 .3 . In-situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH)

25 93. Results

25 93 .1 . Differential expression of PPE and PPD genes

25 93 .2 . Ontogenesis of the central PPE- and PPDergic systems

26 53 .2 .1 . Telencephalon

26 53 .2 .2 . Diencephalon

27 73 .2 .3 . Mesencephalon

28 13 .2 .4 . Rhombencephalon

28 33 .2 .5 . Cerebellum

28 74. Discussion

28 84 .1 . Differential expression of PPE and PPD genes

28 84 .2 . Ontogenesis of PPE and PPD gene expression

28 94 .3 . Possible functions of endogenous opioids in the developing brain

2905. Conclusions



29 18. References

29 2

X. ONTOGENY OF PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN (POMC)-DERIVE DPEPTIDES IN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY Y .-Q. WANG, J .-S . LI ,

H.-M . LI AND M . TOHYAM A

1. Introduction

29 7

2. Ontogeny of POMC-derived peptides in the brain

29 72 .1 . ß-END-IR

298

2 .2 . ACTH-IR

3002 .3 . ;-MSH-IR

30 32 .4 . x-MSH-IR

31 0

2 .5 . General discussion

31 13. Ontogeny of POMC-derived peptides in the pituitary

31 3

3 .1 . z-MSH

31 33 .2 . ACTH-IR

31 4

3 .3 . ß-END and otherß-lipotropin (LPH)-related peptides

31 5

3 .4 . ;-MSH-IR

31 6

3 .5 . POMC gene expression

31 6

3 .6 . General discussion

31 7

4. Brain-pituitary interaction

31 9

5. Acknowledgment

31 9

6. References

319

XI. ONTOGENY OF CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP)- S . INAGAK I

1. Introduction

32 52. Ontogeny of CGRP-like immunoreactive (CGRPI) structures

32 62 .1 . Embryonic day 16 (E16)

32 62 .2 . Embryonic days 18-19 (E18-E19)

32 62 .3 . Embryonic day 20 (E20)

3262 .4 . Embryonic day 22 (E22)-postnatal day 1 (P 1)

3262 .5 . Postnatal days 2-7 (P2-P7)

3272 .6 . Postnatal days 8-14 (P8-P14)

33 82 .7 . Postnatal days 15-56 (P15-P56)

33 82 .8 . Cerebellum

3472 .9. Spinal cord

3473. General features of CGRP receptors

3503 .1 . Binding to brain homogenates

35 03 .2 . Binding to tissue sections

35 03 .3 . Autoradiography

35 14. Ontogeny of CGRP receptors

35 24 .1 . Receptor autoradiography

35 24 .1 .1 . Forebrain and diencephalon

35 74 .1 .2 . Posterior thalamus and midbrain

35 84 .1 .3 . Inferior colliculus and brainstem

35 85. Discussion

35 95 .1 . Development of CGRPI structures

35 95 .2 . Development of CGRP binding sites

36 15 .3 . Development of CGRP projections

36 15 .4 . Comparison of the localizations of CGRPI nerve fibers an d

CGRP binding sites

36 25 .5 . Comparison of the development of CGRP and other peptides


36 37. References

36 5

XII . ONTOGENY OF THE CENTRAL SOMATOSTATINERGIC SYSTE M- S. SHIOSAK A

1. Introduction

36 92. Biosynthesis of somatostatin

36 93. General profiles of the ontogeny of somatostatin-immunoreactiv e

structures in the brain

37 03 .1 . Prenatal ontogeny of somatostatinergic neurons

37 03 .2 . Postnatal ontogeny of somatostatinergic neurons

37 03 .3 . Prenatal ontogeny of somatostatinergic fibers

37 33 .4 . Postnatal ontogeny of somatostatinergic fibers

37 64. Ontogeny of somatostatinergic neurons in specific brain areas

37 64 .1 . Olfactory bulb

37 64 .2 . Cerebral cortex

37 64 .3 . Hippocampus

378

4 .4 .

Hypothalamus

38 04 .5 .

Piriform cortex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis ,entopeduncular nucleus, and amygdala

38 24 .6 .

Other areas of the forebrain and upper brainstem

38 24 .7 .

Inferior and superior colliculus

38 24 .8 .

