Heavy Metals in Heavy Metals in ProductsProducts

Improved measures and technological Improved measures and technological developmentsdevelopments

Petra EkblomPetra EkblomSwedish Chemicals InspectorateSwedish Chemicals Inspectorate

Sufficiency and Effectiveness Review of the HM Sufficiency and Effectiveness Review of the HM Protocol, UN/ECEProtocol, UN/ECE

Petra Ekblom (Sweden)Petra Ekblom (Sweden) Patrick Chevalier (Canada)Patrick Chevalier (Canada) John Wilkins & Chuck French (United John Wilkins & Chuck French (United

States)States) Edwin Koekkoek (Netherlands)Edwin Koekkoek (Netherlands) Hugh Morrow (International Cadmium Hugh Morrow (International Cadmium

Association)Association) David Wilson (Lead Development David Wilson (Lead Development

Association)Association)

Production of metals

Manufacturing of products

Incineration of waste and sewage sludge

Recycling of products

Use of products

Landfills

Examples of Hg-emission Examples of Hg-emission estimates estimates

Electrical Electrical ComponentsComponents

US (2004)US (2004) Secondary steel Secondary steel Mills (automobil)Mills (automobil)

Canada (1999)Canada (1999)

Incineration + Incineration + direct emissiondirect emission

Europe (1995)Europe (1995)

(incl. lamps)(incl. lamps)

9.1 tonnes/y9.1 tonnes/y

8.6 tonnes/y8.6 tonnes/y

46 tonnes/y46 tonnes/y

Measuring Measuring DevicesDevices

US (1995)US (1995) Medical Medical devices, devices, incinerationincineration

Canada (year ?)Canada (year ?)

Hospital Hospital equipment, equipment, incineration + incineration + direct emissiondirect emission

Europe (1995 Europe (1995 /recent)/recent)

14.5 tonnes/y14.5 tonnes/y

0.29 tonnes/y0.29 tonnes/y

11 tonnes/ 8 11 tonnes/ 8 tonnes/ytonnes/y

HM ProtocolHM Protocol

Annex VIAnnex VI Binding control Binding control

measuresmeasures Leaded petrol for Leaded petrol for

on-road vehicles on-road vehicles (0.013 g/l)(0.013 g/l)

Mercury in Mercury in alkaline-alkaline-manganese manganese batteriesbatteries

Annex VIIAnnex VII Guidance on Guidance on

management management measures measures

Para. 2Para. 2Hg, Cd and PbHg, Cd and Pb

Para. 3Para. 3Specific Hg-Specific Hg-productsproducts

Improved measures and Improved measures and technological developmentstechnological developments

Mix of regulatory and non-regulatory measuresMix of regulatory and non-regulatory measures Restrictions, substitution, waste management, Restrictions, substitution, waste management,

collection programmes, recycling;collection programmes, recycling;- Canada Wide Standards, Waste Programmes- Canada Wide Standards, Waste Programmes- US regulations and voluntary reduction - US regulations and voluntary reduction programmesprogrammes- EU Hg-strategy, Waste Legislation and Policies, - EU Hg-strategy, Waste Legislation and Policies, Thematic Strategy on wasteThematic Strategy on waste

EU enlargement (EU-15 to EU-25)EU enlargement (EU-15 to EU-25) Hg-free alternatives available for almost all usesHg-free alternatives available for almost all uses

Leaded PetrolLeaded Petrol

All Parties have phased out the All Parties have phased out the marketing for on-road vehiclesmarketing for on-road vehicles

Prohibitions with limit 0.005 g/l Prohibitions with limit 0.005 g/l Also most non-PartiesAlso most non-Parties Pb-free substitutes available for old Pb-free substitutes available for old

vehicles / no substitute necessaryvehicles / no substitute necessary On-going work to replace Pb-fuels On-going work to replace Pb-fuels

for racing cars and aircraft for racing cars and aircraft

Mercury-containing BatteriesMercury-containing Batteries

23 (/27) Parties have prohibitions + 7 23 (/27) Parties have prohibitions + 7 signatories. 1 Party non-reg.signatories. 1 Party non-reg.

EU Dir. limit 0.0005% Hg by weight in EU Dir. limit 0.0005% Hg by weight in batteries. Button cells <2% Hg exempted.batteries. Button cells <2% Hg exempted.

Still >30 (?) tonnes Hg consumed in Still >30 (?) tonnes Hg consumed in UNECE. Collection of button cells UNECE. Collection of button cells difficult.difficult.

0.25 - 1% Hg in button cells. Some Hg-0.25 - 1% Hg in button cells. Some Hg-free alternatives available.free alternatives available.

