HAPPY NEW YEAR AND WELCOME BACK!!!!

HAPPY NEW YEAR AND WELCOME BACK!!!!

• Pick up a warm-up on the stand in the front• Color it, AND WRITE A NEW YEARS RESOLUTION ON HIS SCARF!! • DON’T HAVE ONE? MAKE ONE!

• Pick up a warm-up on the stand in the front• Color it, AND WRITE A NEW YEARS RESOLUTION ON HIS SCARF!! • DON’T HAVE ONE? MAKE ONE!

First order on business…

First order on business…

• The following students got an “A” on the Civil War and Reconstruction Test• Andie, Regan, Prince, Caitlin, B, Rogelio, Kyle, Hannah, Amanda, Ritvik, Savannah, Christina, Brooke, Emily, Luella, Melissa

• I will show you what you got on the test today, and will pass back stamp sheets with test grades AND PROJECT GRADES on it, and remediation next class.

• The following students got an “A” on the Civil War and Reconstruction Test• Andie, Regan, Prince, Caitlin, B, Rogelio, Kyle, Hannah, Amanda, Ritvik, Savannah, Christina, Brooke, Emily, Luella, Melissa

• I will show you what you got on the test today, and will pass back stamp sheets with test grades AND PROJECT GRADES on it, and remediation next class.

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Life After ReconstructionLife After Reconstruction

North and SouthNorth and South

• North was thriving after the war• Land was not destroyed• Industry was booming- making stuff for the war

• South was devastated• Land was demolished• The need for cotton from the south decreased because of rival markets

• Loss of men

• North was thriving after the war• Land was not destroyed• Industry was booming- making stuff for the war

• South was devastated• Land was demolished• The need for cotton from the south decreased because of rival markets

• Loss of men

ViolenceViolence

• Violent groups rose to take out the frustration of many southerners (KKK)

• Tactics include: burning property, beatings/whippings, murder by lynching

• Violent groups rose to take out the frustration of many southerners (KKK)

• Tactics include: burning property, beatings/whippings, murder by lynching

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

• The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the South• 5 military districts were broken up and union presence in the south ended

• Former Confederate leaders regained power

• Southern states passed radical segregation laws that separated white and black people in public and private facilities • Became known as Jim Crow Laws after a popular song

• The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the South• 5 military districts were broken up and union presence in the south ended

• Former Confederate leaders regained power

• Southern states passed radical segregation laws that separated white and black people in public and private facilities • Became known as Jim Crow Laws after a popular song

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

• 1896, Supreme Court made segregation legal nationwide• Established the doctrine of “separate but equal”

• Lasted almost 60 years

• 1896, Supreme Court made segregation legal nationwide• Established the doctrine of “separate but equal”

• Lasted almost 60 years

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights

• Women’s Rights movement started before the Civil War• Seneca Falls Convention- 1848

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott composed a detailed statement of grievances

• Worked closely with the Abolitionist movement

• After the war, Women looked to better their conditions• Focused on woman suffrage (right to vote)• Susan B. Anthony was a major leader

• Women’s Rights movement started before the Civil War• Seneca Falls Convention- 1848

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott composed a detailed statement of grievances

• Worked closely with the Abolitionist movement

• After the war, Women looked to better their conditions• Focused on woman suffrage (right to vote)• Susan B. Anthony was a major leader

Silver v. GoldSilver v. Gold• Back in 1800s any paper money printed (greenbacks) had to be supported by gold• Ex: if $500 million worth of paper $ printed, there had to be $500 million in gold in bank/treasury

• Now think in reverse (only print amount you have in gold)

• What is it called when you print too much money?

• What would you get if you substitute silver for gold?

• If you print too much money is the dollar worth more or less?

• Back in 1800s any paper money printed (greenbacks) had to be supported by gold• Ex: if $500 million worth of paper $ printed, there had to be $500 million in gold in bank/treasury

• Now think in reverse (only print amount you have in gold)

• What is it called when you print too much money?

• What would you get if you substitute silver for gold?

• If you print too much money is the dollar worth more or less?

Panic of 1873 & Depression

Panic of 1873 & Depression

• Caused by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products (more than we need)

• Bankers made too many risky loans to finance growth• Many loans went unpaid and the banking system collapsed

• 15,000 businesses went under

• Caused by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products (more than we need)

• Bankers made too many risky loans to finance growth• Many loans went unpaid and the banking system collapsed

• 15,000 businesses went under

Money IssuesMoney Issues

• During the Civil War, the federal government started to issue greenbacks- paper money that wasn’t backed by equal value in gold

• After war many wanted to return to a currency backed by gold (Hard money), reducing the number of dollars in circulation

• Southern and Western farmers and manufacturers wanted more greenbacks-INFLATION- rise in the general level of prices (soft money)• too many dollars chasing too few goods• would help pay off debts

• During the Civil War, the federal government started to issue greenbacks- paper money that wasn’t backed by equal value in gold

• After war many wanted to return to a currency backed by gold (Hard money), reducing the number of dollars in circulation

• Southern and Western farmers and manufacturers wanted more greenbacks-INFLATION- rise in the general level of prices (soft money)• too many dollars chasing too few goods• would help pay off debts

Specie Resumption Act 1875

Specie Resumption Act 1875

• Promised to put the country back on the gold standard

• withdrew greenbacks and redeemed them for gold (not silver) at face value in 1879

• Resulted in DEFLATION-decrease in the general level of price-decrease in money supply• Creates real value of money

• Worsens the depression for a while but it boosts the nations credit rating with other nations

• Promised to put the country back on the gold standard

• withdrew greenbacks and redeemed them for gold (not silver) at face value in 1879

• Resulted in DEFLATION-decrease in the general level of price-decrease in money supply• Creates real value of money

• Worsens the depression for a while but it boosts the nations credit rating with other nations

Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad

• Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad led to increased westward movement of settlers from the Mississippi to the Pacific

• Built with borrowed money

• Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad led to increased westward movement of settlers from the Mississippi to the Pacific

• Built with borrowed money

Daily Quiz #1Daily Quiz #11. What were the discriminatory laws against blacks in the south called?

2. What court case made segregation legal nationwide?

3. What “doctrine” did the court case create?

4. What is paper money not backed by gold called?

5. The Transcontinental Railroad ran from the Mississippi River west to the _______.

1. What were the discriminatory laws against blacks in the south called?

2. What court case made segregation legal nationwide?

3. What “doctrine” did the court case create?

4. What is paper money not backed by gold called?

5. The Transcontinental Railroad ran from the Mississippi River west to the _______.

Happy Monday!!!!Happy Monday!!!!

• Take out your homework so I can come around and check it!

• We will be discussing the laws

• Did you know: a fish never closes it’s eyes

• Take out your homework so I can come around and check it!

• We will be discussing the laws

• Did you know: a fish never closes it’s eyes

Happy Friday!!!Happy Friday!!!

◊ Turn in your vocab to the box on my desk

◊ We will do a test review quiz then jump into notes for today!

◊ Turn in your vocab to the box on my desk

◊ We will do a test review quiz then jump into notes for today!

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Westward MovementWestward Movement

Setting: The Great PlainsSetting: The Great Plains

◊ Grassland extending through west-central portion of the US

◊ In 1860s, the Great Plains was mostly inhabited by a variety of native tribes• CONFLICTS!

◊ Grassland extending through west-central portion of the US

◊ In 1860s, the Great Plains was mostly inhabited by a variety of native tribes• CONFLICTS!