Lateral lemniscal nucleus including paralemniscal nucleus

38 54 .9 .

Periaqueductal gray, sphenoid nucleus, suprageniculate nucleus ,prepositus hypoglossal nucleus and its ventral extension (latera lto the FLM), trigeminal spinal tract nucleus (medial part), an dsolitary tract nucleus

39 14 .10 . Reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons, the dorsal and ventra l

cochlear nuclei, and marginal part of the trigeminal spinal trac tnucleus

39 14 .11 . Cerebellum

39 14 .12 . Spinal cord

39 14 .13 . Other areas in the lower brainstem

39 25. Ontogeny of somatostatin receptors

39 26. Conclusion



39 39. References

39 5

XIII . ONTOGENY OF NEUROTENSIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY AND MRN AIN THE RAT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - H . KIYAMA, M . SAT OAND P.C . EMSON

1. Introduction

39 92. General overview of neurotensin development in the CNS

400

3. Telencephalon

40 13 .1 . Olfactory system

40 1

3 .2 . Cerebral cortex and amygdaloid complex

40 3

3 .3 . Hippocampus

40 6

3 .4 . Basal ganglia and septum

40 8

4. Diencephalon

41 0

4 .1 . Thalamus

41 0

4 .2 . Hypothalamus

41 1

5. Mesencephalon and pons

41 6

6. Medulla

42 0

7. Spinal cord

42 0

8. Development of neurotensin binding sites

42 3

9. Conclusion

42 5


42 6

11. References

427

XIV . ONTOGENY OF CHOLECYSTOKININ IN THE CENTRAL NERVOU S

SYSTEM - H .-J . CHO AND K . JOO

1. Introduction

43 32. Materials and methods

4342 .1 . Experimental animals and tissue preparation

4342 .2 . Immunohistochemical procedure

4342 .3 . Preparation and specificity of antiserum

434

2 .4 . Terminology

43 53. Results

43 53 .1 . Ontogeny of the CCK-8 neuron system of forebrain and uppe r

brainstem

43 53 .1 .1 . Embryonic period

43 53 .1 .2 . Postnatal period

43 7

3 .2 . Ontogeny of the CCK-8 neuron system of the lower brainstem

44 53 .2 .1 . Embryonic period

44 53 .2 .2 . Postnatal period

44 54. Discussion


45 26. References

45 4

XV. VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE AND PEPTIDE HISTIDIN E

ISOLEUCINE - K . HARES AND G.A. FOSTER

1. Introduction

45 7

2. Radioimmunoassay

45 83. In-situ hybridization

4604. Immunohistochemistry

460

5. Development of PHI-LI and VIP-LI in the rat central nervous system

4605 .1 . Embryonic period

4605 .2 . Postnatal period

46 5

6. Summary

4697. Discussion


47 1

9. References

47 3

XVI. DEVELOPMENT OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR I NRAT BRAIN - S . DAIKOKU AND S . HISANO

1. Introduction

47 72. Anatomical distribution of CRF immunoreactivity in adult animals

4773. An overview of developing CRF neuron systems in the brain

48 1

4. Materials and methods

4824 .1 . Ontogenetic development of CRF neuron systems in the rat brain 48 2

4 .1 .1 . Light microscopy

48 24 .1 .2 . Electron microscopy

48 34 .1 .3 . Immunostaining

483

4 .2 . Transplantation of the embryonal hypothalamus and cerebra lcortex

48 45. Results

48 55 .1 . Prenatal development

48 55 .2 . Postnatal development

49 15 .3 . Transplantation study of the brain primordium

50 56. Discussion

51 06 .1 . Ontogenetic appearance of CRF neurons in rat hypothalamus

51 06 .2 . CRF fiber terminalis in the external layer of the median eminence 51 26 .3 . The presence of predetermined CRF neurons