Para 3. Product Management Para 3. Product Management MeasuresMeasures

Mercury-containing Electrical Mercury-containing Electrical ComponentsComponents

Mercury-containing Measuring DevicesMercury-containing Measuring Devices Mercury-containing Fluorescent LampsMercury-containing Fluorescent Lamps Mercury-containing Dental AmalgamMercury-containing Dental Amalgam Mercury-containing PesticidesMercury-containing Pesticides Mercury-containing PaintMercury-containing Paint

Mercury-containing Electrical Mercury-containing Electrical ComponentsComponents

Most Parties have implemented Most Parties have implemented measuresmeasures

Prohibition on the marketing (EU Prohibition on the marketing (EU RoHS-dir.)RoHS-dir.)

Regulation on waste handling (EU Regulation on waste handling (EU WEEE-dir.)WEEE-dir.)

Collection and recycling Collection and recycling Hg-free alternatives availableHg-free alternatives available Consumption has decreasedConsumption has decreased

Mercury-containing Measuring Mercury-containing Measuring DevicesDevices

Non-regulatory measures, in particular in the Non-regulatory measures, in particular in the health care sector (substitution/waste health care sector (substitution/waste handling)handling)

A few Parties have nearly phased-out the use A few Parties have nearly phased-out the use through prohibitionsthrough prohibitions

EU ban for consumer use and fever EU ban for consumer use and fever thermometers is under negotiationthermometers is under negotiation

Hg-free alternatives available for almost all Hg-free alternatives available for almost all usesuses

8 tonnes of Hg released to air each year in EU8 tonnes of Hg released to air each year in EU Consumption has decreasedConsumption has decreased

Mercury-containing Mercury-containing Fluorescent LampsFluorescent Lamps

No Hg-free alternatives yet available No Hg-free alternatives yet available (except for LCDs)(except for LCDs)

Non-regulatory programmes on Non-regulatory programmes on reduction of Hg-content, collection reduction of Hg-content, collection and recyclingand recycling

Regulations on waste handling (US-Regulations on waste handling (US-laws, EU WEEE-dir.)laws, EU WEEE-dir.)

EU RoHS-dir. sets limits on Hg-EU RoHS-dir. sets limits on Hg-content (5-10 mg per lamp)content (5-10 mg per lamp)

3 mg lamps on the EU-market. 3 mg lamps on the EU-market.

Mercury-containing Dental Mercury-containing Dental AmalgamAmalgam

Air emissions from sewage sludge (land Air emissions from sewage sludge (land application, incineration) and cremationapplication, incineration) and cremation

Some Parties require separators at dental clinicsSome Parties require separators at dental clinics A few Parties have use restrictions or guidelinesA few Parties have use restrictions or guidelines OSPAR recommendation on BAT for crematoriasOSPAR recommendation on BAT for crematorias Generally little change in use the last ten yearsGenerally little change in use the last ten years Reductions in some countries and almost totally Reductions in some countries and almost totally

phased out in a couple of countriesphased out in a couple of countries Hg-free alternatives are available Hg-free alternatives are available

HM ProtocolHM Protocol

Annex VIAnnex VI Binding control Binding control

measuresmeasures Leaded petrol for Leaded petrol for

on-road vehicles on-road vehicles (0.013 g/l)(0.013 g/l)

Mercury in Mercury in alkaline-alkaline-manganese manganese batteriesbatteries

Annex VIIAnnex VII Guidance on Guidance on

management management measures measures

Para. 2Para. 2[Hg, Cd and Pb][Hg, Cd and Pb]

Para. 3Para. 3Specific Hg-Specific Hg-productsproducts

Production of metals

Manufacturing of products

Incineration of waste and sewage sludge

Recycling of products

Use of products

Landfills

Production of Cd/CdO

3.9 tonnes/y

Battery Production and Recycling 0.85 tonnes/y

Municipal Incineration

3.2 tonnes/y

Product related air emissions of cadmium in EU-16 :

8 tonnes/y (= 6.5 % of total Cd emissions)

(EU Risk Assessment Report)

[Para 2. Product Management [Para 2. Product Management Measures]Measures]

Hg, Cd, Pb in Sewage sludge (land Hg, Cd, Pb in Sewage sludge (land application (Hg) and incineration) application (Hg) and incineration)

Hg, Cd, Pb in PackagingHg, Cd, Pb in Packaging Hg, Cd, Pb in VehiclesHg, Cd, Pb in Vehicles Cd and Pb in BatteriesCd and Pb in Batteries Cd and Pb in Electrical and Electronic Cd and Pb in Electrical and Electronic

equipmentequipment Cd as Surface treatment, Stabiliser and Cd as Surface treatment, Stabiliser and

PigmentPigment Pb StabilisersPb Stabilisers