Cattle becomes big businessCattle becomes big business◊ Railroads reached the Great Plains at the same time that demand for beef increased in eastern cities

◊ COWBOY- herder of cattle on the Great Plains who could round-up, rope, brand, and care for cattle during long cattle drives in the American West

◊ Railroads reached the Great Plains at the same time that demand for beef increased in eastern cities

◊ COWBOY- herder of cattle on the Great Plains who could round-up, rope, brand, and care for cattle during long cattle drives in the American West

Cowboys and Cattle DrivesCowboys and Cattle Drives◊ Long Drives- transporting of cattle over unfenced grazing lands between railroad centers on the Great Plains• Texas cattlemen made the trip up the Chisholm Trail where they could ship their cattle from the first stockyards in Abilene, Kansas

◊ Long Drives- transporting of cattle over unfenced grazing lands between railroad centers on the Great Plains• Texas cattlemen made the trip up the Chisholm Trail where they could ship their cattle from the first stockyards in Abilene, Kansas

American CowboysAmerican Cowboys◊ Cowboys, many of whom were former Confederate soldiers, African Americans and Mexicans, received about a dollar a day for their dangerous work

◊ The cowboy’s relative isolation and work environment contributed to the development of a distinct cowboy culture, based on the frontier values of the American West: • self-reliance and individualism with a healthy dose of the blues. Cowboy poetry and songs soothed the cattle on long drives, as well as provided entertainment for lonely cowboys on the road

◊ Cowboys, many of whom were former Confederate soldiers, African Americans and Mexicans, received about a dollar a day for their dangerous work

◊ The cowboy’s relative isolation and work environment contributed to the development of a distinct cowboy culture, based on the frontier values of the American West: • self-reliance and individualism with a healthy dose of the blues. Cowboy poetry and songs soothed the cattle on long drives, as well as provided entertainment for lonely cowboys on the road

Home on the RangeHome on the Range

Stop and Think!!Stop and Think!!

◊ How did the ordinary cowboy’s life compare to the popular conception of it?

◊ How did the ordinary cowboy’s life compare to the popular conception of it?

Settlers Move WestSettlers Move West

◊ Railroads become important to opening western lands for settlers and transporting crops east• Transcontinental Railroad (1869)- linked eastern and western markets and lead to increased settlement from Mississippi River west to Pacific Ocean

◊ Railroads become important to opening western lands for settlers and transporting crops east• Transcontinental Railroad (1869)- linked eastern and western markets and lead to increased settlement from Mississippi River west to Pacific Ocean

Homestead Act 1862Homestead Act 1862

◊ Offered 160 acres of land in the West (FOR FREE) to anyone who would settle and farm the land for 5 years• 600,000 families took advantage of this offer

• Many were southerners-both white and African-Americans◊Impact?

◊ Offered 160 acres of land in the West (FOR FREE) to anyone who would settle and farm the land for 5 years• 600,000 families took advantage of this offer

• Many were southerners-both white and African-Americans◊Impact?

Boomer SoonersBoomer Sooners

◊ Oklahoma Land Rush- (1889)- land hungry settlers raced to claim lands in a massive land rush- people who left too early= Sooners

◊ Oklahoma Land Rush- (1889)- land hungry settlers raced to claim lands in a massive land rush- people who left too early= Sooners

Challenges of the Plains Challenges of the Plains ◊ Severe hardship of

droughts, fires, blizzards, locust plagues, and native conflict all had to be faced by homesteaders

◊ Early homesteaders built their homes out of sod bricks or dug their home into the sides of ravines or small hills

◊ Severe hardship of droughts, fires, blizzards, locust plagues, and native conflict all had to be faced by homesteaders

◊ Early homesteaders built their homes out of sod bricks or dug their home into the sides of ravines or small hills

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

◊ In what ways did government policies encourage settlement of the west?

◊ What hardships did farmers face in the late 1800s?

◊ In what ways did government policies encourage settlement of the west?

◊ What hardships did farmers face in the late 1800s?

New technologiesNew technologies◊ Wheat withstood drought better than any other crop

◊ Steel-tipped plow- invented by John Deere, helped farmers slice through heavy soil

◊ Mechanical reaper- Cyrus McCormick- increased speed of harvesting wheat

◊ Barbed wire- prevented animals from trampling crops or wandering off

◊ Wheat withstood drought better than any other crop

◊ Steel-tipped plow- invented by John Deere, helped farmers slice through heavy soil

◊ Mechanical reaper- Cyrus McCormick- increased speed of harvesting wheat

◊ Barbed wire- prevented animals from trampling crops or wandering off

Agricultural EducationAgricultural Education

◊ Morrill Act (1862)- federal government gave land to states to build agricultural schools (ex: Virginia Tech)

◊ Morrill Act (1862)- federal government gave land to states to build agricultural schools (ex: Virginia Tech)

Impact on Native AmericansImpact on Native Americans◊ 2/3 of Western tribal groups lived in the Great Plains including the Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackfoot and Comanche

◊ Tribes developed lives that were distinctly tied to the open prairies of the Great Plains

◊ As the frontier was taken over by white settlers, their land and freedom to live according to their traditions would be lost.

◊ 2/3 of Western tribal groups lived in the Great Plains including the Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackfoot and Comanche

◊ Tribes developed lives that were distinctly tied to the open prairies of the Great Plains

◊ As the frontier was taken over by white settlers, their land and freedom to live according to their traditions would be lost.

Natives and the BuffaloNatives and the Buffalo ◊ With introduction of

the horse in 1598, most native tribes abandoned farming villages and roam plains and hunt buffalo (nomadic)

◊ Buffalo provided tribes with most of its basic needs: shelter, clothing, food, tools, toys, etc.

◊ Buffalo also held spiritual significance

◊ With introduction of the horse in 1598, most native tribes abandoned farming villages and roam plains and hunt buffalo (nomadic)

◊ Buffalo provided tribes with most of its basic needs: shelter, clothing, food, tools, toys, etc.

◊ Buffalo also held spiritual significance

Political Agreements with Natives are RestrictedPolitical Agreements with Natives are Restricted◊ 1834, the federal gov’t passed an act that designated the entire Great Plains as one enormous reservation set aside for Native American tribes

◊ With the increasing amounts of white settlers coming during Gold Rush and Homestead Act the gov’t attempted to create definitive boundaries for each tribe

• Native groups refused to sign these agreements

◊ Thousands of miners, cattlemen, and homesteaders began to settle on native land creating conflict and resulting in inevitable warfare

◊ 1834, the federal gov’t passed an act that designated the entire Great Plains as one enormous reservation set aside for Native American tribes

◊ With the increasing amounts of white settlers coming during Gold Rush and Homestead Act the gov’t attempted to create definitive boundaries for each tribe

• Native groups refused to sign these agreements

◊ Thousands of miners, cattlemen, and homesteaders began to settle on native land creating conflict and resulting in inevitable warfare

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

◊ How did the government attempt to deal with the growing conflict between Native Americans and white settlers?

◊ How did the government attempt to deal with the growing conflict between Native Americans and white settlers?

Sioux Wars against US GovernmentSioux Wars against US Government◊ Conflict arises out of Sioux and other tribes refusal to lived restricted life on reservations

◊ Conflict arises out of Sioux and other tribes refusal to lived restricted life on reservations

We have been taught to hunt and live on game. You tell us that we must learn to

farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should come and tell you

that you must stop farming, kill your cattle, and take your houses and lands,

what would you do? Would you not fight them?

Custer’s Last StandCuster’s Last Stand◊ After gold is discovered, people start flooding Montana, angering natives

• Natives begin attacking military units in the area

◊ George Armstrong Custer is sent to investigate the situation and are promptly defeated at the Battle of Little Bighorn

◊ Nation angered by loss, wants revenge and army is sent to lead continual raids on native villages until Sitting Bull is forced to surrender to prevent his people’s starvation

◊ After gold is discovered, people start flooding Montana, angering natives

• Natives begin attacking military units in the area

◊ George Armstrong Custer is sent to investigate the situation and are promptly defeated at the Battle of Little Bighorn

◊ Nation angered by loss, wants revenge and army is sent to lead continual raids on native villages until Sitting Bull is forced to surrender to prevent his people’s starvation

Debate over Native TreatmentDebate over Native Treatment◊ Some citizens were angered over treatment of Native Americans

◊ Helen Hunt Jackson writes a book in 1881, Century of Dishonor which exposes many of broken promises to Natives

◊ “Supporters” of Native Americans begin promoting assimilation, a process that would force natives to give up their culture and become part of white culture

◊ Some citizens were angered over treatment of Native Americans

◊ Helen Hunt Jackson writes a book in 1881, Century of Dishonor which exposes many of broken promises to Natives

◊ “Supporters” of Native Americans begin promoting assimilation, a process that would force natives to give up their culture and become part of white culture

Dawes ActDawes Act◊ Policy passed in 1887 with hopes of “civilizing” the Native Americans

◊ Plan broke up reservations in 160 acre plots or less

• US citizenship would be granted to those who stayed on land for 25 years and “adopted the habits of civilized life”

◊ 47 million acres were distributed to Native Americans

• 90 million acres that was often the best land was distributed to white settlers or businessmen

◊ Policy passed in 1887 with hopes of “civilizing” the Native Americans

◊ Plan broke up reservations in 160 acre plots or less

• US citizenship would be granted to those who stayed on land for 25 years and “adopted the habits of civilized life”

◊ 47 million acres were distributed to Native Americans

• 90 million acres that was often the best land was distributed to white settlers or businessmen

Failure of the Dawes ActFailure of the Dawes Act◊ After being “educated”, children returned to reservations where skills were useless

◊ Often caught in conflict between values of parents and values of teachers

• Became outsiders on reservations◊ Still faced with discrimination in white world with “education”

◊ By the turn of the century, disease and poverty reduced population to 200,000

◊ After being “educated”, children returned to reservations where skills were useless

◊ Often caught in conflict between values of parents and values of teachers

• Became outsiders on reservations◊ Still faced with discrimination in white world with “education”

◊ By the turn of the century, disease and poverty reduced population to 200,000

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

◊ What was the cause and consequences of the Battle of Wounded Knee?