51 37. Summary


51 59. References

51 5

XVII . NEUROPEPTIDE Y - G .A . FOSTER AND P .L. WOODHAM S

1. Introduction

52 12. Methods

52 23. Prenatal development of NPY-LI

52 23 .1 . Day 13 of gestation









53 34. Postnatal development of NPY

53 35. Transient NPY-containing neurons

53 86. Co-localization of NPY and other neuropeptides/transmitters

53 97. Summary


54 19. References

544

XVIII . THE DEVELOPMENT OF VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN SYSTEM SIN THE BRAIN - R .M . BUIJS

I . Introduction

54 72. The adult VP and OT systems

5483. The magnocellular neurons of the PVN and SON

5483 .1 . The magnocellular VP system

5493 .1 .1 . Day 15 of gestation




55 13 .1 .5 . Day 19 of gestation

552


55 23 .1 .7 . Day 21 of gestation

55 23 .1 .8 . Postnatal development

55 23 .2 . The magnocellular OT system

55 23 .3 . Development of magnocellular neurons in other mammals

5543 .4 . Functional development of the magnocellular system

5564. Parvocellular neurons of the PVN

55 74 .1 . VP-containing parvocellular PVN neurons

55 84 .2 . OT-containing parvocellular PVN neurons

55 84 .3 . Functional development of the parvocellular VP and OT PV N

neurons

55 95. VP neurons of the SCN

5606. Development of SCN functions

56 27. VP neurons of the BST and Arne

5647 .1 . Development of BST and Arne neuron functions

56 68. VP cells in the locus ceruleus


56 610. References

56 7

XIX . ONTOGENY OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE -CONTAINING NEURONAL SYSTEMS IN MAMMALS - L . JENNE SAND M . SCHWANZEL-FUKUD A

1. Introduction

57 32. The nervus terminalis

57 43. Development of the opossum GnRH system

57 43 .1 . Three months postnatal

57 73 .2 . Hypothalamus and preoptic area

57 74. Development of the mouse GnRH system

57 84 .1 . Autoradiography

58 15. Development of the rat GnRH system

58 15 .1 . Embryonic day 17



58 35 .4 . Day of birth (P0)

58 56. Development of the guinea pig GnRH system



58 86 .3 . Embryonic days 40-45

59 16 .4 . Embryonic days 50-60

59 17. Development of the rhesus macaque GnRH system

59 18. Discussion



59 511. References

596

XX . GALANIN - A .R . SIZER AND G .A. FOSTE R

I . Introduction

59 92. Experimental procedures

6003. Results

60 13 .1 . Prenatal ages

60 13 .2 . Postnatal ages

60 13 .2 .1 .

Day 1

60 13 .2 .2 .

Day 2

60 13 .2 .3 .

Day 4

60 13 .2 .4 .

Day 7

60 13 .2 .5 .

Day 11

60 63 .2 .6 .

Day 14

60 63 .2 .7 .

Day 16

60 83 .2 .8 .

Day 22

60 93 .2 .9 .

Day 28

60 93 .2 .10 . Day 38

61 13 .2 .11 . Aged rats

61 13 .3 . Radioimmunoassay

61 14. Discussion


61 26. References

61 5

XXI . DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM IN RAT AN DCHICK EMBRYOS -- J .A . WALLACE AND J .M. LAUDER

1. Introduction

61 92. Development of the serotonergic system in the rat

61 92 .1 . Cell bodies

61 92 .1 .1 . Brainstem

61 92 .1 .2 . Diencephalon

62 32 .1 .3 . Spinal cord

62 32 .2 . Axonal projections

62 52 .2 .1 . Ascending

62 52 .2 .2 . Descending

63 03. Development of the serotonergic system in the chick

63 03 .1 . Cell bodies

63 03 .1 .1 . Brainstem

6303 .1 .2 . Diencephalon

63 63 .1 .3 . Spinal cord

63 63 .2 . Axonal projections

63 93 .2 .1 . Ascending

63 93 .2 .2 . Descending

64 14. Discussion

6425. Acknowledgments

6436. References

644

XXII. AN OVERVIEW OF THE ONTOGENY OF NEUROTRANSMITTER SAND NEUROMODULATORS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTE M- M . TOHYAM A

1. General aspects of the development of neurotransmitters an dneuromodulators

64 72. Importance of receptors

64 83. What is the `trophic role of neuroactive substances'?

64 93 .1 . Is cell death the cause of the postnatal decrease of neuroactiv e

substances or their mRNAs?

64 93 .2 . Is it possible to reinitiate production of neuroactive substance s

after the cessation of synthesis during postnatal ontogeny?

64 94. Discrepancies between the distribution of a neuroactive substance and

its mRNA during ontogeny

6505. References

650

SUBJECT INDEX

651

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