◊ What was the cause and consequences of the Battle of Wounded Knee?

Happy Wednesday!!Happy Wednesday!!

• We are half way done with the school year!!!

• Did you know: There are 1,860 steps to the top of the Empire State Building

• We are half way done with the school year!!!

• Did you know: There are 1,860 steps to the top of the Empire State Building

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Growth of IndustryGrowth of Industry

America Becomes an Industrial Giant

America Becomes an Industrial Giant

• By 1900, the United States emerged as the leading industrial power in the world

• Its manufacturing output exceeded that of its 3 largest rivals: Great Britain, France & Germany

• By 1900, the United States emerged as the leading industrial power in the world

• Its manufacturing output exceeded that of its 3 largest rivals: Great Britain, France & Germany

Factors that influenced industrialization

Factors that influenced industrialization

• Lots of natural resources: coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber and oil

• Abundant labor supply due to immigration• Advanced transportation network creates huge market for industrial goods

• Development of innovations, laborsaving technologies, and talented entrepreneurs

• Friendly government policies:• Laissez-faire (hands off) capitalism• Entrepreneurs received special favors from Congress to create new business

• Lots of natural resources: coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber and oil

• Abundant labor supply due to immigration• Advanced transportation network creates huge market for industrial goods

• Development of innovations, laborsaving technologies, and talented entrepreneurs

• Friendly government policies:• Laissez-faire (hands off) capitalism• Entrepreneurs received special favors from Congress to create new business

Major Innovations Major Innovations

• Edwin Drake: Successfully uses steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania making it practical

• Bessemer Process: process by which air is injected into molten iron, which removed carbon and creates steel.• Steel is better product than iron since it is lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant

• Steel would be used to create railroads, barbed wire enormous bridges skyscrapers, etc.

• Edwin Drake: Successfully uses steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania making it practical

• Bessemer Process: process by which air is injected into molten iron, which removed carbon and creates steel.• Steel is better product than iron since it is lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant

• Steel would be used to create railroads, barbed wire enormous bridges skyscrapers, etc.

Major Innovations Cont.

Major Innovations Cont.

• Thomas Edison established the first research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ

• Edison invents the light bulb and a system for distributing electrical power which completely changed society

• Electric power began being used in businesses, in homes, transportations, and spurred numerous inventions of appliances

• Manufacturers could put their plants wherever they want

• Workers could work longer hours

• Thomas Edison established the first research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ

• Edison invents the light bulb and a system for distributing electrical power which completely changed society

• Electric power began being used in businesses, in homes, transportations, and spurred numerous inventions of appliances

• Manufacturers could put their plants wherever they want

• Workers could work longer hours

Major Innovations Cont.

Major Innovations Cont.

• Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invent the telephone• Laid groundwork for worldwide communications network

• Assembly-Line Manufacturing- Henry Ford- broke industrial tasks down into simpler parts and improved efficiency in production of cars

• Other inventions: refrigerated railroad cars, typewriter, sewing machine, phonograph, motion pictures, dynamite, radio

• Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invent the telephone• Laid groundwork for worldwide communications network

• Assembly-Line Manufacturing- Henry Ford- broke industrial tasks down into simpler parts and improved efficiency in production of cars

• Other inventions: refrigerated railroad cars, typewriter, sewing machine, phonograph, motion pictures, dynamite, radio

Women in the Workplace

Women in the Workplace

• The inventions of the typewriter and telephone created new jobs for women• By 1910 women accounted for nearly 40% of the clerical workforce

• Before industrialization, women sewed clothing by hand for their families• After industrialization clothing could be mass-produced in factories creating garment workers which were mainly women

• The inventions of the typewriter and telephone created new jobs for women• By 1910 women accounted for nearly 40% of the clerical workforce

• Before industrialization, women sewed clothing by hand for their families• After industrialization clothing could be mass-produced in factories creating garment workers which were mainly women

First Big Business: Railroads

First Big Business: Railroads

• Railroad mileage increased from 35,000 in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900

• Early Railroads were often incompatible with each other

• Cornelius Vanderbilt merged local railroads to create a unified system running from east to midwest.

• West coast railroads would complete various transcontinental railroads which connected coast to coast

• Railroad mileage increased from 35,000 in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900

• Early Railroads were often incompatible with each other

• Cornelius Vanderbilt merged local railroads to create a unified system running from east to midwest.

• West coast railroads would complete various transcontinental railroads which connected coast to coast

Railroads and Government

Railroads and Government

• Government provided railroads with huge land grants and loans to build tracks (3x as much as Homestead Act)

• Gov’t assistance led to some corruption as companies like Credit Mobilier were formed to pocket gov’t money w/help of gov’t assistance

• Vice President Colfax (under Grant) and Congressmen Garfield both profited from scheme

• Government provided railroads with huge land grants and loans to build tracks (3x as much as Homestead Act)

• Gov’t assistance led to some corruption as companies like Credit Mobilier were formed to pocket gov’t money w/help of gov’t assistance

• Vice President Colfax (under Grant) and Congressmen Garfield both profited from scheme

Abuses of Railroads Abuses of Railroads

• Railroads would sell land grants to other businesses rather than settlers

• Charged different customers different rates, more if no alternative carrier, which caused many farmers to go into debt

• Formed pools to fix prices

• Railroads would sell land grants to other businesses rather than settlers

• Charged different customers different rates, more if no alternative carrier, which caused many farmers to go into debt

• Formed pools to fix prices

Rise of Steel Industry

Rise of Steel Industry

• Andrew Carnegie: industrial mogul, was a true rags to riches story

• Started in railroad business and eventually becomes leading steel producer

• Pioneered many different management techniques and business strategies

• Andrew Carnegie: industrial mogul, was a true rags to riches story

• Started in railroad business and eventually becomes leading steel producer

• Pioneered many different management techniques and business strategies

Business Strategies of Carnegie

Business Strategies of Carnegie

• Vertical Integration: controlling all aspects of the production process of your product• Carnegie controlled everything from coal and iron mines, railroad lines, and every stage of manufacturing process

• Horizontal Integration: process by which companies producing similar products merge thus eliminating any competition• Carnegie nearly monopolized (complete control over an industry) steel industry• By 1901 when he sold Carnegie company he was producing 80% of nation’s steel

• Vertical Integration: controlling all aspects of the production process of your product• Carnegie controlled everything from coal and iron mines, railroad lines, and every stage of manufacturing process

• Horizontal Integration: process by which companies producing similar products merge thus eliminating any competition• Carnegie nearly monopolized (complete control over an industry) steel industry• By 1901 when he sold Carnegie company he was producing 80% of nation’s steel

Stop and ThinkStop and Think

• In your own words describe the difference between Vertical and Horizontal Integration

• In your own words describe the difference between Vertical and Horizontal Integration

J.P. Morgan Consolidates Steel Industry

J.P. Morgan Consolidates Steel Industry

• J.P. Morgan, a banker, set up holding company (corporation that does nothing but buy out stocks of other companies)

• In 1901, he buys out Carnegie for $500 million, takes virtual control of all steel industry

• J.P. Morgan renames Carnegie company U.S. Steel, which becomes the 1st billion dollar corporation and largest corporation in the world• Employed 168,000 people

• J.P. Morgan, a banker, set up holding company (corporation that does nothing but buy out stocks of other companies)

• In 1901, he buys out Carnegie for $500 million, takes virtual control of all steel industry

• J.P. Morgan renames Carnegie company U.S. Steel, which becomes the 1st billion dollar corporation and largest corporation in the world• Employed 168,000 people

The Oil IndustryThe Oil Industry

• John D. Rockefeller forms the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870, which controlled 3% of crude oil

• Within 1 decade, Standard Oil would control 90% of the refining business

• John D. Rockefeller forms the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870, which controlled 3% of crude oil

• Within 1 decade, Standard Oil would control 90% of the refining business

Rockefeller’s Tactics

Rockefeller’s Tactics

• Rockefeller forms trusts, companies that turn over their stock to a group of trustees who runs a separate company as one corporation, to gain control of oil business

• Paid his workers extremely low wages and drove his competition out of business by selling oil at a lower cost than it cost to produce, then hiking the prices after competition went under

• Rockefeller forms trusts, companies that turn over their stock to a group of trustees who runs a separate company as one corporation, to gain control of oil business

• Paid his workers extremely low wages and drove his competition out of business by selling oil at a lower cost than it cost to produce, then hiking the prices after competition went under

Robber BaronsRobber Barons• Critics name for rich industrialist business tactics

• Critics name for rich industrialist business tactics

Gov’t stand against Monopolies

Gov’t stand against Monopolies

• Sherman Antitrust Act: out of fear corporations were stifling free competition• Gov’t stated interfering with free trade or forming trusts was illegal

• In reality, enforcement was nearly impossible in the 1890s• Businesses turned into single corporation of troubled and Supreme Court refused to support the act helping consolidation of business continue

• Sherman Antitrust Act: out of fear corporations were stifling free competition• Gov’t stated interfering with free trade or forming trusts was illegal

• In reality, enforcement was nearly impossible in the 1890s• Businesses turned into single corporation of troubled and Supreme Court refused to support the act helping consolidation of business continue

Stop and ThinkStop and Think

• How were businessmen like Carnegie and Rockefeller successful?

• How were businessmen like Carnegie and Rockefeller successful?

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

• By 1900, 2/3 of Americans worked for wages• Average man in 1899 made $498 a year (Carnegie made $23 million)

• Employees were expected to work at least 6 days a week, 12 hrs a day in most industries

• Employees not entitled to any vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation, or reimbursement for injuries suffered on job

• Injuries were common!• Factories were dirty, poorly ventilated and poorly lit• Workers had to perform repetitive, mind dulling tasks often with dangerous and faulty equipment

• By 1900, 2/3 of Americans worked for wages• Average man in 1899 made $498 a year (Carnegie made $23 million)

• Employees were expected to work at least 6 days a week, 12 hrs a day in most industries

• Employees not entitled to any vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation, or reimbursement for injuries suffered on job

• Injuries were common!• Factories were dirty, poorly ventilated and poorly lit• Workers had to perform repetitive, mind dulling tasks often with dangerous and faulty equipment

Child and Women Labor

Child and Women Labor

• Since a family couldn’t survive on 1 wage, many children and mothers joined the factory labor force

• 20% of women, 20% of boys and 15% of girls under age 15 held full time jobs

• Jobs for women and children’s work required least skill and paid lowest wages• Often as little as 27 cents for a child’s 14 hr day

• Since a family couldn’t survive on 1 wage, many children and mothers joined the factory labor force

• 20% of women, 20% of boys and 15% of girls under age 15 held full time jobs

• Jobs for women and children’s work required least skill and paid lowest wages• Often as little as 27 cents for a child’s 14 hr day

Stop and Think!!Stop and Think!!

• What conditions did many factory workers face in the late 19th century?

• What conditions did many factory workers face in the late 19th century?

Labor Unions Emerge

Labor Unions Emerge

• Knights of Labor (1869)- founded by Uriah Stephens• Open to all workers regardless of skill level, race or gender

• Supported 8 hr work day

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)-founded by Samuel Gompers-1886• Open to SKILLED WORKERS ONLY• Favored collective bargaining- negotiation between management and representatives of labor to reach an agreement

• Used strikes when necessary

• Knights of Labor (1869)- founded by Uriah Stephens• Open to all workers regardless of skill level, race or gender

• Supported 8 hr work day

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)-founded by Samuel Gompers-1886• Open to SKILLED WORKERS ONLY• Favored collective bargaining- negotiation between management and representatives of labor to reach an agreement

• Used strikes when necessary

Labor Unions Continued

Labor Unions Continued

• American Railway Union (ARU)- founded by Eugene Debs (socialist)• Open to all workers within the railroad industry regardless of skill level

• Used strikes when necessary- Pullman Strike

• International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union- founded by Pauline Newman• Labor union devoted to female worker in textile industry

• Used strikes when necessary• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire- NYC-1911- 146 died

• American Railway Union (ARU)- founded by Eugene Debs (socialist)• Open to all workers within the railroad industry regardless of skill level

• Used strikes when necessary- Pullman Strike

• International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union- founded by Pauline Newman• Labor union devoted to female worker in textile industry

• Used strikes when necessary• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire- NYC-1911- 146 died

Strikes Turn Violent

Strikes Turn Violent

• Haymarket Square- Chicago 1886• Bomb exploded in a crowd of policemen, police fired into strikers

• Public started to turn against labor unions

• Homestead Strike- near Pittsburgh 1892• Carnegie Steel plant went on strike when wages were cut

• Violence broke out- PA National Guard called in to break up the strike

• Haymarket Square- Chicago 1886• Bomb exploded in a crowd of policemen, police fired into strikers

• Public started to turn against labor unions

• Homestead Strike- near Pittsburgh 1892• Carnegie Steel plant went on strike when wages were cut

• Violence broke out- PA National Guard called in to break up the strike

StrikesStrikes

• Pullman Strike- Chicago 1894• Pullman employees went on strike after wages were cut

• Violence breaks out- US Army sent in by Pres. Cleveland

• Overall significance of strikes- Violence caused the public to turn against labor unions

• Pullman Strike- Chicago 1894• Pullman employees went on strike after wages were cut

• Violence breaks out- US Army sent in by Pres. Cleveland

• Overall significance of strikes- Violence caused the public to turn against labor unions

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Immigration and UrbanizationImmigration and Urbanization

Massive Immigration

Massive Immigration

• Between 1870 and 1920, 21 million immigrants arrived in the US

• Prior to 1890 most immigrants came from Western and Northern Europe• Germany, Great Britain, Ireland and Sweden

• Beginning in 1890, immigrants began coming to America from Eastern and Southern Europe as well as Asia• Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, China and Japan

• Between 1870 and 1920, 21 million immigrants arrived in the US

• Prior to 1890 most immigrants came from Western and Northern Europe• Germany, Great Britain, Ireland and Sweden

• Beginning in 1890, immigrants began coming to America from Eastern and Southern Europe as well as Asia• Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, China and Japan

Old v. New Immigration Old v. New

Immigration Old:• Western Europe• Protestant Religions

• Spoke English• High literacy rate• Skilled and able to blend in well

Old:• Western Europe• Protestant Religions

• Spoke English• High literacy rate• Skilled and able to blend in well

New:• Southern and Eastern

Europe• Catholic and Jewish• Very poor• Illiterate• Unskilled and

unaccustomed to democratic principles

New:• Southern and Eastern

Europe• Catholic and Jewish• Very poor• Illiterate• Unskilled and

unaccustomed to democratic principles

Reasons for ImmigrationReasons for Immigration

Push Factors:• Religious and Political Persecution

• Agricultural Poverty

• Relaxation of Immigrant laws

Push Factors:• Religious and Political Persecution

• Agricultural Poverty

• Relaxation of Immigrant laws

Pull Factors:• Promise of freedom and hope

• Network of family and friends in US

• Need for recruitment of cheap labor

Pull Factors:• Promise of freedom and hope

• Network of family and friends in US

• Need for recruitment of cheap labor

There are no cats in America!!

There are no cats in America!!

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

• What is the difference between old and new immigrants?

• For what reasons did they come to the United States

• What is the difference between old and new immigrants?

• For what reasons did they come to the United States

Ellis IslandEllis Island

• After grueling week long journeys on the Atlantic, European immigrants arrived at Ellis Island in New York Harbor

• Immigrants were processed at Ellis Island and given medical exams, Literacy tests, checked to make sure they had the proper requirements to enter the US along with at least $25

• After grueling week long journeys on the Atlantic, European immigrants arrived at Ellis Island in New York Harbor

• Immigrants were processed at Ellis Island and given medical exams, Literacy tests, checked to make sure they had the proper requirements to enter the US along with at least $25

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20zToMCzFw8

Angel IslandAngel Island

• After 3 week journey on the Pacific, most Asians (mainly Chinese) gained admission to the US at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay

• Procedures for admission at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis

• Asian immigrants were often questioned for long periods and detained in filthy, prison-like conditions while gov’t officials decided whether to admit them into the US

• After 3 week journey on the Pacific, most Asians (mainly Chinese) gained admission to the US at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay

• Procedures for admission at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis

• Asian immigrants were often questioned for long periods and detained in filthy, prison-like conditions while gov’t officials decided whether to admit them into the US

Culture Shock and Ethnic Communities

Culture Shock and Ethnic Communities

• Upon entering a completely new country, most immigrants went through a period of intense anxiety as they tried to find a new home and way of life

• Many immigrant groups settled in ethnic communities made up of people from their same country• Built churches and synagogues• Formed social clubs and cemeteries• Published newspapers in their own language

• Upon entering a completely new country, most immigrants went through a period of intense anxiety as they tried to find a new home and way of life

• Many immigrant groups settled in ethnic communities made up of people from their same country• Built churches and synagogues• Formed social clubs and cemeteries• Published newspapers in their own language

Melting Pot?Melting Pot?

• Melting pot: mixture of different cultures and races blending together and abandoning native customs and language

• Many native-born Americans began to resent new immigrants who held on to their native languages and customs• Led to the formation of nativist (anti-immigrant) groups

• “Good” traditional countries (British, German) we welcomed while “bad” countries were shunned (Slav, Latin, Asiatic)

• Melting pot: mixture of different cultures and races blending together and abandoning native customs and language

• Many native-born Americans began to resent new immigrants who held on to their native languages and customs• Led to the formation of nativist (anti-immigrant) groups

• “Good” traditional countries (British, German) we welcomed while “bad” countries were shunned (Slav, Latin, Asiatic)

Anti- Asian Sentiment

Anti- Asian Sentiment

• Anti-Asian sentiment especially in the West• Losing jobs to Asian immigrants

• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: banned Chinese immigration

• Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907-1908: in exchange for segregation of Asians in California, Japan made an agreement with Roosevelt to limit immigration from Japan

• Anti-Asian sentiment especially in the West• Losing jobs to Asian immigrants

• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: banned Chinese immigration

• Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907-1908: in exchange for segregation of Asians in California, Japan made an agreement with Roosevelt to limit immigration from Japan

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

• How did immigrants cope after arriving in America?

• What troubles did they face?

• How did immigrants cope after arriving in America?

• What troubles did they face?

UrbanizationUrbanization

• Urbanization: growth of cities, mostly in Northeast and Midwest

• By 1910, immigrants made up ½ of the population of 18 major cities

• Farming technology’s improvement meant less labor was needed so many farmers also began moving to the cities for economic opportunities

• 200,000 African-Americans also moved north and west to cities between 1890-1910• Moved to Chicago and Detroit to escape racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression

• Conditions were only somewhat better than those in the South• Segregation and discrimination

• Urbanization: growth of cities, mostly in Northeast and Midwest

• By 1910, immigrants made up ½ of the population of 18 major cities

• Farming technology’s improvement meant less labor was needed so many farmers also began moving to the cities for economic opportunities

• 200,000 African-Americans also moved north and west to cities between 1890-1910• Moved to Chicago and Detroit to escape racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression

• Conditions were only somewhat better than those in the South• Segregation and discrimination

Urban Problems: HousingUrban Problems: Housing

• As urban population increased a new type of housing emerged

• Row-houses: single-family dwellings that shared side walls w/other similar houses• Many families in 1• Tenements: multifamily urban dwellings

• As urban population increased a new type of housing emerged

• Row-houses: single-family dwellings that shared side walls w/other similar houses• Many families in 1• Tenements: multifamily urban dwellings

Urban Problems: Transportation

Urban Problems: Transportation

• Mass transit: transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes• Enabled workers to go to and from work more easily

• Streetcars were introduced in San Francisco in 1873

• Electric subway in Boston 1897• Linked city neighborhoods and outlaying communities

• Mass transit: transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes• Enabled workers to go to and from work more easily

• Streetcars were introduced in San Francisco in 1873

• Electric subway in Boston 1897• Linked city neighborhoods and outlaying communities

Urban Problems: Water

Urban Problems: Water

• As urban population grew in 1840s and 1850s cities like NY and Cleveland built public waterworks to handle the demand for safe drinking water

• Homes rarely had indoor plumbing, and residents collected water in pails from faucets on the street

• Disease like cholera and typhoid fever spread• Filtration and chlorination were introduced to solve problems

• As urban population grew in 1840s and 1850s cities like NY and Cleveland built public waterworks to handle the demand for safe drinking water

• Homes rarely had indoor plumbing, and residents collected water in pails from faucets on the street

• Disease like cholera and typhoid fever spread• Filtration and chlorination were introduced to solve problems

Urban Problems: Sanitation

Urban Problems: Sanitation

• As cities grew it was harder to keep them clean

• Horse manure piled up on streets, sewage flowed through open gutters and factories spewed foul smoke in the air

• No trash collection so people dumped their trash on the streets

• By 1900 many cities had developed sewer lines and created sanitation departments

• As cities grew it was harder to keep them clean

• Horse manure piled up on streets, sewage flowed through open gutters and factories spewed foul smoke in the air

• No trash collection so people dumped their trash on the streets

• By 1900 many cities had developed sewer lines and created sanitation departments

Urban Problems: Crime

Urban Problems: Crime

• Pickpockets and thieves flourished as population increased

• New York City organized the first full-time, salaried police force in 1844

• Most other city law enforcement units were too small to have an impact

• Pickpockets and thieves flourished as population increased

• New York City organized the first full-time, salaried police force in 1844

• Most other city law enforcement units were too small to have an impact

Urban Problems: Fire

Urban Problems: Fire

• Limited water supply contributed to the spread of fire

• Most cities were packed with wooden dwellings

• The use of candles and kerosene heaters posed a fire hazard

• Limited water supply contributed to the spread of fire

• Most cities were packed with wooden dwellings

• The use of candles and kerosene heaters posed a fire hazard

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

• What major problems did immigrants and poor people living in the cities face?

• What major problems did immigrants and poor people living in the cities face?

Settlement House Movement

Settlement House Movement

• An early reform program, the Social Gospel movement preached salvation through service to the poor

• Settlement houses were established• Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area

• Jane Addams- influential member of the movement- Hull House

• An early reform program, the Social Gospel movement preached salvation through service to the poor

• Settlement houses were established• Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area

• Jane Addams- influential member of the movement- Hull House

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Segregation, Discrimination and Progressivism

Segregation, Discrimination and Progressivism

Life after Reconstruction

Life after Reconstruction

• During Reconstruction (_____to _____), African Americans saw the greatest amount of freedom• More in 1868 than 1968

• Once Reconstruction ended and the Southern Democrats redeemed their leadership positions, segregation and discrimination intensified and took new forms

• African Americans differed on how to respond

• During Reconstruction (_____to _____), African Americans saw the greatest amount of freedom• More in 1868 than 1968

• Once Reconstruction ended and the Southern Democrats redeemed their leadership positions, segregation and discrimination intensified and took new forms

• African Americans differed on how to respond

The fight against Legal DiscriminationThe fight against Legal Discrimination• African Americans faced violent opposition to their new constitutional rights, especially voting

• Restrictions on voting- in ALL southern states• Literacy Tests- difficult reading test given to African-Americans trying to vote

• Poll tax- annual tax that had to be paid by African Americans before voting

• Grandfather Clause- state laws that allowed people to vote if their grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867• Resulted in disqualification of African American voters

• African Americans faced violent opposition to their new constitutional rights, especially voting

• Restrictions on voting- in ALL southern states• Literacy Tests- difficult reading test given to African-Americans trying to vote

• Poll tax- annual tax that had to be paid by African Americans before voting

• Grandfather Clause- state laws that allowed people to vote if their grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867• Resulted in disqualification of African American voters

Segregation LawsSegregation Laws• Jim Crow Laws- passed throughout the South to separate white and black people in public places

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)- U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of races in public accommodations was legal- didn’t violate 14th Amendment• Established “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL DOCTRINE”*****•States could maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal services• Segregation was legal for almost 60 years

• Jim Crow Laws- passed throughout the South to separate white and black people in public places

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)- U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of races in public accommodations was legal- didn’t violate 14th Amendment• Established “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL DOCTRINE”*****•States could maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal services• Segregation was legal for almost 60 years

African American Responses

African American Responses

• “Great Migration” (early 20th century)- movement of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination• Still existed in the north

• “Great Migration” (early 20th century)- movement of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination• Still existed in the north

Early Civil Rights LeadersEarly Civil Rights Leaders• Ida B. Wells- led an anti-lynching crusade and called for the federal government to act to stop oppression of African Americans

• Booker T. Washington- believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economics success• Didn’t openly challenge segregation• FOUNDED THE TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE in AL

• W.E.B. Du Bois- believed that education was meaningless w/o equality• Supported political equality by helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

• Ida B. Wells- led an anti-lynching crusade and called for the federal government to act to stop oppression of African Americans

• Booker T. Washington- believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economics success• Didn’t openly challenge segregation• FOUNDED THE TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE in AL

• W.E.B. Du Bois- believed that education was meaningless w/o equality• Supported political equality by helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Progressive EraProgressive Era

• Political economic and social change in late 19th century America lead to broad progressive reforms

• Political economic and social change in late 19th century America lead to broad progressive reforms

Urbanization in the Gilded Age

Urbanization in the Gilded Age

• Cities grew rapidly (ex: Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, NYC)• Were the centers for manufacturing and transportation

• Harsh conditions for laborers in slums and tenements

• Need for better public services

• Cities grew rapidly (ex: Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, NYC)• Were the centers for manufacturing and transportation

• Harsh conditions for laborers in slums and tenements

• Need for better public services

ProgressivismProgressivism

• Middle- Class progressive reformers wanted to fix many of the problems that resulted from industrialization and urbanization in the late 19th century (Gilded Age)• Working conditions• Dominance of big business• Government not responsive to needs of the people

• Progressive movement- use of gov’t to reform problems created by industrialization and correct injustices in American society

• Middle- Class progressive reformers wanted to fix many of the problems that resulted from industrialization and urbanization in the late 19th century (Gilded Age)• Working conditions• Dominance of big business• Government not responsive to needs of the people

• Progressive movement- use of gov’t to reform problems created by industrialization and correct injustices in American society

Progressive GoalsProgressive Goals

• Government controlled by the people

• Guarantee economic opportunities through government regulations

• Eliminate social injustices

• Government controlled by the people

• Guarantee economic opportunities through government regulations

• Eliminate social injustices

Social ReformsSocial Reforms• Prohibition- movement to ban the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol• Based on the belief that alcohol consumption was undermining American morality

• 18th Amendment- prohibition of alcohol went into effect

• Prohibition- movement to ban the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol• Based on the belief that alcohol consumption was undermining American morality

• 18th Amendment- prohibition of alcohol went into effect

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

• Women’s Suffrage- the movement to give women the right to vote• National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)• Benefited from strong leadership- Susan B. Anthony• Encouraged women to enter the workforce during WWI

• 19th Amendment- granted women the right to vote (suffrage)

• Women’s Suffrage- the movement to give women the right to vote• National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)• Benefited from strong leadership- Susan B. Anthony• Encouraged women to enter the workforce during WWI

• 19th Amendment- granted women the right to vote (suffrage)

Economic ReformsEconomic Reforms

• During the Gilded Age govt took a hands off approach to economy and didn’t get involved in regulating business= LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM• Big business used power to crush competition

• During the Gilded Age govt took a hands off approach to economy and didn’t get involved in regulating business= LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM• Big business used power to crush competition

Economic reformsEconomic reforms• Muckrakers- journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines• Ida Tarbell- “History of Standard Oil Company”- attacked Rockefeller

• Upton Sinclair- The Jungle- exposed horrible conditions of the meatpacking industry in Chicago

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act- strengthened Sherman Anti Trust act• Outlawed trusts, monopolies and price fixing

• Exempted unions from being prosecuted by Sherman A-T Act

• Muckrakers- journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines• Ida Tarbell- “History of Standard Oil Company”- attacked Rockefeller

• Upton Sinclair- The Jungle- exposed horrible conditions of the meatpacking industry in Chicago

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act- strengthened Sherman Anti Trust act• Outlawed trusts, monopolies and price fixing

• Exempted unions from being prosecuted by Sherman A-T Act

Political Reform- Local Gov’ts

Political Reform- Local Gov’ts

• Need to reform city gov’t with major problems that resulted from urbanization• Combat the City Boss and political machine

• Commissioners and city council managers- new ways to govern cities more efficiently in 250 cities in US

• Need to reform city gov’t with major problems that resulted from urbanization• Combat the City Boss and political machine

• Commissioners and city council managers- new ways to govern cities more efficiently in 250 cities in US

Political Reforms – State gov’t

Political Reforms – State gov’t

• Secret Ballots- allowed voters to cast a vote without election officials knowing who they voted for

• Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers on the ballot

• Referendum- a vote by the people on a bill that began as an initiative

• Recall- enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term

• Primary system- voters, rather than politicians choose candidates

• Secret Ballots- allowed voters to cast a vote without election officials knowing who they voted for

• Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers on the ballot

• Referendum- a vote by the people on a bill that began as an initiative

• Recall- enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term

• Primary system- voters, rather than politicians choose candidates

Political Reforms- national government

Political Reforms- national government

• President Teddy Roosevelt’s progressive plan= “Square Deal”• Involved trust busing and conservation projects

• President Woodrow Wilson’s plan= “New Freedom”• Involved financial reform, increased gov’t regulation of business

• Child Labor- progressives wanted to end use of children in industry• Keating-Owen Act (1916)- outlawed goods being transported from state to state if those products were produced by child labor• Later unconstitutional

• President Teddy Roosevelt’s progressive plan= “Square Deal”• Involved trust busing and conservation projects

• President Woodrow Wilson’s plan= “New Freedom”• Involved financial reform, increased gov’t regulation of business

• Child Labor- progressives wanted to end use of children in industry• Keating-Owen Act (1916)- outlawed goods being transported from state to state if those products were produced by child labor• Later unconstitutional

Progressive AmendmentsProgressive Amendments

• 16th- established a federal income tax• 17- direct election of senators

• People, no legislatures, vote on candidates running for the US Senate

• 18th- prohibition on manufacture, sale and consumption of alcohol

• 19th amendment- women right to vote

• 16th- established a federal income tax• 17- direct election of senators

• People, no legislatures, vote on candidates running for the US Senate

• 18th- prohibition on manufacture, sale and consumption of alcohol

• 19th amendment- women right to vote

Daily Quiz #5Daily Quiz #5

1. List one difference between Old and New immigrants

2. What is a push factor (definition) 3. Where were immigrants processed on

the East coast?4. What did many immigrants create in

cities to ease the transition into America?

5. List one problem people living in cities faced.

1. List one difference between Old and New immigrants

2. What is a push factor (definition) 3. Where were immigrants processed on

the East coast?4. What did many immigrants create in

cities to ease the transition into America?

5. List one problem people living in cities faced.

Happy Monday!!!Happy Monday!!!

• We have to talk about registration for next year first

• We have to talk about registration for next year first

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Gilded AgeGilded Age

Gilded Age background Gilded Age background

• Title of a book written by Mark Twain that described the excesses of the late 19th century in a satirical way

• Title has come to represent the time period from 1870s-1890s

• Twain mocks the greed and self-indulgence of people• Getting rich quick is more difficult than they thought

• Investments were worthless, politicians’ bribes eat up savings

• Title of a book written by Mark Twain that described the excesses of the late 19th century in a satirical way

• Title has come to represent the time period from 1870s-1890s

• Twain mocks the greed and self-indulgence of people• Getting rich quick is more difficult than they thought

• Investments were worthless, politicians’ bribes eat up savings

Political Machines emerge

Political Machines emerge

• Cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient gov’ts in the late 19th century

• Climate was supported by dog-eat-dog Social Darwinism

• New political structure emerged, the “political machine” with a new politician, the “city boss”

• Cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient gov’ts in the late 19th century

• Climate was supported by dog-eat-dog Social Darwinism

• New political structure emerged, the “political machine” with a new politician, the “city boss”

Political MachinesPolitical Machines

• An organization that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

• Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support

• Political machines gained control of local gov’t in Baltimore, New York, San Francisco and other major cities

• An organization that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

• Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support

• Political machines gained control of local gov’t in Baltimore, New York, San Francisco and other major cities

Organization Organization • Organized like a pyramid• At the base were local precinct workers and captains• Tried to gain voters’ support on a city block or in a neighborhood-they reported to the ward boss

• Ward bosses were in the middle• At election time, the ward boss helped the poor and gained their votes by doing favors

• At the top of the pyramid was the city boss• Controlled the activities of the political party throughout the city

• Precinct captains, ward bosses and city bosses worked together to elect their candidate and guarantee the success of the machine

• Organized like a pyramid• At the base were local precinct workers and captains• Tried to gain voters’ support on a city block or in a neighborhood-they reported to the ward boss

• Ward bosses were in the middle• At election time, the ward boss helped the poor and gained their votes by doing favors

• At the top of the pyramid was the city boss• Controlled the activities of the political party throughout the city

• Precinct captains, ward bosses and city bosses worked together to elect their candidate and guarantee the success of the machine

The Role of the Political Boss

The Role of the Political Boss

• The city boss controlled access to municipal jobs and business license, they influenced the courts and other agencies

• Used their power to build parks, sewer systems, waterworks, gave money to schools, hospitals, and orphanages

• Also provided gov’t support for new businesses• By solving urban problems, bosses could reinforce voters’ loyalty and extend their influence

• The city boss controlled access to municipal jobs and business license, they influenced the courts and other agencies

• Used their power to build parks, sewer systems, waterworks, gave money to schools, hospitals, and orphanages

• Also provided gov’t support for new businesses• By solving urban problems, bosses could reinforce voters’ loyalty and extend their influence

Role of Immigrants Role of Immigrants

• Many precinct captains and political bosses were 1st generation or 2nd generation immigrants• They enter politics early and worked their way up

• They could speak to immigrants in their own language and understood the challenges that newcomers faced

• Machines helped immigrants with naturalization (attaining full citizenship), housing, and jobs

• In return, immigrants provided votes

• Many precinct captains and political bosses were 1st generation or 2nd generation immigrants• They enter politics early and worked their way up

• They could speak to immigrants in their own language and understood the challenges that newcomers faced

• Machines helped immigrants with naturalization (attaining full citizenship), housing, and jobs

• In return, immigrants provided votes

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

• IN YOUR OWN WORDS describe what a political machine is and how it works

• IN YOUR OWN WORDS describe what a political machine is and how it works

Corruption among Bosses

Corruption among Bosses

• when loyalty votes weren't enough to carry an election, some political machines turned to fraud• Using fake names to cast as many votes as needed to win

• Once the candidate was in office it could take advantage of the opportunities for graft (the illegal use of political influence for personal gain)• Example: by helping a person find work on a contstruction project a political machine could ask the worker to bill the city for more than the actual cost of material and labor. The work then “kicked back” a portion of the earnings. Taking the kickbacks, or illegal payments for services, enriched the machines

• Machines also granted favors to businesses in return for cash and accepted bribes to allow illegal activities like gambling

• when loyalty votes weren't enough to carry an election, some political machines turned to fraud• Using fake names to cast as many votes as needed to win

• Once the candidate was in office it could take advantage of the opportunities for graft (the illegal use of political influence for personal gain)• Example: by helping a person find work on a contstruction project a political machine could ask the worker to bill the city for more than the actual cost of material and labor. The work then “kicked back” a portion of the earnings. Taking the kickbacks, or illegal payments for services, enriched the machines

• Machines also granted favors to businesses in return for cash and accepted bribes to allow illegal activities like gambling

Tweed Ring ScandalTweed Ring Scandal• William M. Tweed, known as “Boss Tweed” became head of the Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machine in 1868• Between 1869-1871, Boss Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city

• NY County Courthouse construction cost $3 million but cost taxpayers $13 million-the difference went to Tweed and followers

• Thomas Nest, a political cartoonist, helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed• The ring was broken in 1871 and Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion and sentenced to 12 years

• William M. Tweed, known as “Boss Tweed” became head of the Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machine in 1868• Between 1869-1871, Boss Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city

• NY County Courthouse construction cost $3 million but cost taxpayers $13 million-the difference went to Tweed and followers

• Thomas Nest, a political cartoonist, helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed• The ring was broken in 1871 and Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion and sentenced to 12 years

Patronage spurs reform

Patronage spurs reform

• Since the beginning of the 19th century. Presidents had complained about the problem of patronage (giving gov’t jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected)

• Reformers began to press for the elimination of patronages and the adoption of a merit system of hiring• Jobs in civil service (gov’t administration) should go to the most qualified

• Since the beginning of the 19th century. Presidents had complained about the problem of patronage (giving gov’t jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected)

• Reformers began to press for the elimination of patronages and the adoption of a merit system of hiring• Jobs in civil service (gov’t administration) should go to the most qualified

Civil Service Reform

Civil Service Reform

• Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan civil service commission• made appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates’ performance on an examination

• Public officials became more honest but they could no longer pressure employees for campaign contributions

• Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan civil service commission• made appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates’ performance on an examination

• Public officials became more honest but they could no longer pressure employees for campaign contributions

Business influences politics

Business influences politics

• Politicians had to turn to wealthy business owners for contributions• Strengthens the alliance between gov’t and business

• Big business hoped the gov’t would reserve and raise the tariffs that protected domestic industries

• Politicians had to turn to wealthy business owners for contributions• Strengthens the alliance between gov’t and business

• Big business hoped the gov’t would reserve and raise the tariffs that protected domestic industries

Happy Friday!!Happy Friday!!

NO DAILY QUIZ TODAY!! WOOHOO!

LET’S TALK ABOUT REGISTRATION FOR A BIT…

NO DAILY QUIZ TODAY!! WOOHOO!

LET’S TALK ABOUT REGISTRATION FOR A BIT…

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

Technology and City Life

Technology and City Life

• A variety of improvements were made for urban cities which changed their internal structure and design• Street-car cities: walking cities gave way to cities where people lived many miles away and commuted to work• Electric trolleys, elevated railroads, and subways

• Steel Suspension bridges: made longer commutes possible• Brooklyn Bridge

• Skyscrapers: in 1890, Louis Sullivan designed the first steel, tall building of its kind which became common throughout urban areas

• A variety of improvements were made for urban cities which changed their internal structure and design• Street-car cities: walking cities gave way to cities where people lived many miles away and commuted to work• Electric trolleys, elevated railroads, and subways

• Steel Suspension bridges: made longer commutes possible• Brooklyn Bridge

• Skyscrapers: in 1890, Louis Sullivan designed the first steel, tall building of its kind which became common throughout urban areas

Residential Suburbs/ Urban Planning

Residential Suburbs/ Urban Planning

• Improvements in inexpensive transportation, cheap land and wooden housing led to an American fondness of privacy• Wealthiest people began to move to areas outside of the central city called suburbs

• Urban planners like Frederick Law Olmsted looked to bring “naturalness” into cities by building parks within cities• Central Park in NYC and the grounds of the U.S. capitol in D.C

• Improvements in inexpensive transportation, cheap land and wooden housing led to an American fondness of privacy• Wealthiest people began to move to areas outside of the central city called suburbs

• Urban planners like Frederick Law Olmsted looked to bring “naturalness” into cities by building parks within cities• Central Park in NYC and the grounds of the U.S. capitol in D.C

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

• Orville and Wilbur Wright: create first successful flight at Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903

• Web- Perfecting Press: made printing productions faster and cheaper which made newspapers and magazines more widely available to people

• George Eastman: invents Kodak cameras which makes photography available to the masses and created the field of photojournalism

• Automobile: Henry Ford and the model-T (assembly line)

• Orville and Wilbur Wright: create first successful flight at Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903

• Web- Perfecting Press: made printing productions faster and cheaper which made newspapers and magazines more widely available to people

• George Eastman: invents Kodak cameras which makes photography available to the masses and created the field of photojournalism

• Automobile: Henry Ford and the model-T (assembly line)

Changes in Public Education

Changes in Public Education

• After drastic increase in compulsory schooling starting in 1865, ¾ of children 9-14 were attending school

• Curriculum focused on the 3 R’s: reading, writing, arithmetic

• Growth of High Schools expanded curriculum to include science, literature, history, civics, economics, etc.

• After drastic increase in compulsory schooling starting in 1865, ¾ of children 9-14 were attending school

• Curriculum focused on the 3 R’s: reading, writing, arithmetic

• Growth of High Schools expanded curriculum to include science, literature, history, civics, economics, etc.

Increase in Higher Education

Increase in Higher Education

• Between 1880 and 1900 more than 150 new colleges are formed and enrollments soon quadrupled

• Industrial Development also led to expansion of curriculum in colleges to include variety of area of study• Medicine, engineering, physical science, sociology and psychology

• Between 1880 and 1900 more than 150 new colleges are formed and enrollments soon quadrupled

• Industrial Development also led to expansion of curriculum in colleges to include variety of area of study• Medicine, engineering, physical science, sociology and psychology

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

• What changes did many universities make in their curriculum and why?

• What changes did many universities make in their curriculum and why?

Dawn of Mass Culture

Dawn of Mass Culture

• Increase in communication brings popular culture to America:• Spectator sports: baseball and boxing became national interests

• Amusement parks spring up in major cities to meet need for recreation

• Boardwalks and residential resorts• Coney Island, NY, Asbury Park, NJ

• Amateur sports like bicycling, tennis, and croquet become major leisure activity for men and women

• Realism and naturalism: focus on reality and emotions becomes dominant literary and art movements

• Increase in communication brings popular culture to America:• Spectator sports: baseball and boxing became national interests

• Amusement parks spring up in major cities to meet need for recreation

• Boardwalks and residential resorts• Coney Island, NY, Asbury Park, NJ

• Amateur sports like bicycling, tennis, and croquet become major leisure activity for men and women

• Realism and naturalism: focus on reality and emotions becomes dominant literary and art movements

                                                                                                                                             

                                                                           

Dawn of Mass Culture cont.

Dawn of Mass Culture cont.

• A variety of live performances also attract large audiences:• Barnum and Bailey Circus• Vaudeville performances: song, dance, comedy, variety shows

• Music: coming mostly out of the experiences of African-Americans, blues, ragtime, and jazz performances begin to blend African rhythms and spirituals with western instruments

• Motion pictures began early production

• A variety of live performances also attract large audiences:• Barnum and Bailey Circus• Vaudeville performances: song, dance, comedy, variety shows

• Music: coming mostly out of the experiences of African-Americans, blues, ragtime, and jazz performances begin to blend African rhythms and spirituals with western instruments

• Motion pictures began early production

Dawn of Mass Culture cont.

Dawn of Mass Culture cont.

• By the turn of the century, newspapers began to be mass circulated and focused on sensational headlines and stories to keep their audience

• Joseph Pulitzer publisher of NY World and William Randolph Hearst publisher of the New York Morning Journal and San Francisco Examiner were leaders of journalists which focused on most sensational stories like scandals, cruelty, sin, etc. to sell papers

• By the turn of the century, newspapers began to be mass circulated and focused on sensational headlines and stories to keep their audience

• Joseph Pulitzer publisher of NY World and William Randolph Hearst publisher of the New York Morning Journal and San Francisco Examiner were leaders of journalists which focused on most sensational stories like scandals, cruelty, sin, etc. to sell papers

Dawn of Mass Culture cont.

Dawn of Mass Culture cont.

• Period also marked the birth of consumerism and modern advertising

• In 1890’s shopping became a past time and America saw the development of department stores, chain stores, and mail-order catalogs which brought merchandise to small towns• Sears and Roebuck and Montgomery Ward

• By 1900, $95 million was spend on advertising in newspapers, billboards, magazines, etc.

• Period also marked the birth of consumerism and modern advertising

• In 1890’s shopping became a past time and America saw the development of department stores, chain stores, and mail-order catalogs which brought merchandise to small towns• Sears and Roebuck and Montgomery Ward

• By 1900, $95 million was spend on advertising in newspapers, billboards, magazines, etc.

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

• What leisure activities became popular with American at the turn of the 20th century and why?

• What leisure activities became popular with American at the turn of the 20th century and why?

Discrimination on the late 1800s and beyondDiscrimination on the late 1800s and beyond

• Despite massive urban, scientific, and cultural changes and innovations, African-Americans and other minorities found themselves victims of a long cycle of discrimination

• African-Americans were denied equal access to education, social, economic, and political institutions in the US and found themselves victims of racist depictions and terrorist violence

• Despite massive urban, scientific, and cultural changes and innovations, African-Americans and other minorities found themselves victims of a long cycle of discrimination

• African-Americans were denied equal access to education, social, economic, and political institutions in the US and found themselves victims of racist depictions and terrorist violence

Political Discrimination against African-

Americans

Political Discrimination against African-

Americans• Southern states enacted laws which served as loopholes to the 15th amendment

• Literacy tests: as a prerequisite for voting• Poll tax: annual tax had to be paid to gain access to voting; black and white sharecroppers usually couldn’t afford it

• Grandfather clause: tool to reinstate white voters who didn’t pass the literacy test or pay poll tax• Could vote if grandfather or father had voted before January 1867

• Southern states enacted laws which served as loopholes to the 15th amendment

• Literacy tests: as a prerequisite for voting• Poll tax: annual tax had to be paid to gain access to voting; black and white sharecroppers usually couldn’t afford it

• Grandfather clause: tool to reinstate white voters who didn’t pass the literacy test or pay poll tax• Could vote if grandfather or father had voted before January 1867

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

• How were African-Americans restricted from participating in political activity during this time period?

• How were African-Americans restricted from participating in political activity during this time period?

Social Discrimination

Social Discrimination

• Jim Crow laws: laws passed in southern states to separate white and black public and private facilities—segregation

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Supreme Court decision established “separate but equal” doctrine in the US• Separate part enforced more than equal

• Jim Crow laws: laws passed in southern states to separate white and black public and private facilities—segregation

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Supreme Court decision established “separate but equal” doctrine in the US• Separate part enforced more than equal

African-American Reformers

African-American Reformers

• W.E.B. Du Bois: in 1895, became the first African-American to receive a doctorate from Harvard• Believed African-Americans should pursue a liberal arts education to encourage strong leadership

• Eventually helped found the Niagra Movement which would become the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

• W.E.B. Du Bois: in 1895, became the first African-American to receive a doctorate from Harvard• Believed African-Americans should pursue a liberal arts education to encourage strong leadership

• Eventually helped found the Niagra Movement which would become the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

African- American Reformers cont.

African- American Reformers cont.

• Booker T. Washington: believed unskilled African-Americans should primarily focus on economic betterment • Thought it was foolish to advocate for social equality before economic equality

• Founded the Tuskegee Institute: taught African-Americans agricultural, domestic and mechanical work

• Booker T. Washington: believed unskilled African-Americans should primarily focus on economic betterment • Thought it was foolish to advocate for social equality before economic equality

• Founded the Tuskegee Institute: taught African-Americans agricultural, domestic and mechanical work

Stop and Think!Stop and Think!

• What was the difference between the ideals of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois?

• What was the difference between the ideals of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois?

African- American Reformers cont.

African- American Reformers cont.

• Ida B. Wells: activist who campaigned against the discrimination and segregation in the country• Crusaded against widespread lynching in the country and advocated political equality for African-Americans and women

• Also helped found the NAACP

• Ida B. Wells: activist who campaigned against the discrimination and segregation in the country• Crusaded against widespread lynching in the country and advocated political equality for African-Americans and women

• Also helped found the NAACP

Legacy of discrimination

Legacy of discrimination

• At the turn of the century, many attempts will be made to reform the country’s industrial and urban problems in a time period called the Progressive Era

• Progressive policies will largely ignore African-Americans whose grievances would be largely ignored until the Civil Rights Movements more than 50 years later.

• At the turn of the century, many attempts will be made to reform the country’s industrial and urban problems in a time period called the Progressive Era

• Progressive policies will largely ignore African-Americans whose grievances would be largely ignored until the Civil Rights Movements more than 50 years later.